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Home , Beycesultan, Iasos, Larisa (Ionia), Larisa (Troad), Lydia, Marmara (Lycia)

CERAMICS, SURVEYS, AND CONNECTIVITY IN WESTERN : THE MIDDLE AND LATE BAKIRÇAY/KAIKOS VALLEY RESTUDIED 3HWHU3DY~N1 and Barbara Horejs2

Abstract: This paper presents the results of a long- distance trade, a multitude of sealing practices, WHUPVXUYH\FRQGXFWHGLQWKH%DNÕUoD\.DLNRV and several archives of written documents in 9DOOH\DQGWKHYLFLQLW\RI3HUJDPRQZKLFKSUR- Akkadian, Hittite and Luwian. These archives YLGHVDQHZSULPDU\GDWDVHWIRUWKHnd millennium cover a wide range of topics: royal deeds and BCE developments in this area. The archaeologi- annals, cultic texts, diplomatic treaties, letters, and FDOHYLGHQFHZLOOEHRXWOLQHGLQGHWDLOIRUWKH¿UVW accounting and trade documents, etc. Some of WLPHKHUHHPEHGGHGLQEURDGHUFXOWXUDODQG them also mention Western Anatolia, or countries PDWHULDOGHYHORSPHQWVRIWKH:HVWHUQ$QDWROLDQ believed to be located here, from as early as the 0LGGOHDQG/DWH%URQ]H$JHV7KHGLVFXVVLRQZLOO 15th century BCE and with their activities culmi- not be limited to ceramic wares and shapes and nating in the 13th century BCE. By that time most WKHFKURQRORJLFDODVVHVVPHQWRIWKH¿QGVRQO\EXW of Western Anatolia becomes linked to the Hittite their distribution within the valley and site hierar- empire through a series of vassal treaties.4 FKLHVZLOOEHDVVHVVHGDVZHOO)LQDOO\WKHVLJQL¿- To the west, one encounters a slightly more FDQFHRIWKH%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\ZLWKLQWKHEURDGHU GLYHUVL¿HGZRUOGRIWKH0LGGOHDQG/DWH%URQ]H FXOWXUDOODQGVFDSHVRI:HVWHUQ$QDWROLDZLOOEH Age Aegean. , with its Minoan civilisation of reconsidered. the so-called First and Second palaces, was cer- Keywords: :HVWHUQ$QDWROLD(DVWHUQ$HJHDQ tainly setting the tone in the MBA and early LBA, %URQ]H$JHSRWWHU\VHWWOHPHQWFKDPEHUVVXUYH\ \LHOGLQJULFK¿QGVRIERWKSUHVWLJLRXVDQGHYHU\- prehistoric day character, as well as the so-far undeciphered script and abundant sealing bureaucracy. Setting the stage $W¿UVW&UHWHVHHPVWRKDYHDVVXPHGPRUHRIDQ internal outlook, getting involved mainly in elite Western Anatolia in the 2nd millennium BCE is communication with the Eastern Mediterranean surprisingly hard to grasp, despite being surround- and in more mundane exchange with the ‘neigh- HGE\UHODWLYHO\ZHOOXQGHUVWRRGÀDQNLQJUHJLRQV3 ERXULQJ¶UHJLRQV:HGRKRZHYHUVRRQZLWQHVVD To the east, on the Central Anatolian plateau, we spread of a whole package of Cretan material cul- witness the rise of a sophisticated network of Mid- ture traits to the Southern Aegean, such as the so- dle Bronze Age (MBA) Old Assyrian trading FDOOHGFRQLFDOFXSVÀDWGLVFRLGORRPZHLJKWVRU SRVWVZKLFKHYHQWXDOO\¿UVWOHDG LQGLUHFWO\ WRWKH frescoes. Some even reached the coastal Pelopon- formation of the Late Bronze Age (LBA) Hittite nese, but their distribution centred mostly on the kingdom, developing into an empire after c. 1450 , Dodecanese, and the adjacent Ionian BCE. There are remains of large palaces and and Carian coast, although additional outliers lie urban centres with evidence for far reaching long- as far north as .5

