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Originalveroffentlichung in: L. Lazzarini (Hrsg.), Interdisciplinary studies on ancient stone. ASMOSIA VI, 2003, S. 271-278

THE HISTORY OF 'S TEMPLE AT , AS TOLD BY ANALYSES AND HISTORICAL SOURCES

B.E. Borg1 and G. Borg2

1 Archaeological Institute, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Marstallhof 4, D-69117 Heidelberg, , [email protected] 2 Institute for Geological Sciences, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Domstr. 5, D-06108 Halle, Germany, [email protected]

Abstract (KNACKFUSS, 1941; TUCHELT, 1973; VOIGTLANDER, 1975; RUM- The temple of Apollo at Didyma in western has a par­ SCHEID, 1994). A set of 28 inscriptions dating from the 3rd and ticularly long building history from ca. 300 B.C. until well into 2nd cc. B.C. provides information about a major part of its build­ the Roman era. During this period, various types of white mar­ ing history and about details of the sequence, organisation, and ble were used. To determine their provenance, petrology and iso­ costs of the building activities themselves (REHM, 1958; tope analyses of carbon and oxygen were combined with consid­ GUNTHER, 1969/70). erations of practicability and historical probability. Four different Three of these inscriptions also give the names of two sites marble sources were identified: Milesian and Herakleian , supplying the marble, Marathe and , the latter being both quarried around about 26 km to the northeast of the harbour from where the marble has been shipped (I. Didyma Didyma, marble from Aliki on the Island of , and Pro- 39, 31; 40, 16; 41, 23. 28; cf. REHM, 1958). Thus, not surpris- connesian marble from the Island of . Mapping of these marbles on the temple revealed that they were employed during different periods. Whereas Milesian marble was used most wide­ ly during the Hellenistic and Roman periods, Thasian marble was used only for a short time during the 2nd c. B.C.; Herakleian marble was employed during the later Hellenistic and early Roman periods and Proconnesian marble was used in the Roman era. Identifying the marble types of various origins, thus, con­ tributes considerably to the discrimination of individual build­ ing phases and, especially, to the attribution of particular parts of the architecture to these phases.

Keywords: DIDYMA, APOLLO TEMPLE, MARBLE, ISO­ TOPE ANALYSIS, PETROLOGY, RARE EARTH ELE­ MENTS (REE), LAKE BAFA, , HERAKLEIA, THASOS, PROCONNESOS

Introduction The famous temple of Apollo at Didyma, built over two predecessors from the archaic period (TUCHELT, 1991; SCHNEIDER, 1996), counts among the largest temples of the Greco-Roman world. Erected on a platform of seven steps and a base of approximately 118 by 60 m, a double sur­ rounds a building complex consisting of an open courtyard (the with a small naiskos covering the sacred ), a front hall with 12 columns (called the dodekastylos), and a hall with two columns between these, that is approached from the adyton by a wide flight of stairs and opens into the dodekastylos through a monumental portal (fig. I). This por­ tal's threshold is about 1.5 m above the level of the floor in the dodekastylos and may have served as a staging area for the prophetes when he emerged from the holy space of the ady­ ton. The temple has a long building history, beginning some time around 300 B.C. and lasting well into the Roman era Fig. 1 - Didyma, Temple of Apollo, distribution of marble types.

