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Chapter 35: the Digestive and Endocrine Systems

Chapter 35: the Digestive and Endocrine Systems

The Digestive and Chapter 35 Organizer Endocrine Systems

Refer to pages 4T-5T of the Teacher Guide for an explanation of the National Science Education Standards correlations. Teacher Classroom Resources Activities/FeaturesObjectivesSection MastersSection TransparenciesReproducible

Reinforcement and Study Guide, pp. 155-156 L2 Section Focus Transparency 84 L1 ELL Section 35.1 1. Recognize the different functions of the Inside Story: Your Mouth, p. 949 Section 35.1 organs of the digestive system organs. Problem-Solving Lab 35-1, p. 952 Content Mastery, pp. 173-174, 176 L1 Reteaching Skills Transparency 50 L1 ELL Following 2. Outline the pathway food follows Following Tech Prep Applications, pp. 45-46 L2 of a Meal through the digestive tract. Digestion of P National Science Education 3. Interpret the role of in a Meal P Standards UCP.1-3, UCP.5; chemical digestion. B.3; C.5; F.1; G.1 (1 session, 1 Reinforcement and Study Guide, p. 157 L2 P Section Focus Transparency 85 L1 ELL /2 block) Section 35.2 LS Concept Mapping, p. 35 L3 ELL Reteaching Skills Transparency 51 L1 ELL P LS Nutrition BioLab and MiniLab Worksheets, p.P 155 L2 P P Section 35.2 4. Summarize the contribution of the six MiniLab 35-1: Evaluate a Bowl of Soup, Laboratory Manual, pp. 255-260 L2 LS P classes of nutrients to body nutrition. p. 957 Content Mastery, pp. 173, 175-176P L1 P Nutrition 5. Identify the role of the in food Problem-Solving Lab 35-2, p. 958 LS National Science Education storage. & Society: The Promise of Weight P LS Reinforcement and Study Guide, p. 158LS L2P Section Focus Transparency 86 L1LSELL Standards UCP.2, UCP.3; 6. Relate caloric intake to weight loss or Loss, p. 968 Section 35.3 LS Critical Thinking/Problem Solving, p. 35 L3 Basic Concepts Transparency 65 L2 ELL A.1, A.2; B.2, B.3, B.6; C.5, gain. LS P LS 1 P C.6; F.1 ( /2 session) The Endocrine BioLab and MiniLab Worksheets, pp. 156-158 L2 System P Assessment ResourcesContent Mastery, pp. 173,LS 175-176PL1 AdditionalLS Resources P P Section 35.3 7. Identify the functions of some of the Problem-Solving Lab 35-3, p. 962 Assessment Resources Additional Resources LS secreted by endocrine . MiniLab 35-2: Compare and P LSP P LS The 8. Summarize the negative Parathyroid , p. 964 Chapter Assessment, pp. 205-210 LS Spanish Resources ELL LS P National Science Education mechanism controlling levels Investigate BioLab: Average Growth Rate in MindJogger Videoquizzes English/Spanish Audiocassettes ELL P LS Standards UCP.1-3, UCP.5; in the body. , p. 966 P Performance Assessment in the Biology Classroom Cooperative Learning in the Science Classroom COOP LEARN A.1, A.2; B.2, B.3, B.6; C.1, 9. Contrast the actions of and LS LS 1 Alternate Assessment in the Science Classroom LessonLS Plans/Block SchedulingP C.5, C.6; F.1; G.1 (2 /2 ses- hormones. sions, 1 block) Computer Test Bank P P LSLS BDOL Interactive CD-ROM, Chapter 35 quiz LS LS Need Materials? Contact Carolina Biological Supply Company at 1-800-334-5551 KeyKey toto TeachingTeaching StrategiesStrategies LS or at http://www.carolina.com LS LS L1 Level 1 activities should be appropriate MATERIALS LIST for students with learning difficulties. Teacher’s L2 Level 2 activities should be within the Corner BioLab Quick Demos ability range of all students. The following multimedia resources are available from Glencoe. p. 966 blue pencil, red pencil, graph p. 948 barium X ray of digestive tract L3 Level 3 activities are designed for above- Products Available From Products Available From paper, ruler p. 950 bag (2), starch solution, Biology: The Dynamics of average students. Glencoe National Geographic Society pancreatic solution, beaker, CD-ROM ELL MiniLabs ELL ELL activities should be within the ability To order the following products, To order the following products, distilled water, Benedict’s solution range of English Language Learners. Video: X-Ray of p. 957 paper, pencil call Glencoe at 1-800-334-7344: call National Geographic Society p. 955 paper grocery bags, assorted COOP LEARN Cooperative Learning activities BioQuest: Body Systems p. 964 microscope, prepared slide of CD-ROMs at 1-800-368-2728: P food samples, water P are designed for small group work. Exploration: Nutrition P NGS PictureShow: Body 1 Videos P thyroid and parathyroid tissue, paper, p. 960 human P P These strategies represent student prod- NGS PictureShow: 2 Digestive System (Human Body Videodisc Program pencil p. 961 microprojector, prepared slide ucts that can be placed into a best-work Curriculum Kit Series) X-Ray of Swallowing of P portfolio. Alternative Lab GeoKit: Human Body 1 Our p. 963 preserved whole LS LS p. 950 Lactaid solution, test LS These strategies are useful in a block Transparency Set The InfiniteLS Voyage LS scheduling format. paper, glucose solution, milk, gradu- LS NGS PicturePack: Human Body 1 A Taste of Health ated cylinder (2), test tubes (4), dropper LS NGS PicturePack: Human Body 2 Videodisc STV: Human Body

946A 946B ChapterChapter 3535 ChapterChapter SECTION PREVIEW Section Objectives Section 35.1 Recognize the differ- The Digestive and ent functions of the 35.1 Following Digestion digestive system organs. ETTING TARTED EMO GETTING STARTED DEMO 35 Outline the pathway Prepare Endocrine Systems of a Meal food follows through Visual-Spatial Test a the digestive tract. cracker for starch by Interpret the role of Key Concepts ating is something you probably enzymes in chemical The structures and functions of adding a few drops of iodine What You’ll Learn digestion. You will trace the journey of spend a lot of time thinking the organs of the digestive system to the ground crumbs. A dark Vocabulary a meal through the digestive Eabout—what you will eat, are presented as students follow a brown/purple indicates the system. when you will eat, and who you will presence of starch. To demon- meal through the digestive tract. You will recognize different eat with. Your digestive system helps strate the effects of saliva on nutrients and their uses in turn food into energy for your body. epiglottis starch, add about 1 g of ground the body. Planning As in many you have crackers to 1-2 ml of water. You will outline how studied, the human digestive Acquire old barium X rays for Add a small amount of amylase endocrine hormones control internal body processes. system is essentially a special- pancreas the first Quick Demo. (available from biological sup- liver Prepare materials for the sec- ized tube that has evolved ply companies) and let sit for a Why It’s Important over millions of years to form gallbladder ond Quick Demo. villus few minutes. You can test for By examining the functions of digestive organs, each of which These gastric pits in the Purchase milk and Lactaid for the breakdown of starch by your digestive and endocrine stomach secrete acid P performs a unique function. the Alternative Lab. periodically using the iodine systems, you will understand needed for digestion. how your body obtains energy test. from food and how it controls Magnification: 55 your behavior and development. 1 Focus LS Theme Development ETTING TARTED G S Functions of the Bellringer The theme of systems and Initiating Digestion Digestive System Before presenting the lesson, interactions is developed by Bite into a cracker. What is hap- Figure 35.1 All the digestive organs display Section Focus Trans- looking at the role of the diges- pening to the cracker in your The main function of the digestive Salivary Teeth mouth as you chew? Can you system is to disassemble the food you glands work together to break parency 84 on the overhead pro- tive and endocrine systems in Mouth down food into simpler describe the movement of the eat into its component molecules so jector and have students answer regulating body functions. cracker through your digestive compounds that can be that it can be used as energy for your absorbed by the body. the accompanying questions. system? body. In this sense, your digestive L1 ELL system can be thought of as a sort of To find out Esophagus more about disassembly line. If time does not permit teach- digestion and the endocrine Digestion is accomplished through Diaphragm TransparencyP 84 Food Processors SECTION FOCUS system, visit the Glencoe a number of steps. First, the system Use with Chapter 35, ing the entire chapter, use the Gallbladder Stomach Section 35.1 Science Web Site. takes ingested food and begins mov- BioDigest at the end of the www.glencoe.com/sec/science unit as an overview. ing it through the digestive tract. As Pancreas it does so, it digests—or breaks down Liver

Magnification: mechanically and chemically—the LS 70 complex food molecules. Then, the P system absorbs the digested food and distributes it to your cells. Finally, it Large Small intestine intestine These projections, called villi, eliminates undigested materials from your body. As you read about each line the walls of your small LS intestine, absorbing food parti- digestive , use Figure 35.1 to Rectum cles as they pass by. locate its position within the system. Anus

1 What parts of the digestive system perform functions similar to the devices shown? 946 35.1 FOLLOWING DIGESTION OF A MEAL 947 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2 What do you think is the overall function of the digestive system?