1 ICAR – Institute of Classical , Charles Uni- INS 1998; SEEHER 2005; NIEMEIER 2007a; GREAVES 2010; versity, Prague; email: [email protected] BRYCE 2011, as well as the relevant recently edited vol- 2 OREA – Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, umes: COLLINS et al. (eds.) 2008; MOUTON et al. (eds.) 2013; Austrian Academy of Sciences Vienna; email: barbara. STAMPOLIDIS et al. (eds.) 2015 – many of these tend to be [email protected] linguistic and historical rather than archaeological in 3 The following overview is based on numerous studies of nature. RXUFROOHDJXHVPDQ\RIZKLFKZLOOEHTXRWHGUHSHDWHGO\ 4 GLATZ 2009; WEEDEN and ULLMANN (eds.) 2017; SCHACHNER throughout the paper. Here, however, at least some of the (ed.) 2017. comparatively not so numerous summaries of the develop- 5 BROODBANK 2004, for a recent overview, see papers in ments of the area as a whole should be mentioned: HAW K- GOROGIANNI et al. (eds.) 2016.

Ägypten und Levante/ and the 28, 2018, 457–485 © 2018 by Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 458 Peter Pavúk and Barbara Horejs

While mainland seems to have had a characterised by the use of handmade burnished less developed social complexity in the MBA, it wares and a lack of script and sealing bureaucracy still witnessed the emergence of the rich Shaft north of the Mt. massif. To these charac- Grave phenomenon at the MBA/LBA transition in teristic features one can also add a conspicuous the Argolid and yielded thriving communities in absence of communication with Western Anatolia, Central Greece and Euboea. The picture starts to at least such that would be discernible in the mate- change around the middle of the 2nd millennium rial evidence.7 BCE, when the communities in the Argolid inter- Coming back to Western Anatolia, most stud- act more intensively with those on Crete during ies treat it rather perfunctory, mostly in reference Late Helladic (LH) IIB, and with palaces having to the above-mentioned polities and their involve- been established on the southern Greek Mainland ment in Western Anatolia, leaving Anatolia some- some time around the LH IIB/LH IIIA1 transition. what secondary in comparison to the so-called It is this Palatial Mycenaean period that yielded µKLJK FXOWXUHV¶ LQ WKH EHWWHU LQYHVWLJDWHG UHJLRQV yet another script, . Seals continue to be around it. What we need to do, therefore, is to con- used for administrative purposes, but their mean- sider Western Anatolia for its own value and ing seems to have changed from primarily eco- understand not only its western coastal stripe, but nomic to perhaps more of a personal value. From also the further inland.8 We are convinced LH IIIA2 onward there is a so-far unpreceded that a substantial understanding of Western Anato- expansion of a certain type of material culture out- OLDQSUHKLVWRULFVRFLHWLHVDOVRUHTXLUHVDQDQDO\VLV of its homeland in the – especial- of the various concepts and traditions of archaeo- ly pottery – that came to be labelled as ‘- logical materials at a more regional level. The DQ¶1RWRQO\LVWKH0\FHQDHDQGHFRUDWHGSRWWHU\ ORQJWHUPVXUYH\VFRQGXFWHGLQWKH%DNÕUoD\.DL- distributed along the Western Anatolian coast in Valley and the vicinity of Pergamon now pro- this period, but female textile-workers in the pal- vide new primary datasets offering the option to DFHVFDQEHLGHQWL¿HGDVFRPLQJHLWKHUGLUHFWO\ conduct this kind of a regional approach, simulta- from Western Anatolia or from the adjacent East- neously embedded in a wider supra-regional con- ern Aegean .6 text.9 In the northern Greek Mainland, we witness various forms of Thessalian and Macedonian Western Anatolia through the lens of surveys Bronze Age, its communities intertwined with the developments of the Balkan hinterland, but also When we look at the distribution of excavated and selectively adapting and adopting new practices published sites in Western Anatolia, one immedi- and material culture from the south. These regions ately notices a clear pattern: almost 90 % of them remain largely true to their own traditions mainly are located on the Western Anatolian coast.10 The