The history of Apollo's temple at Didima... 271 drums lying around, which, according to their diameters of about 2 m, can only have been intended for this very building (PESCHLOW-BINDOKAT, 1977/78 and 1981; fig. 4). GERMANN (1981) studied the petrology of both the - kleian and Milesian marbles. These are situated within the contact metamorphic aureole of the granitic gneiss core of the Menderes Massif to the northeast of Lake Bafa. The most recent tectono- metamorphic overprint of the gneisses and surrounding sediments occurred in the Tertiary (SENGOR etai, 1984; Loos and REISCHMANN, 1999). The marbles on the east and north shores of Lake Bafa, to which a Palaeozoic age has been attributed (DORR, 1975), occur as well-defined lenses in muscovite schists with steep southerly to ver• tical dips. The quarries on the south shore are of Mesozoic age (DURR, 1975) and are hosted by moderately southerly dipping mar• ble lenses that are also enclosed in muscovite schists and phyllites. These lenses are usually smaller and far more irregular in shape than Fig. 2 - Map of the eastern Mediterranean. the ones on the east shore. A marked macroscopic petrological dis• crepancy exists between the east and the south shore quarries in terms of the textural occurrences of dolomite within these predo• minantly calcitic marbles. The south shore marbles display dolomitic layers of up to 40 cm in thickness which have been bou- dinaged, with individual boudins showing ductile wrap-around textures along their outer margins and sets of sharp, parallel, brit• tle fractures within the individual boudins (figs. 5 and 6). Do• lomitic portions within the east shore marble are less abundant and occur as millimetre-thin, parallel, laterally discontinuous laminae, or as small-scale, complex, ptygmatic folds within the calcitic mar• ble. These different textural styles vary systematically with the distance to the gneiss contact and thus represent the contact meta• morphic gradient. Germann's preliminary petrological study of the marble used at the temple also confirmed that large quantities come from the south shore of Lake Bafa. However, he also identi• fied some of the marble as Herakleian from the east shore and even recognized a third type of marble, a particularly coarse crystalline W/ffli Milesian Quames W Mikhail (.marries i [^^j Milesian (juames N Kftffi I icracleinn Quarries one, which he could not identify the source for (GERMANN, 1981). Fig. 3 - Map of Lake Bafa region with ancient quarry areas (modified after WIEGAND, 1913, and PESCHLOW-BINDOKAT, 1981: fig. 1).

ingly, the search for these sites and their associated marble quar• ries started at the beginning of the 20th c. soon after the inscrip• tions were discovered. It was only in the 1970s, however, that Peschlow-Bindokat (1977/78 and 1981) could finally establish the locality of Ionia Polis at the south shore of Lake Bafa, a for• mer embayment of the approximately 26 km to the northeast of Didyma, near the modern village of Mersinet Iske- lesi (Mersinet in fig. 3). Surveying the south and east shores of Lake Bafa, she also located and mapped a large number of mar• ble quarries. She convincingly argued that those stretching along the south shore from Ionia Polis to the west belonged to the city of Miletus, also owner of the sanctuary at Didyma, wheteas the quarries on the east shore belonged to the nearby independent city of Herakleia (fig. 3). That the Milesian south shote quarries did indeed supply the marble for the temple of Apollo can still Fig. 4 — Lefka-Bur-Dag quarry with broken column drum, south shore be seen from the large number of unfinished and broken column of Lake Bafa.

