BRIDGE Linking Engin Ee Ring and Soci E T Y

Home , Irwin Dorros, Mildred Dresselhaus

Spring 2009 Technologies for an Aging Population

The BRIDGE Linking Engin ee ring and Soci e t y

Technology in Support of Successful Aging Misha Pavel, Holly Jimison, Tamara Hayes, and Jeffrey Kaye Wheeled Mobility and Manipulation Technologies Rory A. Cooper Designing In-Vehicle Technologies for Older Drivers Joachim Meyer Safe Mobility for Older Persons Richard Marottoli The Aging of the Population: Opportunities and Challenges for Human Factors Engineering Sara J. Czaja and Joseph Sharit

Promoting the technological welfare of the nation by marshalling the knowledge and insights of eminent members of the engineering profession. The BRIDGE

National Academy of Engineering

Irwin M. Jacobs, Chair Charles M. Vest, President Maxine L. Savitz, Vice President Thomas F. Budinger, Home Secretary George Bugliarello, Foreign Secretary William L. Friend, Treasurer

Editor in Chief (interim): George Bugliarello Managing Editor: Carol R. Arenberg Production Assistant: Penelope Gibbs The Bridge (USPS 551-240) is published quarterly by the National Academy of Engineering, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20418.

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A complete copy of The Bridge is available in PDF format at http://www.nae.edu/TheBridge. Some of the articles in this issue are also available as HTML documents and may contain links to related sources of information, multimedia files, or other content. The Volume 39, Number 1 • Spring 2009 BRIDGE Linking Engin ee ring and Soci e t y

Editor’s Note 3 Engineering for an Aging World Population George Bugliarello

Features 5 Technology in Support of Successful Aging Misha Pavel, Holly Jimison, Tamara Hayes, and Jeffrey Kaye Technologies that provide in-time information through unobtrusive, in-home monitoring can improve the daily lives of elders. 13 Wheeled Mobility and Manipulation Technologies Rory A. Cooper Elders can live more independently and safely in their homes with technologies that provide personal mobility and manipulation capabilities. 21 Designing In-Vehicle Technologies for Older Drivers Joachim Meyer New in-vehicle systems must be designed for users who receive no training in how to use them and whose cognitive and sensory abilities vary. 27 Safe Mobility for Older Persons Richard Marottoli The cessation of driving can have positive consequences for society but serious negative consequences for older people. 34 The Aging of the Population: Opportunities and Challenges for Human Factors Engineering Sara J. Czaja and Joseph Sharit Human factors engineers can greatly increase the independence and improve the quality of life for older people.

NAE News and Notes 41 Class of 2009 Elected 45 NAE Newsmakers 46 Report of the Foreign Secretary 47 2008 Japan-America Frontiers of Engineering Symposium Held in Kobe, Japan 48 Workshop on Ethics Education 50 Mirzayan Fellows Join NAE Program Office

(continued on next page)

The BRIDGE

51 A Message from NAE Vice President Maxine L. Savitz 52 National Academy of Engineering 2008 Private Contributions 59 Norman Fortenberry Delivers Keynote Address at Meeting of the Korean Engineering Education Research Center 59 Call for Award Nominations 60 Calendar of Meetings and Events 60 In Memoriam

62 Publications of Interest

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self- The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific Acadmy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the author- to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility ity of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional char- has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on ter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, The National Research Council was organized by the National under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its adminis- science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering tration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal gov- accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the ernment. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engi- Council has become the principal operating agency of both the neering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages edu- National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engi- cation and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of neering in providing services to the government, the public, and the engineers. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered of Engineering. jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org Fall 2006 Editor’s Note

a 2003 NRC report on technology for adaptive aging, in the United States participation in the workforce by males over 65 declined from 50 percent in 1950 to about 20 percent today; the participation of women over 65 has remained essentially steady at around 10 percent (Pew and Van Hemel, 2003). In the United States and several other affluent countries, the problem of supporting senior citizens has been exacerbated by early retirement, by unemployment or underemployment in the working-age population, and George Bugliarello by the migration of production and service jobs abroad. This situation can be remedied if the productivity level Engineering for an Aging of the active population that supports non-workers can be increased beyond its already high level, or if the active World Population population is increased by delayed retirements or the The world population is aging. By 2050, the num- re-employment of retirees. ber of people over 65 will increase from 7.8 percent Engineering is critical to meeting these challenges. of the global population today (about 500 million) to Engineers can create job opportunities by designing about 16 percent. By 2016, for the first time in his- or redesigning workplaces suitable for older employ- tory, people over 65 will outnumber children under ees, by developing devices and techniques to enhance five (National Institute of Aging and U.S. Depart- the learning and sensing abilities of older people, and ment of State, 2007). The world population is living by making the world more manageable, supportive, longer thanks in large measure to better sanitation and and friendly for the elderly, enabling them to do the improved health conditions. things most of us take for granted. This will mean not At the same time, birth rates in many countries of only providing easy access to shopping, libraries, and the developed world are declining, thus increasing the medical offices, but also making it easier for them to percentage of elderly people and altering the age pro- open machine-tightened bottle caps, negotiate stairs file of the population. For example, in Russia, Japan, and other obstacles, read instructions, learn how to and several European countries, birth rates have fallen use new electronic devices, continue to drive a car, below the average replacement level of 2.1 children per or to take alternative means of transportation safely. woman. By 2030, projections show that Russia’s popu- Several of these goals are “low hanging fruit,” that is, lation will decline by 18 million and Japan’s by 11 mil- they are relatively easy to achieve if we have the will lion. Conversely, in many developing countries and in to do so. the United States, birth rates are higher than 2.1, and As the United States embarks on a massive, urgent the population continues to increase. program to revitalize the economy, we should not over- The unprecedented concurrence of plummeting birth look the opportunity of increasing national productivity rates in some parts of the world, a population explosion and improving the quality of life for a rapidly growing in other parts, and a large number of older people every- segment of the U.S. population. This will require the where is a complex phenomenon that confronts us with development of new technologies and the adaptation of multifaceted challenges: how to enable elderly people to existing technologies, extensive applications of systems function in a world designed by and large without them analysis to optimize solutions, and the encouragement in mind; how to reduce the burden on the working popu- of new enterprises and new markets focused on leverag- lation of supporting an increasingly large population of ing the potential of senior citizens. The ultimate bene- retirees; and how to engage retirees who have the capa- fits will include a decrease in health care and retirement bilities and desire to continue working. According to costs, a more efficient economy, and a better quality of The BRIDGE life for all, including the disabled who confront many of Richard Marottoli stresses differences between mobil- the same obstacles as older people. ity and ambulation. He notes the necessity of providing The framework for meeting these challenges is a transportation for older people living in suburbs and rural broad, interdisciplinary understanding of the cognitive areas, as well as in urban settings. He describes potential and physical abilities of the elderly and the legal and modifications to vehicles and roadways and the seldom- economic obstacles that must be overcome. By neces considered negative consequences of prohibiting older sity, the five articles in this issue can address only a few of people from driving. the challenges of our aging world. The papers exemplify Sara Czaja and Joseph Sharit stress the unrealized the interdisciplinary teamwork that will be required to potential of technology for improving the quality of life meet them, and they provide revealing statistics. of older people. They underscore the need for changes Misha Pavel and his coauthors begin with the idea in governmental and organizational procedures and that “it takes a village,” a team of committed stake support for educating more human factors engineers to holders, to care for an older person. Pavel and his asso- “improve the fit” between older people and the designed ciates are working on continuous in-home monitoring environment. and assessment for each individual to enable responders to intervene as soon as problems arise. In many cases, References caring workers and the creative use of technology can National Institute of Aging and U.S. Department of State. mitigate normal or accelerated declines. 2007. Why Population Aging Matters: A Global Per- Mobility is the central issue in several papers. Rory spective. Publication No. 07-6134. Washington, D.C.: Cooper addresses the broad issues of personal wheeled National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health mobility and manipulation technologies that can sup- and Human Services. port people in their daily lives and enable them to Pew, R.W., and S.B. Van Hemel, eds. 2003. Technology for engage in community activities and even commute to Adaptive Aging. Washington, D.C.: National Academies work. Joachim Meyer focuses on new in-vehicle tech- Press. nologies for older drivers. Technologies that provide in-time information through unobtrusive, in-home monitoring can improve the daily lives of elders.

Technology in Support of Successful Aging

Misha Pavel, Holly Jimison, Tamara Hayes, and Jeffrey Kaye

Misha Pavel Holly Jimison Tamara Hayes Jeffrey Kaye

Introduction: A Personal Scenario Earlier today I had a terrifying experience when visiting my 80-something year old parents in their little house in Islip, Long Island. It’s not much of a house, but we all love it, and, not surprising, my parents want to live there forever. I was in good spirits as I made the familiar sharp turn into the driveway, reflecting on my last telephone call with my dad just two days ago. He was upbeat — everything was just fine, and both Mom and Dad were looking forward to my visit from Portland, where I am a division head at Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU). After a seemingly cheerful hug from Dad, I knew instantly something was terribly wrong. Mom did not come to the door, and the house was unusually

Misha Pavel is professor and division head of biomedical engineering. Holly Jimison is associate professor of medical informatics and clinical epidemiology. Tamara Hayes is an assistant professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering. Jeffrey Kaye is professor of neurology and biomedical engineering and director of the Layton Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease Center. All are at the Oregon Health & Science University in Portland. The BRIDGE dark and messy — even for my parents. A pile of dishes in the sink, the stench of old garbage — this was not Mom’s kitchen — a wonder- ful cook in her day. When I found Mom in her bed, she gave me a big smile, but it was hard for her to move as she attempted to cover up a bruise on her right arm. None of this had come up during my phone call! Reluctantly, Dad told me that Mom’s bruise was caused by a fall in her bedroom several days ago. The scary part was that FIGURE 1 This pyramid represents the distribution of ages in the U.S. population at three different points in time (1900, 1950, he hadn’t discovered her and 2000). The number of people in each age group is shown on the horizontal axis: males on the left and females on the fall for several hours, even right. The baby boomers are represented by the bulge in the pyramid for ages 30 – 54 (in 2000). though she was wearing an alert pendant and says she was screaming — at the time, indeed a regular pyramid with straight sides. Today, how- Dad was deeply into his favorite TV show. Mom did ever, there is a large bulge in the middle — a “tsunami” not press the pendant because she dreaded the havoc wave of baby boomers racing toward retirement age. of an ambulance — as had happened with a false alarm Economists usually look at this change in terms of a few years ago. the dependency ratio (Figure 2), the ratio of the num- Dad also admitted that Mom was sometimes con- ber of people who need help per working person (i.e., fused, but he did not make much of it because more the number of people older than 65 compared to those often than not she was as sharp as ever, and after all, we of working age, 20 to 65). This graph also shows that all have our senior moments. While washing my hands, I discovered a full container of Lasix — medication my Mom swore she was taking religiously once a day. Obvi- ously she was not. Watching my Dad walk, I could not help noticing a hesitation and shuffle in his gait. It turned out that my parents had stopped taking walks in the nearby park — their main form of exercise — after an unexpected October snowstorm, and they had never resumed them. I was uneasy. Did Mom have a serious cognitive decline — a mild cognitive impairment? Should I do something? Should I tell their doctor? Should I con- vince them to move to an elder care facility? I doubt if I could . . . And I live 3,000 miles away . . .

The parents of Misha Pavel described above belong to FIGURE 2 The dependency ratio is the number of people older than 64 (presumably the fastest growing, economically dangerous, “epidemic” retired) compared to the number of individuals in the active workforce (20 – 64 years threat to society — the aging population. Figure 1 shows of age), plotted as a function of years. The rapid increase due to the baby-boomer the problem in terms of a pyramid of aging, the number population is indicated by the shaded rectangle. Source: http://www.ssa.gov/ of people in different age groups. Fifty years ago, it was OACT/TR/TR06/tr06.pdf. SPring 2009

when the baby-boomer generation crosses the 65 year others are behavioral markers of physical and cognitive boundary (the vertical rectangle in Figure 1), the situa- functionality. For example, a decrease in walking speed, tion will deteriorate even more rapidly. At that point, in itself, may not necessarily present a problem for the instead of seven working people per older adult, there elder. Evidence shows, however, that slower walking will be only three. Advances in health care and changes or finger tapping may indicate a concomitant or future in lifestyle have extended the life expectancies of the decline in cognitive function (Camicioli et al., 1998). older generation as well as those in succeeding genera- A major obstacle in designing reliable monitoring sys- tions. In addition, these relatively affluent elders expect tems is the variability inherent in behavioral assessments. to continue enjoying a high quality of life and want to Variability in clinical tests arises from differences among remain in their own homes as long as possible. individuals, multiple ailments, unexpected changes and Unless we find a solution quickly, the economic influences, and the inherent variability associated with implications of these demographic changes will be dev- aging. The traditional approach to assessment based on astating. Fortunately, it appears that technology-based an in-clinic visit cannot possibly capture the moment- solutions may alleviate many of the challenges in eco- to-moment variability that can be observed informally. nomically feasible ways by enabling proactive health care, efficient care giving by remote caregivers, maintenance of elders’ independence, and improvements in their quality of life. In the remainder of this paper, we The sensing process must describe approaches and challenges to technologies for not interfere with normal successful aging. activity and must require Information Needs and System Requirements The purpose of the introductory scenario was to illus- minimal effort. trate the importance of in-time information in elder care. To understand the need for information, we must first realize that taking care of an elder requires a team. However, continuous unobtrusive measurements It truly “takes a village”— a team of informal family with low-cost sensors have inherent challenges as well caregivers, formal caregivers, and health care providers as benefits. Sensor data in a natural home environment (including geriatricians, neurologists, nurses, and other (as compared to a controlled laboratory setting) are often health professionals), as well as life coaches. Each indi- quite noisy and difficult to interpret on a point-by-point vidual and organization involved in the elder-care team basis. However, by making measurements frequently, it needs different information. is possible to average out much of the noise. In addition, For example, an informal caregiver and a life coach data from long-term continuous monitoring can be used want to know that the elder is engaged and socially and to assess individual trends and meaningful variability. physically active (e.g., how often he or she sees friends). Thus this approach offers distinct improvements over The formal caregiver wants to know whether the elder standard infrequent measurements in a clinic referenced needs assistance in specific situations and activities, to a population. such as hygiene or nutrition. The medical professional Significant individual differences, which occur natu- wants to be notified when there is a likely reason for rally throughout a lifetime, seem to be exaggerated as medical intervention, such as the onset of a physiologi- people age. Applying population norms — referencing cal or neurological disorder or an accelerated decline in a population distribution — therefore may not be useful cognitive or physical abilities. In short, the team needs for evaluating individuals. Instead, a monitoring system frequent assessments of activities and health status, must be adaptable for each individual, and the data must including mobility, characteristics of gait and balance, be used as a baseline for the evaluation of further mea- manual dexterity, hygiene, nutrition, weight, blood surements. Finally, because the objective of continuous pressure, medication-taking behavior, and measures of observation is to assess “normal” behaviors, the sens- cognitive function, such as attention and memory. ing process must not interfere with an individual’s life Some of the characteristics of these measurements and must require minimal additional effort. In other reflect the medical status of the elderly individual, but words, measurements must be unobtrusive and require The BRIDGE minimal maintenance. Needless to say, these techniques must also be reliable, self-monitoring, affordable, and scalable. We note in passing that aging is frequently associated with increasing difficulty in adapting to changes, new environments, and new procedures. The implication of this limitation for the assessment process is that an elder’s behavior must be observed in the normal living environment (e.g., in the home). In recent years, a number FIGURE 3 Various sensors and devices in a typical home-monitoring installation including IR sensors for tracking motion, contact of researchers have devel- switches for tracking outings, load cells under the bed, a medication tracker, a phone-monitoring system, a wrist-worn location- oped “Smart Homes,” test monitoring system, and a home computer for tracking computer use. laboratories with sophisti cated sensors, devices, and artificial intelligence algo- installation, software, and service would exceed the rithms that can monitor and make inferences about the cost of one or more human caregivers, thus defeating details of human behavior. Although these technologi- our purpose. We are looking for monitoring methods cally exciting laboratories (Stefanov et al., 2004) may that not only meet our requirements for unobtrusive have some benefits, very few of the proposed technolo- monitoring, but are also affordable and manageable on gies are ready for widespread in-home use. a large scale. One way to mitigate this problem is to move out of The actual implementation of the monitoring system the laboratory setting and into the community. For in our studies uses inexpensive sensors and systems that example, one of our studies at the Oregon Center for are easy to install and require minimal maintenance or Aging and Technology (ORCATECH) is based on a sointervention (Hayes et al., 2008; Hayes et al., in press; called “Living Laboratory,” about 35 volunteers, living Jimison et al., 2004; Kaye and Hayes, 2006). in their own residences, who are outfitted with a vari- A typical sensing system in the “Living Laboratory” ety of sensors and communication systems (described is shown in Figure 3. The movement of people in their in the next section). Another study, which is primarily homes is monitored by passive infrared (IR) motion focused on gathering clinical data, involves about 250 detectors with pyroelectric sensors (MS16A, X10.com). volunteers who are being monitored in their homes over The IR sensors, typically used in home-security systems, a three-year period. Simultaneously, they are partici- sense changes in heat energy from moving thermal pating in a traditional clinical longitudinal study. We sources, in this case, human bodies. The sensitivity of believe this is the largest trial of its kind. these sensors is sufficient, but their spatial resolution is limited. Thus when an IR motion detector senses Unobtrusive Sensing at Home a movement that exceeds a fixed threshold, the sen- If we had unlimited resources, it would be possible sor transmits a message identifying the type of event. to outfit dwellings with sensors everywhere, including Upon receipt, the message is time-stamped and stored pressure-sensitive carpets, radio-frequency identifica- on a computer. tion devices (RFIDs), accelerometers and gyroscopes in To estimate an elder’s gait velocity, we installed every item and piece of clothing, a multiplicity of video several motion sensors with restricted field of view cameras, and so on. However, the cost of the hardware, to about 8 degrees to ensure precise measurements. SPring 2009

These sensors have been used successfully to measure In summary, the raw data from remote systems com- walking speed in Parkinson’s patients (Pavel et al., prise time-stamped events associated with the detection 2007). In a similar way, various actions, such as open- of physical movements, the movement of doors and ing drawers, doors, and so on, are sensed by magnetic- drawers, and various specialized devices similar to those contact switches (DS10A, X10.com). Sleep patterns shown in Figure 3. In the next section we describe how and weight are observed by load cells under the bed the data are interpreted. (Adami et al., in press). Medication adherence is tracked by a wireless “MedTracker” (Hayes et al., 2006; Signal Processing, Pattern Recognition, Leen et al., 2007; Hayes et al., in press). and Inference In houses with more than one resident, the partici- The initial goal of our analysis is to estimate an elder’s pants wear active wireless devices (e.g., HomeFree™ activity level and the characteristics of certain behav- http://www.homefreesys.com/) to help us identify and iors, such as gait velocity, medication adherence, and localize the individual who triggers a particular sensor the number and types of outings. This unobtrusive, (Hayes et al., 2007). These wearable devices include low-cost measurement system yields data that are only accelerometers, gyroscopes, and sensors to indicate that indirectly related to the more variable characteristics they are properly worn. we want to measure. For example, instead of a direct For individuals who use computers, the system measurement of gait velocity, the system records only records their interactions with their computers during motion detection. normal usage, as well as while playing specially designed To compensate for this imprecision, we must develop computer games. Developed in collaboration with Spry mathematical models of the relationship between the Learning Company, these games record every move raw, observed data and the desired characteristics (Pavel (Jimison et al., 2004). The records are analyzed and et al., 2006a,b). To assess an elder’s gait velocity, for interpreted in terms of computational models of the instance, we must first select motion-detector data players, in which the parameters of the model repre- events that are likely to include the desired information sent the key cognitive characteristic. In one game, for and then use them in a statistically efficient way. example, the system estimates an individual’s working The selection of the relevant data from the vast number memory capacity. The data from various sensors are collected by a dedicated computer in the home and transmitted securely to OHSU. The raw data are then checked for integrity and stored in a database on secure servers at the university. The data and the functionality of the systems at the client sites are monitored using a comprehensive web-based console tool that provides not only remote monitoring, but also management of the subject cohorts and technologies. Figure 4 shows a view from the console that includes a summary of sen- FIGURE 4 This screen shot shows the console used by technicians and clinical research assistants to monitor the subject cohorts, sor activities and use of a the status of monitoring systems, and the integrity of the collected data. The data shown represent the total activity of the computer mouse. sensors and the number of computer logins. The 10 BRIDGE of observed events requires 1.4 67A: PD a computation of the proba- 20 percentile bility that the motion detec- 50 percentile tors are triggered by the 1.3 80 percentile Lab Test targeted individual, rather than the spouse, visitors,