6 MARAN 2011; PARKINSON and GALATY 2007; EDER and JUNG Th. Urban, M. Bergner, St. Grasböck, D. Wolf, M. 2015; MOUNTJOY 1998; NOSCH and LAFFINEUR (eds.) 2012; 0HKRIHU DQG&KDUOHV8QLYHUVLW\WHDP /XFLDâXãNRYiDQG ZURBACH 2015. *HUKDUG 3DVWLUþiN  6SHFLDO WKDQNV JR WR (DVWHUQ $WODV 7 HOREJS 2007; PAV Ú K and HOREJS 2012; EDER 2009; BOZHINO- () for geophysical surveys, of which the results at VA et al. 2010; GIMATZIDIS et al. (eds.) 2018. 'H÷LUPHQWHSHDUHSUHVHQWHGKHUH 8 This new approach is represented for example in MAC 10 (BLEGEN et al. 1951; 1953; 1958; KORFMANN 2006; as SWEENEY 2009; 2010; 2011; MOKRIŠOVÁ 2015; VAESSEN 2016; well as annual reports in Studia Troica) followed after a 2017. large geographical gap by on Hermos (BOEHLAU 9 Our sincere thanks go to the Pergamon excavations/DAI and SCHEFOLD 1942), Panaztepe (GÜNEL 1999a; ERKANAL- (F. Pirson) and the Turkish authorities for permis- ÖKTU 2008; ÇINARDALI-KARAASLAN 2008), %D\UDNOÕ sion; funding was provided by ERC Prehistoric Anatolia (AKURGAL 1950; BAYNE 2000, 61–80), Liman Tepe (GÜNEL (263339), FWF Start project (Y 528), the Czech Science 1999b; ERKANAL 2008; VOTRUBA 2015), dHúPH )RXQGDWLRQ*$ý5 $ZDUG6 DQGWKH(XURSHDQ %D÷ODUDUDVÕ (ù$+2ö/8 2007; 2015), .RFDEDúWHSH (AYKURT Regional Development Fund-Project „Creativity and 2006), %DGHPJHGÕ÷Õ7HSH (MERIÇ 2003; 2007; MERIÇ and Adaptability as Conditions of the Success of in an ÖZ 2015), Ayasuluk (BÜYÜKKOLANCI 2007), .DGÕNDOHVÕ Interrelated World” (No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/00007 (AKDENIZ 2006; 2007), 0LOHWXV (NIEMEIER 2007b, with rich 34). We further thank the “Prehistoric Pergamon Survey” previous bibliography; cf. now RAYMOND et al. 2016), øDVRV ERC team (M. Röcklinger, F. Ostmann, Ch. Schwall, J. (MOMIGLIANO 2009; 2012) and 0VJHEL (BOYSAL 1967), 7UDXPOOHU0%|UQHU%0LOLü0%UDQGO/6FKQHLGHU just to name the most well-known. 7KH0LGGOHDQG/DWH%URQ]H$JH%DNLUoD\.DLNRV9DOOH\UHVWXGLHG 459 few more extensively excavated inland sites had until recently no published sites (with the include Pergamon (with limited but published H[FHSWLRQRIWKHø]PLUDUHDZKLFKLVQRWUHSUH- excavations),11 (with several deep trenches, sentative of the whole valley, and the recent exca- largely unpublished),12 Gavurkale (with excavation YDWLRQVDW.D\PDNoÕUHTXLUHPRUHWLPHWREHIXOO\ RIDFHQWUDOµPHJDURQ¶DOVRODUJHO\XQSXEOLVKHG 13 SXEOLVKHG  WKH %DNÕUoD\ 9DOOH\ LV UHSUHVHQWHG 0HWURSROLVDQG%DGHPJHGL÷L7HSH ZLWKVHYHUDO only by Pergamon (the challenges of which will be H[FDYDWHGWUHQFKHVDWERWKVLWHVDQG¿QDOSXEOLFD- discussed below), and the is represented by tion currently in preparation),14 (with Troy (which, unfortunately, is illustrative only of VHYHUDOH[FDYDWHGWUHQFKHVDQG¿QDOSXEOLFDWLRQ 15 the western Troad). Turkish has almost no (with extensive old excavations and comprehensively researched sites, with the sole ¿QDOSXEOLFDWLRQDVZHOODVQHZH[FDYDWLRQVFXU- exception of the new and exciting excavations at rently underway, published in preliminary Maydos-Kilisitepe on the Galipoli peninsula.20 reports),16 and Çine Tepecik (currently excavated This is why it is necessary, despite the absence of and published in preliminary reports).17 Overall, major excavated sites, to engage again and in more this is not much, actually. Nonetheless, even detail with survey material. though these are only a few excavated inland sites, Our knowledge of inland Western Anatolia is they still offer useful data for the 2nd millennium based mainly on surveys, conducted variously by BCE and have to be included in our understanding K. Bittel, C. Blegen, J. Driehaus, J. Mellaart, of a local and regional horizon. The importance of ')UHQFK0g]GR÷DQ50HULo+/RKPDQQ the inland sites is proven now even more so with E. Akdeniz, R. Aslan, Ch. Roosevelt, Ch. Luke WKH QHZ H[FDYDWLRQV DW .D\PDNoÕ ORFDWHG RQ WKH and others.21 Just as in the case of excavated sites, western slopes of the Lake basin in the not all of them have been fully published.22 The middle Gediz/Hermos River valley, just north of real problem, however, remains the absence of Sardis. So far only preliminary reports have been H[FDYDWHG DQG SXEOLVKHG VWUDWLJUDSKLF VHTXHQFHV published, but it is clear that with more data from against which survey material can be compared WKHVLWHLWZLOOEHFRPHDUHIHUHQFHVLWHRIHTXLYD- and thus dated and understood more precisely. lent rank to Troy and Beycesultan.18 Inching closer to the target of the present paper, From a geographical point of view, Western WKH%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\OHWXVDGGUHVVWKHPRUHUHFHQW Anatolia is composed of a number of deep and survey attempts in its neighbouring regions. In the broad valleys, running mostly in east-west direc- Troad, the team of M. Korfmann expanded the tion, separated from each other by long and sur- previous knowledge generated by C. Blegen, prisingly massive chains of hills and mountains, A. Akarca, and J. Cook,23 and conducted renewed creating a system of distinct settlement cham- visits to the previously known sites to verify their bers.19 Whereas in Southwestern Anatolia there is ORFDWLRQDQGUH¿QHWKHLUGDWHDQGLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ usually at least one well-excavated and published this effort was coordinated by R. Aslan and site in each of the chambers, when we move north G. Bieg.24 The combination of survey evidence, the situation becomes scarcer. The Gediz Valley new knowledge of the archaeology of Troy itself,