Assessment Planner BIOLOGY: The Dynamics of Life SECTION FOCUS TRANSPARENCIES Look for the following logos for strategies that emphasize different learning modalities. Assessment Planner Kinesthetic Meeting Individual Enrichment, p. 955; Biology Journal, Portfolio Assessment Problem-Solving Lab, TWE, p. 952 Multiple Needs, p. 948; Quick Demo, p. 956 Portfolio, TWE, pp. 949, 964 MiniLab, TWE, pp. 956, 964 Learning pp. 950, 955 Intrapersonal Project, p. 952; Alternative Lab, TWE, pp. 950-951 Knowledge Assessment Visual-Spatial Getting Started Cultural Diversity, p. 955; Tech Problem-Solving Lab, TWE, p. 958 Section Assessment, SE, pp. 953, 958, 965 Styles Demo, p. 946; Quick Demo, Prep, p. 962; Portfolio, p. 964 Assessment, TWE, p. 957 Chapter Assessment, SE, pp. 969-971 pp. 948, 960, 961; Portfolio, p. 949; Linguistic Biology Journal, BioLab, TWE, pp. 966-967 Assessment, TWE, pp. 956, 965 Meeting Individual Needs, pp. 954, pp. 955, 961, 963; Tech Prep, Performance Assessment Problem-Solving Lab, TWE, p. 962 960; Reteach, p. 957 p. 956; Extension, p. 957 MiniLab, SE, p. 964 Skill Assessment Interpersonal Check for Logical-Mathematical Project, Alternative Lab, TWE, pp. 950-951 Assessment, TWE, pp. 951, 953, 961 946 Understanding, p. 953; p. 957 947 2 Teach The Mouth molecular level through the action NSIDE NSIDE NSIDE NSIDE of enzymes. What purpose do the I Magnification: 725 I The first stop along the digestive I I different structures inside your disassembly line is your mouth. TORY mouth serve? Find out by reading the STORY S Suppose it’s lunchtime and you have P Quick Demo Inside Story. just prepared a bacon, lettuce, and Visual-Spatial Show stu- tomato sandwich. The first thing you Purpose Chemical digestion begins Your Mouth dents old barium X rays do is bite off a piece and chew it. Students examine teeth and other in the mouth of the digestive tract (often our mouth houses many structures involved in structures of the mouth. What happens as you chew? other functions besides digestion. Some of these LS available at hospitals). Use the WORD Origin Some of the nutrients in your Y In your mouth, your tongue moves sandwich are starches, large mole- structures protect against foreign materials invading Teaching Strategies X rays to discuss and identify peristalsis the food around and helps position it cules known as polysaccharides. As your body; others help you taste the food you eat. parts of the digestive tract. X From the Greek Bring in models of between your teeth so that it can you chew your bite of sandwich, sali- rays of jawbones may also be word peri, meaning Critical Thinking Why do your teeth come in various , including a human skull, P “around,” and be chewed. Chewing is a form of vary glands in your mouth secrete to compare teeth. Ask students obtained and used for discus- shapes? The tongue is covered by projections stellein, meaning “to mechanical digestion, the physical saliva, as shown in Figure 35.2. whether other mammals have sions about teeth. draw in.” Peristalsis process of breaking food into smal- Saliva contains a , that contain numerous taste cells like the one shown here. baby or milk teeth. Yes. Some stu- propels food in one ler pieces. Mechanical digestion pre- called amylase, which breaks down Incisors direction. dents may recall their puppies or kit- pares food particles for chemical starch into smaller molecules such as LS 1 Teeth The incisors are adapted Gums tens losing baby teeth. Visual Learning digestion. Chemical digestion is di- or monosaccharides. In the stom- for cutting food. The cuspids, the process of changing food on a ach, amylase continues to digest or canines, tear or shred food. Misconception Explain that the pancreas is 15 starch in the swallowed food for The three sets of molars can cm long and produces 1 L of about 30 minutes. Table 35.1 lists crush and grind food. Students may believe that cavities Often, there is not Soft palate each day. Have some digestive enzymes that act to are the greatest threat to teeth. students use Table 35.1 to list the Figure 35.2 enough room for Hard palate Explain that while cavities do Salivary glands secrete break food molecules apart. the third set of chemicals that compose pancre- saliva, a watery sub- molars, called destroy teeth, periodontal disease atic juice. pancreatic amylase, stance that contains Swallowing your food wisdom teeth, 2 Tonsils A pair of of the gums is much more serious which then must Uvula trypsin, pancreatic , nucleases the enzyme amylase. Once you’ve thoroughly chewed tonsils is located at and far more prevalent today. L1 be removed. the back of the your bite of sandwich, your tongue mouth. They play a Visual Learning shapes it into a ball and moves it to Cheek role in preventing Reinforcement the back of your mouth to be swal- infections in the Point out the structures of the mouth shown in the diagram. Have two students hold a 9-m lowed. Swallowing forces food from 3 Tongue The nose and mouth by tongue is attached helping to eliminate As each structure is men- long piece of string. Explain that your mouth into your esophagus, a muscular tube that connects your to the floor of the foreign bacteria. tioned, have a volunteer read the string represents the length mouth. It is made Molars the description of the struc- of the human digestive tract. mouth to your stomach. Food of numerous moves down the esophagus by way of skeletal muscles ture. Briefly discuss how food moves Magnification: 90 Opening of salivary covered with a Ask students to name the three along the length of the digestive P mucous membrane. types of teeth shown. incisors, tract and the changes that occur Table 35.1 Digestive enzymes Bicuspids cuspids, and molars within the tract. Organ Enzyme Molecules digested Product or premolars Elicit from students the func- Enamel Salivary glands Salivary amylase Starch Disaccharide tion of the tonsils and their LS Cuspids or CROWN ResourceResource Stomach Pepsin canines Dentin location. The tonsils are located Pulp in the back of the mouth and ManagerManager Pancreas Pancreatic amylase Starch Disaccharide NECK Trypsin Proteins Peptides function to remove bacteria that Section Focus Transparency 84 Pancreatic lipase Fats Fatty acids and glycerol enter the mouth or nose. Nucleases Nucleic acids Sugar and nitrogen bases 4 Structure of a tooth Teeth are made mainly and Master L1 ELL Small intestine Maltase Disaccharide Monosaccharide of dentin, a bonelike substance that gives a Critical Thinking Tech Prep Applications, p. 45 Sucrase Disaccharide Monosaccharide tooth its shape and strength. The dentin ROOT Lactase Disaccharide Monosaccharide encloses a space filled with pulp, a tissue that Different teeth perform different L2 Peptidase Peptides Amino acids contains blood vessels and . The dentin functions—incisors are shaped P Nuclease Nucleic acids Sugar and nitrogen bases Root of the crown is covered with an enamel that for cutting, while molars are consists mostly of salts. Tooth enamel canal is the hardest substance in the body. Vascular supply shaped for crushing and grinding. 948 THE DIGESTIVE AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS LS MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS PortfolioPortfolio P P Learning Disabled Primary Teeth Kinesthetic Cut a 15-cm length of Visual-Spatial Have students inves- VIDEODISC VIDEODISC LS LS string and lay it fully stretched out tigate how the number and loca- on a desk. Use a second 15-cm piece of STV: The Human Body, Vol. 1 STV: The Human Body, Vol. 1 tion of primary teeth in humans differ string to form a zigzag pattern. Have stu- Digestive System Digestive System from the secondary teeth. Ask students dents observe the total horizontal distance Unit 2, Side 2, 2 min. 10 sec. Unit 2, Side 2, 2 min. 30 sec. to diagram a mouth that shows only pri- between the two ends of each piece of Stomach Mouth mary teeth. Have students identify the P P string. Compare this to the increased sur- types of teeth shown in the diagram. 948 face area created by villi. L1 ELL !8Há4kVH" !7\z-?tC" L2 P 949

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LS LS Quick Demo Figure 35.3 peristalsis (per uh STAHL sus), Chemical digestion in Diaphragm Esophagus Assessment contractions are responsible a series of involuntary smooth muscle the stomach Skill Have students make a Kinesthetic To demon- for moving food through the digestive system. contractions along the walls of The inner lining of the stomach flow chart of the digestive system, strate both digestion and the digestive tract. Figure 35.3 contains millions of glands that Liver A listing the secretions at each diffusion, fill a dialysis bag with shows how the food is moved along secrete a mixture of chemicals called from the mouth to the stomach. The stage. L2 1-5% starch solution. In a sec- From Longitudinal gastric juice. Gastric juice contains ond dialysis bag, add 2 mL of mouth To stomach muscle contractions occur in waves: first, cir- pepsin and hydrochloric acid. Pepsin Food mass cular muscles relax and longitud- pancreatic enzymes and fill the is an enzyme that begins the chemi- Stomach remainder of the bag with inal muscles contract; then circular cal digestion of proteins in food. Circular muscles contract and longitudinal starch solution. Allow each bag muscle Pepsin works best in the acidic envi- muscles relax. to sit in a beaker of distilled ronment provided by hydrochloric B Contraction Have you ever had food go down CD-ROM water for one day. Then, run a acid, which increases the acidity of Gallbladder the wrong way? When you swallow, the stomach contents to pH 2. P Biology: The Dynamics Benedict’s test on the fluid in Contraction Bile duct the food enters the esophagus. Knowing that the stomach secretes of Life each beaker. Explain that the of circular Pancreatic muscles Usually, a flap of called the acids and enzymes, you may be won- BioQuest: Body Systems enzymes will digest the starch duct behind epiglottis (ep uh GLAHT us) closes dering why the stomach doesn’t Discs 1-5 and change it to glucose, which food mass over the opening to the respiratory digest itself. The stomach lining is LS diffuses out of the dialysis bag. Pancreas P tract as you swallow, preventing food protected by that forms a layer Small C The glucose will produce a pos- from entering. After the food passes between it and the acidic environ- intestine itive Benedict’s test. into your esophagus, the epiglottis ment of the stomach. The mucus is Figure 35.5 Contraction of opens again. But if you talk or laugh secreted by the stomach lining itself. longitudinal Both the pancreas as you swallow, the epiglottis may Food remains in your stomach for Chemical action and the liver produce LS muscles ahead open, allowing food to enter the Visual Learning of food mass approximately two to four hours. By The first 25 cm of the small intes- chemicals needed for upper portion of the respiratory digestion in the small VIDEODISC Have students look at Figure the time the food is ready to leave the tine is called the duodenum (doo AHD tract. Your response, a reflex, is to stomach, it is about the consistency un um). Most of the enzymes and intestine. STV: Human Body, Vol. 1 35.3. Ask: What type of muscle D D choke and cough, forcing the food of tomato soup. At that time, the chemicals that function in the duode- Digestive System makes up the walls of the stom- out of the respiratory tube. peristaltic waves gradually become num enter it through ducts that col- Unit 2, Side 2 ach? smooth muscle Contraction in circular more vigorous and begin to force lect juices from the pancreas, liver, Small Intestine 1, 3 min. 41 sec. muscle layer The Stomach small amounts of liquid out of the and gallbladder. These organs, shown forces food lower end of the stomach and into in Figure 35.5, play important roles mass forward !8p>;HLA" When the chewed food reaches the small intestine. in digestion, even though food does the end of your esophagus, it enters not pass directly through them. Small Intestine 2, 1 min. 47 sec. the stomach. The stomach is a mus- CD-ROM cular, pouchlike enlargement of the The Small Intestine Secretions of the pancreas !9NÇ>a$F" From your stomach, the liquid food Biology: The Dynamics digestive tract. Both physical and The pancreas is a soft, flattened Large Intestine, 1 min. 31 sec. of Life Esophagus chemical digestion take place in the moves into your small intestine, a gland that secretes both digestive stomach. muscular tube about 6 m long. This Video: X Ray of Swallowing Figure 35.4 enzymes and hormones, which you !9o9AI$J" Disc 5 Smooth muscle contrac- section of the intestine is called small will learn more about in the last sec- Muscular churning not because of its length, but because VIDEODISC tions churn the food in tion of this chapter. The mixture of the stomach until it Three layers of involuntary mus- of its narrow diameter—only 2.5 cm. enzymes it secretes breaks down car- Biology: The Dynamics becomes a thin liquid. cles, lying across one another, are Digestion of your meal is completed bohydrates, proteins, and fats. Alkaline of Life Stomach located within the wall of the stom- within the small intestine. Muscle pancreatic juices also help to neutral- ResourceResource X Ray of Swallowing (Ch. 31) ach. When these muscles contract, as contractions contribute to further ize the acidity of the liquid food, Disc 2, Side 1, 35 sec. shown in Figure 35.4, they work to mechanical breakdown of the food; at stopping any further action of pepsin. ManagerManager physically break down the swallowed the same time, carbohydrates and Reinforcement and Study food, creating smaller pieces. As the proteins undergo further chemical Secretions of the liver !:6Ç" Small Intestine Guide, pp. 155-156 muscles continue to work the food digestion with the help of enzymes The liver is a large, complex organ L2 pieces, they mix them with digestive produced and secreted by the pan- that, among its many functions, Content Mastery, p. 174 L1 juices produced by the stomach. creas and liver. produces bile. Bile is a chemical Reteaching Skills Trans- parency 50 and Master L1 ELL 950 35.1 FOLLOWING DIGESTION OF A MEAL 951

tests positive for glucose. If you use Remind students to handle test tubes Analysis P Alternative Lab Assessment P another liquid lactose digestive aid, test it with care and to dispose of any broken 1. What did Lactaid do to the lactose in Portfolio Have students write a for glucose first. glass in the designated container. milk? It broke down the lactose. Digesting Lactose summary of the lab, including the answers P 2. Place 2 mL of glucose in test tube 1, 2 2. What is the function of test tubes 1, 2, and P Materials to the Analysis questions, and add them to mL of milk in test tube 2, 2 mL of milk 4? They are controls. LS Purpose Lactaid or another liquid lactose digestive their portfolios. Use the Performance Task LS in test tube 3, and 2 mL of Lactaid in 3. How will Lactaid help people who cannot Students test whether Lactaid or another aid, paper, glucose solution, Assessment List for Lab Report in PASC, test tube 4. digest lactose. Lactaid will help break P lactose digestive aid will digest lactose. milk, graduated cylinders, droppers, test p. 47. L2 P LS tubes 3. Place 5 drops of Lactaid in test tube 3. down the lactose present in dairy products. LS Preparation Procedure 4. Allow all tubes to sit for 5 minutes. Do not use the tablet form of Lactaid; it 5. Using the glucose test paper, test each Give students the following directions. LS 950 1. Label four test tubes 1, 2, 3, and 4. tube for glucose. LS 951