) 1.2 caregivers, or large animals. /m (s In a multi-person dwell- me

ti 1.1

ing, identification of the g in individual cannot be taken lk for granted, even if the Wa 1 individual has been asked to wear an identification 0.9 device. Using such devices for localization is typically 0.8 based on the strength of the received signal as a function of the distance from a fixed 0.7 08/31/06 09/20/06 10/10/06 10/30/06 11/19/06 12/09/06 12/29/06 01/18/07 02/07/07 02/27/07 03/19/07 base station. This inference is difficult because the FIGURE 5 Speed of walking in m/sec as measured at home and in the clinic. The three black lines represent the 20, 50, and strength of the signal in a 80 percentiles, from bottom to top. The values indicated by the square markers are those measured in the clinic. real dwelling is highly variable, and contrary to the theory based on open space, With accurate estimates of gait velocity, it should the signal strength does not decrease monotonically be possible to detect changes that would warrant an with distance from the transmitter. This is because of intervention. The algorithms developed by our group the complex environment of a building with irregular to detect such changes as early as possible estimate walls, furniture, appliances, and so on. the capabilities of each individual by combining the In one study we used a simple Markov model in con- individual’s measurements with those obtained from junction with a triangulation procedure based on the the larger population. The parameters of these mixed- strength of the signal transmitted by devices worn by effect models that characterize the participant’s relative an elder and spouse and received by several base sta- performance, such as the slope of the changing speed tions, as shown in Figure 5. The model was used to of walking, are then used to perform the detection estimate the location of each individual and then infer (Lu et al., 2009). the probability that the correct individual had triggered particular motion detectors. In this particular Intervention study of elders with Parkinson’s disease, we also mea- The ultimate goal of continuous monitoring is to sured subjects’ walking speed in the clinic. The home provide information to support decisions to intervene monitoring estimates and the observed speeds in the by various caregivers and clinicians. For example, early clinic were very similar, indicating the reliability of the detection and diagnosis of declines in some functions model (Pavel et al., 2007). will enable a health care provider to administer drugs or A more sophisticated approach to estimating an design an effective mitigation program that may include elder’s location in the home is to use Bayesian recursive changes in diet, physical exercise, balance training, or estimation, a method that recursively estimates, step cognitive exercises. In some situations, technology may by step, the probability distributions of the elder’s pos- be used to mitigate problems associated with normal or sible locations (Paul and Wan, 2008). The advantage accelerated decline. For example, the detection of non- of this approach is that the estimated location is given adherence to taking medications may trigger the use of in considerably more detail and can be used to assess the a sophisticated, context-aware alerting system (Lundell elder’s activity. We anticipate that this approach would et al., 2007). also enable us to detect falls. A recent ongoing study involves the development of SPring 2009 11

technology for remote coaching of exercises to main- Acknowledgments tain cognitive function (Jimison and Pavel, 2008). In The work described in this article is supported this study, volunteers used computer technology to by National Institutes of Health PHS grants P30- communicate with a health coach, set health goals, AG008017, P30-AG024978, R01-AG024059, Intel and monitor progress toward meeting those goals. Corporation, Kinetics Foundation, Alzheimer’s Asso- We emphasize cognitive-health coaching and include ciation, and a NIST ATP grant. interventions in the form of adaptive cognitive computer games, novelty exercises, physical exercise, and References advice on sleep behaviors. Adami, A.M., M. Pavel, T.L. Hayes, and C.M. Singer. In With the approach to health and wellness manage- press. Detection of movement in bed using unobtrusive ment described above, we can provide continuity of care load cell sensors. IEEE Transactions on Information Tech- with fewer resources. Prompting for coaching messages nology in Biomedicine. is automated, and special interfaces with the data are Alwan, M., S. Dalal, D. Mack, S. Kell, B. Turner, J. Leachten available to family members and clinicians. This type auer, and R. Felder. 2006. Impact of monitoring technol- of technology offers a scalable approach to integrating ogy in assisted living: outcome pilot. IEEE Transactions on lower cost personnel, as well as motivated patients and Information Technology in Biomedicine 10(1): 192 – 198. family members, into the care team. Camicioli, R., D. Howieson, B. Oken, G. Sexton, and J. Kaye. 1998. Motor slowing precedes cognitive impairment in the Discussion oldest old. Neurology 50(5): 1496 – 1498. Technology-based care for elders is a rapidly emerg- Demiris, G., B.K. Hensel, M. Skubic, and M. Rantz. 2008. ing field at the intersection of engineering, medicine, Senior residents’ perceived need of and preferences for biology, care-giving, and family life. The management “Smart Home” sensor technologies. International Jour- of the multidisciplinary problem of caring for elders nal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 24(1): requires organizations that bring together experts and 120 – 124. practitioners. ORCATECH is one such organization, Hayes, T.L., J.M. Hunt, A. Adami, and J.A. Kaye. 2006. An spearheading one of the largest ongoing longitudinal electronic pillbox for continuous monitoring of medica- studies on clinical evidence to investigate unobtrusive tion adherence. Pp. 6400 – 6403 in EMBS ’06, Proceed- monitoring as compared to traditional, clinical assess- ings of the 28th Annual International Conference of the ment techniques. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, August Although this article is focused on our work at 30 – September 3, 2006. New York, NY: IEEE. ORCATECH, several other organizations are also Hayes, T.L., M. Pavel, N. Larimer, I.A. Tsay, J. Nutt, and A.G. addressing these issues. The most comprehensive list Adami. 2007. Distributed healthcare: simultaneous assess- of these can be found on the website of the Center for ment of multiple individuals. IEEE Pervasive Computing Aging Services and Technologies (http://www.agingtech. 6(1): 36 – 43. org/index.aspx). In addition, several well funded projects Hayes, T.L., F. Abendroth, A. Adami, M. Pavel, T.A. Zitzel- to address the problems of elder care have been initiated berger, and J.A. Kaye. 2008. Unobtrusive assessment of in the European Union. In this short paper, we could activity patterns associated with mild cognitive impair- not address a multitude of related issues associated with ment. Alzheimer’s and Dementia 4(6): 395 – 405. ethics, privacy, and security. However, a good deal of Hayes, T.L., N. Larimer, A. Adami, and J. Kaye. In press. research is under way to address these issues (Alwan et Medication adherence in healthy elders: small cognitive al., 2006; Demiris et al., 2008; Mahoney and Tarlow, changes make a big difference. Aging and Health. 2006; Wild et al., 2008). Jimison, H., and M. Pavel. 2008. Integrating Computer- In summary, our studies combining unobtrusive Based Health Coaching into Elder Home Care. Pp. 122 – monitoring with sophisticated computational algo- 129 in Technology and Aging, vol. 21, edited by rithms represent the first steps in the development of A. Mihailidis, J. Boger, H. Kautz, and L. Normie. Fairfax, technology-based care for elders. If these can be suc- Va.: IOS Press. cessfully integrated into clinical practice and caregivers’ Jimison, H., M. Pavel, J. McKanna, and J. Pavel. 2004. Unob- workflow, we might avoid the scenario described in the trusive monitoring of computer interactions to detect cog- introduction to this article. nitive status in elders. IEEE Transactions on Information The 12 BRIDGE

Technology in Biomedicine 8(3): 248 – 252. Pavel, M., A. Adami, M. Morris, J. Lundell, T.L. Hayes, H. Kaye, J.A., and T.L. Hayes. 2006. Home health monitoring: Jimison, and J.A. Kaye. 2006a. Mobility Assessment Using a system to assess motor and cognitive function. Genera- Event-Related Responses. Pp. 71 – 74 in Proceedings of the tions 30(2): 61 – 63. 2006 Transdisciplinary Conference on Distributed Diagno- Lu, Z., T.K. Leen, and J. Kaye. In press. Hierarchical Fisher sis and Home Healthcare. Piscataway, N.J.: IEEE. Kernel for Longitudinal Data. Presented at Advances Pavel, M., T.L. Hayes, A. Adami, H. Jimison, and J. Kaye. in Neural Information Processing Systems Conference 2006b. Unobtrusive Assessment of Mobility. Pp. (NIPS 22), December 8, 2008, Vancouver, British Colum- 6277 – 6280 in Proceedings of the 28th Annual Interna- bia. La Jolla, Calif.: Neural Information Processing Sys- tional Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine tems Foundation. and Biology Society. Piscataway, N.J.: IEEE. Lundell, J., T.L. Hayes, S. Vurgun, U. Ozertem, J. Kimel, J. Pavel, M., T. Hayes, I. Tsay, D. Erdogmus, A. Paul, N. Larimer, Kaye, F. Guilak, and M. Pavel. 2007. Continuous Activ- H. Jimison, and J. Nutt. 2007. Continuous assessment of ity Monitoring and Intelligent Contextual Prompting to gait velocity in Parkinson’s disease from unobtrusive mea- Improve Medication Adherence. Pp. 6286 – 6289 in Pro- surements. Pp. 700 – 703 in Proceedings of the 3rd Inter- ceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference of national IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, CNE ’07. Piscataway, N.J.: IEEE. Lyon, France. Piscataway, N.J.: IEEE. Stefanov, D.H., Z. Bien, and W.C. Bang. 2004. The smart Mahoney, D.F., and B. Tarlow. 2006. Workplace response to house for older persons and persons with physical disabili- virtual caregiver support and remote home monitoring of ties: structure, technology arrangements, and perspectives. elders: the WIN project. Studies in Health Technology IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems Rehabilitation Engi- and Informatics 122: 676 – 680. neering 12(2): 228 – 250. Paul, A.S., and E.A. Wan. 2008. Wi-Fi Based Indoor Local- Wild, K., L. Boise, J. Lundell, and A. Foucek. 2008. Unob- ization and Tracking Using Sigma-Point Kalman Filtering trusive in-home monitoring of cognitive and physical Methods. Pp. 646 – 659 in Proceedings of 2008 IEEE/ION health: reactions and perceptions of older adults. Journal Position, Location, and Navigation Symposium. Piscat- of Applied Gerontology 27(2): 181 – 200. away, N.J.: IEEE. Elders can live more independently and safely in their homes with technologies that provide personal mobility and manipulation capabilities.

Wheeled Mobility and Manipulation Technologies

Rory A. Cooper

Technology can enhance the quality of life for older people, enable them to live safely in their homes, and enable them to participate in their communities as they age. Technology affects people with different levels of functioning in a variety of settings. In the home, technology may provide personal support and help for daily living. In a neighborhood, technological systems can enable a person to engage in community activities. In the larger Rory A. Cooper is FISA Foundation– community, technology may make it easier for an older person to commute Paralyzed Veterans of America to work and contribute to society through employment. Chair and Distinguished Professor In each of these settings, technology may improve a person’s functionality by enhancing dexterity and mobility, helping with some home chores, rein- at the University of Pittsburgh forcing some kinds of memory, coaching for particular functions, either by and director and senior career providing information or by monitoring and intervening when necessary, and scientist of the Human Engineering making it easier and safer for older people to drive. In other words, assistive technology may affect almost any aspect of daily life (Cooper et al., 2007). Research Laboratories of the Although the United States is in many ways an example for other coun- Rehabilitation Research and tries in the world to follow, in the areas of assisting people with disabilities, Development Service of the U.S. rehabilitating people, and integrating older adults into our communities and Department of Veterans Affairs. culture we are losing ground. Ensuring the availability of assistive technol ogy and accessible environments, providing sufficient support for research and development and adequate health care, and reaching consensus on a definition of disability are all issues we must address. If, as has been said, The 14 BRIDGE older people are the “canaries in the coal mine” of complexity and intimacy of interactions between assis- American society, the critical precursors of impend- tive technologies and older adults. ing disaster, we must find a way to increase support for Human beings are extremely complex. Despite cen- research, development, and education to create a basis turies of study, our depth of understanding about older for good decision making, invigorate translational sci- people is still rudimentary. Assistive technology must ence and engineering capacity for new technologies be used by people with physical, sensory, or cognitive and services, improve our surveillance to get a better impairment, often a combination of all three. In addi- understanding of the problems facing older adults, and tion, these technologies must function reliably day in reform regulatory policy and legislation to meet their and day out for months, if not years, with little mainte- needs (IOM, 2007). nance, often in contact with or in close proximity to the One problem facing every society, whether wealthy person. An assistive device must function predictably or poor, is integrating people with impairments and and reliably, do no harm, and degrade or fail gracefully. disabilities into the mainstream of life (Pearlman et The more one considers the environment and inter al., 2008). The concept of “disability,” the interac- actions between a device and its operating environ- tion between a person’s impairment and attitudinal ment, the more complicated the design of the device and environmental barriers that keep that person from becomes (Cooper et al., 2008a). full and effective participation in society, continues to evolve. Bringing the issues of disability, including the Policy Barriers impairments of aging, into mainstream discussions is A few simple examples can illustrate the tremen- integral to the development of strategies for sustainable dous impact of public policy, such as Medicare policy, development and civil society. Older adults deserve to on the development, deployment, and use of assis- maintain their autonomy and independence, including tive technologies by older adults. Most older people the freedom to make their own choices, and they should rely almost exclusively on Medicare for their primary have an opportunity to participate in decision making, health insurance. especially when those decisions directly affect them. Other insurance providers, led by Medicare, require that a person’s mobility be severely restricted before an electric-powered wheelchair (EPW) can be considered for coverage. Under Medicare, the patient and Despite centuries of study, the rehabilitation team must prove that the person is our understanding of older unable to walk safely in the home. Commonly referred to as the “in-the-home-criterion,” older adults must people is rudimentary. be dependent on wheelchairs to meet their in-home mobility needs before Medicare will consider providing them with an EPW. Taken literally, this means that Barriers to the Development and people must be imprisoned in their homes and no lon- Use of Assistive Technologies ger able to, for example, pay a social visit, shop, attend Although a plethora of assistive devices is available church, or go to a doctor’s office (Medicare Rights Cen- in the marketplace and a small research pipeline contin- ter, 2005). ues to make progress on assistive technologies, there are This policy led to the ultimate demise of an assistive also notable individual, technical, policy, and societal technology called the iBOT™ transporter (Figure 1), a challenges to be overcome. unique wheelchair manufactured by Johnson & John- son. The iBOT was an electric-powered chair with a Individual and Technical Barriers revolutionary design that enabled individuals with The challenges faced by the individual cut across all impaired mobility to climb curbs, go up and down stairs, other domains. These challenges include, but are not balance on two wheels to sit at eye level, and traverse limited to, financial limitations, intellectual capacity, uneven terrain such as sand (Cooper et al., 2004). With physical ability, sensory impairment, home environ- the iBOT, users could enter a garden, “stroll” through ment, and the attitude toward technology (Albrecht et a park, or converse with a spouse eye-to-eye. These al., 2001). Technical barriers are largely defined by the everyday activities, which we often take for granted, are SPring 2009 15

a b c

Figure 1 iBOT transporter in use: (a) balance function for eye-level conversation; (b) standard function for washing hands; (c) remote function for loading in a van. dearly missed when they are lost. The iBOT provided the endurance and strength to walk distances, but these much more mobility than traditional wheelchairs both devices must also provide some support or feedback to inside and outside the home. However, their sophisti- keep the person from losing their balance or enable the cated design and concomitant higher cost were deemed person to rest, when necessary. One of the challenges a luxury by Medicare and were not fully covered. for engineers is matching an individual with the appro- Another example is hearing aids, another assistive priate technology. technology not covered by Medicare, although they Transition to a wheelchair can be a significant are regularly provided by the Department of Veterans personal hurdle for many people, although once the Affairs (VA). Hearing loss, one of the most common transition is made, it can be a liberating experience impairments experienced by older adults, has a pro- (Iezzoni et al., 2001). A common experience of older found affect on a person’s ability to communicate and adults is the gradual contraction of their sphere of on personal safety. mobility; over time, they leave home less and less often. When the appropriate mobility technology, Cultural and Social Barriers such as a wheelchair, is introduced, their sphere of In the simplest case, many cultures place a high value mobility can once again expand (Hubbard-Winkler et on the ability to walk. This may be entirely natural al., 2008). Knowing when to introduce a new device and intuitive, but it may have the inadvertent and pos- requires assessing a person’s capabilities, home envi- sibly unintended consequence of devaluing people who ronment, and transportation. use wheelchairs. It may also affect the allocation of resources to create an environment that is wheelchair Advances in Wheelchair Technology accessible. One need only think of the difficulties and Critical advances in wheelchairs have been made in resentment aroused by the passage of the Americans the past decade. Manual wheelchairs now make more with Disabilities Act (ADA), civil-rights legislation extensive use of titanium, carbon fiber, and medical- enforced by the U.S. Department of Justice. grade viscous fluids, which have resulted in chairs with a mass of less than 9 kilograms (Figure 2). Several stud- Devices that Enhance Mobility ies have shown that reducing the mass of the wheel- and Manipulation chair and user system reduces the strain on the arms and Mobility and manipulation are critical to living increases activity (Collinger et al., 2008). independently and are often strongly associated with The greatest engineering challenges in manual wheel- the ability to continue to live safely in one’s home. chair design are optimizing interaction between the Simple devices such as crutches, canes, walkers, and user and the wheelchair, which requires knowledge of rollators (rolling walkers) can assist a person who has materials, biomechanics, ergonomics, anthropometrics, The 16 BRIDGE

Figure 2 Ultralight manual wheelchair being driven over a mobility-skills course. Figure 3 SmartWheel. and human physiology, as well as motor learning to Control-interface devices (Figure 4) for EPWs enable train the user in the skills necessary to achieve maxi- people to operate their chairs through proportional hand mum mobility. User-mobility training involves virtual controls (e.g., joysticks, track pads, eraser joysticks), reality, machine learning, remote monitoring, and vir- switches that can be operated by various parts of the tual coaching. In addition, technologies such as the body (e.g., hand, head, shoulder, foot, knee), and alter- SmartWheel (Figure 3), which was initially developed native controls that incorporate gyroscopes, accelerom- for research on wheelchair biomechanics, have become eters, and physiological signals (e.g., electromyograms, increasingly popular as clinical tools for selecting and electroencephalograms). Identifying the optimal inter- fitting the manual wheelchair to the user (Asato et al., face, positioning it properly, and tuning it for the user 1993; Cowan et al., 2008). provide substantial clinical challenges and opportuni- Electric-powered mobility is critical to the lives of ties for further research and development. Control many older adults. The Segway, although not a medi- algorithms are being investigated to provide traction cal device, is an attractive alternative to a wheelchair control, anti-skid braking, anti-rollover capability, and for some older adults who can stand for longer periods navigational assistance (Simpson et al., 2008). of time. It provides outdoor mobility and does not have Wheelchair seating is also extremely important. the negative connotations of using a wheelchair. Researchers must take into account the dangers of EPWs, however, are extremely important sources of pressure ulcers, venous pooling, spasticity, and con- mobility for older adults with balance problems, cardio- tractures. EPW seats can be equipped with power pulmonary restrictions, peripheral vascular disease, and functions that provide seat tilt (e.g., the user’s limbs a host of other health problems (Cooper et al., 2006). maintain the same relative posture, but the seat rotates EPWs can provide comfortable, safe mobility both in with respect to the gravity vector), recline, and eleva- the home and in the community. tion (Figure 5). These functions enable the user to SPring 2009 17

change seated positions for comfort, to prevent injury, and to perform everyday activities.

Quality-of-Life Technology Systems An emerging area of technology development is to provide both mobility and manipulation. Some EPW users cannot retrieve a remote control, a book or magazine, or a drink unless it is placed in their immediate proximity. Frequently, older adults must ask family members or assistants to prepare their meals in advance and place them in the refrigerator, so they only require reheating or removing and eating. Researchers are working on symbiotic systems that are efficient, safe, and reliable for retrieving real-life a b objects through user, remote, and autonomous devices. Figure 5 EPW: (a) seat in standard position; (b) seat in elevated position. An essential feature of these systems is the seamless melding of robotics, with its approach to autonomous seating and EPW functions (Cooper et al., 2008b). A systems, with user-operated assistive technology to novel approach would be a remote caregiver who could produce “quality-of-life technology” (QoLT) sys- provide assistance with operating a robotic device tems. QoLT systems create a symbiotic interaction of such as PerMMA to perform novel or difficult tasks. human and technology that maximizes human abili- A remote operator could make robotic mobility and ties and the capabilities of the technology in natural manipulation devices available quickly. environments. A QoLT that could remove a sealed plastic container Motor Vehicles from a refrigerator, place it in a microwave oven, heat Learning to drive is a defining moment in most of it, open it, and place it where the user can eat it would our lives. For young people, earning a driver’s license be of great value to many older adults. One research is a liberating experience, but for aging adults who lose project, the personal mobility and manipulation appli- that privilege, getting around can become a bewilder- ance (PerMMA), is being developed to provide these ing experience (Odenheimer, 2006). Many mainstream capabilities and more, both inside the home and in the technologies, such as anti-lock braking systems, power community at large (Figure 6). PerMMA is not merely steering, traction control, and global positioning sys- a wheelchair with “added intelligence” and arms. It tems, have enabled older adults to continue driving is an integrated mobile robotic manipulator with full as they age. Intelligent-vehicle systems may make it possible for older adults to drive safely even longer as their skills decline. At some point in the future, a fully autonomous vehicle may actually remove the driver from the control loop; however, many problems must be overcome before such vehicles become marketable. Semi- autonomous vehicles that learn from and provide sup- a b c port to the driver have great potential in the near-term Figure 4 Control interfaces for EPWs: (a and b) short-throw chin joystick, two views; (c) chin joystick with sip-and-puff switch. for benefitting older adults. The 18 BRIDGE

aspects for engineers is direct interaction with older adults in determining their needs, identifying or creating technological solutions, implement- ing and tuning the device or system, and training the older adult to use the device. Helping older adults maintain or regain independence and improve their quality of life can be a b personally gratifying. Another feature of Figure 6 PerMMA, an appliance that provides independent capabilities inside and outside the home: (a) illustration showing clinical-rehabilitation use indoors; (b) photo of use outdoors. engineering is working as part of a team. Teams often Currently, assistance with parallel parking is available include physicians (often physiatrists), physical thera- from several manufacturers. In addition, systems that pists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, audi- recognize driver alertness levels, adjust to lighting con- ologists, prosthetists and orthotists, and rehabilitation ditions, and present drivers with information on their counselors. Each professional has unique knowledge driving performance are being investigated (Ayoob et to contribute, but all of them share core values and a al., 2003). For people with severe physical impairments, strong desire to help older adults. vehicles can be modified to be driven from a wheelchair, An unfortunate challenge for clinical-rehabilitation fitted with a driver’s seat that moves outside the vehicle engineers is reimbursement for their services. Most to simplify ingress/egress, and equipped with alternative insurance providers do not recognize rehabilitation engi- primary controls (e.g., hand controls, one-foot driving). neering as a health care profession. Therefore, payment When a motor vehicle is modified, however, the for services must be incorporated into the cost of the safety of the vehicle may be compromised. For people technology or built into the overhead of the aggregate unable to drive or people who prefer to use public trans- of assistive technology services provided by the medical portation, the ADA requires that buses be accessible rehabilitation team. Some state agencies (e.g., offices along all major routes. Thus buses are equipped with of vocational rehabilitation, agencies on aging) and clearance low enough to extend a ramp to the curb so federal agencies (e.g., VA) have fewer restrictions and a wheelchair user can roll on and off or an older person may pay for clinical-rehabilitation engineering services. can walk on or off without a having to negotiate a step. I expect that when clinical-rehabilitation engineering Because buses are considered low-acceleration environ- is recognized as a health care profession, the field will ments, compartmentalization (a space or cubicle that experience tremendous growth. confines the motion of a wheelchair) is used to reduce the risk of injury. Transforming the Engineering Design Process Teams of engineers, clinical scientists, social scien- Engineers as Clinical Service Providers tists, older adults, and caregivers must work together to The field of clinical-rehabilitation engineering pro- relate psychological, physiological, physical, and cogni- vides not only technical challenges but also opportunities tive function to the design of assistive and rehabilita- to help others. Engineers may work in medical reha- tive technologies. Ultimately, the result must be the bilitation, vocational, educational, or community-based creation of systems and devices that have a positive settings. Clinical-rehabilitation engineers primarily pro- impact on quality of life of older adults. In part, this vide assistive technology services to people with disabil- can be achieved by working closely with them and their ities, including older adults. One of the most rewarding caregivers throughout the design, development, test, SPring 2009 19