11 RADT 1992; HERTEL 2011. 21 Roughly from north to south: g='2ö$1 1991; 1993; COOK 12 Summarised in SPIER 1983; cf. also JEWELL 1974, 109–110. 1973; AKARCA 1978; ASLAN et al. 2003; ROSE et al. 2007; 13 MERIÇ 1989; 1990; 1992. MELLAART 1955; FRENCH 1967; 1969; EFE 1994; 1997; DRIE- 14 MERIÇ 2003; 2004; 2007; MERIÇ and ÖZ 2015; SCHACHNER HAUS 1957; ROOSEVELT and LUKE 2017; SCHACHNER and and MERIÇ 2000; MERIÇ and MOUNTJOY 2002. MERIÇ 2000; MERIÇ 2007; 28, n. 16; 2009; ÇAYMAZ 2008; 15 KADISH 1969; 1971; MARCHESE 1976; 1978; JOUKOWSKY LOHMANN 2004; GÜNEL 2003; 2004; 2005; 2006; MELLAART 1986. 1954, esp. 179–180; LLOYD and MELLAART 1962, 243–64; 16 LLOYD and MELLAART 1969; LLOYD 1972; MELLAART and 1965, 74–81; MELLAART and MURRAY 1995, 99–109. MURRAY 1995; '('(2ö/8 and ABAY 2014. 22 A number of interesting observations on various unpub- 17 GÜNEL 2010; 2015. OLVKHGVXUYH\¿QGVFDQEHVWLOOIRXQGLQBAYNE 2000, pas- 18 For preliminary reports, see ROOSEVELT and LUKE 2010, sim. 7–8, Map. 1, Fig. 11–12; 2011, 56–57, Fig. 1–3; 2013, 23 BLEGEN et al. 1950; COOK 1973; AKARCA 1978. ROOSEVELT et al.)RUWKH¿UVWH[WHQVLYH(QJOLVKUHSRUW 24 Reports on the 2nd millennium sites can be found in ASLAN covering the years 2013 to 2017, see ROOSEVELT et al. 2018. et al. 2003, and pottery discussed in PAV Ú K and SCHUBERT 19 PAV Ú K 2015, Fig. 8. 2014. 20 SAZCI 2013; 2016; SAZCI and %$ù$5$1087/8 2017; 2018. 460 Peter Pavúk and Barbara Horejs