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LS Problem-Solving Lab 35-1 substance that helps break down directly into the cells of the villi, as P Problem-Solving Lab 35-1 Sequencing fats. Once made in the liver, bile is shown in Figure 35.7. The food 3 Assess stored in a small organ called the molecules then diffuse into the blood Purpose gallbladder, from which it passes vessels of the villus and enter the Columnar Check for Understanding Is it possible to live without a gallbladder? Apparently Blood vessel into the duodenum. Bile causes fur- bloodstream. As you can see, the villi Interpersonal Play the “Di- Students compare the path of bile yes, as many people have had this organ surgically removed vessel network from the LSliver to the duodenum and are still alive. ther mechanical digestion by break- are the link between the digestive gestive System Game.” with and without the gallbladder. ing apart large drops of fat into system and the . Have a student name an organ of Analysis smaller droplets. If bile becomes too As your lunch comes to the end of The following diagrams show the appearance of a nor- the digestive system. The next Process Skills concentrated due to high levels of its passage through the small intes- mal liver and gallbladder (diagram A) and the appearance student must name a type of analyze information, compare when the gallbladder has been removed (diagram B). in the diet, or if the gall- tine, only the indigestible materials digestion that occurs in the organ and contrast, draw a conclusion, bladder becomes inflamed, gallstones remain in the digestive tract. (chemical or mechanical). The interpret scientific illustrations, A B can form, as seen in Figure 35.6. next student must further define Can a person live without a gallblad- Fatty acids sequence, think critically Amino acids this action by listing the enzymes der? Find out in the Problem-Solving The Large Intestine Monosaccharides or juices involved or defining the Teaching Strategies Lab on this page. The indigestible material from mechanical action (chewing or Demonstrate the role of bile your meal now passes into your Absorption of food large intestine, a muscular tube that stomach churning). A fourth stu- by adding a small amount of oil dent should tell how the digestive to a test tube of water. Shake it Liquid food stays in your small is also called the colon. Even though intestine for three to five hours and is the large intestine is only about intestine is vitamin synthesis. Figure 35.7 action is controlled. Repeat the and have students note what hap- Thinking Critically slowly moved along its length by 1.5 m long, it is much wider than the Anaerobic bacteria in the large intes- Once food has been process until all organs have been pens to the oil after waiting a few 1. Where is bile produced? Where is bile stored? peristalsis. As digested food moves small intestine—about 6.5 cm in tine synthesize some B vitamins and fully digested in the discussed. L2 small intestine, it is minutes. (Oil reforms on top of 2. Does bile bring about a chemical or physical change to through the intestine, it passes over diameter. The appendix, a small, vitamin K, which are absorbed as the water.) Repeat the demon- fat? Explain. in the form of mole- thousands of tiny fingerlike struc- tubelike extension off the large intes- needed by the body. cules small enough to Reteach 3. Sequence the pathway for bile from the liver to the duo- stration using liquid detergent to tures called villi. A villus is a single tine, is thought to be an evolutionary enter the body’s denum in the person with a gallbladder. Visual-Spatial Have students simulate bile. (Oil will remain as projection on the lining of the small remnant from our herbivorous ances- Elimination of wastes bloodstream. small droplets.) 4. Sequence the pathway for bile from the liver to the duo- prepare a chart of the diges- denum in the person with no gallbladder. intestine that functions in the absorp- tors as it seems to serve no function After 18 to 24 hours in the large tive organs and the role of each Point out to students that the tion of digested food. The villi in human digestion. intestine, the remaining indigestible 5. The gallbladder is a muscular sac. It squeezes and dis- in digestion. L2 gallbladder is under involuntary charges a large quantity of bile when fats are present in greatly increase the surface area of material, now called feces, reaches P control—it releases bile when the duodenum. Explain why a person without a gallblad- the small intestine, allowing for a Water absorption the rectum. The rectum is the last stimulated by a hormone. der is unable to digest fats as efficiently as someone who greater absorption rate. Because the As the indigestible mixture passes part of the digestive system. Feces Extension has a gallbladder. digested food is now in the form of through the large intestine, water is are eliminated from the rectum Linguistic Have interested Thinking Critically small molecules, it can be absorbed absorbed by the intestine walls, leav- through the anus. Your meal’s entire studentsLS research and report 1. liver; gallbladder ing behind a more solid material. In journey from the beginning of the on of the digestive tract this way, the water is not wasted. digestive tract to the end has taken 2. Bile physically changes fat and their possible causes and A secondary function of the large between 24 and 33 hours. P into smaller droplets. treatments. L3 Figure 35.6 3. liver, hepatic duct, gallblad- Gallstones can form in der, bile duct, duodenum the gallbladder or bile duct. They consist Section Assessment Assessment 4. liver, hepatic duct, bile duct, mainly of precipitated Skill HaveLS students label a duodenum Understanding Main Ideas Thinking Critically bile salts. diagram of theP digestive system 5. 1. Sequence the organs of your digestive system 5. How would chronic diarrhea affect the balance Only a small, but continuous, according to the order in which food passes of fluids in your body? and identify the functions of each amount of bile reaches the through them. part. L1 duodenum. Large amounts Gallstones 2. In which sections of the digestive system are SKILL REVIEWEVIEW needed to break up fats effi- starches digested? Which enzymes break down 6. Making and Using Graphs Prepare a circle LS ciently are not available. starches? graph representing the time food remains in 3. How do villi of the small intestine increase the each part of the digestive tract. For more help, rate of nutrient absorption? refer to Organizing Information in the Skill 4 Close Assessment 4. What role does the pancreas play in digestion? Handbook. Discussion Performance Have stu- dents make a poster illustrating Ask students how the digestive 952 THE DIGESTIVE AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS 35.1 FOLLOWING DIGESTION OF A MEAL 953 system is like the plumbing sys- why gallstones cause discomfort. P Advise them that (a) gallstones can tem of a house. Have them block the bile duct and (b) the explain where the faucets of the gallbladder contracts automatically PROJECT Section Assessment digestive system are located. L2 when fats are in the duodenum. Tenderizers the procedural steps for their demonstration LS Have them explain what could 1. mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intes- 5. Loose stool has an unusually high water Intrapersonal Have students conduct and explain the purpose for each step. cause the considerable discomfort tine, large intestine, rectum content. Patients suffering from diarrhea library research to find out how meat Finally, have students complete their demon- associated with gallstones. the gall- 2. mouth, small intestine; salivary amylase, lose tremendous amounts of fluids every tenderizer works. Have them use the infor- stration with information that relates the bladder squeezing and not being able pancreatic amylase day. These fluids must be restored by mation they gather to design a demonstra- function of meat tenderizer to its comple- to empty Use the Performance Task P 3. By increasing the total surface area, villi drinking water regularly. tion that can be used to explain the process mentary organ of the digestive system. L3 P Assessment List for Poster in allow for increased absorption rates. 6. Students’ graphs should show approxi- to others. Encourage students to write out COOP LEARN PASC, p. 73. L2 4. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes, mately these percentages: large intestine, which break down carbohydrates, pro- 75%; small intestine, 13%; stomach, 11%; P 952 teins, and fats. mouth and esophagus, 1% 953 LS LS P LS P LS

LS Fluorine (F) Calcium (Ca) SECTION PREVIEW fuel body functions. Some sugar is Section 35.2 carried to the liver where it is stored Dental cavity Teeth and bone 2 Teach Objectives Section as glycogen. reduction formation, muscle Summarize the contri- Fluoridated water and nerve activity, Cellulose, another complex carbo- bution of the six classes 35.2 Nutrition blood clotting Quick Demo of nutrients to body hydrate, is found in all plant cell Iodine (I) Milk and grain nutrition. Prepare walls and is not digestible by humans. Formation of group Kinesthetic Test various Identify the role of the However, cellulose (also known as thyroid hormone liver in food storage. foods for the presence of Key Concepts fiber) is still an important item to Seafood, eggs, Phosphorus (P) Relate caloric intake to iodized salt, Teeth and bone fat using brown paper (from Students become familiar with weight loss or gain. Fat (naturally include in the diet as it helps in the hat’s your favoriteFat food? (naturally How USE SPARINGLY occurring and milk group formation, blood occurring and grocery sacks). Smear the food the six classes of nutrients. They Vocabulary often do you eat it? Of what added during elimination of wastes. Sources of pH, muscle and added during cooking) on the brown paper and allow also relate these nutrients to mineral fiber include bran and spinach. Iron (Fe) nerve activity, part Wnutritional valuecooking) is it? Sugars (added to dry. If the food is dry, grind Calories and . vitamin The food pyramid is a diagramSugars (added to foods) Formation of of enzymes and Calorie to foods) Fats hemoglobin nucleic acids a small portion with some that indicates the number of (carries oxygen to 2-3 SERVINGS 2-3 SERVINGS Many people think that fat Milk, grain and water. After the paper has had Planning servings a person should have body cells) and means getting fat, yet fats are an vegetable group sufficient time to dry, hold it daily from each of the food cytochromes (ATP Purchase a school lunch for essential nutrient. They provide up to the light. If the paper is groups. How do your meals formation) Copper (Cu) P Meeting Individual Needs. energy for your body and are also Liver, egg yolk, translucent, the food tested fit into this pyramid? Development of Acquire foods and brown used as building materials. Recall that grain and meat red blood cells, 3-5 SERVINGS 2-4 SERVINGS contains fat. paper for the Quick Demo. fats are essential building blocks of group, leafy formation of some Gather Calorie charts for the the . They are also vegetables respiratory Project. needed to synthesize hormones, pro- enzymes LS Sodium (Na) Grain group, liver Visual Learning The tect body organs against injury, and Nerve activity,