and deployment phases to ensure that adoption, evalu- both older and younger people. If policy and societal ation, and privacy concerns have been addressed. User hurdles can be overcome, robotics, machine learning, involvement should be incorporated into engineering contextually aware systems, sensor integration, smart education and encouraged for practicing engineers. materials, and human-technology-activity modeling Neither experts (clinicians or engineers) nor older can transform assistive technologies. adults and caregivers have complete critical knowledge. Accurate mapping and modeling of the abilities, opin- References ions, experiences, and requirements of users can con- Albrecht, G.L., K.D. Seelman, and M. Bury, editors. 2001. tribute to the development of successful assistive and Handbook of Disability Studies. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: rehabilitative technologies. A systematic approach to Sage Publications. user involvement is characterized by: (1) the incorpora- Asato, K.T., R.A. Cooper, R.N. Robertson, and J.F. Ster. tion of universal design principals; (2) active involve- 1993. SmartWheels: development and testing of a sys- ment of all relevant parties and a clear understanding tem for measuring manual wheelchair propulsion dynam- of the circumstances of the older adult and task require- ics. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 40(12): ments for the device; (3) multidisciplinary research, 1320 – 1324. design, and development involving older adults, engi- Ayoob, E.M., R. Grace, and A. Steinfeld. 2003. A User- neers, designers, marketers, clinicians, service deliverers, Centered Drowsy-Driver Detection and Warning System. and social and health professionals; and (4) an inter Pp. 1 – 4 in Proceedings of the 2003 Conference on Design- active development process. ing for User Experiences, San Francisco, Calif., June 6 – 7, A participatory action design (PAD) must include 2003. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. an understanding of the context in which the product Collinger, J.L., M.L. Boninger, A.M. Koontz, R. Price, S.A. will be used and the user’s cultural and organizational Sisto, M. Tolerico, and R.A. Cooper. 2008. Shoulder bio- requirements. Prototypes should be produced and mechanics during the push phase of wheelchair propulsion: designs evaluated according to the user’s criteria. The a multi-site study of persons with paraplegia. Archives of essence of PAD is a thorough understanding of policy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 89(3): 667 – 676. human assistance, assistive technology, and environ- Cooper, R.A., M.L. Boninger, R. Cooper, S.G. Fitzgerald, and mental interaction (the PHAATE model) (Cooper, et A. Dobson. 2004. Preliminary assessment of a prototype al., 2007). advanced mobility device in the work environment of veterans of spinal cord injury. Neurorehabilitation 19(2): Conclusion 161 – 170. Assistive technology is a cornerstone in the support Cooper, R.A., R. Cooper, M. Tolerico, S.F. Guo, D. Ding, and structure that enables older adults to live independently, J. Pearlman. 2006. Advances in electric powered wheel- to participate in society, and to maintain their quality chairs. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation 11(4): of life. Engineers continue to make important advances 15 – 29. in technologies to assist older adults, and this can be Cooper, R.A., H. Ohnabe, and D.A. Hobson, eds. 2007. An a rewarding career path. Rehabilitation engineers are Introduction to Rehabilitation Engineering. New York: experts in understanding interactions between technol- Taylor & Francis. ogy and people with disabilities in the performance of Cooper, R.A., R. Cooper, and M.L. Boninger. 2008a. Trends everyday activities. and issues in wheelchair and seating technologies. Assis- Advances in engineering promise a brighter future tive Technology 20(2): 61 – 72. for older adults. Rapid prototyping and manufacturing Cooper, R.A., B.E. Dicianno, B. Brewer, E. LoPresti, D. Ding, have reduced the time from conceptualization to prod- R. Simpson, G. Grindle, H. Wang. 2008b. A perspec- uct, and as virtual companies take advantage of flex- tive on intelligent devices and environments in medical ible manufacturing, small, innovative companies are rehabilitation. Medical Engineering and Physics 30(11): becoming competitive and earning sufficient revenue 1387 – 1398. producing orphan products. As our understanding of Cowan, R., M.L. Boninger, B.J. Sawatzky, B.D. Mazoyer, the special needs of people with disabilities or infir- and R.A. Cooper. 2008. Preliminary outcomes of the mities improves, PAD processes and universal design SmartWheel users’ group database: a proposed framework processes will create crossover products that will help for clinicians to objectively evaluate manual wheelchair The 20 BRIDGE

propulsion. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilita- Odenheimer, G. 2006. Driver safety in older adults: the tion 89(2): 260 – 268. physician’s role in assessing driving skills of older patients. Hubbard-Winkler, S.L., S.G. Fitzgerald, M.L. Boninger, and Geriatrics 61(10): 14 – 21. R.A. Cooper. 2008. Relationship between quality of Pearlman, J., R.A. Cooper, M. Krizack, A. Lindsley, Y. Wu, K. wheelchair and quality of life. Topics in Geriatric Reha- Reisinger, W. Armstrong, H. Casanova, H.S. Chhabra, and bilitation 24(3): 264 – 278. J. Noon. 2008. Technical and clinical needs for successful Iezzoni, L., E. McCarthy, R. Davis, and H. Siebens. 2001. transfer and uptake of lower-limb prosthetics and wheel- Mobility difficulties are not only a problem of old age. chairs in low income countries. IEEE-EMBS Magazine Journal of General Internal Medicine 16(4): 235 – 243. (special Quality of Life Technology issue) 27(2): 12 – 22. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2007. The Future of Disability in Simpson, R.C., E. LoPresti, and R.A. Cooper. 2008. How America. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. many people need a smart wheelchair? Journal of Rehabili- Medicare Rights Center. 2005. Forcing isolation: Medicare’s tation Research and Development 45(1): 53 – 72. “in the home” coverage standard for wheelchairs. Care Management Journal 6(1): 29 – 37. New in-vehicle systems must be designed for users who receive no training in how to use them and whose cognitive and sensory abilities vary.

Designing In-Vehicle Technologies for Older Drivers

Joachim Meyer

Seventy years ago people were already concerned about older drivers having to adjust to changes in cars. In an article on traffic accidents and age, written in 1938, we read “. . . drivers who were trained on 30-mile per hour cars will have to be retrained to drive their improved vehicles safely at the higher rates of speed prevailing on our highways” (De Silva, 1938). The rapid development of technology since then and the aging of the population Joachim Meyer is associate pro- have greatly increased those concerns. fessor, Department of Industrial Today, new in-vehicle systems must be adapted to their prospective users, Engineering and Management, who receive no specific training on how to use them and whose cognitive and sensory abilities vary. The design of these devices will determine whether or Ben Gurion University of the not users accept them and will, therefore, have major business consequences Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel. for the companies that market them. In this article I outline some of the challenges facing the designers of in-vehicle devices for an older population and suggest how these devices can be designed and introduced in ways that encourage their success.

The Aging Driver Population The population in most developed countries, including the United States, is rapidly aging. As longevity increases, the number of people over the age of 65 in the United States is also increasing. In addition, as birth rates decline, older people make up a larger proportion of the general population. The 22 BRIDGE

But old age is not what it used to be (and there is in the onset and extent of these changes (see Meyer, little reason to be nostalgic about this). In the past, old 2004, for an analysis of aging and driving). Most statis- age was often associated with disease and disability, but tics on older drivers set the cutoff age around the age of older people today are more active and healthier than retirement (60 or 65), but empirical data show gradual ever before. Even though more people are diagnosed changes with age and no clear transition from a middle- as suffering from chronic diseases, such as hypertension aged to an older driver. and diabetes, the adequate management of these con- A number of these changes are particularly important ditions enables them to function without serious dis- for driving and the use of in-vehicle devices. Among abilities (e.g., Manton et al., 1998). In addition, older them are age-related changes in night vision, contrast people today are better educated than previous genera- sensitivity, recovery from glare, and a decrease in the tions and more likely to strive to maintain their inde- useful field of view (UFOV) (i.e., the width of the visual pendence and mobility. These trends are expected to field over which information can be acquired in a quick continue in the future. glance). Aging is also accompanied by general slow- Older people are also driving more than ever before. ing in processing speed. The initiation of responses This is the first generation in which almost everybody and their execution become slower, especially for unex earned a driver’s license during adolescence and has pected events (Olson and Sivak, 1986). been driving ever since. Not surprisingly, therefore, in It seems logical that age-related changes in driv- the U.S. National Household Travel Survey, 89 percent ers’ abilities would make them more accident-prone, of older Americans (age 65+) reported using personally but older drivers are by and large safe drivers. After driven vehicles as their means of transportation (Collia age 60, the number of traffic fatalities per billion kilo et al., 2003). The percentage of the population over meters driven increases steadily (Evans, 2004), but this 65 with driver’s licenses increased from 62.7 percent in increase is mainly due to older people’s fragility rather 1982 to almost 80 percent in 2003, and it is likely to than their greater involvement in accidents (Li et al., increase somewhat more in the future. Therefore, the 2003). Older drivers are likely to be fatally injured in an number of older drivers and their percentage in the total accident from which a younger person may walk away driver population is increasing rapidly (see Figure 1). almost unharmed. Only after age 80 does the involvement of older drivers in accidents exceed the involve- Special Needs of Older Drivers ment of 20 to 29 year olds. Thus older drivers seem to be There is no specific age at which a person becomes able to compensate effectively for age-related changes, an older driver. According to De Silva, in 1938, for instance, by limiting themselves to daytime driving, more than a quarter of the U.S. population was over 40 years old, and “persons 80 30% ) beyond their forties can 70 not expect to continue to 25% drive at the same rate as 60 20% they did in their younger 50 days.” Indeed, visual abili- 40 15% ties do decline from age 40 on (or even earlier), and 30 10% drivers the decline becomes steeper 20 as we age. Other cognitive 5% and sensory abilities usu- 10 Licensed drivers 65+ (millions ally change only when a 0 0% Percentage of 65+ licensed person reaches 60 or 70, 1967 1987 2007 2030 and some abilities, such as Year language skills, may change very little. There are also Figure 1 Number and percentage of drivers 65 years of age or older in the U.S. driver population. Source: Federal Highway large individual differences Administration statistics and predictions (www.fhwa.dot.gov). SPring 2009 23

using familiar routes, and avoiding difficult traffic situa- they have greatly evolved. Today systems with com- tions (see Chapter 7 in Shinar, 2007, for a description of bined advanced communication and computing capa- the driving characteristics of older drivers). Of course, bilities provide not only entertainment, but also access Alzheimer’s disease and other cognitive and sensory dis- to information. In addition, they can communicate orders may impair a person’s ability to drive safely (e.g., with people outside the car. The use of these devices Dubinsky et al., 2000), and people suffering from such is usually unrelated to the driving task itself. Examples diseases should cease driving. of such systems are car entertainment systems, cellular phones, text message systems, and in-vehicle e-mail and New Technologies in Cars web access. Although cars and driving are changing faster today Many cars today use the same computer system to than at almost any other time in the last century, driv- interact with all three types of devices. For instance, ing a car manufactured in the 1950s is very similar to a computer display may show the view from a rear- driving a one produced in 2000 — the speed is regulated facing camera when the car moves backward. The same by pressing the accelerator and the brake pedal, and computer may also show route information for naviga- direction is controlled by turning the steering wheel. tion and provide access to the entertainment system The information for driving is mainly collected by look- or a screen for reading text messages. Although these ing through the windows, both in normal driving and devices can have great benefits for a driver, they can when backing up and maneuvering. also interfere with safe driving. Today, however, new technologies are being introduced into the car that alter the way the driver controls the vehicle (for a description of many of these systems, see Ashley, 2008). Typical examples are adaptive cruise Well designed technologies control (ACC), which allows a driver to maintain a can limit the effects of constant speed, but also a constant distance from vehicles traveling in the same lane. Thus speed is no longer age-related changes. solely controlled by changing the pressure on the accelerator or brake pedal. The car automatically accelerates and decelerates within preset limits. Older Drivers and New In-Vehicle Systems The information available for driving is also chang- New in-vehicle systems create particular challenges ing. Various types of warnings are now installed in cars, for older drivers. Paradoxically, even though older driv- including forward-collision warnings, backup warnings, ers may find it more difficult to use these devices, they and lane-departure warnings. Night-vision systems and are likely to be the first to encounter them, because various cameras provide drivers with visual information. innovations are often initially introduced into high- These and other enhanced vision systems are becom- end cars, which are usually bought by more affluent ing additional sources of information for controlling the (and usually older) costumers. Thus the more mature vehicle. They give drivers a better understanding of the driver population is often the first to encounter still driving situation and make it more likely that they will immature systems. detect obstacles and hazards. Older drivers can, of course, benefit from new sys- Cars are also increasingly equipped with devices that tems. When well designed, technology can limit the support tactical aspects of driving. These include navi- effects of age-related changes. For instance, a major gation systems that help a driver find a route toward a problem for many older people is decreased flexibility. destination by providing turn-by-turn directions or by In a survey of older drivers in the United Kingdom, showing the route on a map display. They may also pro- more than half of the respondents mentioned difficul- vide traffic advice, informing a driver about congestion, ties with turning their heads and looking out the rear accidents, or road work, and can help a driver choose a windows (Herriotts, 2005). The reduced motility of the route with minimal delays. neck and head, combined with a narrower useful field Finally, systems to entertain the driver and passengers of view, may increase the likelihood that an older driver are also rapidly changing. Such systems have been in will collide with an object behind the car when back- cars, in the form of car radios, since the early 1930s, but ing up. When changing lanes, older drivers may also The 24 BRIDGE be less likely to see a vehicle coming from behind in a A number of factors may make the introduction parallel lane. of new in-vehicle devices problematic for older driv- Alerts and visual aids, such as rear-view camera sys- ers. The main advantage of older drivers is probably tems, can help alleviate these problems. But for older their long experience with driving, which makes them, drivers to benefit from them, their designers must con- overall, very safe drivers. However, the need to learn sider the users’ abilities and characteristics. For example, new skills, related to new devices, may render their pre- interfaces should be as simple and intelligible as possible. vious experience obsolete. Although people are often Almost everyone over the age of 60 has trouble focusing able to perform familiar tasks and skills up to a very sharply on nearby objects, a condition called presbyopia, advanced age, learning new skills and changing famil- and most people require corrective lenses to view close iar routines becomes more difficult with age (Craik and objects (Weale, 2003). While driving, drivers will not Jacoby, 1996). put on reading glasses to use a system, and they may find Even apparently simple systems, such as rear-view driving with bi- or multifocal glasses unpleasant. There- cameras, require learning new skills. Common driving fore, in-vehicle displays and devices should be designed situations, like backing out of a garage, involve a coor- so that drivers with presbyopia can still use them. Some dinated set of complex actions related to the collection evidence has shown that older drivers particularly ben- of information (by turning the head, etc.), decelerat- efit from multi-modality displays that combine visual ing and accelerating, and turning the steering wheel. and auditory information (Liu, 2000). However, hear- When using a rear-view camera, the driver must look ing loss is also fairly common among older adults. Thus at the screen in front of her, and not turn the head, designers must also take this into account in designing and use the information from the screen to control the auditory displays. steering of the car. Thus the driver must change well established routines, which may be more difficult for older drivers. Distraction is another issue that may affect the adop- Learning new skillls and tion and safe use of new technologies by older driv- changing routines become ers. With age, the ability to focus and divide attention tends to decrease (e.g., Greenwood and Parasuraman, more difficult with age. 1997). In-vehicle devices often require that a driver divide attention between driving and using the device. Some evidence of these difficulties was apparent in the The design of intelligent interfaces that predict and survey of older drivers in the United Kingdom (Her- support drivers’ actions can also help alleviate age-related riotts, 2005). Many of them said they had problems problems. For instance, in a recent study in our labora- with their car radios; others said they did not have prob- tory, we examined the performance of older and younger lems because they simply never used their radios when drivers while using an in-vehicle telematic system (Lavie driving. If an older driver is distracted when using in- and Meyer, 2008). We compared performance with vari- vehicle systems, he or she may compensate by driving ous levels of adaptivity in the telematic system. A system slower and leaving more space between the vehicle and with the highest level of adaptivity could predict a driv- the car ahead (Merat et al., 2005). er’s actions and perform them automatically. At lower If an older driver learns to use a new system, there levels of adaptivity, the driver chose from a suggested is a real danger of what has been called “automation list of possible actions. In the fully adaptive mode, the bias,” or “complacency” (Parasuraman and Riley, 1997). performance of older and younger drivers and their use If a driver comes to rely entirely on the new system, of the system were almost the same, as long as the system for example, a backup warning system, a lane-departure correctly predicted the driver’s intentions. Thus intelli- warning, or an intelligent cruise control system that gent, adaptive software may make these devices safe and maintains spacing between cars, he or she may eventu- acceptable for older drivers. However, the systems must ally begin to initiate a lane-change maneuver without be very reliable. In our study, an incorrect prediction of bothering to look, assuming that the warning system a driver’s intention had a much more adverse effect on will issue a cue if the lane is occupied. However, these older drivers than on younger ones. systems are considered convenience systems and are SPring 2009 25

not designed to be safety systems. They are, therefore, engineering models of users in general, and older users not sufficiently reliable to be the main source of infor- in particular, specifying their characteristics and pre- mation for initiating a maneuver. dicting their responses to different system designs. We Also, drivers may not understand the limitations of are still very far from having such models. Most of the new technologies. In a survey of the use of in-vehicle time we are grappling with different design suggestions technology by young and older drivers, many respon- and comparing them without the aid of such a model. dents indicated that they expected these systems to Conducting the research and developing models of be useful even in situations for which they were not technology use, particularly by older people, is one of designed (Jenness et al., 2008). For example, more than the major intellectual, scientific, and engineering chal- half of the respondents said they expected a backing aid lenges of the 21st century. Meeting that challenge will system (which sounds an alarm when the car approaches require the collaboration of engineers, psychologists, an obstacle while backing up) to issue a warning when physicians, researchers, and practitioners in many other backing out of a driveway into the street and into the disciplines. path of an oncoming car. The rate of misperception The insights gained from such efforts will have impli- of the conditions in which the system might be useful cations for almost all domains of life, not just vehicle was the same for older and younger drivers. However, design. Technologies designed with an eye to older users if older drivers eventually learn to rely on the system will not only provide an important service for older driv- to compensate for age-related changes, their mispercep- ers and society as a whole by increasing mobility and tions could have more severe consequences. making driving safer, but are also likely to be a major business opportunity in the 21st century. Conclusions Technology should be designed for people, which Acknowledgments includes considering aging drivers. We must design cars I would like to thank Hilla Burstein for her help in (and technology in general) so that older people can use preparing this article. them, and, more important, so that new devices make life more comfortable, safer, healthier, and better overall References for older people. This is not purely altruistic — design- Ashley, S. 2008. Driving towards crashless cars. Scientific ing for older people is likely to benefit everyone. Older American 299(6): 58 – 65. people do not need different systems, but they are less Collia, D.V., J. Sharp, and L. Giesbrecht. 2003. The 2001 able to compensate for a bad design. National Household Travel Survey: a look into the travel A technically well designed system may provide patterns of older Americans. Journal of Safety Research major benefits for older drivers, but it may also turn 34(4): 461 – 470. out to be useless or even to cause harm. To make the Craik, F.I.M., and L.L. Jacoby. 1996. Aging and Memory: success of a system as likely as possible, its design must Implications for Skilled Performance. Pp. 113 – 137 in be based on an understanding of older drivers’ charac- Aging and Skilled Performance: Advances in Theory and teristics and needs. Thus this is an instance in which Applications, edited by W.A. Rogers, A.D. Fisk, and N. “user-centered design” is particularly important (e.g., Walker. Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum. Owens et al., 1993). The designer should take into De Silva, H.R. 1938. Age and highway accidents. Scientific consideration theories, research, and recommendations Monthly 47(6): 536 – 545. from human-computer interaction (HCI or CHI), cog- Dubinsky, R.M., A.C. Stein, and K. Lyons. 2000. Practice nitive engineering, ergonomics, and human-factors parameter: risk of driving and Alzheimer’s disease (an engineering (e.g., Helander et al., 1997; Shneiderman evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards and Plaisant, 2004; Wickens and Hollands, 1999). Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. At the same time, although extensive research has Neurology 54(12): 2205 – 2211. been done in all of these fields, there are still large Evans, L. 2004. Traffic Safety. Bloomfield Hills, Mich.: Sci- gaps in our knowledge of how to design in-vehicle ence Serving Society. devices, especially if they will be used by older drivers. Greenwood, P.M., and R. Parasuraman. 1997. Attention A major research effort will be necessary to fill these in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease: Behavior and Neural gaps. We should strive for the development of advanced Systems. Pp. 288 – 317 in Attention, Development, and The 26 BRIDGE

Psychopathology, edited by J.A. Burack and J.T. Enns. Merat, N., V. Anttila, and J. Luoma. 2005. Comparing the New York, N.Y.: Guilford Press. driving performance of average and older drivers: the effect Helander, M.G., T.K. Landauer, and P.V. Prabhu. 1997. of surrogate in-vehicle information systems. Transporta- Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction, 2nd ed. tion Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behavior 8(2): Amsterdam: North Holland. 147–166. Herriotts, P. 2005. Identification of vehicle design require- Meyer, J. 2004. Personal Vehicle Transportation. Pp. 253 – 281 ments for older drivers. Applied Ergonomics 36(3): in Technology for Adaptive Aging, edited by Richard Pew 255 – 262. and Susan Van Hemel. Washington, D.C.: The National Jenness, J.W., N.D. Lerner, S. Mazor, J.S. Osberg, and B.C. Academies Press. Tefft. 2008. Use of Advanced In-Vehicle Technology by Olson, P.L., and M. Sivak. 1986. Perception-response time Young and Older Early Adopters: Selected Results from to unexpected roadway hazards. Human Factors 28(1): Five Technology Surveys. NHTSA Report DOT HS 811 91 – 96. 004, September 2008. Springfield, Va.: National Techni- Owens, A., G. Helmers, and M. Sivak. 1993. Intelligent cal Information Service. vehicle highway systems: a call for user-centered design. Lavie, T., and J. Meyer. 2008. Benefits and costs of adaptive Ergonomics 36(4): 363 – 369. user interfaces. Manuscript, submitted for publication. Parasuraman, R., and V.A. Riley. 1997. Humans and auto- Li, G., E.R. Braver, and L.-H. Chen. 2003. Fragility versus mation: use, misuse, disuse, abuse. Human Factors 39(2): excessive crash involvement as determinants of high death 230 – 253. rates per vehicle-mile of travel among older drivers. Acci- Shinar, D. 2007. Traffic Safety and Human Behavior. Oxford, dent Analysis and Prevention 35(2): 227 – 235. U.K.: Elsevier. Liu, Y. 2000. Effect of advanced traveler information system Shneiderman, B., and C. Plaisant. 2004. Designing the User displays on younger and older drivers’ performance. Dis- Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Inter- plays 21(4): 161 – 168. action, 4th ed. New York: Addison Wesley. Manton, K.G., E. Stallard, and L. Corder. 1998. The dynam- Weale, R.A. 2003. Epidemiology of refractive errors and ics of dimensions of age-related disability 1982 to 1994 presbyopia. Survey of Ophthalmology 48(5): 515 – 543. in the U.S. elderly population. Journals of Gerontology. Wickens, C.D., and J.G. Hollands. 1999. Engineering Psy- Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 53(1): chology and Human Performance, 3rd ed. Upper Saddle B59 – B70. River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. The cessation of driving can have positive consequences for society but serious negative consequences for older people.