272 ASMOSIA VI -Sixth International Conference. Venice June 15-18. 2000 The objectives of our project arose from the above obser• Walls and stairs were studied as well, but in less detail. The pe• vations and consisted (1) in the identification of the unknown trographic analyses of both the quarry samples and the temple's source of the coarse crystalline marble, and (2) in the mapping architectural members has been limited to the macroscopic (hand of the various marbles at the temple for the purpose of estima• lens) scale since the method had to be applicable even where sam• ting the quantities of imported stone, dating these imports, ples for microscopic studies could not be taken. and identifying possible reasons for the import of marble. As a third scientific method, rare earth elements (REEs) were analysed on samples from both the Archaic and the Methodology Hellenistic-Roman temples, with the hope that this method As is well known today, there is still no single method to would help to solve some remaining uncertainties (on these see determine the provenance of white marbles with certainty and below). These analyses were carried out by Peter Moller and Peter thus, a combination of methods is necessary. On the other hand, Dulski at the Geoforschungszentrum (GFZ), Potsdam, Germany. a multi-method approach is limited by the small size and num• Unfortunately, the CI-normalized REE distribution patterns for ber of samples that can be taken from archaeological artefacts, marbles known to be of different origins (e.g., Lake Bafa marble and by the availability of data for possible marble sources from the Hellenistic-Roman temple and marble from the Aegean around the Mediterranean. island of from the Archaic temple) matched quite closely Isotope analyses of carbon and oxygen were carried out on in some cases whereas in other cases marble samples from a 58 quarry samples and 47 samples from the temple at Didyma known single source (e.g., marble from Lefka-Bur-Dag quarries by Harald Strauss at the Institut fur Geologie, Ruhr-Universirat- with its dolomitic boudins) produced a wide range of patterns. , Germany. These are given as delta-values in per mil re• This result can probably be explained by the fact that, in gener• lative to the PDB standard (CRAIG, 1957; CRAIG and CRAIG 1972). al, rather pure marbles from the innermost parts of marble lens• The quarry samples form a representative set for the quarries on es of any origin have very similar REE contents. The closer to the the north, south and east shores of Lake Bafa. They were collec• contact with the surrounding schists and gneisses the samples are ted from all parts of the quarries but only from excavation walls taken, the more 'contaminated' they are and the more varied the and large blocks showing tool marks in order to make sure that REE patterns become. Since the temple marbles were quarried the locations sampled were indeed quarried in antiquity. No sam• from both the central and marginal portions of marble lenses of pling was done in the marginal areas where the marble mixes various provenances, REE analysis turned out not to be helpful with the neighbouring schists even where these showed tool for the determination of their provenance. marks. Temple samples were taken both as loose fragments from Interpretation of data for architectural monuments must, fractured blocks and column drums and as drill cores (10 mm on account of the limits to scientific analyses noted above, opera• diameter) obtained during restoration work. Only those samples te with suppositions of practicability and historical probability, taken well below the exposed surfaces were used for isotopic which, if accepted, can at the same time support the interpreta• analyses in order to avoid contamination through alterations by tion. Accordingly, interpretations in this study were based on the weathering. The petrographic study included all the temple's following considerations. column drums (except the upper ones of the columns still stan• (1) Both inscriptions and the quarries with their remaining archi• ding to their full height) and all the floor slabs of the front hall. tectural pieces and blank forms confirm that large amounts of

Fig. 6 - Didyma, Temple of Apollo, threshold of the great portal show• Fig. 5 - Lefka-Bur-Dag, detail of dolomitic boudin, south shore of ing dolomitic boudin typical of Milesian marble from the Lefka-Bur- Lake Bafa. Dag quarries.

The history of Apollo's temple at Didima... 273 O 5 i than one that required long overland transport, because such transport is much more expensive than transport by boat. to Analytical results Quarry samples from Lake Bafa display isotope signatures that mostly plot into a distinct area covering and slightly exten• ding the isotopic field published by Herz (1987; fig. 6; data from Table 1). Samples from the largest east shore quarries, nos. I and V of Peschlow-Bindokat (1981: fig. 64) show limited variation and have the highest 6lsO values. Ratios for the easternmost 1 south shore quarries on Lefka-Bur-Dag (PESCHLOW-BINDOKAT, 1981: fig. 5) similarly plot into a small field immediately adjacent to the former one. However, so far, the marbles from the north, 0 I i 1 1 1 1 1 1 r—i i—i 1 east, and south shore quarries are not generally distinguishable by -8-6-4-2 0 18 isotopic analysis, but are, at least in part, by petrographic criteria. 5 0 Most conspicuous is the marble from the easternmost south shore quarries on Lefka-Bur-Dag. In many places, it displays the Fig. 7 — Lake Bafa quarry samples (outlined Herakleia field after HERZ, 1987): east shore quarries: • = quarry I, H = quarry II, • = quar• characteristic dolomitic boudins described above (figs. 5 and 6; ry IV, A = quarry; south shore quarries: D= western part; o = Lefka- shown in dark blue in fig. 1). As stated already, dolomitic por• Bur-Dag, A = north shore quarry. tions within the east shore marbles are less abundant and show completely different features. Middle to dark grey marble is par•