food 6-11 SERVINGS insulate the body from cold. body pH (K) Refer to the periodic table on pyramid Sources of fat in the diet include regulation Nerve and muscle page A9 of Appendix D as you 1 Focus , nuts, and dairy products, as Bacon, butter, activity discuss Figure 35.9. Challenge well as cooking oils. In the digestive table salt, Vegetable group, students to locate the minerals on vegetable group bananas Bellringer system, fats are broken down into the periodic table. Carbohydrates Before presenting the lesson, The Vital Nutrients fatty acids and glycerol and absorbed Magnesium (Mg) display Section Focus Trans- Six basic kinds of nutrients can be Perhaps your favorite food is pasta, by the villi of the small intestine. Muscle and nerve Sulfur (S) Enrichment parency 85 on the overhead pro- found in foods: carbohydrates, fats, fresh-baked bread, or corn on the Eventually, some of these fatty acids activity, bone proteins, minerals, vitamins, and cob. If so, your favorite food contains end up in the liver. The liver con- formation, Builds hair, nails and Interpersonal Have students jector and have students answer skin, component Figure 35.8 water. These substances are essential carbohydrates, important sources of verts them to glycogen or stores enzyme function work in groups to investi- the accompanying questions. Select foods from the Fruit, vegetable of to proper body function. You supply energy for your body cells. Recall them as fat throughout your body. gate and prepare a report on one L1 ELL five food groups and and grain groups Grain and fruit you’ll have a healthful your body with these nutrients when that carbohydrates are starches and group, eggs, cheese vitamin deficiency, such as scurvy, diet that supplies the you eat foods from the five main food sugars. Starches are complex carbo- Proteins beriberi, rickets, night blindness, six essential nutrients groups shown in Figure 35.8. hydrates found in bread, cereal, pota- Your body has many uses for pro- polyneuritis, or pellagra. L2 All the Things your body needs. TransparencyP 85 SECTION FOCUS toes, rice, corn, beans, and teins. Enzymes, , many for energy. However, your body uses Figure 35.9 COOP LEARN You Eat Use with Chapter 35, Section 35.2 pasta. Sugars are simple car- hormones, and substances that help amino acids for energy only if other Minerals serve many bohydrates found mainly in the blood to clot, are all proteins. energy sources are depleted. Most vital functions. P fruits, such as plums, straw- Proteins form part of muscles and amino acids are absorbed by cells and LS berries, and oranges. many cell structures, including the used for synthesis. The During digestion, complex cell membrane. human body needs 20 different amino P carbohydrates are broken During digestion, proteins are bro- acids to carry out protein synthesis, LS CD-ROM P down into simple sugars such ken down into amino acids. After the but it can make only 12 of them. The as glucose, fructose, and amino acids have been absorbed by the rest must be consumed in the diet and Biology: The Dynamics galactose. Absorbed into the small intestine, they enter the blood- so are called essential amino acids. of Life LS bloodstream through the villi stream and are carried to the liver. The Sources of essential amino acids Exploration: Nutrition of the small intestine, these liver can convert amino acids to fats include meats, dried beans, whole Disc 5 LS sugar molecules circulate to or glucose, both of which can be used grains, eggs and dairy products.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 What two or three essential nutrients are most abundant in each of the foods shown? 954 THE DIGESTIVE AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS 35.2 NUTRITION 955 2 What essential nutrient is available in all the foods except the grapefruit?

BIOLOGY: The Dynamics of Life SECTION FOCUS TRANSPARENCIES MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS BIOLOGYIOLOGY JOURNAL Resource Manager Cultural Diversity Hearing Impaired/English Food Preferences and Nutrients Language Learners Section Focus Transparency 85 and Intrapersonal Populations develop Linguistic Have students research Visual-Spatial Bring in a sample Master L1 ELL food preferences as they try to how antioxidants destroy free radi- school lunch. Ask students to list, on Concept Mapping, p. 35 L3 ELL meet their nutritional needs using foods cals that can damage cells and lead to can- that are locally available. Have students cer. Ask them to find out how vitamins C a sheet of paper, the nutrients found in P each of the foods provided. Next, have P find out how different cultures choose and E and beta-carotene destroy these them point out on a diagram of the diges- P combinations of foods and flavors. Have substances. L3 P P tive system where each type of nutrient is them bring in samples of foods from vari- 954 digested. L1 ELL P ous cultures. L2 LS 955 LS P LS LS LS P P LS

LS P LS LS P LS LS Assessment Minerals and vitamins small amounts to maintain growth Water When you think of minerals, you and metabolism. The two main Interpreting the Data 3 Assess Knowledge Have students Water is the most abundant sub- MiniLab 35-1 may picture substances that people groups of vitamins are fat-soluble and list three good sources of each stance in your body, making up 60 mine, or extract from Earth. As water-soluble, as shown in Table Check for Understanding mineral (or vitamin) discussed in percent of red blood cells and 75 per- Evaluate a Bowl of Soup As a consumer, you are bom- shown in Figure 35.9 on the previ- 35.2. Although fat-soluble vitamins cent of muscle cells. Water facilitates barded by advertising that promotes the nutritional benefits Give the students a sample lunch the text. L2 ORD Origin W ous page, the same minerals can also can be stored in the liver, the accu- the chemical reactions in your body of specific food products. Choosing a food to eat on the basis that has nutritional deficiencies. vitamin be extracted from foods and put to mulation of excess amounts can and is necessary for the breakdown of of such ads may not make nutritional sense. By examining the Ask them to evaluate the lunch. From the Latin use by your body. prove toxic. Water-soluble vitamins foods during digestion. Water is also ingredients of processed foods, you can learn about their Ask what nutrients are in excess MiniLab 35-1 word vita, meaning A mineral is an inorganic sub- cannot be stored in the body and so actual nutritional content. and what nutrients should be P “life.” Vitamins are an excellent solvent; oxygen and stance that serves as a building mate- must be included regularly in the NUTRITION FACTS necessary for life. nutrients from food could not enter Serving Size: 2 cups (452g) added. Elicit what foods could Purpose Servings Per Container: 1 rial or takes part in a chemical reac- diet. Table 35.2 lists foods that con- your cells if they did not first dissolve Table 35.3 provide these nutrients. L1 Students evaluate the nutritional tion in the body. Minerals make up Amount Per Serving tain fat-soluble and water-soluble vit- in water. Percentage of Calories 140 Calories from Fat 54 value of a foodP based on its label. about four percent of your total body amins. Daily Value (DV) % Daily Value* LS Recall that water absorbs and Total Fat 8g 12% Reteach Process Skills weight, most of it in your skeleton. , a fat-soluble vitamin, is releases heat slowly. It is this charac- Carbohydrates 60% Saturated Fat 6g 30% Although they serve many different synthesized in your skin. Vitamin K Cholesterol 20mg 7% Visual-Spatial Have students observe and infer, analyze, inter- teristic that helps water maintain Fat 30% Sodium 1640 mg 68% functions within the body, minerals and some B vitamins are made by your body’s internal temperature. A Saturated Fats 10% Total Carbohydrate 22g 7% prepare a chart of the six pret data Dietary Fiber 5g 20% nutrients. Have them identify the LS are not used as an energy source. bacteria in your large intestine. The large amount of heat is needed to Cholesterol 1.5% Sugars 5g Unlike minerals, vitamins are rest of the vitamins must be con- Protein 6g functions of these nutrients and Teaching Strategies raise the temperature of water. Protein 10% Vitamin A 50% Vitamin C 4% Explain the concept of daily organic nutrients that are required in sumed in your diet. Because the body contains so much Calcium 2% Iron 2% identify foods that contain each. Total Calories 2000 * Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Your daily values may be higher or value (DV) to students. water, it takes a lot of added energy lower depending on your calorie needs: L1 P Calories 2,000 2,500 You may wish to have students to raise its internal temperature. Your Total Fat Less than 65g 80g Table 35.2 Vitamins Sat Fat Less than 20g 25g Cholesterol Less than 300mg 300mg work in pairs. body loses about 2.5 L of water per Procedure Sodium Less than 2,400mg 2,400mg Extension Vitamin Function Source Total Carbohydrate 300g 375g day through exhalation, sweat, and ! Examine the information Fiber 25g 30g Expected Results Calories per gram: Linguistic Have stu- Fat-soluble in the table listing the Fat 9 * Carbohydrates 4 * Protein 4 urine. As a result, water must be dents interviewLS a Students should discover that the A maintain health of epithelial cells; formation of liver, broccoli, green and yellow vegetables, replaced constantly. daily value (DV) of various soup represented is basically a light-absorbing pigment; growth of and teeth tomatoes, butter, egg yolk nutrients. DV expresses what percent of Calories should nutritionist to find out what cri- healthy meal. D absorption of calcium and phosphorus in digestive egg yolk, shrimp, yeast, liver, fortified milk; come from certain nutrients. For instance, in the proposed teria the nutritionist uses when tract produced in the skin upon exposure to Calories and Metabolism diet of 2000 Calories, 60 percent of the Calories should planning meals that meet nutri- Analysis ultraviolet rays in sunlight come from carbohydrates. The energy content of food is tionalP needs. L2 1. Yes, sodium. E formation of DNA, RNA, and red blood cells leafy vegetables, milk, butter @ Examine the nutritional information on the soup can label measured in units of heat called and compare it with the DV table. 2. A serving of soup contains K blood clotting green vegetables, tomatoes; produced by Calories, each of which represents a intestinal bacteria about 39% of its Calories kilocalorie, or 1000 calories (written Analysis Assessment from saturated fat. (6 g/serv- Water-soluble with a small c). A calorie is the 1. Does your bowl of soup provide more than 30 percent of LS Portfolio Ask students to ing x 9 Cal/g = 54 Calories B1 sugar metabolism; synthesis of ham, eggs, green vegetables, chicken, raisins, amount of heat required to raise the any of the daily nutrients? Which ones? seafood, soybeans, milk write a summary of which sub- of saturated fat per serving. temperature of 1 mL of water by 2. Evaluate the percentage of calories in soup that are pro- vided by saturated fat. stances need to be included in a 54 ÷ 140 = 39%) B2 (riboflavin) sugar and protein metabolism in cells of eyes, skin, green vegetables, meats, yeast, eggs 1ºC. Some foods, especially those intestines, blood daily balanced dietP and what each 3. Basically yes, although the with fats, contain more Calories than 3. Is soup a nutritious meal? Explain your answer. Niacin energy-releasing reactions; fat metabolism yeast, meats, liver, , whole-grain cereals, nutrient does. L2 P sodium content is high. nuts others. In general, 1 g of fat contains nine Calories, while 1 g of carbohy- B6 fat metabolism salmon, yeast, tomatoes, corn, spinach, liver, Assessment yogurt, wheat bran, whole-grain cereals drate or protein contains four mass, age, sex, and level of physical LS and breads Calories. To learn more about activity. In general, males need more Performance Have stu- B12 red blood cell formation; metabolism of amino acids liver, milk, cheese, eggs, meats Calories in meals, complete the Calories per day than females, LS dents repeat the MiniLab for MiniLab on this page. teenagers need more than adults, and Pantothenic acid aerobic ; synthesis of hormones milk, liver, yeast, green vegetables, whole- VIDEODISC three foods found in their homes. grain cereals and breads The number of Calories needed active people need more than inac- The Infinite Voyage Use the Performance Task Ass- Folic acid synthesis of DNA and RNA; production of red and liver, leafy green vegetables, nuts, orange each day varies from person to per- tive people. Physicians have deter- P essment List for Carrying Out a white blood cells juice son, depending on the person’s mined that many Americans are A Taste of Health, Strategy and Collecting Data in Biotin aerobic respiration; fat metabolism yeast, liver, egg yolk metabolism, or the rate at which they overweight. Calculate your Body Consequences of a Fatty Diet PASC, p. 25. L2 C protein metabolism; wound citrus fruits, tomatoes, leafy green vegetables, burn energy. Metabolic rate, in turn, Mass Index by doing the Problem- (Ch. 4) 3 min. broccoli, potatoes, peppers is determined by a person’s body Solving Lab on the next page. !7KVF" LS ResourceResource 956 THE DIGESTIVE AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS 35.2 NUTRITION 957 Ancel Keys: Pioneer in Nutrition ManagerManager (Ch. 5) 6 min. Laboratory Manual, BIOLOGYIOLOGY JOURNAL PROJECT !7U`H" pp. 255-260P L2 Resource Manager Nutritional Issues Calories Assessing Dietary Intake Through Professional Nutritionist Interpersonal Divide the class into Logical-Mathematical Ask Reinforcement and Study Guide, Analysis of Garbage (Ch. 8) 4 min. Linguistic Students interested in groups. Have each group prepare a students to list all the foods p. 157 L2 LS nutrition can interview a nutritionist presentation on a nutrition issue such as they eat during a 24-hour period. BioLab and MiniLab Worksheets, !7s~D" working for a food company. They may cholesterol, HDLs versus LDLs, anorexia, Distribute Calorie charts. Have students p. 155 L2 Understanding How to Eat and ask what tests are carried out to deter- bulimia, weight gain, junk foods, vegetar- use the charts to figure out how many Reteaching Skills Transparency 51 Live (Ch. 9) 6 min. P P ian diets, or food additives. Have students Calories they ate, as well as calculate the and Master L1 ELL mine the nutritional content of food pro- P P duced by the company. L2 record their notes for the group report in grams of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins !7~$G" 956 their journals. L2 COOP LEARN they consumed. L2 957 P P LS LS P LS LS P LS LS LS P P P P LS