Safe Mobility for Older Persons

Richard Marottoli

In recent years, the discussion of safe transportation for older people has expanded beyond driving to include a range of options for providing out-of- home mobility. In this context, the term “mobility” is not a synonym for ambulation but is used in a broader sense to mean how a person gets from one place to another outside the home. Many factors have influenced this paradigm shift. One of the most important was that limiting the discussion Richard Marottoli is associate pro- to who could still drive safely and how those who were no longer safe drivers fessor of medicine, Yale University should be evaluated and de-licensed addressed only part of the issue and left School of Medicine, and medical the larger, looming question of “what now” unanswered. For people who have to limit or stop driving, there is a large void to be director, Dorothy Adler Geriatric filled to mitigate the negative practical and psychological effects of no longer Assessment Center, Yale New being able to drive. A detailed discussion of this issue, including research Haven Hospital. developments, practical applications, and future directions, can be found in Transportation in an Aging Society: A Decade of Experience (TRB, 2004) and a companion document, Safe Mobility for Older Americans: Report of the Com- mittee for the Conference on Transportation in an Aging Society (TRB, 2005). Still, the traditional emphasis on risk was understandable. Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of “accidental” injury and death in people 65 years of age and older, a group that is growing rapidly as the general population ages. Coupled with the increased susceptibility of older persons to injury because of their decreased reserve capacity, safety concerns are understandable. The 28 BRIDGE

However, the importance of driving to a person’s to a better balance between safety, autonomy, mobility, sense of independence and well-being must also be and participation in out-of-home activities. taken into account, particularly for people in North America. Older persons depend on cars far more than Demographics and Travel Patterns other modalities for transportation, either as drivers The number of older drivers is increasing, both or passengers. Moreover, in our society out-of-home because of the aging of the population as a whole and mobility provided by driving is a key factor in being the relative increase in the population of older people, able to participate in social and productive activities, largely women, who continue to drive, as compared which in turn have been associated with lower risk to women their age in the past. In the United States, of mortality and better functional status (Glass et al., the vast majority of trips by older persons, even of very 1999). Indeed, the cessation of driving has been linked advanced age, still depend on their driving, or being to a number of negative outcomes, including a decrease driven in, private automobiles (Rosenbloom, 2004). in participation in out-of-home activities, an increase Although the absolute number of crashes involving in depressive symptoms, and possibly an increase in the older drivers is low, crash rates increase when they are likelihood of nursing home placement (Freeman et al., adjusted for mileage. Older individuals are two- to four- 2006; Marottoli et al., 1997, 2000). fold more likely to be injured, hospitalized, or killed (probably because of their decreased reserve capacity) than younger individuals in crashes of similar magnitude (Barancik, 1986; Fife, 1984). Motor vehicle crashes are Older people sustain about the leading cause of “accidental” death for individu- 37,000 injuries a year getting als 65 to 74 years old and the second leading cause for individuals 75 to 84 years old (Dellinger and Stevens, into or out of cars. 2006). Not all injuries occur in crashes, however; older individuals sustain approximately 37,000 injuries a year getting into or out of vehicles, more than 40 percent of A sense of these negative consequences, which has these due to falls (Dellinger et al., 2008). long been evident in clinical practice, has led to reluc- Although advancing age per se does not increase the tance on the part of both patients and clinicians to dis- risk of crashes, certain older drivers are at risk because cuss the topic or to assess the underlying risk factors of of functional limitations, medical conditions, or the driving difficulties. In an early survey, many physicians effects of medication. Limitations in vision (distance reported that they were reluctant to address the issue acuity, peripheral fields, contrast sensitivity), cogni- because of the potential negative consequences for their tion (visual attention, processing speed, visual-spatial patients and the lack of options in many locations to fill ability, and executive function), and physical ability the mobility gap if people had to stop driving (Drickamer (flexibility and speed of movement) have been asso- and Marottoli, 1993). Increasing awareness of the need ciated with poor driving performance or crashes, as to provide transportation options and make people have medical conditions such as cardiac arrhythmias, aware of those options have been major contributors to dementia, Parkinson’s disease, sleep apnea, and stroke the paradigm shift in thinking described above. (Decina and Staplin, 1993; Drachman and Swearer, Although much of the early research in this area 1993; Findley et al., 1998; Freund et al., 2005; Larsen was on medical conditions and functional impairments et al., 1994; Legh-Smith et al., 1986; Marottoli et al., that might contribute to safety risks, recent efforts have 1994, 1998; McLay, 1989; Owsley, 2004; Owsley et focused more on determining whether interventions al., 1991; Whelihan, 2005). to improve drivers’ functions or adapt to impairments Crashes involving older drivers are most likely to might improve driving performance and safety. It is occur at intersections, particularly when making left hoped that a combination of the availability of interven- turns across traffic (Griffin, 2004; Mayhew et al., 2006). tions, and evidence of their effectiveness, coupled with Individuals who drive fewer than 1,800 miles per year the availability and awareness of transportation options, also appear to be at increased risk, probably because of will encourage drivers, families, and clinicians to engage the circumstances in which they drive (urban areas with in discussions of this sensitive topic and ultimately lead more traffic and intersections) and possibly because of SPring 2009 29

functional limitations (Keall and Frith, 2006; Langford been to make people more aware of their functional et al., 2006; Lyman et al., 2001). However, older people impairments, which often results in their voluntarily who drive more than 1,800 miles are often able to drive driving less often and in less risky situations (Owsley safely on highways and tend to have lower crash rates et al., 2003). (Keall and Frith, 2004; Langford et al., 2006). Effects of Driving Cessation Modifications to vehicles Several community-based studies (Campbell et al., 1993; Jette and Branch, 1992; Kington et al., 1994; and roadways can improve Marottoli, 1993) have found similar risk factors for driving cessation: advancing age, female gender, poor driving safety. health (either self-perceived or neurological or visual disorders), and functional limitations (in basic or instru- mental activities of daily living or higher level physical Modifications to Vehicles activities). However, driving cessation in itself can also The interventions described above were focused on have negative consequences, including decreased par- driver capabilities. However, other avenues for inter- ticipation in out-of-home activities, increased depres- vention include changes in the driver-vehicle and sive symptoms, and increased risk of nursing home driver-roadway interfaces. In this regard, it is helpful placement. The potential consequences of cessation, to consider the Haddon injury matrix of factors that coupled with the association of participation in social occur before, during, and after a collision involving the and productive activities with lower mortality risk and driver, vehicle, and roadway (Marottoli, 1993; Pike, better functional status, suggest that a potential down- 2004). Modifications that can help avoid collisions ward spiral may be triggered in part, or compounded by, and injuries include making it easier for people to enter driving cessation. and exit the vehicle, designing seats for driver comfort and movement, making vehicle controls more visible Interventions to make interaction with them easier, improving out- Improving Medical Conditions and Functional Abilities ward visibility and the use of mirrors, ensuring the use Growing evidence about risk factors and the negative of safety belts, and the presence of technologies such as effects of driving cessation have led to the development antilock brakes and traction control. of a number of interventions to determine if driving In the event of a crash, the most important factors safety can be enhanced and prolonged. Interventions are safety belts and air bags, the structural integrity of focused on improving medical conditions or functional the vehicle, and mechanisms that limit contact with abilities have, in fact, demonstrated that driving safety hard vehicle surfaces. After a crash, important fac- can be improved. Successful interventions in this cate- tors include automated signaling systems that alert gory include removal of cataracts, which can restore and emergency responders and technology that informs improve vision and, hence, driving capability (Owsley emergency crews of the severity of damage and the et al., 2002); training to increase the speed of informa- likely severity of occupant injury. tion processing, which can enhance activities of daily Modifications to Roadways living, as well as driving performance (Ball et al., 2007; Roenker et al., 2003); and range-of-motion and speed- Because left turns across traffic are a particularly dan- of-movement conditioning, which can enhance driving gerous maneuver, many recommendations have been performance and control (Marottoli et al., 2007). made for changes to intersection design to make these turns safer. Given the functional impairments commonly Educational Interventions encountered among older drivers, particular attention One approach to intervention focused on educa- has been paid to designing intersections so that drivers tion is combined classroom and on-road driver training making turns can see oncoming traffic clearly, that left- (Figure 1), which has been found to improve on-road turn lanes are protected, that signs are easily visible, and driving performance and road awareness (Bedard et al., that signals provide enough warning time for older driv- 2008; Marottoli et al., 2007b). Another approach has ers to respond (Schieber, 2004; Staplin, 2004). The 30 BRIDGE

Design strategies include Overall Mean Road Test Score High Baseline Road Test Tercile (>62) Medium Baseline Road Test Tercile (58 to 62) Low Baseline Road Test Tercile (<58) 72 72 having72 protected left turn 72 70 70 lanes70 with a green-arrow 70 68 68 signal68 and providing a “pos- 68 2) 2) -72) -72) -7 66 -7 66 Intervention itive66 offset” at intersections 66 (0 (0 (0 64 64 e that64 do not have green- 64 62 62 62 62 Scor Score Score Intervention Control arrow signals soIntervention that the Score (0 60 60 60 60 turning vehicle is in a posi- 58 Control 58 58 Control 58 tion to see oncoming traf- Intervention 56 56 56 56 54 54 fic54 clearly before turning. 54 Mean Road Test Mean Road Test Mean Road Test 52 Mean Road Test 52 Considerable52 efforts have 52 Control 50 50 also50 been made to modify 50 48 48 signs48 and signals to reduce 48 0 0 the0 risk of crashes and to 0 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 Follow-up Month Follow-up Month protect pedestriansFollow-up Mo nt whoh Follow-up Month must have adequate signals I C DIFF I C DIFF and traffic/speedI controlC DIFF I C DIFF N* 84 90 28 31 N*to allow sufficient31 crossing26 25 33 LSMEAN † -0.40 -2.83 2.43 -4.02 -4.70 0.68 LSMEAN time (Langlois† -1.29 et al.,-3 .121997; 1.83 4.49 -0.32 4.81 SE 1.03 1.12 1.12 1.46 1.52 1.91 SEOxley et al.,1.47 2004). 1.61 1.93 1.66 1.55 1.93 p-value 0.702 0.012 0.032 0.007 0.002 0.722 p-valueOther roadway0.381 0.055 design 0.345 0.008 0.835 0.014 changes that can reduce the *Fourrisk participants of crashes, in the or interventionminimize group (3 in low baseline tercile and 1 high baseline tercile) Overall Mean Road Test Score High Baseline Road Test Tercile (>62) Medium Baseline Road Test Tercile (58 to 62) Low Baseline Road Test Tercile (<58) did not complete the follow-up road test exam. 72 72 72 72 †LSMEANthe risk is ofthe injuryleast squares if crashes mean change in road test score at 3 months relative to baseline 70 70 70 70 frodom the occur, multiple include regression remov model- adjusted for recruitment site, driving evaluator and baseline 68 68 68 68 driving tercile. 2) 2) ing fixed roadside obstacles, -72) -72) -7 66 -7 66 Intervention 66 66 (0 (0 (0 enforcing speed limits, 64 64 e 64 64 62 62 62 62 lengthening merging lanes Scor Score Score

Intervention Control Intervention Score (0 60 60 60 60 on highways, and using low- 58 Control 58 58 Control 58 glare lighting, high-traction Intervention 56 56 56 56 surfaces, and high-visibility 54 54 54 54 lane markings and signs. Mean Road Test Mean Road Test Mean Road Test 52 Mean Road Test 52 52 52 Control Considerable efforts have 50 50 50 50 also been made to use sign 48 48 48 48 0 0 0 0 materials and letter fonts 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 and symbols that maximize Follow-up Month Follow-up Month Follow-up Month Follow-up Month their visibility for all drivers I C DIFF I C DIFF I C DIFF I C DIFF under all conditions.

N* 84 90 28 31 N* 31 26 25 33 Other Transportation † † LSMEAN -0.40 -2.83 2.43 -4.02 -4.70 0.68 LSMEAN -1.29 -3.12 1.83 4.49 -0.32 4.81 Options SE 1.03 1.12 1.12 1.46 1.52 1.91 SE 1.47 1.61 1.93 1.66 1.55 1.93 As people limit their p-value 0.702 0.012 0.032 0.007 0.002 0.722 p-value 0.381 0.055 0.345 0.008 0.835 0.014 driving or stop driving *Four participants in the intervention group (3 in low baseline tercile and 1 high baseline tercile) altogether, they must rely did not complete the follow-up road test exam. on other transportation †LSMEAN is the least squares mean change in road test score at 3 months relative to baseline from the multiple regression model adjusted for recruitment site, driving evaluator and baseline options to enable them driving tercile. to maintain out-of-home mobility and activity levels. FIGURE 1 Comparison of road test scores at baseline and three months for intervention and control groups. A broad range of options SPring 2009 31

may be available, depending on the person’s capabilities the overriding goal of keeping older persons as safe and and limitations, geographic location (urban, suburban, mobile as possible. or rural), and financial resources (Suen and Sen, 2004). Key features to be considered have been called the “five References A’s of transportation”: availability, accessibility, accept- Ball, K., J.D. Edwards, and L.A. Ross. 2007. The impact ability, affordability, and adaptability (Kerschner and of speed of processing training on cognitive and everyday Aizenberg, 2004). Part of the challenge is identifying functions. Journals of Gerontology: SERIES B-Psycho- existing options in a given area and determining how logical Sciences and Social Sciences 62(Special Issue I): many of the key features they have. 19 – 31. After private cars, the most common option in Barancik, J.I., B.F. Chatterjee, Y.E. Greene-Cradden, E.M. many areas is walking, highlighting the importance of Michenzi, C.F. Kramer, H.C. Tode, and D. Fife. 1986. pedestrian safety (Suen and Sen, 2004). Urban areas Motor Vehicle Trauma in Northeastern Ohio. I: Incidence typically have affordable public transportation options, and Outcome by Age, Sex, and Road-Use Category. Amer- because shorter distances are involved and infrastruc- ican Journal of Epidemiology 123(5): 846 – 861. ture is more extensive. In less densely populated areas, Bedard, M., M.M. Porter, S. Marshall, I. Isherwood, J. Rien- informal transportation must be relied upon. deau, B. Weaver, H. Tuokko, F. Molnar, and J. Miller-Pol- Public transportation options (such as buses, sub- gar. 2008. The combination of two training approaches to ways, and rail) typically operate on fixed routes with improve older adults’ driving safety. Traffic Injury Preven- set schedules and pre-determined stops; they sometimes tion 9(1): 70 – 76. also have a flexible route that can be modified for pick- Campbell, M.K., T.L. Bush, and W.E. Hale. 1993. Medical ing up and dropping off passengers. In addition, para- conditions associated with driving cessation in community- transit services, private taxis, and livery services may dwelling, ambulatory elders. Journals of Gerontology 48(4): provide a range of options. S230 – S234. Decina, L.E., and L. Staplin. 1993. Retrospective evalua- Land-Use Planning and Retirement tion of alternative vision screening criteria for older and Another approach is to define how retirement younger drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 25(3): and land-use planning interact (Giuliano, 2004). 267 – 275. One area of focus in studies of decisions about where Dellinger, A.M., R.M. Boyd, and T. Haileyesus. 2008. Fall people decide to live and retire is how transportation- injuries in older adults from an unusual source: entering related factors enter into their decisions. Another and exiting a vehicle. Journal of the American Geriatrics factor is how communities adjust to the aging of their Society 56(4): 609 – 614. populations in terms of ensuring pedestrian safety and Dellinger, A.M., and J.A. Stevens. 2006. The injury problem providing transportation options. In some cases, com- among older adults: mortality, morbidity, and costs. Journal munities are designed from the outset to meet the needs of Safety Research 37(5): 519 – 522. of older persons. Drachman, D.A., and J.M. Swearer. 1993. Driving and Alzheimer’s disease: the risk of crashes. Neurology 43(12): Future Directions and the Role of Technology 2448 – 2456. At each juncture outlined above, there are many Drickamer, M.A., and R.A. Marottoli. 1993. Physician areas that need further investigation or that can be responsibility in driver assessment. American Journal of improved. Even though we already have substantial the Medical Sciences 306(5): 277 – 281. evidence of effective interventions, our knowledge in Fife, D.F., J.I. Barancik, and B.F. Chatterjee. 1984. North- many areas is limited, and we surely must improve the eastern Ohio Trauma Study: II. Injury Rate by Age, Sex efficiency and dissemination of information about suc- and Cause. American Journal of Public Health 74(5): cessful interventions. 473 – 478. In addition, many uncertainties and variables are Findley, L.J., M.E. Unverzagt, and P.M. Suratt. 1988. Auto- likely to change over time, such as the characteristics of mobile accidents involving patients with obstructive sleep vehicles and roads, as well as the capabilities and limita- apnea. American Review of Respiratory Disease 138(2): tions of drivers and transportation users. We must keep 337 – 340. an open mind and apply our existing knowledge with Freeman, E.E., S.J. Gange, B. Munoz, and S.K. West. 2006. The 32 BRIDGE

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Owsley, C. 2004. Driver Capabilities. Pp. 44 – 55 in Trans- Rosenbloom, S. 2004. Mobility of the Elderly: Good News portation in an Aging Society: A Decade of Experience, and Bad News. Pp. 3 – 21 in Transportation in an Aging Conference Proceedings 27. Washington, D.C.: Transpor- Society, A Decade of Experience, Conference Proceedings tation Research Board. 27. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board. Owsley, C., K. Ball, M.E. Sloane, D.I. Roenker, and J.R. Schieber, F. 2004. Highway Enhancements to Improve Safety Bruni. 1991. Visual/cognitive correlates of vehicle and Mobility of Older Road Users. Pp. 125 – 154 in Trans- accidents in older drivers. Psychology and Aging 6(3): portation in an Aging Society: A Decade of Experience, 403 – 415. Conference Proceedings 27. Washington, D.C.: Transpor- Owsley, C., G. McGwin, M. Sloane, J. Wells, B.T. Stalvey, tation Research Board. and S. Gauthreaux. 2002. Impact of cataract surgery on Staplin, L. 2004. Highway Enhancements to Improve Safety motor vehicle crash involvement by older adults. Journal and Mobility of Older Road Users: Practical Applications. of the American Medical Association 288(7): 841 – 849. Pp. 155 – 166 in Transportation in an Aging Society: A Owsley, C., B.T. Stalvey, and J.M. Phillips. 2003. The Decade of Experience, Conference Proceedings 27. Wash- efficacy of an educational intervention in promoting ington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board. self-regulation among high-risk older drivers. Accident Suen, S.L., and L. Sen. 2004. Mobility Options for Seniors. Analysis and Prevention 35(3): 393 – 400. Pp. 97 – 113 in Transportation in an Aging Society: A Oxley, J., B.N. Fildes, and R.E. Dewar. 2004. Safety of Older Decade of Experience, Conference Proceedings 27. Wash- Pedestrians. Pp. 167 – 191 in Transportation in an Aging ington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board. Society: A Decade of Experience, Conference Proceedings TRB (Transportation Research Board). 2004. Transportation 27. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board. in an Aging Society: A Decade of Experience. Confer- Pike, J. 2004. Reducing Injuries and Fatalities to Older Driv- ence Proceedings 27. Washington, D.C.: Transportation ers: Vehicle Concepts. Pp. 213 – 226 in Transportation Research Board. in an Aging Society: A Decade of Experience, Confer- TRB. 2005. Safe Mobility for Older Americans: Report of ence Proceedings 27. Washington, D.C.: Transportation the Committee for the Conference on Transportation in Research Board. an Aging Society. Conference Proceedings on the Web 2. Roenker, D.L., G.M. Cissell, K.K. Ball, V.G. Wadley, and J.D. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board. Edwards. 2003. Speed-of-processing and driving simulator Whelihan, W.M., M.A. DiCarlo, and R.H. Paul. 2005. The training result in improved driving performance. Human relationship of neuropsychological functioning to driving Factors 45(2): 218 – 233. competence in older persons with early cognitive decline. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 20(2): 217 – 228. Human factors engineers can greatly increase the independence and improve the quality of life for older people.

The Aging of the Population: Opportunities and Challenges for Human Factors Engineering

Sara J. Czaja and Joseph Sharit

Dramatic changes are taking place in the demographic structure of the United States and other countries (Figure 1). An estimated 22 percent of the population will be over the age of 65 by 2030, and the fastest growing Sara J. Czaja, Ph.D. cohort within this subgroup will be people over 75. Currently about 44.5 million people are over the age of 75; by 2050 they will number almost 50 million (Figure 1) (NCHS, 2005). Similar changes are occurring worldwide. By 2030 the percentage of people aged 65+ will be about 24 percent in Europe and about 12 percent in Asia and Latin America. The aging of the population presents vast societal challenges to ensuring that our infrastructures can support the needs of older people enabling them to live healthy, independent, and productive lives. To meet these challenges, we must rethink our conceptualizations of aging and redefine what it means to be “older.” The cohort of older adults today is very different from previous cohorts of older people, and the next cohort of the elderly, who will be mostly “baby boomers,” is also likely to be different from today’s elderly. Joseph Sharit, Ph.D. In general, older people today are healthier, more diverse, and better educated than previous generations, and many are pursuing active lives. For

Sara J. Czaja, Ph.D., is a professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center on Aging, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. Joseph Sharit, Ph.D., is a professor in the Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Miami. SPring 2009 35

example, many older adults, either out of need or by choice, remain employed in a full- or part-time capacity; some are even pursuing new careers, and many are engaged in volunteer work. The increase in the number of older workers requires changes in government and organizational policies, work procedures, and educational and training systems. Many older people are also engaging in continuing education, recreational activities (e.g., competitive sports), and travel. Overall, older people FIGURE 1 Changes in the age distribution of people 65 and older in the U.S. population over the last century and projected are living longer than ever through 2050. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Decennial Census, Population Estimates and Projections. before, and the number of older people reporting very good health and improve- Currently, all forms of technology, including computers, ments in physical functioning (e.g., the ability to walk communications, safety, and health monitoring devices, a mile or climb stairs) has increased in recent years. are being used to perform routine tasks and activities. The Nevertheless, the likelihood of a person developing a use of technology has become an integral component of disability or chronic illness increases with age. Many work, education, communication, and entertainment. older adults are disabled in one or more aspects of self- Technology is also being increasingly used in the health care and, in general, the elderly require more health care care arena for the delivery of services, in-home monitor- services and incur higher health care costs than younger ing, interactive communication (e.g., between patient people. As the elderly population increases and people and physician), the transfer of health information, and live longer, more people will require help with aspects peer support. As communication protocols evolve, we of daily living and disease management. can anticipate more sophisticated network applications Normative changes in function also occur with aging. that can provide faster and more powerful interactive For example, aging is accompanied by declines in visual services in the future. Intelligent technologies will also and auditory acuity, a slowing of reaction and response increasingly become embedded in our interactions with times, declines in motor skills and agility, and changes the environment, and robots performing daily tasks will in cognitive processes such as lapses in memory and be commonplace. People of all ages will interact with attention. Thus there is a clear need for strategies to some form of technology to function independently and help healthy older people remain productive and inde- engage effectively in their surroundings. pendent and to ensure that those who are frail or dis- Technology has great potential for improving the qual- abled receive care and support so that they can live in ity of life for older people. For example, telemedicine/ their communities for as long as possible. Age-related e-health will improve the physical and emotional changes in function have vast implications for the design well-being of older people. Technology can also of products, environments, and activities. enable older people to remain connected to family and friends, especially with those who are distant. Tech- Diffusion of Technology nology can also help older people remain employed Simultaneously with the aging of the population, we and maintain or upgrade their skills, or it can ease the are witnessing unprecedented development and the dif- transition to retirement. fusion of technology into all aspects of everyday life. To date, however, evidence shows that the potential The 36 BRIDGE benefits of technology for older adults have not been approach to design in which age-related changes in realized. In 2007, about 32 percent of people age 65+ capabilities, tendencies, and preferences are incorpo- were Internet users, as compared to 65 percent of people rated into guidelines for design of products, tasks, and age 50 to 64 and 83 percent of people age 30 to 49. environments (Rogers and Fisk, 2000). Older adults who use computers and the Internet tend User-centered design can address the problems of to be well educated and white and have more social older adults and help them retain and enjoy indepen- resources and fewer functional impairments than non- dence in their later years. In the following sections, technology users. The number of older people who some examples are presented of how older people could have adopted home broadband is also lower than in the benefit tremendously, especially in the areas of infor- general population. In 2007, only 15 percent of people mation technologies, health care, and employment, aged 65+ had broadband access at home, which limits from the application of human factors principles and the scope and potential of their online experience (Pew concepts. These examples illustrate opportunities for Internet & American Life Project, 2006, 2007). The human factors engineers. widespread use of technology in the larger society sug- gests that the lack of technology use among older adults Health Care will have increasingly negative implications. For exam- The likelihood of developing a disability or chronic ple, older people, who are most likely to need medical illness increases with age, and many older adults are care, may not have access to health care technologies. unable to perform one or more self-care tasks. In gen- To date, older adults have largely been ignored as a eral, the elderly require more health care services and viable user group by designers of technology systems. incur higher health care costs than younger people. The Although older people will have more technology expe- application of human factors and ergonomics principles rience in the future, they may still have problems adopt- and methods to the design of assistive and information ing or negotiating technologies with new features unless technologies can improve the lives of elders in the areas system designers perceive older adults as an important of e-health, medication adherence, health care delivery, user group and take their needs into account. The warnings and instructions, home safety, and the design age-related digital divide could be closed if efforts are of assistive devices. focused on that goal. Improving Medication Adherence Failure to take medications as prescribed is a common Many system designers problem among older adults and a significant predic- tor of hospital admissions. Generally, the person fails do not take the needs of to take a prescribed medication, takes the incorrect dosage, takes medications at improper times or in the older adults into account. wrong combinations, or fails to comply with special instructions such as dietary restrictions. Noncompli- ance is particularly problematic for older people who Human Factors Engineering take multiple drugs and are susceptible to side effects Human factors engineering, the study of human and drug interactions. beings and their interactions with products, equip- The problem of medication non-adherence is com- ment, and environments in the performance of tasks plex and may be attributed to numerous factors, such as and activities, could have great benefits for improving an individual’s perceptions or beliefs (e.g., the person the independence and quality of life of older people. does not believe that he or she is ill or that the medica- The overall objective of human factors engineers is tion is effective), cognitive problems (difficulty compre- to improve the “fit” between people and the designed hending or remembering medication instructions), or environment to maximize performance, safety, com- ineffective strategies to encourage compliance. Many of fort, and user satisfaction and minimize the likeli- these factors can be addressed by engineering solutions hood of errors, inefficiencies, injuries, fatigue, and user to help offset memory problems associated with compre- dissatisfaction. To achieve this objective, human hending and integrating medication schedules. factors engineers espouse a user-centered, systems Products and devices could be designed to improve SPring 2009 37