5 ticularly characteristic of the westernmost south shore quarries O i (shown in grey in fig. 1) whereas on Lefka-Bur-Dag and in the CO CO east shore quarries only banded varieties occur, which are also much lighter in colour. White marbles without dolomitic boudins, showing medium crystal sizes of 0.3 to 0.5 mm and maximum crystal sizes of about 1.0 mm, occur in all Lake Bafa quarry areas (shown in dark green and bluish green in fig. 1). However, the east shore quarries also feature a more coarse crys• talline variety not found on the south or north shores. Here, crys• tal sizes often vary widely within a single sample. The medium crystal sizes are generally 0.8 to 1.0 mm (in rare cases up to 1.5 mm) with maximum crystal sizes of 2.0 mm and locally 2.5 mm or, rarely, larger (shown in light green in fig. 1). Figure 7 shows 0 I i i i 1 1 1 i l 1 1 r——r——t—i——i 1 the isotopic signatures of temple samples that are attributed to -8-6-4-2 0 Lake Bafa quarries, on both isotopic and petrographical grounds, plotted against the quarry samples (data from Table 1 and 2). The extremely coarse crystalline marble, noticed previously Fig. 8 - Temple marbles from Lake Bafa: • = temple samples; quarry by Peschlow-Bindokat (1981) and Germann (1981) is generally samples: o = south shore; D = east shore; A = north shore. white with grey 'clouds' and comes from Aliki on the southeast shore of the Aegean island of Thasos {fig. 2). Only three temple marble were taken from the quarries around Lake Bafa, which samples could be taken but their signatures all plot distinctly away was nearby and accessible by boat. In addition, those on the south from the Lake Bafa field and well into the field of Thasos Aliki (fig. shore belonged to the owner of the sanctuary, the city of Miletus. 9, data from Table 3, shown in yellow in fig. 1). Calcite crystals Hence, it is appropriate to attribute any marble used at the tem• vary widely in size but range mostly between 1.5 and 3-0 mm ple with corresponding petrographic and isotopic characteristics with conspicuous single crystals of up to 7.0 mm, a characteristic to this source. typical of Aliki marble (SODINI et al., 1980; HERZ, 1988) but un• (2) For large monuments like a temple, it is highly unlikely that known to any other marbles with overlapping isotopic fields. single blocks of marble were ordered from a source otherwise not Surprisingly, another previously unrecognised marble source used. Thus, an additional marble source can only be assumed if a was found. Petrographically, this marble is most obviously dis• large number of architectural elements share a unique set of pet- tinguishable by its banding in various shades of white and grey. rographical and geochemical criteria. For the most part these bands are much more distinct from one (3) For the large quantities of marble needed for a temple, any another than those seen in the streaky variants of the Lake Bafa quarry accessible by boat is more likely to be the marble source marbles and continue laterally with a constant thickness, a fea-