)LJ3DQRUDPDYLHZRIWKH%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\IURPWKHHQWUDQFHRIWKH*PúRYD9DOOH\WRZDUGVWKHQRUWKZLWKPRGHUQ%HUJDPD DQGDQWLTXH3HUJDPRQLQWKHEDFNJURXQG 3KRWRE\)HOL[2VWPDQQ25($  as well as the evidence from archaeobotany and this contribution. Prehistoric research has never archaeozoology led to interesting insights into the been the primary focus of investigations in the 2nd millennium BCE settlement dynamics in the around famous Pergamon, including the Western Troad (see further discussed below).25 To FRPSOHWH%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\$VLGHIURPGDLO\WULSV WKHVRXWK50HULoFRQGXFWHGVHYHUDOVXUYH\VHD- by W. Dörpfeld in 1908 and K. Bittel in the sons in the Gediz Valley, which have only been 1940s,29 our information about its has published just now.267KH¿UVWPRUHFRPSUHKHQ- generally been based on the survey of J. Driehaus, VLYHUHVXOWVVWHPIURPWKHUHFHQWO\¿QLVKHGCen- the results of which were published as one article tral Archaeological Survey (CLAS), cover- in 1957.30 6XEVHTXHQW UHVHDUFK DFWLYLWLHV IRFXVHG ing the region around the north of RQSHULRGVRIFODVVLFDODQWLTXLW\DQGWKHLQWHQVLYH Sardis, including the area with Lydian and Persian excavations of the Hellenistic citadel of Pergamon. WXPXOL FDOOHG %LQ 7HSH µ7KRXVDQG 0RXQGV¶ LQ This lack of systematic research in the valley Turkish).27 Though one of the primary motivations made it an almost terra incognita of prehistory of CLAS was to document the Early and provided an impetus for an archaeological and (EIA), the survey discovered a number of Bronze environmental survey project focused on the pre- Age sites. Most striking is the suite of six LBA of the environs of Pergamon. Based on a IRUWL¿HGFLWDGHOVZLWKWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGVLWHRI broad spectrum of archaeological, archaeometric, .D\PDNoÕEHLQJWKHODUJHVWDQGZLWKPRVWFRP- and geo-archaeological analyses of previously dis- SOH[VWUXFWXUH7KHVHZHUHDFFRPSDQLHGE\¿YH FRYHUHG ¿QGV DV ZHOO DV QHZ PDWHULDOV DQG VLWHV XQIRUWL¿HGORZODQGVHWWOHPHQWVDQGWZHQW\WKUHH the study aimed at providing up-to-date and essen- VFDWWHUV RI ¿QGV UHSUHVHQWLQJ PRUH HSKHPHUDO tial data about the prehistory of the region. The activities. Ceramic fabrics across the various sites project focused on trying to discern a potential ZHUH WHVWHG FKHPLFDOO\ DQG WKH\ UHÀHFW DOO WKH system of settlements and its change through time, VDPH FKHPLFDO SUR¿OH ZKLFK LQGLFDWHG D KLJK its environmental context, as well as access to raw degree of centralised production, as was witnessed materials based on the location of potential also around Troy.28 What still needs to be ascer- resources in the region. Additionally, the evalua- tained is the interplay between the lowland sites WLRQRIROGDQGQHZGDWDKDVDOORZHGWKHGH¿QLWLRQ and the citadels. RIDQHZORFDOFHUDPLFVHTXHQFHDQGLWVLQWHJUD- tion into the wider Aegean-Anatolian world. 6XUYH\VLQWKH%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\ The new survey of the prehistoric activity was initiated in 2007 and conducted between 2008 and :KDWUHPDLQVWREHGLVFXVVHGLVWKH%DNÕUoD\9DO- 2014 by B. Horejs in cooperation with F. Pirson ley located in-between, which presents the core of and the Pergamon excavations of the German

25 PAV Ú K et al. 2014. 28 LUKE et al. 2015; PAV Ú K and SCHUBERT 2014. 26 MERIÇDVLPLODUO\FRQGXFWHGVXUYH\LQWKH.oN 29 DÖRPFELD 1908; DÖRPFELD and HEPDING 1910; BITTEL 1950. Menderes Valley has been published and is of relevance 30 DRIEHAUS 1957. here (MERIÇ 2009). 31 For methodologies and analyses, see the annual reports 27 LUKE et al. 2015; COBB 2016; ROOSEVELT and LUKE 2017. HOREJS 2009; 2010b; 2011a; 2012; 2013; 2014b; HOREJS et Additionally, for the pre- and proto-history of the classical al. 2015. region of Lydia, cf. ROOSEVELT 2010. 7KH0LGGOHDQG/DWH%URQ]H$JH%DNLUoD\.DLNRV9DOOH\UHVWXGLHG 461