LS LS LS LS Problem-Solving Lab 35-2 SECTION PREVIEW P Problem-Solving Lab 35-2 Using Numbers Section 35.3 Section Objectives Purpose Identify the functions What is your BMI? Fifty-five percent of adults in the United 35.3 The Endocrine System of some of the hor- Students learn how to calculate States are considered overweight. How can you tell if you fall mones secreted by endocrine glands. Prepare their BodyLS Mass Index and deter- into this category? Use the following equation to find out mine whether or not their weight where you rank in relation to the rest of the population. Summarize the nega- tive feedback mecha- Key Concepts is within accepted values. Analysis nism controlling hor- mone levels in the body. Students study how the nervous Compute your BMI, or Body Mass Index, using the follow- magine yourself as a quarter- Process Skills ing formula: back behind these linemen. Contrast the actions of system and hormones control steroid and amino acid metabolic processes in the body. think critically, apply concepts, weight (in pounds) ICould you see over everyone’s hormones. 704.5 = BMI collect data, interpret data, rec- height (in inches )2 head? Do you wonder how tall you Vocabulary ognize cause and effect, use num- will end up being? Because you endocrine glands Planning The federal guidelines are as follows: bers continue growing until about age Borrow a human skull or a A BMI 25, you may still be a few inches large animal skull for the first • 25 or below = normal weight target tissues Teaching Strategies shy of your adult height. What receptor • from 25 to 29.9 = overweight Quick Demo. Allow students to use calcula- controls your growth? In part, • 30 or over = obese Figure 35.10 system Order slides of the pancreas tors. chemical messages within your adrenal glands for the second Quick Demo. Thinking Critically When the energy taken in is greater than Review the technique for the energy expended, a person gains body. They can affect thyroid gland Purchase a whole kidney that squaring a number. 1. According to federal guidelines, are you normal weight, weight. how long and at parathyroid glands overweight, or obese? still has the You may wish to illustrate the what rate you 2. How might a person with a BMI of 27 reduce his or her attached for use in the third process of calculating BMI by grow. BMI? Consider both nutritional intake and physical activity. you eat fewer Calories than your Quick Demo. working an example on the board 3. Fred has a BMI of 22. How do you suppose his Calorie body can metabolize, you use some Order slides of thyroid/para- or overhead projector. intake compares to his Calorie expenditure? of the energy stored in your body as thyroid tissue for the MiniLab. The pituitary gland releases chemicals 4. Since 1960, the population of obese individuals in the fat and lose weight. Thinking Critically United States has risen from 13 to 22 percent. Formulate a Pituitary important in controlling the growth of hypothesis that may explain this rise. Millions of people put themselves gland these linemen. 1. Student answers will vary. on diets every year in hopes of losing 2. The person could reduce his weight. While many diets are nutri- 1 Focus or her Calorie intake, and/or tionally sound, others prescribe eat- increase activity level. What happens if you eat more ing habits that are not sensible and Bellringer Calories than your body can metabo- usually fail to produce the desired Before presenting the lesson, 3. His Calorie intake is in bal- example: While his is lize? As Figure 35.10 shows, you result. Read more about fad diets in Control of the Body display Section Focus Trans- ance with his expenditure. directing his legs to run in order to store the extra energy as body fat and the Biology & Society section at the parency 86 on the overhead pro- 4. Student answers may include Internal control of the body is catch a forward pass, his endocrine gain weight. On the other hand, if end of this chapter. jector and have students answer the idea that fatty food intake directed by two systems: the nervous system is controlling the rate at WORD Origin the accompanying questions. has increased even as daily system, which you will learn more which he grows. The first response is endocrine L1 ELL exercise has decreased. about later, and the endocrine sys- instant; the second takes years. From the Greek Section Assessment tem. The endocrine system is made words endo, mean- up of a series of glands, called Interaction of the nervous ing “within,” and Understanding Main Ideas food, but can live only days without water. krinein, meaning 1. In what ways are proteins used in the body? Why is the constant intake of water necessary endocrine glands, that release system and endocrine system Assessment “to separate.” The ECTION OCUS Assessment TransparencyP 86 Negative Feedback S F 2. Why is it important to eat cellulose even for the body? Use with Chapter 35, chemicals directly into the blood- Although endocrine glands are Section 35.3 Portfolio Have student endocrine glands though it has no nutritional value? stream. These chemicals act as found throughout the body, most of secrete hormones 3. What happens when a person takes in more SKILL REVIEWEVIEW groups plan a general long-range messengers, relaying information to them are controlled by the action of into the blood. program that will either maintain food energy than his or her body needs? 6. Classifying Prepare a chart of food groups, 4. Why are fats needed in the diet? each group showing foods rich in one of the six other parts of the body. Whereas the the pituitary gland (puh TEW uh ter their BMI if below 25 or reduce nutrients discussed in this section. For more help, nervous system produces an immedi- ee), the master . LS their BMI if over 25. Use the Thinking Critically refer to Organizing Information in the Skill ate response, the endocrine system Because there are two control sys- P Performance Task Assessment 5. A person can live several weeks without Handbook. induces gradual change. Let’s take tems within the body—nervous and List for Group Work in PASC, one of the football players as an endocrine—coordination is needed. p. 97. L3 958 THE DIGESTIVE AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS 35.3 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 959 LS

4 Close Internet Address Book Section Assessment Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. P 1 What is the internal result of each of these actions? Discussion 1. to form enzymes, antibodies, hormones, 5. Water is needed for oxygen and nutri- Note Internet addresses that you find useful in the space 2 Describe the feedback loop involved in each situation. Ask students to evaluate an aver- clotting chemicals, and cell structures ents to enter cells and to maintain body below for quick reference. BIOLOGY: The Dynamics of Life SECTION FOCUS TRANSPARENCIES age American’s diet compared 2. Cellulose provides bulk in the diet, help- temperature. with thatLS of someone living in a ing with the elimination of wastes. 6. carbohydrates: bread, pasta, cereal, fruits developing nation. Have students 3. That person gains weight. and vegetables; fats: dairy, meat, oil, but- consider differences in protein, 4. Fats provide energy for the body, act as ter; protein: meat, dairy, beans; minerals: mineral, and vitamin content. building materials, protect body organs fruits and vegetables, meat, dairy; vita- against injury, and insulate the body mins: fruits and vegetables, grains, dairy, 958 from cold. meat; and so on 959 Concept Development Pituitary Hypothalamus by nerves and blood vessels. The investigate growth rate in humans 1 Low blood sugar 2 Teach Amino acid Amino acid hypothalamus sends messages to the by doing the BioLab at the end of is detected Insulin-dependent is also hormones hormones pituitary, which then releases its own this chapter. called Type I, or juvenile, dia- Using Science Terms Controls adrenal Controls pituitary gland, thyroid and synthesizes chemicals, or stimulates other glands betes. One major complication of Explain the meaning of the fol- gland, , antidiuretic to release theirs. Other endocrine Negative Type I diabetes is loss of vision lowing terms: Endo is Greek for testis, mammary hormone and glands under control of the pituitary due to cataracts. The excessive glands, stores for include the thyroid gland, the adrenal Feedback Control 2 Hypothalamus “within” and crine (krinein) is hypothalamus contraction during stimulates pituitary blood glucose chemically attaches Greek for “to separate.” Insulin hormones, and birth glands, and glands associated with The amount of hormone released to release hGH to the lens proteins, clouding the gets its name from the Latin secretes . by an endocrine gland is determined lens. Type I diabetes often causes insula, meaning “island.” Insulin by your body’s demand for that hor- kidney damage, also. Noninsulin- Thyroid gland Endocrine control of the body mone at a given time. In this way, the is made in the small islands or Amino acid dependent diabetes is called Type The chemicals secreted by en- endocrine system ensures that the islets of beta cells in the pancreas. Parathyroid hormones II diabetes. Because this type of Hypo is Greek for “under” and Gland Secretes thyroxin docrine glands into the bloodstream appropriate amounts of hormone are diabetes is most common in Amino acid to stimulate are called hormones. Recall that a present in the system at all times. is Greek for “the inner growth and elderly people, it is sometimes hormones hormone is a chemical released in How do your endocrine glands room.” The thalamus was an Secretes para- metabolism and called late-onset diabetes. secretes one part of an that affects know when you need a certain hor- thyroid hormone Pituitary inner room in a Greek ship. another part. Hormones convey mone? The endocrine system is con- information to other cells in your trolled by a self-regulating system 4 Increased sugar in blood Adrenal signals back to hypothalamus Quick Demo body, giving them instructions called the negative feedback system. Quick Demo Medulla to slow stimulation of pituitary Steroid hormones regarding your growth, development, The negative feedback system is a Amino acid Visual-Spatial Using a Secretes female hormones and behavior. Once released by the system in which the hormones, or Visual-Spatial Use a sex hormones projection microscope Secretes glands, the hormones travel in the their effects, are fed back to inhibit human skull or large viewer, show a section of the and bloodstream and then attach to spe- the original signal. The thermostat in animal skull to demonstrate pancreas. Point out the islets P cific binding sites found on the your home is controlled by a similar Testis where the pituitary gland sits plasma membranes, or in the nuclei, negative feedback system. It main- (small islands) containing the inside the cranium. Steroid hormones hormone-producing cells. Secretes male of target tissue cells. These binding tains the room at a set temperature. 3 hGH stimulates liver to convert Adrenal sex hormones glycogen into glucose and These cells are surrounded by Steroid hormones sites on cells are called receptors. When the temperature drops, the P release glucose into blood other cells that produce diges- LS Secretes gluco- Figure 35.11 summarizes the action thermostat senses the lack of thermal The BioLab at the corticoid and of endocrine hormones. energy and signals the heater to tive enzymes. INVESTIGATE end of the chapter increase its output. When the ther- level or its effect on the target tissue Figure 35.12 Example of endocrine control can be used at this mal energy of the room rises again to is fed back, usually to the hypothala- The hypothalamus Human growth hormone (hGH) is a certain point, the thermostat no mus or pituitary gland, to regulate the and pituitary gland LS point in the lesson. control the amount a good example of an endocrine sys- longer stimulates the heater, which gland’s production of the hormone. of human growth Assessment tem hormone. When your body is shuts off. When the temperature hormone (hGH) in Skill Have students make a actively growing, blood glucose lev- drops again, the process repeats Control of blood water levels your blood. ResourceResource els are slightly lowered as the grow- itself. In this negative feedback sys- Let’s take a look at an example of a graph plotting blood glucose lev- ManagerManager ing cells use up the sugar. This low tem, the increase in temperature hormone that is controlled by a neg- els against production of hGH by blood glucose level is detected by the “feeds back” to signal the thermostat ative feedback system. After working the pituitary. L2 Figure 35.11 Section Focus Transparency 86 hypothalamus, which stimulates the to stop stimulating thermal energy out in the gym and building up a This diagram shows the principal human endocrine glands. The top and Master L1 ELL label indicates the name of the gland, the middle label indicates production and release of hGH from production. sweat, you are thirsty. This is because the type of hormone(s) secreted, and the bottom label tells the the pituitary into the bloodstream. the water content of your blood has ResourceResource action of the gland/hormone. hGH binds to receptors on the Feedback control of hormones been reduced. The hypothalamus, ManagerManager plasma membranes of liver cells, The majority of endocrine glands which is able to sense the concentra- P stimulating the liver cells to release operate under negative feedback sys- tion of water in your blood, deter- Critical Thinking/Problem The hypothalamus is the portion of glucose into your blood. Your cells tems. A gland synthesizes and secretes mines that your body is dehydrated. Solving,P p. 35 L3 the brain that controls the pituitary need the glucose in order to con- its hormone, which travels in the In response, it stimulates the pitu- gland. The pituitary gland is located tinue growing. Figure 35.12 sum- blood to the target tissue where itary gland to release antidiuretic LS in the skull just beneath the hypo- marizes the control of hGH by the the appropriate response occurs. (ANT ih di uh reht ihk) hormone P thalamus, and the two are connected pituitary gland. You can further Information regarding the hormone (ADH). ADH reduces the amount of LS P 960 THE DIGESTIVE AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS 35.3 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 961