274 ASMOSIA VI-Sixth International Conference. Venice June 15-18. 2000 ture which is most noticeable in the dolomitic bands (shown in Historical implications red in fig. 1). Due to the interlocking micro-texture, fractures in The mapping of marble variants on the temple at Didyma this 'new' marble also result in much sharper edges. Crystal size itself (fig. 1) has major implications for both the sanctuary's varies mainly between 0.5 and 0.8 mm with maximum crystal economy and building history, which we can only summarize size rarely exceeding 2.0 mm. Thus, the 'new' marble tends to be briefly in this paper (for a much fuller discussion see BORG, slightly coarser grained than most Lake Bafa marbles but this 2001). Quantities of imported marbles are much higher and cannot serve as a distinctive criterion. Isotopic signatures of the were taken from sources much more distant than previously assumed. These importations were obviously restricted to cer• tain periods and, except for rhe Roman period, were used to o complement (as opposed to substitute) the Milesian Lake Bafa CO south shore marble. From the beginning of building activities to Thasos Vathi Thasos Aliki until 224/23 B.C., when marble from the Lefka-Bur-Dag quar• ries was used for the threshold of the great portal (fig. 6), the sanctuary seems to have employed only Milesian marble. After a hiatus in the epigraphical evidence, which seems to represent a hiatus in building activities as well, work continued Thasos Phaneri after 190/89 B.C. with the erection of the great portal's rivets of Lake Bafa Thasian marble and of the dodekastylos columns. These columns clearly show a rather unsystematic alteration of drums of Milesian and Thasian marbles, suggesting that the Thasian mar• ble was imported to speed up building activities. Only one to two groups of labourers could work at the same time in most of 18 the small Milesian quarries. Furthermore, the quality of the 5 0 Milesian marble may not have been considered sufficiently high Fig. 9 — Temple marbles from Aliki on the Island of Thasos (Thasos for large pieces like column drums and rivets. The inhomoge- fields after Herz, 1987, Lake Bafa field from this study): •= three neous calcitic-dolomitic marble from Lefka-Bur-Dag is hard to temple samples with the rightmost symbol representing two identical work and much prone to fracturing whereas the grey varieties ratios. display a less satisfactory colour. Just before the dodekastylos was finished the sanctuary stopped importing marble from Thasos, 16 samples taken from architectural elements displaying these and in its place imported marble from nearby Herakleia. petrographic characteristics plot into a field partly overlapping After a second hiatus in the later , buil• the Lake Bafa field but also extending well beyond it (fig. 10, ding activities started again in the early Roman era and were pro• data from Table 4). Provided that these banded marbles have a bably sponsored by the Roman emperor(s). Beginning with the common origin — an assumption highly probable on both practi• cal and historical grounds as well - the signatures suggest a provenance from either Denizli or the Island of Marmara (ancient o Denizli ) (fig. 10). However, according to Monna and CO Pensabene (1977), none of the Denizli varieties of marble show "to 4 the characteristic banding displayed by the temple samples whereas this feature is well known from Proconnesian marble. 3 ^ On practical and historical grounds as well, Marmara is by far the more probable source. The quarries near the modern town of Denizli lie about 200 km inland from the Aegean coast and east 2 Marmara of Didyma (fig. 2). Its marble could only have been shipped on the Lykos and Menderes rivers, which would have been naviga• 1 Lake Bafa ble only during late winter snowmelt and the peak of the rainy season. Hence, it is generally assumed that, except for sarcopha• gi and perhaps some sculpture, the Denizli quarries were only exploited for local use. In contrast, the quarries on the Island of -2 18 Proconnesos in the Sea of Marmara (fig. 2) lie directly at the 5 0 seashore. They were imperial property and worked by slaves and Fig. 10- Temple marbles form Marmara (Marmara & Denizli fields state prisoners. The marble's abundance and good quality made after Herz, 1987; Marmara quarry samples after MANFRA et al., 1975, ancient Proconnesus the most productive exporter of marble in and AsGARi and MATTHEWS, 1995; Lake Bafa field from this study): the (ASGARI, 1978). A = temple samples; X = Marmara quarry samples.