the organization of medications, such as calendars, in their health care. Patient empowerment can result electronic pill dispensers, and compartmentalized con- in more informed decision making, better and more tainers that are congruent with a medication schedule. individualized treatment decisions, stronger patient- Voice mail or beepers might be used to remind individu- provider relationships, increased patient compliance, als to take medications. Automated telephone messag- and better medical outcomes. On the negative side, ing is effective not only for medication adherence, but access to such a wide array of health information can also for reminding people of appointment times and for overload both patient and physician, disrupt existing monitoring chronically ill patients and older adults who relationships, and lead to poor decision making on the live in the community and are not being monitored in part of consumers. health care, assistive, or other facilities. Other engineering solutions include improvements in the packaging and labeling of medications and educating individuals about the nature of their illnesses and the importance Access to health information of medication in illness management. The appropriate can empower patients, intervention depends on an understanding of the reason for non-adherence (Park and Jones, 1997). but too much information Improving Health Care Delivery can be overwhelming. Engineering and technology applications can improve health care delivery for people who are frail or have limited mobility, facilitate access to health care infor- The Internet can help older people communicate mation and services, and make it easier for health care with health care providers or other people with similar professionals to deliver care. For example, computers problems. Several studies have shown that online sup- and information technologies, such as e-mail and the port groups are beneficial for this population (Fogel et Internet, can give older people access to information al., 2002). The Internet may be particularly beneficial about a particular illness, medication, diet, or exer- for hearing impaired or aphasic individuals. However, cise program. Technology can be used by health care for these technology-based applications to be successful, providers to communicate with older patients; remind the technology must be relatively simple to use, readily them of appointments and home health care regimens, available, and affordable, and adequate training must such as dietary schedules; and check on a patient’s gen- be provided. In addition, designers should take into eral health status. account the credibility of information, privacy issues, Interactive health communication, or “e-health,” and trust. generally refers to the interaction between an indi- The term “telemedicine” refers to a wide range of vidual and an electronic device or communication technologies, from simple telephone connections to technology (such as the Internet) that provides access live two-way video and audio transmissions (interactive to information, transmits health information, or pro- television). With telemedicine, physicians can directly vides health-related guidance and support (Robinson assess patients and measure blood pressure, gait, and et al., 1998). The scope of e-health applications is cognitive status. Physicians can also measure vital signs fairly broad, but most applications involve searching and ask hypertensive patients about disease manifesta- for health information, participating in support groups, tions and drug side effects. The cost of the technology and consulting with health care professionals. Millions varies with the sophistication of the system. of websites currently provide health information, and Finally, personal health records, especially patient- in 2006 about 113 million Americans searched for oriented electronic medical records (EMRs), can health information online on a typical day (Pew Inter- bring together fragmented information from mul- net and American Life Report, 2006). tiple sources. A study committee of the Institute of The fact that consumers have access to e-health appli- Medicine concluded that EMRs are necessary to cations has significant implications for both patients improve the quality and decrease the costs of medical and providers. On the positive side, access to health care and recommended that patients have unfettered information can empower patients to take an active role access to their own medical information (IOM, 2001). The 38 BRIDGE

Patient-oriented EMRs are being designed to provide intellectual capital is an important organizational asset tailored information that can be accessed through on- are also becoming commonplace. These changes in line patient portals. Patient portals to EMRs also have work structures and processes will have a pronounced the potential to personalize health education accord- effect on the nature of work and on the required capa- ing to an individual’s demographic characteristics and bilities of workers. medical conditions. In addition, they can supply deci- Ongoing developments in technology are also reshap- sion-support tools that can synthesize a great deal of ing work processes, jobs, workplaces, and the delivery of medical information into linguistically appropriate job education and training. The introduction of auto- messages for that individual. mation and computer technologies into the workplace Despite the growing popularity of EMRs, little has dramatically changed the nature of many jobs and research has been done on the usability of these tools work situations. for patient self-management, especially for at-risk popu- To ensure that older adults can adapt to new work- lations such as older adults who are already experienc- place technologies, employers must provide them with ing a much larger variety of health problems than other access to retraining programs and incentives to invest segments of the population. Although the number of in learning new skills and abilities. In addition, train- patient-accessible EMRs is increasing, many of them ing and instructional materials should be designed for have not been evaluated to establish their usefulness older learners, and technologies themselves should be and usability. Widespread public acceptance of EMRs designed (or modified) to be usable and useful for older and other e-health tools will require that designers adults, especially people with some type of impairment. pay more attention to the needs and circumstances of The benefits of new work arrangements (e.g., tele- intended users, including their experience with health working) should also be explored for older workers. information and digital technologies and their capaci- Telework may be particularly appealing to older adults, ties for health self-management (DHHS, 2006). who are more likely than younger people to be “mobility impaired” or engaged in some form of care giving (Schulz and Martire, in press). Telework also allows for flexible work schedules and autonomy and is amenable By 2010, there will be to part-time work. There are also challenges, however, associated with 26 million workers telework for both workers and managers. The chal- age 55 or older. lenges for workers include isolation, managing home and work responsibilities, and the lack of technical support and feedback from managers and co-workers. For managers, the challenges relate to supervision and Employment and Work Settings management of workers and decisions about which Current demographic projections indicate that by workers are best suited to telework. A more funda- 2010 there will be about 26 million workers in the mental concern is that most teleworkers must interact United States age 55+, a 46 percent increase since with computers and the Internet or some other form 2000. By 2025, the number will increase to approxi- of technology to perform their jobs. Although some mately 33 million (GAO, 2003). The number of work- data suggest that older workers are receptive to tele- ers age 65+ will also increase substantially. Parallel work opportunities (Sharit et al., 2004), in general lim- trends have been identified in other developed coun- ited systematic evaluations of telework, especially with tries throughout the world. older workers, have been done. In addition to changes in demographics, we are also witnessing changes in the structure of work orga- Areas for Future Research nizations. For example, vertically integrated business Human factors engineering focuses on improving organizations are becoming less-vertically integrated, interactions among people, tasks, environments, and specialized firms. Decentralized management, collab- products. The application of human-factors and ergo- orative work arrangements, and team work, and a new nomics principles can improve the health, safety, and paradigm of knowledge-based organizations in which quality of life of older people. The basic premise of SPring 2009 39

human factors and ergonomics is that user-centered References design, based on a fundamental understanding of Czaja, S.J., and C.C. Lee. 2002. Designing Computer Sys- user capabilities, needs, and preferences, will lead to tems for Older Adults. Handbook of Human-Computer improvements in performance. Thus, according to this Interaction, edited by J. Jacko and A. Sears. Mahwah, N.J.: principle, improving the health and quality of life of Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates. older people requires that the knowledge of aging be Czaja, S.J., and C.C. Lee. 2006. The Potential Influence applied to the design of products and environments. of the Internet on the Transition to Older Adulthood. For example, in today’s health care and work envi- Pp. 239 – 252 in New Dynamics in Old Age: Individual, ronments the ability to use technology is a critical skill. Environmental, and Societal Perspectives, edited by H-W. Technology can greatly improve the well-being and Wahl, C. Tesch-Romer, and A. Hoff. Amityville, N.Y.: quality of life of older adults, and studies indicate that Baywood Publishing Co., Inc. older people are receptive to using new technologies. DHHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). However, they often encounter difficulties because they 2006. Expanding the Reach and Impact of Consumer receive inappropriate training or because designers of E-health Tools. Washington, D.C.: DHHS. the technology have not taken into consideration the Fisk, A.D., W. Rogers, N. Charness, S.J. Czaja, and J. Sharit. needs of older people. User testing and user-centered 2004. Designing for Older Adults: Principles and Creative design are critical to the success of technical systems. Human Factors Approaches. London, U.K.: Taylor and Guidelines for human-computer interaction suggest Francis. how computers and other forms of technology can be Fogel, J., S.M. Albert, F. Schnabel, B.A. Ditkoff, and A.I. useful to, and usable by older adults (Czaja and Lee, Neughut. 2002. Internet use and social support in women 2002, 2006; Fisk et al., 2004). with breast cancer. Health Psychology 21: 398 – 404. We currently know very little about the efficacy of GAO (Government Accountability Office). 2003. Older design aids and support tools for older adults. We also Workers: Policies of Other Nations to Increase Labor need more information on the best way to train older Force Participation. GAO-03-307. Report to the Rank- adults to use new technologies, and there are many ing Minority Member, Special Committee on Aging, U.S. unanswered questions about the best designs of online Senate. Washington, D.C.: GAO. training programs and multimedia formats. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2001. Crossing the Quality Issues of privacy and trust in technology are critical Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Wash- areas for research. There are also many questions about ington, D.C.: National Academy Press. the Internet, such as how access to Internet informa- NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics). 2005. tion impacts health care behavior and how we can teach Health, United States, 2005 with Chartbook on Trends in seniors to identify and integrate relevant information the Health of Americans. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Gov- from the enormous amount of information available on ernment Printing Office. the Internet. Park, D.C., and T.R. Jones. 1997. Medication Adherence In the workplace, research on how technology and Aging. Pp. 257 – 288 in Handbook of Human Factors impacts employment opportunities and the work per- and the Older Adult, edited by A.D. Fisk and W.A. Rogers. formance of older people would be extremely helpful. San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press. Not much research has been done on telework as it Pew Internet & American Life Report. 2006. Home Broad- relates to older people or the factors that influence band Adoption 2006. Available online at http://www. technology adoption, especially for minority elderly pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Broadband_trends2006.pdf. people and people who are not highly educated or well Retrieved March 23, 2008. off economically. Pew Internet & American Life Report. 2007. Digital Foot- Finally, many questions related to quality of life and prints: Online identity management and search in the age socialization have not been fully explored. Many of of transparency. Available online at http://www.pewinter- the needs of older people could be addressed, or partly net.org/pdfs/PIP_Digital_Footprints.pdf. Retrieved March addressed through technological solutions. However, 23, 2008. we will first need a systematic effort to understand their Robinson, T.N., P.K. Eng, and D. Gustafson. 1998. An evidence- needs and incorporate them into the design of products based approach to interactive health communication: a for the marketplace. challenge to medicine in the information age. Journal of The 40 BRIDGE

the American Medical Association 280(14): 1264 – 1269. for the Future, edited by S.J. Czaja and J. Sharit. Baltimore, Rogers, W., and A. Fisk. 2000. Human Factors, Applied Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Cognition, and Aging. Pp. 559 – 592 in The Handbook Sharit, J., S.J. Czaja, M. Hernandez, Y. Yang, D. Perdomo, of Aging and Cognition, edited by F.I.M. Craik and T.A. J.L. Lewis, C.C. Lee, and S. Nair. 2004. An evaluation of Salthouse. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. performance by older persons on a simulated telecommut- Schulz, R., and L.M. Martire. In press. Caregiving and Employ- ing task. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences ment. In Aging and Work: An Assessment and Implications 59B(6): 305 – 316. Spring 2009 41

NAE News and Notes Class of 2009 Elected

In February, NAE elected 65 new Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Mountain View, California. For members and 9 new foreign associ- Worcester, Massachusetts. For con- leadership in the development of ates, bringing the number of mem- tributions to solidification process- the rapid indexing and retrieval bers to 2,246 and the number of ing and for outstanding leadership of information from the World foreign associates to 197. Election in engineering education and uni- Wide Web. to NAE, one of the highest profes- versity-industry collaboration. sional distinctions accorded to an Selim A. Chacour, president, engineer, honors those who have David C. Auth, consultant, Kirk- American Hydro Corporation, York, made outstanding contributions to land, Washington. For the inven- Pennsylvania. For pioneering three- “engineering research, practice, or tion and application of minimally dimensional finite element compu- education, including . . . significant invasive devices for the treatment of tations in mechanical and hydraulic contributions to the engineering lit- gastrointestinal bleeding and coro- design, leadership in hydroturbine erature” and to “new and develop- nary artery obstructions. research and development, and ing fields of technology, . . . major business stewardship. advancements in traditional fields Amos A. Avidan, senior vice presi- of engineering, or . . . innovative dent, Bechtel Corporation, Hous- Moustafa T. Chahine, senior research approaches to engineering educa- ton, Texas. For contributions to the associate, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, tion.” A list of the newly elected understanding, scale-up, and com- Pasadena, California. For leadership members and foreign associates fol- mercialization of fluid-bed reactors, in determining the structure and lows, with primary affiliations at the liquefied natural gas facilities, and composition of the Earth’s atmo- time of election and brief descrip- gasification plants. sphere from space observations. tions of principal accomplishments. Jay P. Boris, chief scientist and Jean-Lou Aristide Chameau, presi- New Members director, Laboratory for Computa- dent, California Institute of Tech- Paul M. Anderson, consultant, Power tional Physics and Fluid Dynamics, nology, Pasadena. For national and Math Associates, San Diego, Cali- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, international leadership and contri- fornia. For contributions that have Washington, D.C. For fundamental butions in engineering education, advanced the analysis and control of contributions in core computational geotechnical engineering, and pub- electric power systems worldwide. fluid dynamics algorithms and their lic policy. application to national problems. Kristi S. Anseth, distinguished pro- Yet-Ming Chiang, Kyocera Profes- fessor and Howard Hughes Medical Frank (Skip) L. Bowman, former sor, Department of Materials Science Institute Investigator, Department chief of naval personnel and former and Engineering, Massachusetts of Chemical and Biological Engi- director, Nuclear Propulsion Pro- Institute of Technology, Cambridge. neering, University of Colorado, gram, U.S. Department of the Navy, For contributions to understanding Boulder. For pioneering the ratio- North Potomac, Maryland. For of new energy storage materials and nal design of biomaterials for tissue leadership in the design of nuclear- their commercialization. engineering, drug delivery, and bio- reactor propulsion plants to support sensing applications. the power requirements of evolving Robert Leon Cook, vice president combat systems. of advanced technology, Pixar Ani- Diran Apelian, Howmet Profes- mation Studios, Emeryville, Califor- sor of Mechanical Engineering and Sergey Brin, co-founder and presi- nia. For building the motion picture director, Metal Processing Institute, dent of technology, Google Inc., industry’s standard rendering tool. The 42 BRIDGE

Arthur J. Coury, Coury Consult- S.M. Farouq Ali, president, Petro- research in geosynthetics engineering, Boston, Massachusetts. For leum Engineering Research Labo- ing and its practical application in contributions to design and com- ratories Canada Ltd., Edmonton, civil/geotechnical engineering. mercialization of pacemakers, Alberta, Canada. For pioneering biodegradable biomaterials, and techniques for enhanced oil and gas Andrew Jackson, senior scientific implantable devices. recovery. adviser and program lead, Exxon- Mobil Research and Engineering William J. Dally, chief scientist and Stephen N. Finger, retired presi- Corporation, Annandale, New Jer- senior vice president of research, dent, Pratt & Whitney, East Hart- sey. For contributions to tribology NVIDIA Corporation and Willard ford, Connecticut. For leadership and research in elastohydrodynamic R. and Inez Kerr Bell Professor of in the design, development, and lubrication, fatigue, machine effi- Engineering, Stanford University. manufacture of advanced military ciency, automotive emissions, and For contributions to the design of and commercial gas turbines and synthetic lubricants. high-performance interconnect advanced rotorcraft. networks and parallel computer Kanti Jain, professor, Department of architectures. Stephen P.A. Fodor, founder and Electrical and Computer Engineer- executive chairman, Affymetrix Inc., ing, University of Illinois, Urbana. Jeffrey Dean, Google Fellow, Santa Clara, California. For pioneer- For contributions to the develop- Google Inc., Mountain View, Cali- ing and commercialization of very- ment of high-resolution, deep- fornia. For contributions to the sci- high-density DNA arrays, enabling ultraviolet excimer lithography for ence and engineering of large-scale massively parallel genomics. microelectronic fabrication. distributed computer systems. Gerard J. Foschini, distinguished Ahsan Kareem, Robert M. Moran Jack B. Dennis, Professor Emeritus, inventor, Alcatel-Lucent, Bell Labs, Professor, Department of Civil Engi- Computer Science and Artificial Holmdel, New Jersey. For contribu- neering and Geological Sciences, Intelligence Laboratory, Massachu- tions to the science and technology University of Notre Dame, South setts Institute of Technology, Cam- of wireless communications with Bend, Indiana. For contributions to bridge. For contributions to sharing multiple antennas for transmission analyses and designs to account for and protection in computer systems and receiving. wind effects on tall buildings, long- and parallel architectures based on span bridges, and other structures. data flow principles. Donald P. Gaver Jr., distinguished professor of operations research, Chaitan Khosla, chair and professor, Mark Drela, Terry J. Kohler Profes- Naval Postgraduate School, Mon- Department of Chemical Engineer- sor of Fluid Dynamics, Department terey, California. For contributions ing, Stanford University, Stanford, of Aeronautics and Astronautics, to reliability, maintainability, and California. For engineering molec- Massachusetts Institute of Technol- queuing concepts, with applications ular assembly lines, developing met- ogy, Cambridge. For creation of to telecommunications and military abolic engineering technologies, breakthrough aircraft designs and systems. and advancing biopharmaceutical design software that enabled opera- discovery. tion in new flight regimes. Sanjay Ghemawat, Google Fellow, Google Inc., Mountain View, Cali- John Kim, Rockwell International Deborah L. Estrin, director, Center fornia. For contributions to the sci- Professor, Department of Mechani- for Embedded Networked Sensing, ence and engineering of large-scale cal and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Ange- distributed computer systems. University of California, Los Ange- les. For the pioneering design and les. For development of direct application of heterogeneous wire- Jean-Pierre Giroud, independent numerical simulation and seminal less sensing systems for environmen- consultant, JP GIROUD INC., contributions to the understanding tal monitoring. Ocean Ridge, Florida. For pioneering of the physics and control of turbu- lent flows. Spring 2009 43

Paul C. Kocher, founder, presi- Nanotechnology, and George B. Hydrocarbon Research Institute, dent, and chief scientist, Cryptog- Rathmann Professor of Chemistry, University of Southern California, raphy Research Inc., San Francisco, Northwestern University, Evanston, Los Angeles. For contributions California. For contributions to Illinois. For development of DNA to the development of chemical cryptography and Internet security. programmable inorganic materials technologies for environmentally and dip pen nanolithography. favored and carbon-neutral energy Christopher B. Lofgren, presi- conversion. dent and chief executive officer, Umesh K. Mishra, professor, Schneider National Inc., Green Department of Electrical and James F. Pankow, professor, Depart- Bay, Wisconsin. For development Computer Engineering, Univer- ment of Chemistry and Department and implementation of supply-chain sity of California, Santa Barbara. of Civil and Environmental Engi- engineering concepts, software and For contributions to development neering, Portland State University, technology for truck transportation, of gallium-nitride electronics and Portland, Oregon. For contribu- and third-party logistics. other high-speed, high-power semi- tions to understanding the chemi- conductor electronic devices. cal thermodynamics of organic Mark S. Lundstrom, Don and particulate matter in urban air and Carol Scifres Distinguished Profes- C. Mohan, IBM Fellow, IBM the global atmosphere. sor of Electrical and Computer Engi- Almaden Research Center, San neering, Purdue University, West Jose, California. For contributions Stavros S. Papadopulos, founder Lafayette, Indiana. For leadership to locking and recovery algorithms and senior principal, S.S. Papadopu- in microelectronics and nanoelec- for database systems. los & Associates Inc., Bethesda, tronics through research, innovative Maryland. For pioneering contri- education, and unique applications Edward I. Moses, principal associ- butions to statistical methods for of cyberinfrastructure. ate director, National Ignition Facil- estimating groundwater flow and ity and Photon Science Directorate, contaminant transport. William S. Marras, Honda Endowed Lawrence Livermore National Lab- Chair, Department of Industrial and oratory, Livermore, California. For Stuart S.P. Parkin, IBM Fellow and Systems Engineering, Ohio State outstanding scientific and engineer- manager, magnetoelectronics, IBM University, Columbus. For devel- ing leadership of the National Igni- Almaden Research Center, San oping methods and models used to tion Facility. Jose, California. For contributions control costs and injuries associated to development of spin-engineered with manual work in industry. Charles Noelke, DuPont Fellow, magnetic heterostructures for mag- DuPont, Fayetteville, North Caro- netic sensors and memory devices. Michael J. McGuire, Michael J. lina. For development and com- McGuire Inc., Los Angeles, Cali- mercialization of green chemistry Claire L. Parkinson, senior sci- fornia. For scientific contributions and processes, especially for CFC entist and Aqua Project Scien- that have improved the safety and alternatives and fluoropolymers. tist, NASA Goddard Space Flight aesthetics of drinking water. Center, Greenbelt, Maryland. For Matthew O’Donnell, Frank & Julie leadership in understanding sea-ice Robert D. Miller, manager, Jungers Dean of Engineering and changes through remote measure- advanced organic materials, IBM professor of bioengineering, Uni- ments and for leading NASA’s Earth Almaden Research Center, San versity of Washington, Seattle. For Observing System Aqua mission. Jose, California. For invention of contributions to biomedical ultra- polymeric materials for lithography, sonics and real-time ultrasound Percy A. Pierre, vice president and porous dielectrics, and processes in imaging technologies. Professor Emeritus, Department of microelectronics. Electrical and Computer Engineer- George A. Olah, Donald P. and ing, Michigan State University, East Chad Alexander Mirkin, direc- Katherine B. Loker Chair in Organic Lansing. For service as assistant sector, International Institute for Chemistry and director, Loker retary of the Army, contributions to The 44 BRIDGE engineering education, and leader- Mathematics, Harvard University, Development and Strategic Plan- ship in creating the national minor- Cambridge, Massachusetts. For ning, Warren, Michigan. For the ity engineering effort. the development of fundamental development and application concepts and novel applications of electroanalytical methods for Chris D. Poland, chairman and in microfluidics and for improving advanced batteries, supercapaci- chief executive officer, Degenkolb the understanding of small-scale, tors, and fuel cells for hybrid and Engineers, San Francisco, California. viscous-flow phenomena. electric vehicles. For leadership in the development of performance-based design procedures John A. Swanson, president, Swan- Alan R. Washburn, Distinguished and standards for evaluating seismic son Analysis Services Inc., The Vil- Professor Emeritus of Operations events and rehabilitating buildings. lages, Florida. For development Research, Naval Postgraduate of general-purpose finite-element School, Monterey, California. For Doraiswami Ramkrishna, Harry software used in engineering design analytical contributions to search Creighton Peffer Distinguished worldwide. theory and military operations Professor of Chemical Engineer- research and their application to ing, Purdue University, West Lafay- Richard Marker Swanson, presi- antisubmarine, mine, and informa- ette, Indiana. For creation of new dent and chief technical offi- tion warfare. model concepts and solutions that cer, SunPower Corporation, San improved the engineering of biolog- Jose, California. For invention Lawrence M. Wein, Paul E. Holden ical and particulate processes. of the point-contact solar cell for Professor of Management Science, increased efficiency of commercial Graduate School of Business, Stan- Mendel Rosenblum, associate pro- solar energy. ford University, Stanford, Califor- fessor of computer science and of nia. For model-based research to electrical engineering, Stanford Edwin L. Thomas, department characterize and improve homeland University, Stanford, California. head and Morris Cohen Professor of security operations. For fundamental contributions to Materials Science and Engineering, computer operating systems and Massachusetts Institute of Technol- William L. (Red) Whittaker, virtual machines. ogy, Cambridge. For development Fredkin Professor of Robotics, of novel photonic materials and The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Robert A. Scholtz, Fred H. Cole determination of the morphology of Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Professor of Engineering, Depart- block copolymers. Pennsylvania. For pioneering con- ment of Electrical Engineering, tributions to fielded, mobile, auton- University of Southern California, Robert W. Tkach, director, Trans- omous robots. Los Angeles. For contributions to mission Systems Research, Alcatel- the fields of ultra-wideband and Lucent, Bell Labs, Holmdel, New Paul G. Yock, Martha Meier Wei- spread-spectrum communications. Jersey. For contributions to research land Professor, School of Medicine, and development of terabit/second and professor of bioengineering, Gurindar S. Sohi, John P. Morgridge optical-fiber communication sys- Stanford University, Stanford, Cali- Professor and E. David Cronon tems and networks. fornia. For invention of rapid- Professor of Computer Sciences, exchange catheters, intravascular Departments of Computer Sciences Stephen David Umans, consultant, ultrasound imaging, and the smart and Electrical and Computer Engi- Belmont, Massachusetts. For out- needle, and for innovations in bio- neering, University of Wisconsin, standing teaching and contributions engineering education. Madison. For contributions to the to the development and understand- design of high-performance, super ing of electric machinery. New Foreign Associates scalar computer architectures. Monika Auweter-Kurtz, president, Mark W. Verbrugge, director, University of Hamburg, Ham- Howard A. Stone, Vicky Joseph Materials and Processes Laboratory, burg, Germany. For development Professor of Engineering and Applied General Motors Research & of electric propulsion and re-entry Spring 2009 45