LS MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS BIOLOGYIOLOGY JOURNAL LS English Language Learners Hormone Actions VIDEODISC Visual-Spatial Have students who Linguistic Have students write a The Secret of Life are having difficulty keeping track of paragraph describing what happens Endocrine System / Circulation P hormones and glands prepare a table with to insulin and levels in their the columns Gland, Hormone, Action, and bodies while they . L2 Target tissue. Beneath the Gland head, have !7;LBA" students list the names of the glands pre- Endocrine System-Glands P sented in this section and then complete LS 960 the table for each gland. L1 ELL !7;LVC" 961

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LS Cell membrane Steroid Enrichment pancreas is not controlled by the Figure 35.13 Problem-Solving Lab 35-3 hormone P Problem-Solving Lab 35-3 Interpreting Data pituitary gland. When you have just Steroid hormones Have students identify causes of eaten and your blood glucose levels enter a cell (1), bind in their and bodily to a receptor (2), Purpose are high, your pancreas releases the responses they notice as a result. What are the effects of glucagon and insulin during which in turn binds Students relate changes in blood exercise? Exercise represents a special example of rapid fuel hormone insulin. Insulin signals liver to DNA (3). increase in breathing rate, insulin andLS glucagon levels during mobilization in the body. The body must gear up to supply and muscle cells to take in glucose, rate, alertness, a churning feeling in prolonged exercise to the body’s great amounts of glucose and oxygen for muscle metabolism. thus lowering blood glucose levels. New protein 1 the stomach, or an increase in blood need to get glucose to its cells. The glucose use in a resting muscle is generally low but When blood glucose levels become molecule pressure List the stresses and changes dramatically with exercise. Within ten minutes of too low, another pancreatic hormone, Ribosome beginning exercise, glucose uptake from the blood may mRNA responses on the chalkboard. Process Skills glucagon, is released. Glucagon binds Hormone-receptor increase by fifteenfold; within 60 minutes, it may increase by 2 complex Point out to students that such recognize cause and effect, inter- thirtyfold. to liver cells, signaling them to responses are under the control pret data, analyze release stored glycogen as glucose. of the nervous system and hor- Analysis Learn more about glucose storage Nucleus mones. L1 The graph here shows the effects of prolonged exercise and release by doing the Problem- mRNA Teaching Strategies on blood insulin and glucagon levels in humans. Solving Lab on this page. Ask students to list on the DNA 3 chalkboard the changes that occur Levels of Insulin and Glucagon During Exercise Quick Demo in the body during exercise. Hormone Action 450 Using a whole kidney with Identify the changes that require Insulin of amino acids and others are large The adrenal glands play an impor- Once hormones are released by an adrenal gland attached, point increased glucose inside cells. U/mL) 10 300 chains. These amino acid hormones, tant role in preparing your body for µ endocrine gland, they travel to the out the gland and relate its L1 target tissue and cause a change. once secreted into the bloodstream, stressful situations. The adrenal 5 150 position to the word origin of Glucagon bind to receptors embedded in the glands, located on top of the kidneys, Figure 35.14 Insulin (

Glucagon (pg/mL) Hormones can be grouped into two P Thinking Critically When an amino acid “adrenalP” (attached to the basic types according to how they act plasma membrane of the target cell, consist of two parts—an inner portion Glucagon causes blood glucose 01234 as shown in Figure 35.14. From and an outer portion. The outer por- hormone binds to the kidneys). Hours on their target cells: steroid hor- receptor on the cell there, they open ion channels in the tion secretes steroid hormones, levels to rise by increasing the mones and amino acid hormones. membrane (1), it can conversion of glycogen into glu- membrane, or route signals down including (glew open ion channels LS cose. The body needs more glu- Thinking Critically Action of steroid hormones from the surface of the membrane to ko KOR tuh koydz) and aldosterone (2), or activate LS Explain why glucagon concentration goes up and insulin cose during exercise. Insulin acts Hormones that are made from activate enzymes inside the cell. The (ahl duh STEER ohn). These steroid enzymes (3). concentration goes down during exercise, and how these enzymes, in turn, alter the behavior to lower blood glucose levels by actions help get glucose to the body cells. lipids are called steroid hormones. convertingP glucose to glycogen. Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble of other molecules inside the cell. In both of these ways, the hormone is Consequently, its levels are re- and therefore diffuse freely into cells Amino acid through their plasma membranes, as able to control what goes on inside Cell hormone duced during exercise. membrane water in your urine. It does so by shown in Figure 35.13. There they the target cell. LS binding to receptors in kidney cells, bind to a hormone receptor inside 1 Assessment promoting their absorption of water the cell. The hormone-receptor Adrenal Hormones and reducing the amount of water complex then travels to the nucleus Hormone Knowledge Ask students ORD and Stress WORD Origin excreted in urine. Information where it activates the synthesis of receptor to summarize in their journals the adrenal regarding blood water levels is con- specific messenger RNA molecules. You are sitting in math class and Enzyme (inactive) effects of prolonged exercise on From the Latin stantly fed back to the hypothalamus The mRNA molecules move out to the teacher is about to hand out the blood insulin and glucagon. Have words ad, meaning so it can regulate the pituitary’s the cytoplasm where they activate the semester test. Because this test is an them explain how the actions of “attached to,” and release of ADH. If the body becomes synthesis of the required proteins. important one, you have spent many Ions exercise help get glucose to body ren, meaning “the 3 kidneys.” The overhydrated, the hypothalamus hours studying for it. Like most of stops stimulating release of ADH. Action of amino acid hormones cells. Use the Performance Task adrenal glands are your classmates, you are a little ner- Enzyme 2 Assessment List for Writing in located on top of The second group of hormones is vous as the test is being passed down (active) Science in PASC, p. 87. L2 the kidneys. Control of blood glucose levels made from amino acids. Recall that the row. Your heart is beating fast Another example of a negative amino acids can be strung together in and your hands are a little sweaty. As feedback system involves the regula- chains and that proteins are made you review the first problem, how- Ion channel tion of blood glucose levels. Unlike from long chains of amino acids. ever, you begin to calm down because Nucleus most other endocrine glands, the Some hormones are short chains you know how to solve it.

VIDEODISC 962 THE DIGESTIVE AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS 35.3 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 963 The Secret of LifeP Control of Blood BIOLOGYIOLOGY JOURNAL Glucose Resource Manager !7;LjE" LS Hormone Release Juvenile Diabetes Basic Concepts Transparency 65 and Linguistic Have students write a Master L2 ELL Intrapersonal Have students inter- story that describes how and when stress hormones are released in their bod- ested in diabetes search the Internet P or interview a doctor to find out the most ies and the effects of these hormones. P recent treatments for juvenile diabetes. P L2 L2