The history of Apollo's temple at Didima... 275 outer front colonnade on the east , the workers set out to (eds.), The study of marble and other stones used in antiquity. complete the outer on all four sides without bother• Asmosia III : Transactions of the 3 rd International ing about the still unfinished inner colonnades. Starting off by Symposium of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other using Milesian marble for the front columns in the middle, they Stones used in Antiquity, London, 123-129. soon switched to Proconnesian marble, which had the advantages BORG B.E., 2001, Marmor fur Apoll - Ein Beitrag zur Baugeschichte of easy and relatively economical accessibility but also of high des jiingeren Didymaion und der historischen Topographie seiner quality. Only some of the plinths seem to consist of Herakleian Umgebung, BERGEMANN J. (ed.), Wissenschaft mit Enthusiasmus. Bei- marble. If this identification is correct, the plinths may have been trage zu antiken Bildnissen und zur historischen Landeskunde, Klaus laid out at the beginning of the building activities together with Fittschen gewidmet, Marie Leidorf, Rahden/Westfahlen, 79-101. the centre-front columns, but the possibility cannot yet be ruled CRAIG H., 1957: Isotopic standards for carbon and oxygen and cor• out completely that these plinths consist of a different variety of rection factors for mass spectrometric analysis of carbon dioxide, Proconnesian marble. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 12, 133-149. These observations also throw new light on the history of CRAIG H. and CRAIG V., 1972, Greek marbles: determination of the Lake Bafa quarries. It has been supposed that these quarries provenance by isotopic analysis, Science, Vol. 176, 401-403. had been abandoned abruptly when the Goths sacked the area in DORR S., 1975, Ober das Alter und geotektonische Stellung des Menderes- 262 A.D. and were hardly ever used afterwards (PBSCHLOW- Kristallins/S W-A natolien und seine Aquivalente in der mittleren Agais BINDOKAT, 1981). But three considerations argue against this (Habilitationsschrift Marburg, Lahn). view. (1) It has been supposed that the unfinished column drums GERMANN K., 1981, Lagerstatteneigenschaften und herkunftstypis- che Merkmalsmuster von Marmoren am Siidwestrand des had cracked and broken apart as a result of weathering, but the Menderes-Massifs (Siidwestanatolien), Jahrbuch des Deutschen damage happened as a result from inadequate handling of the Archaologischen Instituts, Vol. 96, 214-235. Milesian marble with its internal inhomogeneities and natural GONTHER W., 1969/70, Eine neue didymeische Bauinschrift, jointing. (2) The substitution of Milesian marble by Procon• Istanbuler Mitteilungen, Vol. 19/20, 237-247. nesian marble as building material for the temple of Apollo, in the Imperial period, must be due to dissatisfaction with the qual• HERZ N., 1987, Carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios: A data base for classical Greek and Roman marble, Archaeometry, Vol. 29(1), 35-43. ity of the local marble since the Lake Bafa quarries were not all exhausted. (3) Within the earlier concept, it seems hard to HERZ N., 1988, Classical Marble Quarries of Thasos, WAGNER G.A. explain why, after the Goths had left the area, work in the Hera• and WEISGERBER G. (eds.), Antike Edel- und Buntmetallgewinnung auf Thasos. Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 6, Deutsches Bergbaumuseum, kleian quarries went on (cf. the price edict by : MONNA Bochum, 232-240. and PENSABBNE, 1977) whereas it was not taken up again in the KNACKFUB H., 1941, Die Baubeschreibung in drei Banden, TH. south shore quarries. Thus, it seems highly likely, that the WIEGAND (ed.), Didyma I., , Milesian south shore quarries were more or less given up in the early Imperial period because of the bad quality of their marble. Loos S. and REISCHMANN TH., 1999, The evolution of the southern Menderes Massif in SW as revealed by zircon dating, Acknowledgements Journal of the Geological Society, Vol. 156, 1021-1030. The authors are much indebted to the director of the exca• MANFRA L., MASI U. and TURI B., 1975, Carbon and oxygen isotope vation at Didyma, Klaus Tuchelt, for inviting and supporting ratios of marbles from some ancient quarries of Western Anatolia and their archaeological significance, Archaeometry, 17.2, 215-221. their project; Lothar Haselberger, in charge of the Hellenistic- Roman temple, for his encouragement and advice; and Chris- MONNA D. and PENSABENB P., 1977, Marmi dell' Minore, toph Kronewirth for taking the samples during restoration. Our Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma. thanks also go to Harald Strauss who carried out the isotope PESCHLOW-BINDOKAT A., 1911 IIS, Ioniapolis. Zur Topographie einer analyses, and Peter Moller and Peter Dulsky for carrying out and milesischen Hafenstadt am latmischen Golf, Istanbuler Mitteilun• gen, Vol. 27/28, 131-136. helping to interpret the REE analyses. The paper benefited much from comments by the reviewers and by James A. Harrell PESCHLOW-BINDOKAT A., 1981, Die Steinbriiche von Milet und Hera- in particular. Finally, the authors would like to express their kleia am Latmos. Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts, Vol. gratitude to Klaus Tuchelt and the German Archaeological 96, 159-213. Institute for their major financial support for the field cam• REHM A., 1958, Die Inschriften, TH. WIEGAND-A. REHM-R. HARDER paigns in Didyma and for the scientific analyses. (eds.), Didyma II, Berlin. RUMSCHEID E, 1994, Untersuchungen zur kleinasiatischen Bauornamentik des References Hellenismus, Mainz. ASGARI N., 1978, Roman and early Byzantine marble quarries of SCHNEIDER P., 1996, Zum alten Sekos von Didyma, Istanbuler Proconnesos. Proceedings of the X International Congress of Classical Mitteilungen, Vol. 46, 147-152. Archaeology Ankara-Izmir 1973, Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, SENGOR A.M.C., SATIR M. and AKKOK R., 1984, Timing of tectonic Ankara, 467-480. events in the Menderes Massif, western Turkey: implications for tec• ASGARI N. and MATTHEWS K.J., 1995, The stable isotope analysis of tonic evolution and evidence for -African basement in Turkey, marble from Proconnesus, in: MANIATIS Y, HERZ N. and BASIAKOS Y. Tectonics, Vol. 3.7, 693-707.