technologies that advanced space Beijing. For innovations and leader- the elucidation, quantification, missions and for commitment to ship in petroleum refining and petro and synthesis of complex mineral- aerospace education. chemical production technologies processing systems. and for leadership in international Jurjen Anno Battjes, Professor collaboration. Peter T. Kirstein, professor, Depart- Emeritus, Delft University of Tech- ment of Computer Science, Uni- nology, Delft, Netherlands. For Brian L. Eyre, senior visiting fel- versity College London, United international leadership, research, low, Department of Materials, Kingdom. For contributions to and teaching in coastal engineering University of Oxford, United King- computer networking and for lead- and storm protection. dom. For understanding of neutron ership in bringing the Internet to irradiation-induced damage in Europe. Sébastien Candel, professor and materials and for developing tech- head, Ecole Centrale Paris and nologies and policies for the U.K. Hendrik Van Brussel, professor, Institut Universitaire de France, nuclear industry. Department of Mechanical Engi- Chatenay-Malabry. For significant neering, Katholieke Universiteit contributions to solving multi Barrie Gilbert, fellow, Analog Leuven, Belgium. For pioneering disciplinary problems in the fields Devices Inc., Beaverton, Oregon. research in mechatronics and robot- of combustion, fluid mechanics, For advancement of high-speed ana- ics applied to manufacturing and aeroacoustics, and propulsion. log microelectronics. medical surgery, and for designing holonic manufacturing systems. Xianghong Cao, chief technol- Prakash C. Kapur, Professor ogy officer, China Petroleum and Emeritus, Indian Institute of Tech- Chemical Corporation (SINOPEC), nology, Kanpur, New Delhi. For

NAE Newsmakers

Zdene˘k P. Bažant, McCormick and Sciences (founded in 1780). In Morton M. Denn, Albert Ein- Institute Professor and W.P. Murphy September, he was elected a Foreign stein Professor of Science and Professor of Civil Engineering and Member of the Royal Academy of Engineering, City College of the Materials Science at Northwestern Engineering of Spain, his eighth City University of New York, was University, was awarded the Nadai national academy membership. awarded the AIChE 2008 Found- Medal of the American Society of Karl P. Cohen, retired chief scien- ers Award on November 18, 2008, Mechanical Engineers (ASME) at tist, Nuclear Energy Group, General at the AIChE annual meeting in the Annual Convention in Boston, Electric Company, and Eli Ruck- Philadelphia. The Founders Award Massachusetts, on November 4. enstein, Distinguished Professor of is given to a member of AIChE Professor Bažant also delivered the Chemical Engineering, Department whose outstanding contributions 2008 Nadai Lecture. On Novem- of Chemical and Biological Engi- in the field of chemical engineering ber 23 in Vienna, Austria, Dr. Bažant neering, State University of New have advanced the profession. was awarded the Exner Medal, the York, have been named to the Amer- Manachem Elimelech, Roberto country’s highest nongovernmental ican Institute of Chemical Engineers C. Goizueta Professor, Environmen- award in science and engineering. (AIChE) list of “50 Chemical Engi- tal Engineering Program, Yale Uni- The award ceremony was held in neers of the Foundation Age.” The versity, received the 2008 Lawrence Eschenbach Palace and was followed list was compiled in conjunction K. Cecil Award on November 19, by a reception at the Hofburg, the with AIChE’s centennial celebra- 2008, at the AIChE annual meeting imperial palace. On October 11, tion to honor the chemical engi- in Philadelphia for outstanding con- in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Dr. neers who “founded the profession tributions to the fields of chemical Bažant was inducted as a Fellow of and established the discipline in the and environmental engineering. the American Academy of Arts first half of the century.” Richard M. Karp, senior research The 46 BRIDGE scientist, International Computer Yale University, for his pioneer- most distinguished scientists in the Science Institute, and professor of ing work on semiconductors. world. Professor Mow was elected computer science, University of The Connecticut Medal of Tech- to TWAS for his nearly 30 years California, Berkeley, received the nology is awarded by the Board of of continuous efforts to build the 2008 Kyoto Prize in Advanced Governors for Higher Education newly evolving biomedical engi- Technology on November 10, 2008. and the Connecticut Academy neering discipline in China, Taiwan, Considered one of the world’s lead- of Science and Engineering “for Hong Kong, and Thailand. ing computer theorists, Dr. Karp was scholarship achievement in science Steven Wallach, advisor, Cen- honored for fundamental contribu- and technology.” terpoint Ventures Partners, was tions to the theory of “computational Van C. Mow, Stanley Dicker presented with the Seymour Cray complexity,” a way of categorizing Professor and chair, Department of Award by the IEEE Computer Soci- problems by their degree of diffi- Biomedical Engineering of SEAS, ety Board of Governors. The award culty. His early work in establishing was elected Associate Fellow of is given each year to individuals the theory of NP-completeness is the Academy of Sciences for the whose innovative contributions to used to identify the most difficult- Developing World at its 25th high-performance computing sys- to-solve computing problems and Anniversary Meeting in Trieste, tems exemplify the creative spirit optimize a variety of networks, from Italy, on November 11, 2008. The demonstrated by the late Seymour those that deliver water, gas, elec- academy was founded by a group of Cray. Mr. Wallace accepted the tricity, and data to those that show distinguished scientists under the award on November 20, 2008, in correlations between gene structures leadership of Nobel Laureate in Austin, Texas. He was cited for his and disease. physics, Abdus Salam of Pakistan, “contribution to high-performance The State of Connecticut pre- and was officially launched by the computing through design of inno- sented its highest honor for techno- Secretary General of the United vative vector and parallel comput- logical achievement, the Medal of Nations as the Third World Acad- ing systems, notably the Convex Technology, to Tso-Ping Ma, Ray- emy of Sciences (TWAS) in 1985. mini-supercomputer series, a distin- mond John Wean Professor, Depart- Academy fellows and associate fel- guished industrial career, and acts of ment of Electrical Engineering, lows are recognized as among the public service.”

Report of the Foreign Secretary

Science and Technology Agency, for Biotechnology and Health and NAE. Dr. Tsuneo Nakahara, Care; (2) The Future of Sequence president of EAJ, Lance Davis, Modeling: A Peek into Mod- NAE executive officer, and I wel- ern Speech/Language Technol- comed the participants. NAE was ogy; (3) Alternative Energy; and also represented by Janet Hunziker, (4) Advanced Sensor Technology. head of the NAE Frontiers of Engi- The next JAFOE symposium will neering Program. Co-chairs of the be held in the United States in the symposium were Dr. Kohei Ito of fall of 2009. Keio University and NAE member The 2008 Pan American Fed- George Bugliarello Arup K. Chakraborty of the Mass eration of Engineering Societies achusetts Institute of Technology. (UPADI) Convention was held On November 17–19, 2008, the The four sessions of the sympo- jointly with the World Federa- annual Japan-America Frontiers sium (with two speakers from Japan tion of Engineering Organizations of Engineering (JAFOE) Sympo- and two from the United States in (WFEO) in Brasilia on November sium was held in Kobe, Japan, each session and ample time for 29–December 2, 2008. NAE mem- co-sponsored by the Engineering discussion) were (1) Advances in ber General Henry Hatch (U.S. Academy of Japan (EAJ), the Japan Automation and Instrumentation Army Corps of Engineers, ret.) Spring 2009 47

participated, and I was invited to erate, focused on necessary adapta- Our dialogue continues with give a talk on megacities. tions to climate change, rather than Acatech, the newly reorganized Earlier in November, I attended mitigation measures. German engineering academy. Dis- the annual meeting of the American The Engineering Academy of cussions have been focused on col- Society of Civil Engineers in Pitts- Japan has invited NAE to partici- laborations that will benefit both burgh, held in conjunction with the pate in a workshop in March on academies. WFEO. During the international energy generation, energy saving, Respectfully submitted, program, a panel on the role of recycling, and eco-society. NAE engineers in responding to climate will be represented at the workshop change, which I was asked to mod- by Larry Papay.

2008 Japan-America Frontiers of Engineering Symposium Held in Kobe, Japan

Participants at the 2008 Japan-America Frontiers of Engineering Symposium in Kobe, Japan.

On November 17–19, 2008, the Sensor Technology. Presentations on the first afternoon, during which eighth Japan-America Frontiers of given by two Japanese and two all participants had an opportunity Engineering (JAFOE) Symposium Americans in each of the four areas to describe their research, and a was held at the Kobe International covered feedback control at small tour of Spring-8, the largest third- Conference Center in Kobe, Japan. scales for biology and medial appli- generation synchrotron radiation Approximately 60 engineers—30 cations, modeling of differences facility in the world. Spring-8 is used from each country—attended, with between spoken language and writ- for materials analysis, biochemical additional representation from the ten language for automatic speech protein characterization, and other Japan Science and Technology transcription, technical challenges experiments. The tour was followed Corporation and the Engineering to protecting wind turbines from by a traditional Japanese dinner at a Academy of Japan—NAE’s partners lightning, and next-generation restaurant with a beautiful view of in this program. global environmental sensors. Himeji Castle, a Japanese National The four sessions at this year’s The Thursday evening dinner Cultural Treasure and the most vis- symposium were (1) Advances in speech was given by Dr. Masayuki ited castle in Japan. Automation and Instrumentation Nagata, managing executive direc- Arup Chakraborty, Robert T. for Biotechnology and Health Care, tor, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Haslam Professor of Chemical Engi- (2) The Future of Sequence Model- Research Institute, who provided neering at the Massachusetts Institute ing: A Peek into Modern Speech/ an overview of the facility that par- of Technology, and Kohei Itoh, pro- Language Technology, (3) Alter- ticipants toured the next day. Other fessor in the Department of Applied native Energy, and (4) Advanced highlights included a poster session Physics and Physico-Informatics The 48 BRIDGE

brain science, modeling global climate change, novel materials for industrial applications, and state-of- the-art technologies for knowledge management. Funding for the 2008 JAFOE Sym- posium was provided by the Japan Science and Technology Agency, U.S. National Science Founda- tion, U.S. Office of Naval Research Global, U.S. Army Research Office, and the Grainger Foundation. Poster sessions provide an opportunity for participants to share their research and technical work with each other. For information about any of the FOE symposia or to nominate at Keio University, co-chaired the be held November 9 –11, 2009, at an outstanding engineer to partici- organizing committee and the sym- the National Academies Beckman pate in a future Frontiers meeting, posium. Dr. Chakraborty will con- Center in Irvine, California. The contact Janet Hunziker at the NAE tinue as U.S. co-chair for the 2009 session topics for that meeting will Program Office at (202) 334-1571 JAFOE Symposium, which will be breakthrough technologies in or by e-mail at [email protected].

Workshop on Ethics Education

The NAE Center for Engineering, director of the American Educa- undesirable ways. Academic Ethics, and Society (CEES) spon- tional Research Association. administrations that provide sored a workshop on “Ethics Educa- Twenty-five people chosen by the wide-ranging, cross-institution tion and Scientific and Engineering planning committee and a num- programs can encourage and Research: What’s Been Learned? ber of National Science Founda- reward ethically appropri- What Should Be Done?” at the tion (NSF) observers attended the ate behaviors, particularly in Keck Building on August 25–26, meeting. Four sessions were held research settings. 2008. An ad hoc workshop plan- on the first day of the workshop: 2. Learning matters. Success- ning committee helped develop the I. Needs and Issues for Ethics Edu- ful ethics education generally agenda and nominate participants cation in Scientific and Engineering requires obligatory, rather than for the workshop. The committee Research; II. Pedagogical Methods voluntary, participation by stu- members were John Ahearne, NAE and Materials; III. Outreach and dents. Descriptions of success- member and chair of the CEES Assessment; and IV. Review. On the ful practices in ethics education advisory group; University of Cali- second day, CEES director Rachelle and ethics mentoring should be fornia-Irvine biologist and NAS Hollander chaired a group discussion collected and made available to member Francisco Ayala; astrono- on next steps. science and engineering com- mer Kathleen Flint, director of the The following themes emerged munities in academia, govern- Bring RCR Home Project of the from the workshop presentations ment, and the private sector. In National Postdoctoral Association; and discussions: addition, efforts should be made political scientist Mark Frankel, 1. Context matters. Societal to engage employers of scientists director of the Scientific Freedom, rewards and the larger societal and engineers in ethics educa- Responsibility and Law Program of environment shape behaviors tion programs. the American Association for the of organizations and individu- Advancement of Science; and psy- 3. Program criteria. A stand- als in ethically desirable and chologist Felice Levine, executive alone, online program for Spring 2009 49

students, post-docs, and fac- of their affinity for new media Ethics education should pre- ulty taken on a “pass/fail” basis and provide accessible, engag- pare students to engage in the (with or without grading) does ing interfaces. To maintain responsible conduct of research not provide an adequate intro- student interest, material must based on standards of practice duction, much less practical be updated to reflect changing appropriate to specific fields and experience, for dealing with issues and circumstances. professions. Institutions and fed- the ethical issues that inevi- eral agencies that support ethics 5. Mentoring. Not all types of tably arise in academic and education should encourage and mentoring activities result in professional life. However, reward programs that develop ethical outcomes. Institutions web-based resources that are creative approaches incorporat- and principal investigators adequately maintained and ing a broad view of the interac- should identify the ways research part of a broader program can tions of science, engineering, scientists and faculty or admin- be very useful. Efforts should and technology in society and istrators responsible for ethics be made to identify and clas- their ethical implications. education can work together on sify online resources and tool mentoring postdoctoral fellows Funding for the workshop was kits to assist academic institu- and graduate students at the dis- provided by the National Science tions, professional associations sertation level. Foundation. Advice and support for and societies, principal inves- the workshop were provided by the tigators and faculty, employers, 6. Evaluation. Efforts to evalu- National Research Council Division and individuals to develop and ate ethics education for scien- of Policy and Global Affairs and implement effective ethics pro- tific and engineering research Committee on Science, Engineer- grams and projects. and practice are just beginning. ing, and Public Policy. The agenda At this point, efforts should be 4. Interactivity matters. Students and list of participants, as well as focused on developing evalua- have demonstrated a facility and materials from the presentations tion criteria for individual and interest in using online resources and discussions, are available at institutional measures of ethics in which they can participate www.nae.edu/ethicscenter. A work- education in scientific and engi- and websites that can be indi- shop summary will be published and neering curricula. vidualized to meet their needs. posted online later this year. Online resources designed for 7. Social responsibility and students should take advantage responsible conduct of research. The 50 BRIDGE

Mirzayan Fellows Join NAE Program Office

Melissa McCartney Joel Baumgart Ryan Davison

Melissa McCartney recently com- of Virginia in 2008; he earned his of electrophysiology that allowed for pleted her postdoctoral work in the B.S. in biochemistry and B.A. in the activity patterns of single neu- Department of Neurology at the psychology from the University of rons in non-anesthetized, behav- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Missouri. His doctoral research, ing primates to be measured. He where she studied network dynamics which was focused on the biophysi- continued characterizing the visual in the hippocampus as it relates to the cal properties of voltage-gated cal- system as a post-doctoral fellow at generation of epileptic seizures. She cium channels, was supported by the Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research was also involved in an after-school an Epilepsy Foundation predoctoral Institute by implanting strain science and math program through fellowship and a Sigma Xi Grant- gauges and muscle force transduc- the Philadelphia Public Schools. In In-Aid of Research. In his free ers in extraocular muscles in order 2006, she completed her Ph.D. in time, he enjoys reading, cooking, to better understand the relation- neuroscience at George Washing- and playing soccer. ship between motor neuron firing ton University, where her research During his fellowship at NAE, rates and the contractile forces of consisted of a pharmacological and Joel is hoping to expand his perspec- muscles. Ryan is most passionate biophysical characterization of the tive by observing and participating outside of the laboratory sharing GABAA receptor epsilon subunit. in the process of science policy and his knowledge and enthusiasm In her spare time, she enjoys swim- analysis. He is working with the for science with others. His non- ming, running, and camping; she Center for Engineering Ethics and academic life is dynamic, and he has also has a weakness for karaoke. Society researching societal and traveled extensively throughout the During her fellowship, Melissa is ethical issues associated with engi- Caribbean, Europe, Asia, and the working on the NAE EngineerGirl! neering research and practice. He Middle East. He is also a voracious website and with the Committee on hopes the lessons he learns as a consumer of political information, Capitalizing on the Diversity of the Mirzayan fellow will serve him well and enjoys scuba diving, fishing, Science and Engineering Workforce in his future career in academia. and playing tennis. in Industry in the Policy and Gov- During his fellowship at the ernmental Affairs Division of the Ryan Davison earned a Ph.D. in Center for the Advancement of National Research Council. She behavioral neuroscience from the Scholarship on Engineering Educa- hopes the insights she gains as a University of Alabama at Birming- tion (CASEE), Ryan is working on Mirzayan fellow will be of help in her ham, where his dissertation research promoting public awareness of engi- continuing efforts to improve science investigated whether the visual sys- neering education through work- education at all levels and to promote tem receives neural inputs from shops and public outreach efforts. science through public policy. different oculomotor subsystems This will afford him valuable expe- during different types of eye move- rience about how best to commu- Joel Baumgart received his Ph.D. ments. Ryan’s graduate research nicate critical scientific issues to in neuroscience from the University implemented a sophisticated form different audiences. Spring 2009 51

A Message from NAE Vice President Maxine L. Savitz

Engineering Program in Bill’s thereafter. The NAE Develop- honor. This gift has enabled the ment Committee will continue program to add a series of bilateral to play a major role in securing meetings with China to comple- additional financial resources, ment existing bilateral programs especially by engaging the corpo- with Germany, Japan, and India. rate community. Unrestricted funds received from • Frontiers of Engineering Educa- the Wulf initiative will be used tion. Thanks to a very generous to promulgate other important commitment of $700,000 from programs championed by Bill in the O’Donnell Foundation, NAE Maxine L. Savitz engineering education, diversity, has begun planning for this new public understanding, and tech- program to promote the engi- Individuals, universities, organi- nological literacy. neering profession. Every year, zations, and agencies of all stripes • America’s Energy Future. In the program will bring together faced unprecedented challenges in the spring 2008 issue of The approximately 80 outstanding 2008. Because of declining endow- Bridge, I reported that NAE and young engineers from academe, ments, many nonprofit organiza- the National Research Council industry, and government to tions had significant difficulty planned to host an energy sum- explore innovative engineering providing leadership in their areas of mit. This extremely successful education programs, highlight focus. NAE was not immune to the event, held in March 2008, ini- findings from education research financial meltdown, but because of tiated a dialogue among national in the domains of engineering the generous private philanthropy and international scientists, gov- and science, and share practical of NAE members, corporations, ernment officials, engineers, and guidance on innovative instruc- foundations, and friends, we have industry experts and resulted in tional practices. continued to address our mission to a published booklet highlight- “promote the technological welfare On behalf of the NAE Council, ing the major topics of discus- of the nation.” A few key projects I wish to thank all of the members, sion. Since then, the America’s and initiatives from 2008 are high- corporations, foundations, govern- Energy Future (AEF) Committee lighted below: ment sponsors, organizations, and and subcommittees have been friends of NAE for this continued • The William Wulf Campaign for meeting to complete the Phase 1 commitment, involvement, and Engineering Excellence. This reports. The NAE Council Devel- generous support, which allows us to campaign was initiated in 2006 to opment Committee, which exer- proactively serve the technological celebrate former NAE president cised a leadership role in securing welfare of our nation. Without this Bill Wulf’s leadership and com- financial resources to complete private philanthropic support, none mitment. When the campaign Phase 1, assisted in raising $1.4 of the programs described above ended in September 2008, NAE million from private corporations would be possible. had received more than $9.3 mil- and businesses, about 40 percent lion from members, foundations, of the overall funding so far. We corporations, and other organi- anticipate that Phase 1 will be Maxine L. Savitz zations. The Grainger Founda- completed in the next several NAE Vice President tion donated a gift of $3 million months, and Phase 2 is sched- to support the NAE Frontiers of uled to commence immediately The 52 BRIDGE

