Culture Advantage Anatomy and Medical Terminology for Interpreters

Culture Advantage

Anatomy and Medical Terminology for Interpreters

Marlene V. Obermeyer, MA, RN

Culture Advantage

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TERMINOLOGY

AODM Adult-onset diabetes, Hemoglobin A1C Measures a person's former term for Type 2 average blood glucose diabetes. level over the past 2 to 3 months Gland A group of cells that Estrogen is a female hormone releases hormones into produced by the the blood stream ovaries Endocrine The system of glands Serotonin Controls mood, system that release their appetite, and sleep secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. Hormones Chemical messengers Metabolism The process that breaks of the body that affect down food into energy processes such as that the body needs for growth, metabolism, breathing, digesting, reproduction, etc. blood circulation,, regulating temperature, etc. Epinephrine (or Regulates the “Fight- Melatonin Causes drowsiness adrenaline) or-flight response” Antidiuretic Retains water in the Thyroxine Increases metabolism hormone kidneys Gastrin Secretion of gastric Testosterone Produced by the testes acid in the stomach for the maturation of sex organs Glucagon Produced by the Sex hormones estrogenic (female sex pancreas, increases hormones) or blood glucose level androgenic (male sex hormones) Diabetes Diabetes is a disease in Steroids Hormones produced by Mellitus which levels of blood the adrenal glands. glucose, also called Usually refers to blood sugar, are above synthetic steroid normal because of medications to fight insufficient insulin, or stress associated with body is unable to use illnesses and injuries. insulin efficiently. They reduce inflammation and ©2010 Culture Advantage http://www.cultureadvantage.org

affect the immune system. Growth hormone Produced by the Oxytocin Stimulates contraction pituitary of the uterus and release of breast milk Insulin Produced by the HRT or hormone Refers to a woman pancreas, regulates replacement therapy taking supplements of blood sugar. Hormone hormones such as that helps the glucose estrogen alone or get into the cells to estrogen with another give them energy. hormone called progesterone (progestin in its synthetic form). Diabetic A medical emergency Ketone a chemical produced ketoacidosis with extremely high when there is a (DKA) blood glucose levels shortage of insulin in and accumulation of the blood and the body ketones in the blood breaks down body fat and urine for energy. (acetone) Type 1 Diabetes Pancreas produces Type 2 Diabetes The pancreas is usually little or no insulin. producing enough Person must take insulin, but for insulin shots. unknown reasons the body cannot use the insulin effectively. Gestational Diabetes that develops Endocrinopathy Disease of the Diabetes during pregnancy. endocrine system

ANATOMIC-RELATED TERMS

Pituitary Located at the base of Adrenal glands Located above the the brain, controls all kidneys. Produce glands in the endocrine steroid hormones. system. Master gland. Secrete epinephrine, for the “fight or flight response” Thyroid Located in the neck Pancreas Located behind the below the larynx stomach. Secretes (voicebox), regulates pancreatic juices for metabolism. Thyroid digestion, and insulin hormone affects heart and glucagon. ©2010 Culture Advantage http://www.cultureadvantage.org

rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and weight. Parathyroid A gland that regulates Ovaries Located on both sides calcium, located of the uterus. Produce behind the thyroid estrogen and gland in the neck progesterone hormones Thymus Located in the upper Testes Located in a pouch that part of the chest and hangs suspended produces T- outside the male body lymphocytes (white (scrotum). Produce blood cells that fight sperm and the male infections and destroy hormone, abnormal cells). testosterone.

PREFIX, ROOT WORD, SUFFIX acromegaly Acro -extremities Megaly -enlarged Symptom of excessive growth hormone (GH) in the body. angiopathy Angio –blood Pathy -disease Disease of the blood vessels (arteries, vessel veins, and capillaries) that occurs when someone has diabetes for a long time. diabetologist Diabeto -diabetes Logist –one who A doctor who specializes in treating studies people who have diabetes. diuretic Di –through or Uresis –urine Excessive production of urine across endocrinologist endocrine Logist –one who A doctor who specializes in treating studies people with endocrine disorders. hypoglycemia Hypo-low Emia – blood Low blood sugar Glyc -sugar condition hyperglycemia Hyper –high Emia –blood High blood sugar Glyc -sugar condition hypothyroidism Hypo – low Ism – condition or When the thyroid gland does not Thyroid disease produce enough thyroid hormone to meet the body’s needs. Without enough thyroid hormone, many of the body’s functions slow down. hyperthyroidism Hyper –high Ism-condition or A disorder that occurs when the thyroid thyroid disease gland makes more thyroid hormone than the body needs. It is sometimes called thyrotoxicosis. lipodystrophy Lipo-fat Trophy - growth An abnormal condition of the fatty Dys –difficult or tissue underneath the skin, may be

abnormal related to repeated injections. gastroparesis Gastro - stomach Paresis –weakness Neuropathy that affects the stomach. or slight paralysis Digestion of food may be incomplete or delayed. gastropathy Gastro - stomach Pathy –disease or A disorder that affects the stomach. disorder glycosuria Glycol -sugar Uria -urine Glucose in the urine.

polyuria Poly -many Uria - urine Excessive urination polyphagia Poly -many Phagia –hunger or Excessive hunger eating polydipsia Poly -many Dipsia -thirst Excessive thirst; may be a sign of diabetes. neuropathy Neuro- nerves Pathy - disease Disease of the nervous system that affects people with diabetes. neurogenic Neuro -nerves Genic- producing Loss of bladder control caused by bladder damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. pedorthist Ped – feet Ist - specialist Specializes in fitting shoes for people Ortho –to make with disabilities or deformities straight podiatrist Pod –feet Ist - specialist A doctor who specializes in foot Dia -across disorders retinopathy Retino –retina of Pathy -disease Damage to the small blood vessels in the eye the retina. Loss of vision may result.

EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING TERMS

Type 1 Diabetes Oxytocin Type 2 Diabetes Testosterone Gestational Diabetes Diuretic Hypothyroidism Epinephrine Hyperthyroidism Insulin Endocrinologist Glucagon Diabetologist Retinopathy Pedorthist Neuropathy Lipodystrophy Acromegaly Steroid Growth hormone Hormone HbA1C Ketones Thymus

RESOURCES

Medical Dictionary http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mplusdictionary.html Medical Encyclopedia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html Medline Plus Word Parts http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/appendixa.html National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary/ National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases http://www2.niddk.nih.gov/ Wikipedia Root Words, Prefixes http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_roots