276 AJMOJM VI-Sixth International Conference. Venice June 15-18, 2000 SODINI J.-P., LAMBRAKI A., and KOZELJ T., 1980, Les carrieres de TUCHELT K., 1991, Branchidai - Didyma. Geschichte, Ausgrabung und marbre a l'epoque paleochretienne, Htudes Thasiennes. Vol. 9- Aliki. I, Wiederentdeckung eines antiken Heiligtums, 1765 bis 1990, Antike Ecole Francaise d'Athenes, Athenes, 79-137. Welt, Sondernummer, Mainz.

TUCHBLT K., 1973, Vorarbeiten zu einer Topographie von Didyma. Eine VOIGTLANDER W., 1975, Der jiingste Apollontempel von Didyma. Geschichte Untersuchung der inschriftlichen und archaologischen Zeugnisse, seines Baudekors, Beiheft Istanbuler Mitteilungen Vol. 14, Tubingen. Beiheft Istanbuler Mitteilungen Vol. 9, Tubingen. WIEGAND TH., 1913, DerLatmos, Milet III 1, Berlin.

Table 1 — Quarry samples from Lake Bafa region (quarry numbers after Peschlow-^Bindokat, 1981)

I3 Sample 6lsO 6 C Sample 6ISO 5I3C Provenance Provenance no. (%o. PDB) (%o. PDB) no. (%o. PDB) (%o. PDB)

east shore, quarry I 96540 -2.60 2.52 south shore, west 97507 -2.51 2.32

96541 -2.09 2.35 98501 -2.6 2.7 96542 -2.26 3.00 98502 -2.0 2.2

96544 -2.73 2.14 98503 -2.0 2.5 96548 -1.74 2.61 98504 -2.6 2.4

96558 -1.98 2.61 98505 -2.2 2.2

96559 -2.55 2.33 98506 -2.7 2.2 96564 • -3.34 1.60 98542 -3.0 2.5

east shore, quarry II 96543 -2.43 2.82 98543 -3.1 2.7

96545 -3.10 3.04 south shore, west 97508 -2.83 2.29

96546 -2.36 2.90 97509 -2.82 2.41

96551 -2.79 2.80 97510 -2.75 3.83 96553 -2.93 2.71 97511 -6.62 1.04 96555 -2.37 2.83 97512 -5.45 1.66