National Mrs. Elkan R. Blout William I. Koch Bernard G. and Rhoda Harry E. Bovay Jr. Jill H. Kramer Sarnat Academy of David G. Bradley John W. Landis Leonard D. Schaeffer Engineering Donald L. Bren William W. Lang Wendy and Eric Schmidt Sydney Brenner Gerald and Doris Laubach Sara Lee and Axel Schupf 2008 Private Contributions Fletcher and Peg Byrom Whitney and Betty Shep and Carol Ruth The National Academy James McConnell Clark MacMillan Shepherd of Engineering gratefully W. Dale and Jeanne William W. McGuire Melvin I. Simon acknowledges the following Compton Burton and DeeDee Georges C. St. Laurent Jr. members and friends who Roman W. DeSanctis McMurtry Charlotte and Morry made charitable contribu- Robert W. Deutsch Richard and Ronay Tanenbaum tions during 2008. Their col- George and Maggie Eads Menschel Ted Turner lective, private philanthropy Richard Evans Dane and Mary Louise Leslie L. Vadasz helps advance NAE’s ser- Harvey V. Fineberg and Miller Roy and Diana Vagelos vice and impact as advisor to Mary E. Wilson Mrs. G. William Miller Charles M. and the nation. Tobie and Dan Fink George and Cynthia Rebecca M. Vest George and Ann Fisher Mitchell John C. Whitehead Einstein Society Harold K. and Betty A. Gordon and Betty Moore Wm. A. Wulf In recognition of members Forsen Joe and Glenna Moore Alejandro Zaffaroni and friends who have made William L. and Mary Kay David and Lindsay Heritage Society lifetime contributions of Friend Morgenthaler $100,000 or more to the Eugene Garfield Richard M. Morrow In recognition of members National Academies as William H. Gates III Philip Needleman and friends who have con- personal gifts or as facili- T.H. Geballe Gerda K. Nelson tributed to the future of the tated gifts from their Donor Nan and Chuck Geschke Ralph S. O’Connor National Academies through Advised Fund, Employer’s Corey Goodman and Peter O’Donnell Jr. life income, bequests, and Matching Gift Program, or Marcia Barinaga Kenneth H. Olsen other estate and planned gifts. Bernard M. Gordon Doris Pankow Family Foundation. Andreas Acrivos Jerome H.* and Barbara Jack S. Parker Gene M. Amdahl Anonymous N. Grossman Shela and Kumar Patel John and Lise Armstrong John Abelson Corbin Gwaltney Percy Pollard Norman R. Augustine Bruce and Betty Alberts Margaret A. Hamburg and Robert A. Pritzker Stanley Baum Rose-Marie and Jack R. Peter F. Brown Dr. and Mrs. Allen E. Stephen D. Bechtel Jr. Anderson William M. Haney III Puckett Clyde J. Behney John and Lise Armstrong Michael and Sheila Held Ann and Michael Ramage Paul Berg Richard C. and Rita Jane Hirsh Simon Ramo Franklin H. Blecher Atkinson M. Blakeman Ingle Carol and David Richards Daniel Branton Norman R. Augustine Robert L. and Anne K. Anne and Walt Robb Robert and Lillian Brent William F. Ballhaus Sr. James Henry M. Rowan D. Walter Cohen Craig and Barbara Barrett Anita K. Jones George Rowe Morrel H. Cohen Jordan and Rhoda Baruch Thomas V. Jones Jack W. and Valerie Rowe Colleen Conway-Welch Warren L. Batts Trevor O. Jones Mrs. Joseph Rowe Ellis B. Cowling Stephen D. Bechtel Jr. Kenneth A. Jonsson William J. Rutter Barbara J. Culliton Kenneth E. Behring Yuet Wai and Alvera Kan Stephen and Anne Ryan Ruth M. Davis C. Gordon Bell Fred Kavli Jillian Sackler Robert A. Derzon Elwyn and Jennifer Cindy and Jeong Kim Raymond and Beverly Peter N. Devreotes Berlekamp Olga Kirchmayer Sackler Paul M. Doty Diane and Norman Frederick A. Klingenstein Henry and Susan Samueli Bernstein Mildred S. Dresselhaus *Recently deceased Spring 2009 53

Ernest L. Eliel* Dale F. Stein Gerald P. Dinneen Simon Ostrach Gerard W. Elverum John A. Swets E. Linn Draper Jr. Lawrence T. Papay Emanuel Epstein Esther S. Takeuchi Mildred S. Dresselhaus Zack T. Pate William K. Estes Paul Talalay Robert J. Eaton Donald E. Petersen Richard Evans Ivan M. Viest Thomas E. Everhart Dennis J. Picard Robert C. Forney Willis H. Ware Samuel C. Florman George B. Rathmann Paul H. Gilbert Robert H. Wertheim Robert C. Forney Charles Eli Reed* Martin E. Glicksman John Archibald Wheeler* Donald N. Frey George A. Roberts George Gloeckler Wm. A. Wulf Richard L. Garwin Maxine L. Savitz Michael and Sheila Held Charles Yanofsky Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Warren G. Schlinger Richard B. Johnston Jr. Michael Zubkoff Martin E. Glicksman Roland W. Schmitt Anita K. Jones Joseph W. Goodman Robert C. Seamans* Jerome Kagan Golden Bridge Society William E. Gordon Robert F. Sproull John W. Landis In recognition of NAE Robert W. Gore Arnold F. Stancell Norma M. Lang members who have made Paul E. Gray Raymond S. Stata William W. Lang lifetime contributions of Paul R. Gray H. Guyford Stever R. Duncan Luce $20,000 to $99,999 to Delon Hampton Stanley D. Stookey Thomas S. Maddock the National Academies as Martin C. Hemsworth Peter B. Teets Jane Menken personal gifts or as facili- Robert and Darlene Daniel M. Tellep G. Lewis and Ingrid Meyer tated gifts from their Donor Hermann Leo J. Thomas Gordon and Betty Moore Advised Fund, Employer’s David and Susan Hodges Gary and Diane Tooker Arno G. Motulsky Matching Gift Program, or Kenneth F. Holtby Ivan M. Viest Van C. Mow Family Foundation. Edward E. Hood Jr. Andrew J. Viterbi Guido Munch Irwin M. Jacobs Willis H. Ware Andreas Acrivos Mary O. Mundinger Robert E. Kahn Johannes and Julia William F. Allen Jr. Gerda K. Nelson Thomas Kailath Weertman Gene M. Amdahl Norman F. Ness Dr. and Mrs. Paul G. Robert H. Wertheim William A. Anders Ronald P. Nordgren Kaminski Albert R.C. Westwood Bishnu S. Atal Gilbert S. Omenn Theodore C. Kennedy Robert M. White William F. Ballhaus Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Bradford James Krebs Sheila E. Widnall William F. Banholzer Parkinson Kent Kresa John J. Wise Paul Baran Zack T. Pate David M. Lederman Edward Woll Thomas D. Barrow Daniel W. Pettengill Frank T. and Bonnie A. Thomas Young Franklin H. Blecher Frank and Billie Press Berger Leighton Erich Bloch Simon Ramo Johanna Levelt Sengers Catalyst Society Barry W. Boehm Alexander Rich Norman N. Li In recognition of donors Lewis M. Branscomb Frederic M. Richards Frank W. Luerssen to NAE who contributed Harold Brown Henry W. Riecken Kenneth G. McKay $10,000 or more in cumula- George Bugliarello Richard J. and Bonnie B. John L. Moll tive support for the National William Cavanaugh III Robbins Van C. Mow Academies in 2008. We Robert A. Charpie James F. Roth George E. Mueller acknowledge those contribu- Joseph V. Charyk Sheila A. Ryan Dale and Marge Myers tions made as personal gifts John M. Cioffi Myriam P. Sarachik Cynthia S. and Norman or facilitated by the donor A. James Clark Paul R. Schimmel A. Nadel through their Donor Advised Stephen H. Crandall Stuart F. Schlossman John Neerhout Jr. Fund, Employer’s Matching Malcolm R. Currie Kenneth I. Shine Robert M. Nerem Gift Program, or Family Lance A. Davis Robert L. Sinsheimer Ronald P. Nordgren Foundation. Ruth M. Davis Arnold F. Stancell Franklin M. Orr Jr.

*Recently deceased *Recently deceased *Recently deceased The 54 BRIDGE

NAE Members in cumulative support for in cumulative support for those contributions made Paul Baran the National Academies the National Academies as personal gifts or facili- Craig and Barbara Barrett in 2008. We acknowledge in 2008. We acknowledge tated by the donor through Thomas D. Barrow those contributions made those contributions made their Donor Advised Fund, Stephen D. Bechtel Jr. as personal gifts or facili- as personal gifts or facili- Employer’s Matching Harry E. Bovay Jr. tated by the donor through tated by the donor through Gift Program, or Family John M. Cioffi their Donor Advised Fund, their Donor Advised Fund, Foundation. Employer’s Matching Employer’s Matching A. James Clark NAE Members W. Dale and Jeanne Gift Program, or Family Gift Program, or Family Anonymous Compton Foundation. Foundation. Andreas Acrivos Lance A. Davis NAE Members NAE Members William G. Agnew Robert J. Eaton Elwyn and Jennifer Rodney C. Adkins Harl P. Aldrich Jr. William L. and Mary Kay Berlekamp David K. Barton Edward C. Aldridge Friend J. Robert Beyster Harold Brown Clarence R. Allen Nan and Chuck Geschke Barry W. Boehm Corbett Caudill Lew Allen Jr. Paul R. Gray Lewis M. Branscomb Sunlin Chou John L. Anderson Michael W. Hunkapiller George Bugliarello Harry M. Conger John C. Angus Irwin M. Jacobs Joseph V. Charyk Stephen H. Crandall Minoru S. Araki Thomas V. Jones Ruth A. David Howard L. Frank Wm. H. Arnold Theodore C. Kennedy Thomas E. Everhart Paul E. Gray Ken Austin Cindy and Jeong Kim Robert C. Forney Wesley L. Harris Arthur B. Baggeroer Kent Kresa John O. Hallquist George N. Hatsopoulos Clyde and Jeanette Baker H.T. Kung Robert E. Kahn John L. Hennessy Forest Baskett III John W. Landis Dr. and Mrs. Paul G. Robert and Darlene George A. Bekey David M. Lederman Kaminski Hermann Arden L. Bement Jr. Frank T. and Bonnie James R. Katzer Doris Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf Rudolph Bonaparte Berger Leighton Gerald and Doris Laubach Anthony D. Kurtz Seth Bonder Gordon and Betty Moore Frank W. Luerssen James F. Lardner H. Kent Bowen Lawrence T. Papay Alfred E. Mann Dan Maydan Corale L. Brierley Jack S. Parker Richard M. Morrow C. Dan Mote Jr. James A. Brierley Ann and Michael Ramage Cynthia S. and Norman David Nash Alan C. Brown Charles Eli Reed* A. Nadel Robert M. Nerem Andrew Brown Jr. Anne and Walt Robb Dennis J. Picard William J. Perry James R. Burnett Henry M. Rowan Allen E. Puckett Simon Ramo Jeffrey P. Buzen Henry and Susan Samueli George A. Roberts Robert C. Stempel Robert P. Caren Maxine L. Savitz Arnold F. Stancell David W. Thompson Francois Castaing Peter B. Teets Leo J. Thomas Andrew J. Viterbi Stephen Z. Cheng Charles P. Thacker Gary and Diane Tooker William L. Wearly Paul Citron Charles M. and Johannes and Julia Albert R.C. Westwood G. Wayne Clough Rebecca M. Vest Weertman Joseph M. Colucci Charter Society Friends A. Thomas Young Esther M. Conwell Adrian Zaccaria In recognition of donors Gary L. Cowger Barbara N. Grossman to NAE who contrib- Henry Cox Challenge Society Rosette Society uted $1,000 to $2,499 Natalie W. Crawford In recognition of donors in cumulative support for Malcolm R. Currie In recognition of donors to NAE who contrib- the National Academies Glen T. Daigger to NAE who contributed $2,500 to $4,999 in 2008. We acknowledge Ernest L. Daman uted $5,000 to $9,999

*Recently deceased Spring 2009 55

Lee L. Davenport C. Judson King Frank E. Pickering J.T. Whitted Ruth M. Davis Edwin E. Kintner John W. Poduska Sr. Donald C. Winter Pablo G. Debenedetti James L. Kirtley William F. Powers Eugene Wong Carl de Boor Albert S. Kobayashi Donald E. Procknow Edgar S. Woolard Jr. Raymond F. Decker Robert M. Koerner Vivian and Subbiah Richard N. Wright Thomas and Bettie Deen James Krebs Ramalingam Wm. A. Wulf Charitable Gift Fund Lester C. Krogh George B. Rathmann Israel J. Wygnanski Robert H. Dennard Ernest S. Kuh Buddy D. Ratner Yannis C. Yortsos David J. DeWitt Charles C. Ladd Joseph B. Reagan Abe M. Zarem Nicholas M. Donofrio James U. Lemke Eric H. Reichl Victor W. Zue Elisabeth M. Drake Fred J. Leonberger Kenneth L. Reifsnider Charles Elachi Frederick F. Ling Richard J. and Bonnie B. Friends Gerard W. Elverum Jack E. Little Robbins Kristine L. Bueche Thomas V. Falkie Robert G. Loewy Bernard I. Robertson Andrew Daggett Anthony E. Fiorato J. David Lowell Alton D. Romig Eric C. Johnson George and Ann Fisher J. Ross Macdonald Murray W. Rosenthal Evelyn S. Jones Edith M. Flanigen Thomas S. Maddock Anatol Roshko Philip Murphy Samuel C. Florman Frederick J. Mancheski William B. Russel Harold K. and Betty A. David A. Markle Andrew P. Sage Other Individual Forsen John C. Martin Vinod K. Sahney Donors Gordon E. Forward James F. Mathis Steven B. Sample In recognition of donors to Eli Fromm Robert D. Maurer John Samuels NAE who contributed up Elsa M. Garmire Roger L. McCarthy Jerry Sanders to $999 in cumulative William H. Gates III Sanford N. McDonnell Linda S. Sanford support for the National Joseph G. Gavin Jr. James C. McGroddy William R. Schowalter Academies in 2008. We C. William Gear Robin K. McGuire Robert C. Seamans* acknowledge those contri- Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Brockway McMillan Willard F. Searle Jr. butions made as personal Alexander F. Giacco Kishor C. Mehta W. David Sincoskie gifts or facilitated by the Paul H. Gilbert Richard A. Meserve John B. Slaughter donor through their Donor Richard D. Gitlin James J. Mikulski Raymond S. Stata Advised Fund, Employer’s Arthur L. Goldstein William F. Miller Richard J. Stegemeier Matching Gift Program, or Joseph W. Goodman Duncan T. Moore Kenneth E. Stinson Family Foundation. Hermann K. Gummel John W. Morris Henry E. Stone NAE Members Juris Hartmanis Cherry A. Murray Stanley D. Stookey Siegfried S. Hecker Dale and Marge Myers Simon M. Sze Anonymous David and Susan Hodges Albert Narath Morris and Charlotte H. Norman Abramson Thom J. Hodgson John Neerhout Jr. Tanenbaum Linda M. Abriola Edward E. Hood Jr. Chrysostomos L. Nikias George Tchobanoglous Hadi Abu-Akeel Leroy Hood Thomas J. O’Neil Matthew V. Tirrell Mihran S. Agbabian John R. Howell Robert B. Ormsby Jr. James A. Trainham III Paul A. Allaire J. Stuart Hunter Franklin M. Orr Jr. Hardy W. Trolander Charles A. Amann Mary Jane Irwin Un-Chul Paek Richard H. Truly John E. Anderson George W. Jeffs David H. Pai James E. Turner Jr. John G. Anderson Barry C. Johnson Shela and Kumar Patel A. Galip Ulsoy Neil A. Armstrong G. Frank Joklik H. W. Paxton Harold J. Vinegar Frances H. Arnold Anita K. Jones Thomas K. Perkins Thomas H. Vonder Haar Kenneth E. Arnold Thomas Kailath Donald E. Petersen Robert H. Wagoner James R. Asay Brian W. Kernighan Emil Pfender Willis S. White Jr. Eric A. Ash

*Recently deceased The 56 BRIDGE

David Atlas Dale R. Corson G. David Forney Jr. David G. Hoag Donald W. Bahr Eugene E. Covert John S. Foster Jr. Lester A. Hoel Rodica A. Baranescu Douglass D. Crombie Charles A. Fowler David C. Hogg James B. Bassingthwaighte David E. Crow Gerard F. Fox* Stanley H. Horowitz Robert F. Bauer Lawrence B. Curtis Judson C. French Thomas P. Hughes Howard and Alice Baum David E. Daniel Henry Fuchs Lee A. Iacocca Zdenek P. Bazant Edward E. David Jr. Shun Chong Fung Izzat M. Idriss Robert Ray Beebe L. Berkley Davis Dr. and Mrs. Elmer L. Sheldon E. Isakoff Georges Belfort Delbert E. Day Gaden Stephen B. Jaffe Leo L. Beranek E. Gail de Planque Theodore V. Galambos Robert B. Jansen James R. Biard Don U. Deere Gerald E. Galloway Dr. and Mrs. David Japikse Franklin H. Blecher Charles A. Desoer Ronald L. Geer James O. Jirsa Manuel Blum Robert C. DeVries Elmer G. Gilbert Donald L. Johnson Jack L. Blumenthal Ralph L. Disney George J. Gleghorn Marshall G. Jones Alfred Blumstein Robert H. Dodds Earnest F. Gloyna Angel G. Jordan F.P. Boer Albert A. Dorman Alan J. Goldman Aravind K. Joshi Geoffrey Boothroyd Irwin Dorros Richard J. Goldstein Ivan P. Kaminow George H. Born Earl H. Dowell Steve and Nancy Melvin F. Kanninen Lillian C. Borrone Mildred Dresselhaus Goldstein Kristina B. Katsaros P. L. Thibaut Brian Floyd Dunn Solomon W. Golomb Raphael Katzen Frederick P. Brooks Jr. Lloyd A. Duscha William E. Gordon Michael Kavanaugh Howard J. Bruschi Ira Dyer Thomas E. Graedel Lawrence L. Kazmerski Thomas F. Budinger Peter S. Eagleson Gary S. Grest Ralph L. Keeney Jack E. Buffington Robert C. Earlougher Jr. Lawrence G. Griffis Leon Keer Ned H. Burns Lewis S. Edelheit William & Sharon Gross Howard H. Kehrl L. Gary Byrd Farouk El-Baz Fund Paul J. Kern Gary S. Calabrese Bruce R. Ellingwood Barbara J. Grosz Pradeep K. Khosla James D. Callen Joel S. Engel Jerrier A. Haddad Timothy L. Killeen John M. Campbell Sr. F. Erdogan Edward E. Hagenlocker Sung Wan Kim Federico Capasso John V. Evans Carl W. Hall Leonard J. Koch E. Dean Carlson Lawrence B. Evans Carol K. Hall Bernard L. Koff John R. Casani James R. Fair William J. Hall Max A. Kohler William Cavanaugh III Robert M. Fano Thomas L. Hampton Bill and Ann Koros Don B. Chaffin Richard G. Farmer Patrick M. Hanrahan Demetrious Koutsoftas A. Ray Chamberlain James A. Fay John M. Hanson John M. Kulicki Douglas M. Chapin Joseph Feinstein Howard R. Hart Jr. Bruce M. Lake Vernon L. Chartier Robert E. Fenton Douglass C. Harvey James L. Lammie Shu Chien and Kuang- Michael J. Fetkovich Julius J. Harwood Benson J. Lamp Chung Chien Morris E. Fine Alan J. Heeger David A. Landgrebe Andrew Chraplyvy Tobie and Dan Fink Elvin R. Heiberg III William W. Lang Richard C. Chu Bruce A. Finlayson Adam Heller Robert C. Lanphier III Edmund M. Clarke Fred N. Finn Martin Hellman Louis J. Lanzerotti John L. Cleasby Essex E. Finney Jr. Robert W. Hellwarth Chung K. Law Danny Cohen RADM and Mrs. Millard Arthur H. Heuer Alan Lawley Richard A. Conway Firebaugh Narain G. Hingorani Edward D. Lazowska George E. Cooper Robert E. Fischell George J. Hirasaki Margaret A. LeMone Fernando J. Corbato John W. Fisher John P. Hirth Michael Lesk Ross B. Corotis Peter T. Flawn William C. Hittinger Johanna Levelt Sengers

*Recently deceased Spring 2009 57

Herbert S. Levinson Robert S. O’Neil Maurice E. Shank Irwin Welber Salomon Levy Wm. R. Opie Don W. Shaw Jasper A. Welch Jr. Paul A. Libby Elaine S. Oran Freeman D. Shepherd Edward Wenk Jr. Peter W. Likins Athanassios Z. Thomas B. Sheridan Robert M. White Kuo-Nan Liou Panagiotopoulos Reuel Shinnar Robert V. Whitman Barbara H. Liskov Jacques I. Pankove Neil G. Siegel Ward O. Winer Joseph C. Logue Frank L. Parker Anthony E. Siegman John J. Wise Andrew J. Lovinger Louis C. Parrillo Dr. Daniel P. Siewiorek Jack K. Wolf Larry Lynn Robert J. Patton Mr. William H. Silcox M. Gordon and Elaine Malcolm MacKinnon III Donald R. Paul Arnold H. Silver Wolman Albert Macovski Arogyaswami J. Paulraj Peter G. Simpkins Richard D. Woods Christopher L. Magee Alan W. Pense Jack M. Sipress David A. Woolhiser Artur Mager John H. Perepezko Ernest T. Smerdon Beverly and Loring Wyllie Subhash Mahajan Kurt E. Petersen Alvy Ray Smith Eli Yablonovitch Robert C. Marini Julia M. Phillips Edgar A. Starke Jr. Les Youd Hans Mark William P. Pierskalla Francis M. Staszesky Laurence R. Young James J. Markowsky Karl S. Pister Dale F. Stein Ben T. Zinn Edward A. Mason Victor L. Poirier Gunter Stein Dusan S. Zrnic David K. Matlock David S. Potter Dean E. Stephan William C. Maurer William R. Prindle Gregory Stephanopoulos Friends William McGuire Ronald F. Probstein Thomas G. Stephens Christina Fratila Kenneth G. McKay Charles W. Pryor Jr. Kenneth H. Stokoe II Roger and Dolores Kiel Ross E. McKinney Edwin P. Przybylowicz Richard G. Strauch Glenn and Janet Robert M. McMeeking Henry H. Rachford Jr. G. B. Stringfellow Wilkinson Alan L. McWhorter Prabhakar Raghavan Stanley C. Suboleski Sharon Zehner Angelo Miele Bhakta B. Rath Jerome Swartz James A. Miller Cordell Reed James M. Symons The Presidents’ Circle Keith K. Millheim Robert O. Reid Rodney J. Tabaczynski The Presidents’ Circle is Joan L. Mitchell Gintaras V. Reklaitis R. Bruce Thompson an advisory and philan- Sanjit K. Mitra Eli Reshotko James M. Tien thropic support group of the Dade W. Moeller Jerome G. Rivard William F. Tinney National Academies. Their Richard K. Moore Ronald L. Rivest Charles E. Treanor donations help promote A.S. Morse Robert K. Roney Alvin W. Trivelpiece greater awareness of science, Joel Moses Arye Rosen Howard S. Turner technology, and medicine E.P. Muntz Ken Rosen Moshe Y. Vardi in our society and a better Earll M. Murman Hans T. Rossby Anestis S. Veletsos understanding of the work of Haydn H. Murray B. Don Russell Walter G. Vincenti the National Academies. Peter Murray Alfred Saffer John Vithayathil Jack R. Anderson Thomas M. Murray Peter W. Sauer Irv Waaland Barbara M. Barrett Gerald Nadler Thorndike Saville Jr. C. Michael Walton Craig R. Barrett§ Devaraysamudram R. George W. Scherer John D. Warner Thomas D. Barrow Nagaraj Ronald V. Schmidt Darsh T. Wasan Ernest A. Bates Venkatesh Narayanamurti Albert B. Schultz Warren M. Washington Warren L. Batts Stuart O. Nelson Henry G. Schwartz Jr. John T. Watson Donald R. Beall Joseph H. Newman Lyle H. Schwartz Walter J. Weber Jr. Berkley Bedell Wesley L. Nyborg Mischa Schwartz Robert J. Weimer Diane Bernstein David Okrent Robert J. Serafin Shelly Weinbaum Jo Ivey Boufford§ Charles R. O’Melia F. Stan Settles Sheldon Weinig