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Archaeological Institute (DAI) in Istanbul.31 The limited areas for prehistoric settling in the valley, documentation has been completed for all material ZKLFKZDVLQIRFXVLQWKH¿UVW\HDUVRIWKHSURMHFW categories and the sites, but additional analyses are The visible volcanic mounds (tepes) were inten- still underway. Aside from the annual reports, sively investigated with a bundle of methods, EURDGHUUHVXOWVLQFOXGLQJWKHLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRIQHZ including surface collections in grids (e. g. Yeni sites, settlement patterns, chronology, and envi-

32 HOREJS 2009; 2010a; 2010b; 2011a; 2011b; 2012; 2013; 33 PIRSON and ZIMMERMANN 2014, with further references. 2014a; 2014b; 2014c; HOREJS et al. in press. 462 Peter Pavúk and Barbara Horejs measuring, GIS surveys, aerial-map analyses as Chronology and periodisation of the 2nd millen- ZHOODV¿HOGVWXGLHVRIODQGVFDSHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV QLXP%&(%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\ with geological and geographical experts provided data for modelling potential settlement zones aside One of the major aims of the survey was to discern WKH%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\SODLQLQWKH*PúRYD9DOOH\ the potentially changing settlement dynamics all published in the annual reports. These potential within the valley. In order to do so, one had to human activity zones were extensively surveyed, assess the fragmentary survey material as chrono- followed by intensive site-based surveys at archae- logically closely as possible. With no stratigraphic RORJLFDO¿QGVSRWV7KHVHLQYHVWLJDWLRQVLQFOXGHG VHTXHQFHH[FDYDWHGLQWKHDUHDRQHKDGWRWXUQIRU again systematic intensive surface collections in FRPSDUDQGDWRWKHFORVHVWVWUDWL¿HGVLWHZKLFKLV grids or areas, drilling cores and geophysical sur- Troy. The typological discussion and the related veys in selected zones. The combination of various dating of the fragments thus followed in broad geoarchaeological survey methods and landscape terms the system developed by Peter Pavúk at modelling with systematic site-based surface col- 7UR\ZKLFKKDGWREHDGMXVWHGWR¿WWKHORFDOVSHF- lections offer a solid basis of data for further inter- trum, as the Troad seems to have belonged to a pretations. Regarding the prehistory in the GLIIHUHQW FHUDPLF JURXS PRUH VWURQJO\ LQÀXHQFHG %DNÕUoD\9DOOH\WKHVHGDWDUHSUHVHQWWKHVWDWHRI by the .37 the-art survey outcome, before modern agriculture For the Western Anatolian periodisation and is expected to destroy these last remains of prehis- chronological system, the present article follows toric activities in the region. the one presented by Peter Pavúk in the 2011 ‘Nos- Altogether, 16 sites dating to the 2nd millenni- WRL¶ FRQIHUHQFH LQ øVWDQEXO38 which was based XP%&(FDQQRZEHLGHQWL¿HGLQWKHYLFLQLW\RI mainly on the development of the local Anatolian Pergamon (Fig. 2): Gryneion, Elaia, , Hati- ceramics. It cannot be synchronised one-to-one SOHU .DOHVL %DúDQWHSH $WDUQHXV dLIWOLN with the neighbouring systems, since it does not 'H÷LUPHQWHSH 7HXWKUDQLD 0ROODK 0XVWDID 7HSH follow the standard tripartite division. Such a divi- DQG(ULJ|O7HSHLQDQGDURXQGWKHORZHU%DNÕUoD\ sion does not suit the ceramic development of Valley, 343HUJDPRQ$KÕUND\D%D÷OÕ7HSHDQG Western Anatolia (as is also the case of ). hYHoLN7HSHLQWKHFHQWUDOSDUWRIWKHYDOOH\ The new periodisation divides MBA into a main LQFOXGLQJWKHVLGHYDOOH\RI*PúRYD DQG phase (MB 1) and a transitional one (MB 2), has Ayazköy in the upper valley. Some of them have LBA start around 1700 BCE, divided principally been analysed intensively with detail mapping and LQ/% URXJKO\HTXLYDOHQWWR/+,DQG,,LQWKH on-site documentation, geological investigations Aegean periodisation and the Old Kingdom period (drillings) as well as geophysical surveys. All of LQ&HQWUDO$QDWROLD DQG/% HTXLYDOHQWWR/+ WKHPSURYLGHGDUFKDHRORJLFDO¿QGVZKLFKZHUH IIIA and IIIB in the Aegean periodisation and the studied in detail. The , and period of the Hittite empire in the east), with a (DUO\%URQ]H$JH (%$ ¿QGVKDYHEHHQSUR- potential of further subdivision into LB 1A and cessed by Barbara Horejs and her team, the poten- 1B, resp. 2A and 2B. WLDO0%$DQG/%$¿QGVE\3HWHU3DY~N7KHDQD- The 0%$ (c. 2000–1700 BCE) is characterised lytical description of pottery has been embedded by the predominance of Red Slipped Wares, in a locally developed system of wares and fab- accompanied by Plain Wares and Plain Burnished rics.35 Systematic archaeometric analyses of the Wares. Characteristic shapes are a range of cari- pottery have also been conducted in cooperation nated bowls, shallow as well as deeper, mostly lip- with Sarah Japp and Hans Mommsen.36 less. The Red-Cross decoration inside such bowls Overall, the present study is based on 195 (new KDVQRWEHHQLGHQWL¿HGVRIDULQWKH%DNÕUoD\9DO- survey) and 102 (old surveys) diagnostic pieces of ley, but since it is common at both Troy and Beyce- ceramics from all 16 sites of the 2nd millennium VXOWDQRQHFDQH[SHFWLWLQWKH%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\DV BCE, and these also form the basis of the results ZHOO1RWHYLGHQFHGLQWKH%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\LVOLNH- presented in the following pages. ZLVHWKHGLVWLQFWLYHDSSOLHGµRPHJD¶GHFRUDWLRQ