96562 -2.23 2.79 97513 -3.52 2.19 96563 -1.81 2.79 97514 -3.59 2.25

east shore, quarry IV 98507 -3.7 1.5 97515 -1.99 1.74

98508 -3.5 1.5 97516 -3.97 2.09

99519 -2.77 1.50 98510 -3.4 2.1 east shore, quarry V 99528 -1.80 2.68 98511 -3.3 2.4

99529 -1.63 2.57 98512 -3.6 1.8

99530 -2.43 2.85 98513 -6.7 2.0

south shore, east 97501 -2.73 2.43 98514 -2.8 1.3 97502 -2.62 2.61 98514 -2.8 1.3

97503 -1.96 2.58 98515 -2.5 3.1 97504 -2.11 2.27 north shore 99520 -3.09 1.86

97504 -1.73 2.27 99522 -2.25 1.92

97505 -2.09 2.29 99523 -2.78 2.00

9750 -2.30 2.18 99524 -5.15 2.09

Table 3 — Temple samples attributed to Thasos. Aliki

Sample 5I80 813C Provenance from Temple no. (%o. PDB) (%c. PDB)

LH2 -0.7 3.2 great Portal, south rivet 98522 -0.2 3.1 column C 4, second drum

98523 -0.2 3.1 great Portal, north rivet

The history of Apollo's temple at Didima... 277 Table 2 — Temple samples attributed to Lake Bafa Quarries

I3 Sample no. 6I80 (%o. PDB) 6 C (fc. PDB) Provenance from Temple

LH3 -1.8 2.8 west wall, 2-column-hall LH4 -3.5 1.7 south anta LH6 -1.9 1.9 column C 9, first drum LH7 -1.6 2 stepped Platform, north-west corner tm -2.7 2.2 stepped Platform, front 96547 -2.62 2.44 column E 7, third drum 96549 -1.87 2.58 column E 7, fourth drum 96550 -2.14 2.27 column E 7, third or fourth drum 96552 -2.64 2.06 column E 7, third or fourth drum 98509 -3.4 1.7 north anta 98516 -2.9 2.7 column C 9, second drum 98517 -2.5 2.0 column C 9, first drum 98519 -3.6 1.6 column A 4, second drum 98521 -2.6 1.0 north anta 98527 -2.8 1.8 adyton, north wall 98528 -1.6 2.7 adyton, west wall, first 98529 -3.8 1.6 naiskos 98530 3.0 2.1 naiskos 98540 -2.5 2.6 column D 4, second drum 98544 -2.3 2.6 column D 4, second drum 98545 -2.1 2.5 column D 4, third drum 99539 -3.44 3.51 column F 1, plinth 99547 -2.44 1.32 column B 6, base 99548 -3.07 2.13 naiskos 99549 -2.50 2.44 column B 7, second drum 99550 -2.93 2.33 adyton, north wall 99551 -2.32 1.50 column B 6, first drum 99552 -1.98 2.01 column B 7, second drum

Table 4 — Temple samples attributed to Marmara

13 Sample no. dlsO (%o. PDB) 8 C (%o. PDB) Provenance from Temple LH1 -1.3 3.3 column F 1, base LH5 -2.1 3.6 column B 10, first drum 98518 -2.6 2.0 column A 2, first drum 98520 -2.0 3.6 column A 9, first drum 98524 -1.6 3.4 column D 1, plinth and base blok 98525 -2.1 2.8 column G 1, third drum 98526 -1.8 3.0 column I 1, plinth and base blok 99536 -1.64 3.79 column B 1, first drum 99537 -1.58 3.81 column D 1, first drum 99538 -2.05 2.47 column E 1, plinth and base blok 99540 -11.19 3.28 column F 1, spira 99541 -1.24 3.07 column H 1, base 99542 -2.53 2.70 column H 1, first drum 99543 -2.06 2.84 column Q 1, first drum 99544 -3.27 3.20 column Q 1, plinth and base blok 99545 -1.63 2.92 column C 1, first drumr 99546 -1.69 3.10 column G 1, first drum