962 LS 963 LS P LS

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LS LS MiniLab 35-2 hormones cause an increase in avail- of kidney cells and causes an increase Figure 35.15 P Calcitonin and (PTH) have 3 Assess MiniLab 35-2 Observing able glucose and raise . in calcium . Calcitonin also Purpose In this way, they help the body com- binds to bone-forming cells, causing opposite effects on blood calcium levels. bat stresses such as fright, temperature them to increase calcium absorption Check for Understanding Students analyze a prepared slide Compare Thyroid and Parathyroid Tissue Although their of thyroid and parathyroid tissue. names seem somewhat similar, the thyroid and parathyroid extremes, bleeding, infection, disease, and synthesize new bone. Blood calcium Blood calcium Have students make a diagram LS and even test anxiety. Another hormone involved in min- levels decreased levels increased that summarizes the control of cal- Process Skills glands perform rather different functions within the body. Magnification: 333 The inner portion of the adrenal eral regulation, the parathyroid hor- cium levels in the body. L1 ELL compare and contrast, observe, Procedure gland secretes two amino acid hor- mone (PTH), is produced by the apply concepts, hypothesize, ! Copy the data table. mones: epinephrine (ep uh NEF parathyroid glands, which are Reteach interpret scientific illustrations @ Use low-power magnifi- A run)—often called —and closely associated with the thyroid cation to examine a pre- norepinephrine. Recall the fight-or- gland. It increases the rate of calcium, Have students go around Pthe Teaching Strategies pared slide of thyroid room, with the first student nam- flight response discussed in the ani- phosphate, and magnesium absorp- Parathyroids Thyroid Prepared slides of thyroid and and parathyroid ing a gland, the second naming a parathyroid tissue are available endocrine gland tissue. mal behavior chapter. During such a tion in the intestines and causes the response, the hypothalamus relays release of calcium and phosphate hormone, and the third naming from biological supply houses. It Note: Both tissues appear on the same slide. impulses to the nervous system, from bone tissue. It also increases the the function of the hormone.LSL2 is cheaper to purchase the com- Intestine CAUTION: Use caution which in turn stimulates the adrenal rate at which the kidneys remove cal- PTH Calcitonin P bined slide of both tissues rather when working with a glands to increase their output of epi- cium and magnesium from urine and microscope and prepared B Extension than separate slides of each. nephrine and norepinephrine. These return them to the blood. To further reduce costs, pro- slides. Have students look up information # The image on the right is hormones increase heart rate, blood The overall effect of parathyroid on scientists who have discovered ject one prepared slide onto a TV Ca2+ absorbed a photograph of thyroid pressure, and rate of respiration; hormone and calcitonin hormone or synthesized endocrine hor- screen using a video camera. Parathyroid (A) and increase efficiency of muscle contrac- interaction in the body is shown in to blood LS and parathyroid tissue. Use mones. F. G. Banting and C. H. it as a guide in locating thyroid (B) tissue tions; and increase blood sugar levels. Figure 35.15. Take a closer look at Expected Results Kidney P the two types of endocrine If you have ever had to perform in thyroid and parathyroid tissue by Best discovered insulin, while E. C. Students will be able to differen- gland tissue under low power and in answering certain front of a large audience, you may completing the MiniLab on the previ- 2+ Kendall isolated thyroxine and cor- tiate between thyroid and analysis questions. Ca absorbed have experienced these symptoms, ous page. to blood tisone, and P. S. Hench discovered parathyroid tissue. $ Now locate each type of gland tissue under high-power that had a beneficial effect magnification. Draw what you see in the data table. Then often referred to collectively as an As you can see, hormones associ- LS Analysis use what you learned in the chapter to identify the names “adrenaline rush.” This is how the ated with the endocrine system are on inflamed tissues. L3 1. of the hormones produced by each gland. body prepares itself to face or flee a responsible for controlling many dif- Student may notice that thy- 2+ roid tissue contains many stressful situation. ferent functions in your body. Ca excreted Data Table large spaces surrounded by a Different hormones may play more Bone Assessment Name of hormone(s) important roles during some periods Knowledge Ask students thin band while parathyroid Tissue Drawing produced Thyroid and tissue contains no large spaces in your life than others. In any case, Ca2+ released to summarize hormonalP control Thyroid Parathyroid Hormones Ca2+ or follicles. they remain the principal biological to blood of blood sugar levels. L2 The thyroid gland, located in the influence on your behavior and absorbed 2. a. thyroid Parathyroid neck, regulates metabolism, growth, development. b.stored hormones (thyrox- and development. The main meta- ine or calcitonin) LS Analysis bolic and growth hormone of the 4 Close c. No. No, cells, not storage 1. Compare the microscopic appearance of parathyroid tis- thyroid is thyroxine. This hormone areas, would be needed to Section Assessment sue to that of thyroid tissue. affects the rate at which the body Discussion produce the hormone. 2. a. Which tissue type contains follicles (large liquid uses energy and determines your Understanding Main Ideas Thinking Critically d.It makes the hormones. storage areas)? food intake requirements. 1. How does a affect its target 5. Hormones continually make adjustments in Discuss with students whatP might 3. Both glands are located in the b. What may be present within the follicles? The thyroid gland also secretes cell? How does this action differ from how an blood glucose levels. Why must blood glucose happen if their thyroid gland c. Are follicles composed of cells? Could they produce the amino acid hormone affects its target cell? levels be kept fairly constant? same general area of the calcitonin (kal suh TONE un)—a hor- became over- or underactive. hormone associated with this gland tissue? Explain 2. Explain how the nervous system helps to control mone that regulates calcium levels KILL EVIEW neck. The parathyroids lie on your answer. the endocrine system. SKILL REVIEW the thyroid gland itself. d. Hypothesize what the function may be for the thin in the blood. Calcium is a mineral 3. How does the negative feedback system work to 6. Comparing and Contrasting What effects do LS layer of tissue that surrounds each follicle. the body needs for blood clotting, control hormone levels in the blood? calcitonin and parathyroid hormone have on 3. How might you explain the fact that both thyroid and formation of bones and teeth, and 4. What glands and hormones are involved in stress blood calcium levels? For more information, refer Assessment parathyroid tissue can be seen on the same slide? normal nerve and muscle function. reactions? to Thinking Critically in the Skill Handbook. Performance Ask students Calcitonin binds to the membranes to research the cause and appear- ance of thyroid goiter. Provide 964 THE DIGESTIVE AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS 35.3 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 965 students with prepared slides of normal thyroid tissue and thyroid PortfolioPortfolio tissue exhibiting a goiter. Have Section Assessment students compare and contrast Resource Manager the two tissues. Ask them to relate Parathyroid Hormone 1. A steroid hormone passes through the pituitary, or master, endocrine gland. 5. Glucose is the fuel for body cells and a their microscopic observations to Reinforcement and Study Guide, Intrapersonal Have students target cell membrane and activates 3. In a negative feedback system, when a constant level needs to be maintained the macroscopic appearance of a p. 158 L2 sequence the pathway of parathy- protein synthesis. An amino acid hor- hormone reaches an appropriate level, for normal body functions. goiter. Use the Performance Task Content Mastery, pp. 173, 175-176 L1 roid hormone from the parathyroid mone activates ion channels or enzyme it or its effects feed back to inhibit the 6. Parathyroid hormone raises blood cal- Assessment List for Making BioLab and MiniLab Worksheets, glands to its target tissues. Have students pathways in the cell from its position release of more hormone. cium levels by increasing the rate of p. 156 L2 caption their flowcharts with a summary 4. The adrenal glands secrete glucocorti- Observations and Inferences in P on the membrane. absorption in the intestines, while cal- PASC, p. 17. of the effects the hormone has on its tar- 2. The hypothalamus, part of the brain coids and epinephrine, hormones citonin lowers blood calcium levels by get tissues. L2 P (central nervous system), controls the involved in stress reactions. increasing its excretion rate. 964 965 P LS LS P P LS P LS LS LS VESTIGATE INVESTIGATE IN E INVESTIGATE Average Growth Rate 4. Construct a second graph that in Humans shows height on the vertical axis and age on the horizontal axis. P 5. Plot the data for the average uman growth results from more than one hormone. Human female growth in height from Time Allotment Hgrowth hormone, , and the reproductive hormones ages 8 to 18. Connect the data AANALYZENALYZE ANDAND CCONCLUDEONCLUDE One class period that are produced during are all important in human growth at points with a straight red line. 6. Plot the data for the average male Process Skills LS various ages. Together, these hormones stimulate the growth of bone and 1. Mass: females, ages 11-13; growth in height from ages 8 to males, ages 12-14. Height: make and use graphs, interpret cartilage, protein synthesis, and the addition of muscle mass. Because the 18. Connect these data points females, ages 9-14; males, data, analyze reproductive hormones are involved in human growth, perhaps there is a with a straight blue line. ages 12-15 difference in the growth rate between males and females. PPREPARATIONREPARATION 2. Average growth is the same Data Table: Averages for growth in humans until puberty. At puberty, Mass (kg) Height (cm) Collect two sheets of graph females have an earlier REPARATION paper and two different col- PPREPARATION Age Female Male Female Male growth spurt than males, but ored pencils for each student. 8 25 25 123 124 on the average, males grow Problem Materials 9 28 28 129 130 taller and have greater mass Is average growth rate the same in blue pencils 10 31 31 135 135 than females. males and females? graph paper Resource 3. Timing of puberty and the Resource red pencils 11 35 37 140 140 production of sex hormones ManagerManager Objectives ruler 12 40 38 147 145 In this BioLab, you will: 13 47 43 155 152 differ between males and BioLab and MiniLab Work- Graph the average growth rates in Skill Handbook 14 50 50 159 161 females. For example, males sheets, pp. 157-158 L2 Skill Handbook produce more of the hormone males and females. Use the if you need 15 54 57 160 167 Identify any differences in the aver- additional help with this lab. than females. 16 57 62 163 172 age growth rates of males and Testosterone increases growth females. 17 58 65 163 174 in muscle and bone mass 18 58 68 163 178 in males. 4. The reproductive hormones ROCEDURE PPROCEDURE released during the teen years P 1. Construct a graph for the growth 2. On the graph, plot the data AANALYZENALYZE ANDAND CCONCLUDEONCLUDE increase the growth rate. rate data that shows mass on the shown in the table for the average vertical axis and age on the hori- female growth in mass from ages 1. Analyzing Data During what rates increase during the teen zontal axis. 8 to 18. Use a ruler to connect ages do females and males years? Assessment LS increase the most in mass? In Portfolio Have students the data points with a straight red Going Further line. height? write summaries of the BioLab 3. On the same graph, plot the data 2. Analyzing Data Interpret the Application Determine the height of all and include them, their graphs, for the average male growth in data to find if the average growth the students in your biology class. Compare and their answers to the questions mass from ages 8 to 18. Connect rate is the same in males and the range of heights in your class to the sta- tistical average. posed in the Analyze and Con- these data points with a straight females. clude section in their portfolios. blue line. 3. Thinking Critically How can you To find out more about Use the Performance Task explain the differences in growth human growth, visit the Assessment List for Lab Report rates between males and females? Glencoe Science Web Site. L2 4. Relating Concepts Why do you www.glencoe.com/sec/science in PASC, p. 47. think male and female growth Going Further 35.3 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 967 Ask students to research which factors are known to affect PPROCEDUREROCEDURE growth rate in humans, includ- ing hormones, genetics,P and Teaching Strategies set of points. Remind them that not all of diet. L2 Have students refer to the Making and the points will be on the line. Using Graphs section of the Skill Hand- LS book for help. Data and Observations Students will observe that females have an Troubleshooting earlier growth spurt than males, but on the As students connect their data points, average, males grow taller and heavier than they should draw a line closest to the given females. P 966 967