§Ex officio The 58 BRIDGE

E. Cabell Brand Jill H. Kramer Corporations, Grainger Foundation John I. Brauman§ Gerald D. Laubach Foundations, and Indo-US Science and Thomas F. Budinger§ Richard J. Mahoney Other Organizations Technology Forum § George Bugliarello Robert H. Malott In recognition of corpora- Ingersoll-Rand Company Malin Burnham Davis Masten tions, foundations, and other Intel Corporation Fletcher L. Byrom John F. McDonnell organizations that contrib- International Business Louis W. Cabot Burton J. McMurtry uted to NAE in 2008. Machines Corporation Wiley N. Caldwell Charles H. McTier W.M. Keck Foundation M. Blouke Carus Kamal K. Midha Alcatel-Lucent Maurer Enterprises Inc. Ralph J. Cicerone§ George P. Mitchell Arup North America Ltd. Microsoft Corporation James McConnell Clark Joe F. Moore Bechtel Group Inc. Microsoft Matching Michael T. Clegg§ Robert W. Morey S.D. Bechtel Jr. Gift Program/ Dollie Cole David T. Morgenthaler Foundation Giving Campaign W. Dale Compton§ Darla Mueller Bell Family Foundation Gordon and Betty Moore Nancy E. Conrad Patricia S. Nettleship BP Corporation North Foundation Howard E. Cox Peter O’Donnell America Inc. Northrop Grumman Charles R. Denham Jeremiah P. Ostriker§ Chevron Humankind Corporation Ralph C. Derrickson Jack S. Parker Matching Gift Program Ohio University Meredith L. Dreiss Frank Press Corning Incorporated Parametric Technology Charles W. Duncan Robert A. Pritzker Cummins Business Corporation George C. Eads John S. Reed Services Parsons Brinckerhoff Inc. Harvey V. Fineberg§ Charles W. Robinson Cytec Industries Inc. Brian and Jill Rowe Richard N. Foster Neil R. Rolde Dow Chemical Company Foundation William L. Friend§ Stephen J. Ryan§ Foundation Southern Nuclear Raymond E. Galvin Jillian Sackler Charles Stark Draper Operating Company Robert W. Galvin Harvey S. Sadow Laboratory Inc. Eugene Garfield Maxine L. Savitz§ Duke Energy Corporation Southwest Research Jack M. Gill Barbara A. Schaal§ DuPont Company Institute Ronald L. Graham§ Sara L. Schupf ExxonMobil Foundation Sun Microsystems Inc. Ruth H. Grobstein* H.R. Shepherd ExxonMobil Research and WGBH Educational Jerome H. Grossman* Susan E. Siegel Engineering Company Foundation Samuel F. Heffner Georges C. St. Laurent Fogarty Institute for Jane Hirsh Thomas C. Sutton Innovation We have made every effort M. Blakeman Ingle Judy Swanson GE Energy to list donors accurately Christopher Ireland Deborah Szekely GE Foundation and according to their Irwin M. Jacobs§ Charles M. Vest§ General Electric Company wishes. If we have made Robert L. James Robert H. Waterman General Motors an error, please accept Scott A. Jones Susan E. Whitehead Corporation our apology and contact Kenneth A. Jonsson Margaret S. Wilson Geosynthetic Institute Sumana Chatterjee at William F. Kieschnick Carole S. Young GivingExpress Program (202) 334-3517 so we William I. Koch James F. Young From American Express can correct our records. Google Inc.

*Recently deceased §Ex officio §Ex officio Spring 2009 59

Norman Fortenberry Delivers Keynote Address at Meeting of the Korean Engineering Education Research Center

On October 13, 2008, CASEE director Dr. Norman Fortenberry was the keynote speaker at a meeting of the Korean Engineering Education Research Center (KEERC) of the Board of the Accreditation Board on Engineering Education of Korea. Dr. Fortenberry spoke on emerging trends in the United States and other countries in engineering education research, innovation, and practice. Dr. Fortenberry was invited to speak by Dr. Il Moon, KEERC president and professor of chemical engineer- Front row: Song-Yop Han, Ki-Jun Lee, Norman Fortenberry, Jong-Kee Yeo, and Moon Kyum Kim. Back row: Young Do ing at Yonsei University. The event Kim, Won Lee, Il Moon, Jang Gyu Lee, Dong Joo Song, Kun-Sang Lee, unidentified, and Seung-Ki Lee. was co-sponsored by the National Academy of Engineering of Korea and the Korean Ministry of Educa- tion, Science, and Technology.

Call for Award Nominations

Historically, NAE has recog- U.S. science and technology pol- focused on bioengineering, the Russ nized outstanding achievements of icy, promoting U.S. technological Prize encourages collaborations engineers by awarding five prizes— development, and improving rela- between engineering and medi- Founders Award, Arthur M. Bueche tions among industry, government, cal and biological disciplines. The Award, Charles Stark Draper Prize, and academia. The Founders and Bernard M. Gordon Prize for Inno- Fritz J. and Dolores H. Russ Prize, Bueche Awards are presented every vation in Engineering and Tech and Bernard M. Gordon Prize. To fall at the NAE Annual Meeting. nology Education is given annually help us continue this historic tra- Recipients receive gold medallions, to honor educators whose programs dition, we invite you send us your hand-lettered certificates, and $2,500 have improved the quality of the nominations for the 2009–2010 cash prizes. engineering workforce. The focus is awards. The Charles Stark Draper Prize on innovations in curricular design, is awarded annually for innova- teaching methods, and technology- NAE Awards tion and the transfer to practice of enabled learning. The Gordon The Founders Award is presented an advancement in engineering or Prize is shared equally between the to an NAE member or foreign associ- technology that contributes to the recipient(s) and the institution. ate whose professional, educational, welfare and freedom of humanity. The Draper, Russ, and Gordon or personal achievements exemplify The biennial Fritz J. and Dolores H. prizes, which include $500,000 cash the ideals and principles of NAE. Russ Prize is awarded in recognition awards, gold medallions, and hand- The Arthur M. Bueche Award of an engineering achievement that lettered certificates, are presented honors an engineer who has been has contributed to the advancement during National Engineers Week at actively involved in determining of the human condition. Currently the NAE Annual Awards Dinner. The 60 BRIDGE

Nominators of the winning recipi- A list of previous recipients can be Nomination materials can also be ents are also invited to attend. found on our website (www.nae.edu/ downloaded from our website (www. awards). Members and foreign asso- nae.edu/awards). To Submit a Nomination ciates have received nomination Nominations should be mailed to Nominations for the 2009 Found- materials by mail. Nonmembers NAE Awards, National Academy of ers and Bueche awards and the may obtain materials from the NAE Engineering, 500 Fifth Street, N.W. 2010 Draper and Gordon prizes will Awards Office by phone (202) 334- (#1010), Washington, DC 20001, be accepted through April 3, 2009. 1628 or e-mail to [email protected]. or faxed to (202) 334-2290.

Calendar of Meetings and Events

March 15–21 U.S.-China Cooperation on April 15 NAE Tellers Committee Meeting June 17 NAE Finance Budget Committee Electricity from Renewables April 20–21 Convocation of Professional conference call Joint Committee Meeting Engineering Societies June 25–26 Faculty as Academic Honolulu, Hilo, and Kona, Hawaii April 23–25 German-American Frontiers of Change Agents April 2 NAE Regional Meeting Engineering Symposium Chicago, Illinois University of Illinois Potsdam, Germany Urbana, Illinois All meetings are held in the Academies Building, April 29 NAE Regional Meeting Washington, D.C., unless otherwise noted. For April 3 Deadline for Nomination/ Texas A&M University information about regional meetings, please Reference Forms for 2010 College Station, Texas contact Sonja Atkinson at [email protected] or Election Renomination Candidates May 1 Deadline for Nomination Forms for (202) 334-3677. April 3 Deadline for NAE Awards 2010 Election of New Candidates Nominations May 7–8 NAE Council Meeting April 14 NAE Regional Meeting Columbia University June 5 Deadline for Reference Forms for New York, New York New Nominations for members and foreign associates

In Memoriam

Gerard F. Fox, 85, retired part- pharmaceuticals, and for outstanding to NAE in 1977 “for contributions ner, Howard Needles Tammen and management of technology.” to and engineering management of Bergendoff, and consulting struc- major missile programs.” tural engineer, died on December John B. Gunn, 80, retired fel- 12, 2008. Mr. Fox was elected to low, IBM Corporation, died on George W. Housner, 97, NAE in 1976 “for contributions in December 2, 2008. Mr. Gunn was Carl F. Braun Professor of Engineer- structural theory with innovative elected a foreign associate of NAE in ing Emeritus, California Institute of elements of construction practice in 1978 “for the discovery of the Gunn Technology, died on November 10, building bridges.” effect, which made possible a simple 2008. Dr. Housner was elected to and reliable solid-state microwave NAE in 1965 as an “eminent author- James Gillin, 83, retired presi- power source.” ity on earthquake engineering.” dent, MSD Agvet Division, Merck & Co. Inc., died on December 8, 2008. Grant L. Hansen, 86, retired Amos E. Joel Jr., 90, retired Dr. Gillin was elected to NAE in 1991 vice president, System Develop- switching consultant, Bell Labora- “for unique creativity and engineer- ment Corporation, died on October tories, Lucent Technologies, died ing of manufacturing processes for 8, 2008. Dr. Hansen was elected on October 25, 2008. Mr. Joel was Spring 2009 61

elected to NAE in 1981 “for inven- William E. Leonhard, 93, was elected to NAE in 1988 “for tions and contributions to switch- retired chairman, president, and contributions to the development ing system developments for the CEO, Parsons Corporation, died on of computer organization, including nationwide public telecommunica- November 11, 2008. Mr. Leonhard pipelining, reliable main memory, tions network.” was elected to NAE in 1982 “for and memory hierarchies.” outstanding engineering achieve- Donald J. Jordan, 92, retired ments and exceptional technical Robert Price, 79, private con- engineering manager, Pratt & Whit- leadership in innovative engineer- sultant, died on December 3, 2008. ney Aircraft, died on November 10, ing accomplishments throughout Dr. Price was elected to NAE in 2008. Mr. Jordan was elected to the world.” 1985 “for pioneering achievements NAE in 1976 “for design contribu- in applying statistical communications to jet engines that now power Albert Rhoades Mar tion theory to radio communica- many of the world’s transport and schall, 87, U.S. Navy, retired, tion, radar astronomy, and magnetic military aircraft.” died on November 18, 2008. Rear recording.” Admiral Marschall was elected Roger P. Kambour, 76, retired to NAE in 1990 “for outstanding Roy Rowe, 79, retired consul- manager, Polymer Studies Unit, GE management, stressing highly pro- tant, died on December 18, 2008. Corporate Research and Develop- fessional leadership in all phases of Dr. Rowe was elected a foreign ment, died on December 20, 2008. vital large-scale worldwide facilities associate of NAE in 1980 “for con- Dr. Kambour was elected to NAE in programs.” struction research and development, 1992 “for pioneering investigations including its practical application, in of the structure of crazes in glassy David Middleton, 88, inde- design and construction of bridges.” polymers and discovery of their pendent consultant, communication importance in polymer fracture.” physics and applied mathematics, Charles M. Wolfe, 72, Profes- died on November 16, 2008. Dr. sor Emeritus of Electrical Engineer- Arthur R. Kantrowitz, Middleton was elected to NAE in ing, Washington University, died on 95, professor of engineering, Thayer 1998 “for statistical communication October 18, 2008. Dr. Wolfe was School of Engineering, Dartmouth theory and applications.” elected to NAE in 1991 “for funda- College, died on November 29, 2008. mental achievements in the synthe- Dr. Kantrowitz was elected to NAE James H. Pomerene, 88, sis and characterization of ultrapure in 1977 “for leadership in the fields retired fellow, IBM Thomas J. III-V semiconductors.” of gas dynamics, magnetohydro- Watson Research Center, died on dynamics, and bioengineering.” December 7, 2008. Mr. Pomerene The 62 BRIDGE

Publications of Interest

The following reports have been tors in public and private health NAE members on the study com- published recently by the National care agencies, health care workers, mittee were Jacques S. Gansler Academy of Engineering or the guidance counselors, parents, school (chair), vice president for research, National Research Council. Unless administrators, and policy makers professor, and Roger C. Lipitz Chair otherwise noted, all publications are on designing and investing in an in Public Policy and Private Enter- for sale (prepaid) from the National improved, integrated health system prise, School of Public Policy, Uni- Academies Press (NAP), 500 Fifth for adolescents. versity of Maryland; Trevor O. Jones, Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Wash- NAE member Vinod K. Sahney, chairman and CEO, ElectroSonics ington, DC 20055. For more infor- senior vice president and chief strat- Medical Inc.; Duncan T. Moore, mation or to place an order, contact egy officer, Corporate Strategy, Plan- professor, Institute of Optics, Uni- NAP online at ning, and Business Development, versity of Rochester; and Charles or by phone at (888) 624-8373. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Massa- R. Trimble, chairman, U.S. Global (Note: Prices quoted are subject to chusetts, was a member of the study Positioning System Industry Coun- change without notice. Online orders committee. Hardcover, $51.95. cil. Hardcover, $79.00. receive a 20 percent discount. Please add $4.50 for shipping and handling for An Assessment of the SBIR Program. Understanding Crime Trends: Workshop the first book and $0.95 for each addi- The Small Business Innovation Report. Changes over time in the tional book. Add applicable sales tax Research (SBIR) Program allocates levels and patterns of crime have or GST if you live in CA, DC, FL, 2.5 percent of 11 federal agencies’ significant consequences, not only MD, MO, TX, or Canada.) extramural research and develop- for the criminal justice system, but ment (R&D) budgets to fund R&D also for other critical policy sec- Adolescent Health Services: Missing projects by small businesses. The tors. Yet the country does not have Opportunities. Missed opportunities program awards grants, on a com- timely information or comprehen- for disease prevention and health petitive basis, of approximately sive research on crime trends. In promotion are two major problems $2 billion per year. At the request of April 2007, the National Research with U.S. health services for ado- Congress, the National Academies Council (NRC) held a two-day lescents, which are not designed to conducted a comprehensive study to workshop to address substantive help adolescents develop healthy determine if the program has stimu- and methodological issues under routines, behaviors, and relation- lated technological innovation and lying the study of crime trends and ships. Although most adolescents if the work done by small businesses to lay the groundwork for a proposed are thriving, many have difficulty meets federal R&D needs. Drawing multiyear NRC panel study of these accessing necessary services; some substantially on new data, this report issues. Six papers commissioned engage in risky behaviors that can provides a comprehensive overview from leading researchers were dis- jeopardize their health and con- of the SBIR Program at the U.S. cussed at the workshop, which tribute to poor health outcomes in Department of Defense, National was attended by experts in sociol- adulthood. In this new report, a Institutes of Health, National Sci- ogy, criminology, law, economics, committee of experts discusses the ence Foundation, U.S. Department and statistics. The authors revised health status of adolescents and of Energy, and National Aeronautics their papers based on discussants’ reviews the separate, uncoordinated and Space Agency (the five agencies comments, and the papers were programs and services delivered in that account for 96 percent of pro- then reviewed by outside experts. multiple public and private health gram expenditures) and recommends The six final papers are published care settings to young people during improvements to the program. Indi- in this volume. this stage of their lives. The report vidual reviews of the five agencies NAE member Alfred Blumstein, provides guidance for administra- are also available. University Professor and J. Erik Spring 2009 63

Jonsson Professor of Urban Systems Maritime Security Partnerships. No weather network that measures atmo and Operations Research, H. John single navy or nation can provide spheric conditions at various heights Heinz III School of Public Policy maritime security, which requires and scales is badly needed. In addi- and Management, Carnegie Mel- capabilities for the direct confron- tion to weather observations, such a lon University, was a member of the tation of pirates, drug traffickers, network could track the dispersion of study committee. Paper, $53.75. and illegal immigrants. A former biological and nuclear contaminants Chief of Naval Operations called from industrial accidents; moni- Severe Space Weather Events—Under- for a collaborative international tor smoke from wildfires; provide standing Societal and Economic Impacts: approach, initially called the “1,000- high-resolution weather informa- Workshop Report. The adverse effects ship Navy,” which would require tion for air and water transporta- of extreme space weather on mod- that U.S. naval forces partner with tion, water management, and food ern technology—such as power multinational, federal, state, local, production; and support regional outages, high-frequency commu- and private-sector forces to ensure climate monitoring. nication blackouts, and spacecraft freedom of navigation, the unim- NAE member Margaret A. anomalies—have been well docu- peded flow of commerce, and the LeMone, senior scientist, National mented, and the physical processes protection of ocean resources. This Center for Atmospheric Research, of space weather are generally well report describes the technical and was a member of the study commit- understood. However, the poten- operational implications of the tee. Paper, $49.00. tial social and economic impacts of “1,000-ship Navy” at four levels of disruptions in critical technological cooperation: (1) U.S. Navy, Coast Review of NASA’s Exploration Technol- systems have not been studied in Guard, and merchant shipping only; ogy Development Program: An Interim depth. The workshop summarized (2) U.S. naval and maritime assets Report. To meet the objectives of the in this volume was a first step toward in cooperation with treaty and alli- Vision for Space Exploration (VSE) determining the socioeconomic ance partners or analogous arrange- initiative, the National Aeronautics impacts of extreme space weather ments; (3) U.S. naval and maritime and Space Administration (NASA) and addressing space-weather risk assets with ad hoc coalitions; and must develop a wide array of assessment and management. In (4) U.S. naval and maritime assets enabling technologies. To oversee May 2008, representatives of indus- with partners that may be friendly and coordinate that development, try, government, and academia but could potentially be hostile, for NASA established the Exploration came together for a public work- certain operations, such as deterring Technology Development Program shop to discuss direct and collateral piracy and other criminal activities. (ETDP), which currently has 22 effects of space-weather events, the NAE members on the study com- projects under way. In the report current state of the space-weather mittee were David A. Whelan (co- that accompanied the House-passed services infrastructure, the need for chair), vice president, GM-Deputy version of the FY2007 Appropria- space-weather data and services, Advanced Systems, and chief scien- tions Bill, NASA was directed to and the effects of the develop- tist, IDS, Boeing Company; Thom request an independent assessment ment of future technologies on our J. Hodgson, Distinguished Univer- of ETDP by the National Research vulnerabilities to space weather. sity Professor, Industrial and Systems Council. This interim report pro- The workshop concluded with a Engineering Department, North vides assessments of all 22 projects discussion to identify the most Carolina State University; and John in terms of quality, the effectiveness important unexplored or under P. Stenbit, retired executive vice of research, and the relevance to explored topics for space-weather president, TRW Inc. Paper, $51.75. VSE goals. The authoring commit- risk management. tee also provides preliminary discus- NAE member Joseph B. Reagan, Observing Weather and Climate from sions of cross-cutting issues, which retired vice president and general the Ground Up: A Nationwide Network are explored in more detail in the manager, Lockheed Martin Missiles of Networks. This new report from final report. and Space Company, was a mem- the National Research Council con- NAE members on the study com- ber of the study committee. Paper, cludes that an integrated nation- mittee were Edward F. Crawley (co- $35.00. wide meteorological and chemical chair), executive director, CMI, and The 64 BRIDGE professor, Aeronautics and Astro- professor of aeronautics and astro- admiral, U.S. Navy (retired), and nautics, Massachusetts Institute of nautics, Massachusetts Institute of consultant, San Diego, California. Technology; Bonnie J. Dunbar (co- Technology; and Bonnie J. Dunbar, Paper $51.00. chair), president and CEO, Seattle president and CEO, Seattle Museum Museum of Flight; and John R. of Flight, were co-chairs of the study Progress Toward Restoring the Ever- Howell, Ernest Cockrell Jr. Memo- committee. NAE member John R. glades: The Second Biennial Review, rial Chair, Department of Mechani- Howell, Ernest Cockrell Jr. Memo- 2008. This is the second biennial cal Engineering, University of Texas. rial Chair, Department of Mechani- evaluation of progress in the Com- Paper, $21.00. cal Engineering, University of Texas prehensive Everglades Restoration at Austin, was also a member of the Plan (CERP), a multibillion-dollar A Constrained Space Exploration Tech- study committee. Paper, $36.75. effort to restore historical water nology Program: A Review of NASA’s flows to the Everglades and return Exploration Technology Development U.S. Conventional Prompt Global Strike: the ecosystem closer to its natural Program. A major objective of the Issues for 2008 and Beyond. Conven- state. Launched in 2000 by the U.S. Vision for Space Exploration (VSE) tional prompt global strike (CPGS), Army Corps of Engineers and the announced in January 2004, was a military option under consider- South Florida Water Management that the National Aeronautics and ation by the U.S. Department of District, CERP includes approxi- Space Administration (NASA) Defense, would provide an option mately 50 major projects to be com- “extend human presence across the for a quick, non-nuclear response to pleted in the next several decades. solar system, starting with a human dangerous threats in some scenarios. The review committee concludes return to the Moon by the year This National Research Council that budgeting, planning, and pro- 2020, in preparation for human report includes an analysis of pro- cedural problems continue to inter- exploration of Mars and other des- posed CPGS systems and an evalu- fere with the implementation of tinations.” NASA’s Exploration ation of their potential place in the CERP, which so far has made scant Technology Development Program overall U.S. defense landscape. The progress toward achieving its goals. (ETDP) is designed to support, report provides near-term, mid-term, To date, CERP has not completed develop, and ultimately provide and long-term recommendations for a single project, and future progress the technologies necessary to meet the development of CPGS systems is likely to be limited by constraints VSE goals. This review of ETDP based on their capabilities. on funding and cumbersome autho- finds that the program is making NAE members on the study com- rization mechanisms. The review progress toward its stated goals but mittee were John S. Foster Jr., committee recommends that man- is operating under significant con- retired vice president, science and agers focus on resolving complex straints that have limited its abil- technology, Northrop Grumman planning issues and then move for- ity to meet them. The constraints Space Technology; Richard L. Gar- ward with the projects that are most include still evolving requirements win, IBM Fellow Emeritus, IBM important to restoring the natural for the Constellation Program, Thomas J. Watson Research Cen- ecosystem. budget limitations, an aggressive ter; L. David Montague, president, NAE members Charles T. time scale for the delivery of early L. David Montague Associates, and Driscoll Jr., University Professor, technologies, and NASA’s desire retired president, Missile Systems Syracuse University, and Jean-Yves to continue to employ its entire Division, Lockheed Martin Missiles Parlange, professor, Cornell Uni- workforce. and Space; John P. Stenbit, retired versity, were members of the study NAE members Edward F. Craw- executive vice president, TRW Inc.; committee. Paper, $65.75. ley, executive director, CMI, and and Robert H. Wertheim, rear

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