LS Chapter 35 Assessment Chapter 35 Assessment The Promise of Weight Loss SSUMMARYUMMARY Main Ideas Section 35.1 Main Ideas Vocabulary Summary statements can be used by amylase (p. 948) P “Lose ten pounds in one week!” Digestion begins in the mouth with both students to review the major con- Following mechanical and chemical action. The esopha- bile (p. 951) cepts of the chapter. “Shed weight without going hungry!” epiglottis (p. 950) Purpose gus transports food from the mouth to the “Burn fat while you sleep!” Digestion of esophagus (p. 948) Students evaluate diet programs a Meal stomach. gallbladder (p. 952) Using the Vocabulary in light of what they know about Chemical and mechanical digestion continue large intestine (p. 953) LS liver (p. 951) To reinforce chapter vocabulary, use ou’ve probably come across statements like in the acidic environment of the stomach. good nutrition. pancreas (p. 951) the Content Mastery Booklet and these in magazine and television advertise- In the small intestine, digestion is completed Y pepsin (p. 951) the activities in the Interactive Tutor Background ments. Take a pill, sip a shake, or follow a certain and food is absorbed. The liver and pancreas peristalsis (p. 950) play key roles in digestion. for Biology: The Dynamics of Life on Several years ago, nutritionists eating plan and those extra pounds will just slip rectum (p. 953) away—or so the headlines claim. small intestine (p. 951) the Glencoe Science Web Site. belonging to the Food and Nu- The large intestine absorbs water before indi- gestible materials are eliminated. stomach (p. 950) www.glencoe.com/sec/science trition Science Alliance (FANSA) The appeal of fad diets Many people who are villus (p. 952) put together a list of “warning overweight (or who simply think they are) are signs” to help consumers evalu- often willing to do almost anything to lose All Chapter ate various diet programs. Claims unwanted pounds. Most fad diets look like a fast Section 35.2 Main Ideas Vocabulary Assessment and easy solution to a weight-loss problem. But Calorie (p. 957) to watch out for include the fol- Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of questions and answers have been do fad diets work as advertisements claim they Nutrition energy. Fats are used to store energy. Proteins mineral (p. 956) lowing: vitamin (p. 956) validated for accuracy and suitabil- do? And are they safe? are used as building materials. Recommendations that pro- ity by The Princeton Review. Minerals serve as structural materials or take mise a quick fix Types of fad diets Some fad diets involve fast- Dire warnings of danger from part in chemical reactions. Vitamins are ing—going without food for a period of time. needed for growth and metabolism. a single product or regimen Some require taking diet pills that depress the UUNDERSTANDINGNDERSTANDING MMAINAIN IIDEASDEAS Some fad diets also can cause serious health Metabolic rate determines how quickly energy appetite, or that cause the body to lose water. Claims that sound too good to problems. High-protein diets, for example, are is burned. be true Other fad diets revolve around eating only one very high in fat and cholesterol, substances that 1. c Simplistic conclusions drawn food, or a certain kind of food. Then there are promote heart disease and circulatory problems. 2. d liquid diets, in which a special drink replaces from a complex study Fad diets may help some people lose a few Section 35.3 Main Ideas Vocabulary breakfast and lunch, and a dieter eats only one pounds temporarily. But for safe, long-term Recommendations based on a adrenal glands (p. 963) meal of solid food each day. weight loss, nutritionists recommend a diet based The endocrine glands work with the nervous single study The Endocrine system to regulate body functions. endocrine glands (p. 959) on healthy eating habits: balanced, regular meals hypothalamus (p. 960) Dramatic statements that are A temporary solution Many people who start a rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, sufficient System Blood hormone levels are controlled by a negative feedback refuted by reputable scientific fad diet shed weight quickly in the first week or protein, and small amounts of fat. negative feedback system. system (p. 961) organizations two. After that, however, weight loss usually Steroid hormones bind to receptors inside the parathyroid glands (p. 965) pituitary gland (p. 959) slows dramatically. This is because the initial target cells and amino acid hormones bind to Lists of “good” and “bad” foods INVESTIGATING THE ISSUE receptor (p. 960) Recommendations made to weight loss is mostly due to loss of water, not fat. plasma membrane receptors. target tissues (p. 960) help sell a product When people quit a fad diet, they usually return Analyzing Information Collect advertisements thyroid gland (p. 964) to their old eating habits and rapidly regain the for three different fad diets that promise “mira- Recommendations based on lost weight. cle” results. Based on what you know about good studies published without peer nutrition, would you recommend any of these review What the advertisements don’t say Nearly all diets to a friend who is trying to lose weight? Recommendations from stud- fad diets are based on unhealthy nutritional prin- Why or why not? UUNDERSTANDINGNDERSTANDING MMAINAIN IIDEASDEAS 2. Which of these is NOT a function of the ies that ignore differences ciples. People on fad diets usually are not eating digestive system? among individuals or groups a balanced diet, and, therefore, not getting To find out more about fad diets, 1. Which of these is an example of mechanical a. eliminating wastes proper amounts of vitamins, minerals, and other visit the Glencoe Science Web digestion? b. absorbing nutrients Teaching Strategies important compounds their bodies need to grow Site. a. peristalsis c. chewing c. digesting food and function properly. www.glencoe.com/sec/science b. coughing d. epiglottis d. regulating metabolism Invite a nutritionist to your classroom to talk about the risks 968 969 of fad diets and to suggest strate- THE DIGESTIVE AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS CHAPTER 35 ASSESSMENT gies for designing healthy eating plans. Lead the class in a discussion about soci- Going Further Divide the class into three etal pressures to be thin, and why Americans Resource Manager groups. Have each group spend millions of dollars every year trying to Have students check out Internet sites research a popular fad diet and lose weight. that look at the topic of weight loss or VIDEOTAPE Chapter Assessment, pp. 205-210 then present their findings other health issues. L2 MindJogger Videoquizzes MindJogger Videoquizzes regarding the likelihood that the Investigating the Issue Chapter 35: The Digestive and Endocrine Computer Test Bank diet will result in safe, long-term In most cases, students will be able to iden- Systems BDOL Interactive CD-ROM, Chapter 35 weight loss. tify serious flaws in the nutritional sound- Have students work in groups as they play quiz ness of fad diets, as well as potential health the videoquiz game to review key chapter risks if the diet is followed for an extended concepts. 968 period of time. 969 P

LS Chapter 35 Assessment Chapter 35 Assessment Chapter 35 Assessment Chapter 35 Assessment

3. a 3. Even if you were standing on your head, this 10. What is the most abundant substance in the 22. How could removal of the parathyroid glands AASSESSINGSSESSING KKNOWLEDGENOWLEDGE && SSKILLSKILLS APPLYINGPPLYING MAINAIN IDEASDEAS 4. (lemon juice) process would still move food along your human body? affect muscle contraction? A M I 5. c digestive tract. a. carbohydrates c. water The following table contains nutritional infor- 21. The enzyme pepsin would not 6. d a. peristalsis c. secretion b. vitamins d. proteins HINKING RITICALLY TTHINKING CCRITICALLY mation for a meal of macaroni and cheese. have the proper environment in 7. a b. swallowing d. absorption 11. Hormones released by ______glands affect which to function. As a result, 8. d 4. Which of the specific areas known as ______. 23. Recognizing Cause and Effect How is the Table 35.5 Macaroni and cheese nutrition substances listed Table 35.4 role of pancreatic hormones in glucose regu- Serving size: 8 ounces proteins would not be digested 9. c 12. Salivary glands in your mouth produce Calories per serving: 280 in Table 35.4 have Substance pH ______, an enzyme that breaks down lation important for ? in the stomach. 10. c Grams Calories a pH near that of black coffee 5 24. Interpreting Data 22. The parathyroid glands secrete 11. endocrine, target tissues ______. The relationship between Nutrient per serving per gram your stomach parathyroid hormone secretion and blood PTH, which increases the cal- 12. amylase, starches bleach 12 13. The ______prevents swallowed food from Protein 7 4 during digestion? calcium levels is shown in the graph below. cium level in the blood. Calcium 13. epiglottis, lemon juice 2 entering the ______. Carbohydrate 35 4 To what level does the blood calcium level is required for muscle contrac- 14. glycogen, glucose baking soda 9 14. When your body needs energy, it breaks Fat 12 9 have to fall in order to get maximum parathy- tion. Removal of the gland 15. insulin, glucose down ______in the liver and releases roid hormone secretion? Sodium 1.540 0 could greatly reduce blood cal- 16. mineral 5. Which of these enzymes functions best in the ______into the bloodstream. acidic pH of the stomach? cium concentration and inter- 17. Steroid, amino acids 15. The pancreas releases the hormone ______, Relationship Between Parathyroid Interpreting Data Use the data in Table a. lipase c. pepsin fere with muscle contraction. which removes ______from the blood. Hormone and Blood Calcium Levels 35.5 to answer the following questions. 18. hypothalamus, pituitary gland b. lactase d. amylase 19. pituitary, hypothalamus 16. A(n) ______is an inorganic substance that 1. How many Calories are there in one 6. What is the primary function of the large 100 20. esophagus, stomach serves as a building material or takes part in a serving of macaroni and cheese? intestine? HINKINGHINKING RITICALLYRITICALLY chemical reaction in the body. 50 a. 7 c. 280 TT CC

a. food absorption c. vitamin synthesis (%) 17. ______hormones are made from lipids; the b. 35 d. 1540 b. food digestion d. water absorption The glucose concentration in other group of hormones is made from 0 2. Being fond of macaroni and cheese, Juan 23. 7. Which of the following is under the control 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314 ______. Maximun PTH secretion Blood calcium (mg/dL) eats five servings each day. Assuming this the blood is maintained in a of the hypothalamus? 18. A negative feedback system controls the level is all he eats, how many Calories does very narrow range. The pan- a. pituitary gland c. pancreas of hormones by feeding back information to 25. Concept Mapping Complete the concept Juan eat each day? creas releases insulin to remove b. taste buds d. liver the ______or the ______. map by using the following vocabulary a. 8 c. 300 glucose from the blood and 8. Which of these is NOT a function of the 19. The ______gland is controlled by the terms: liver, bile, small intestine, stomach, b. 35 d. 1400 glucagon to cause the release thyroid gland? ______, tying the endocrine and nervous esophagus, gallbladder. 3. What percent of Juan’s Calories are of glucose into the blood. a. controls growth and development systems together. 4. derived from fat? b. regulates metabolism 24. Blood calcium levels must drop a. less than 1 percent c. regulates blood calcium levels 20. The ______is a makes below 8 mg/dL to get maximum b. approximately 10 percent d. responds to stressful situations muscular tube of 1. 5. parathyroid hormone secretion. the digestive system c. approximately 38 percent 9. What unit is used to measure the energy con- 25. 1. Esophagus; 2. Stomach; 3. that connects the passes which is d. more than 50 percent tent of food? stored in the Small intestine; 4. Liver; 5. Bile; mouth to the food to the 4. Juan should eat only 1800 Calories a day. a. temperature c. Calorie 6. Gallbladder ______. 2. 6. What proportion of his daily diet is b. grams d. mass derived from his five servings of maca- which passes which delivers food to the bile to the roni and cheese? TTESTEST––TTAKINGAKING TTIPIP 3. a. 10 percent c. 50 percent b. 38 percent d. 78 percent Where’s the fire? CD-ROM 5. Interpreting Data The recommended 1. c Slow down! Go back over reading passages and For additional review, use the assessment daily allowance of sodium is approxi- 2. d APPLYINGPPLYING MAINAIN IDEASDEAS double-check your math. Remember that doing A M I options for this chapter found on the Biology: The mately 2.4 g. Make a statement that 3. c most of the questions and getting them right is Dynamics of Life Interactive CD-ROM and on the describes Juan’s sodium intake. 4. d always preferable to doing all the questions and 21. Achlorhydria is a condition in which the Glencoe Science Web Site. 5. George’s diet contains too getting lots of them wrong. stomach fails to secrete hydrochloric acid. www.glencoe.com/sec/science How would this condition affect digestion? much sodium.

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