34

39 MARCHESE 1978; '('2ö/28and KONAKÇI 2015. 42 Well summarised in HNILA 2012, 13. Admittedly, the issue 40 ROOSEVELT et al. 2018, Online Fig. 7. was more acute at Troy, where all three spheres converged. 41 HANFMANN 1967, Figs. 9–11; RAMAGE 1994. 43 BLEGEN et al. 1958; HNILA 2012. 44 BAYNE 2000. 464 Peter Pavúk and Barbara Horejs

)LJD%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\7\SRORJLFDORYHUYLHZRIWKH0%DQG/%FHUDPLFVKDSHVIURPWKHVXUYH\ (Drawings and photographs by Th. Urban/OREA) 7KH0LGGOHDQG/DWH%URQ]H$JH%DNLUoD\.DLNRV9DOOH\UHVWXGLHG 465

)LJE%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\7\SRORJLFDORYHUYLHZRIWKH/%DQG/%FHUDPLFVKDSHVIURPWKHVXUYH\ (Drawings and photographs by Th. Urban/OREA) 466 Peter Pavúk and Barbara Horejs

ZĞĚ^ůŝƉ ular in LB 2, the Orange Ware started early on, in Ϭй ŽĂƌƐĞ early LB 1, together with the Grey Ware (Fig. 7). ƌĞŵĞ ϰй ĂŬŦƌĕĂLJͬ<ĂŝŬŽƐ ϭй DLJĐ 7KHRWKHU¿QHZDUHVPDNHXSMXVWDKDQGIXORI ^ĐŚĂŵŽƚƚĞ Ϭй WŝƚŚŽƐ sĂůůĞLJ Ϯй sherds each. Plain WareLVWKHVWDQGDUG¿QH WůĂŝŶ ϯй Ϯй porous, and barely tempered ware with a plain sur- KƌĂŶŐĞ face, represented sparsely in shapes such as cups, ϭϰй bowls, jugs, and . Schamotte Ware was IRXQG DW RQO\ IRXU VLWHV 'H÷LUPHQWHSH (ULJ|O Tepe, Hatipler Kalesi and Ayazköy) in one frag- 'ƌĞLJ ϳϰй ment each, and being visibly different from the rest of the lot, it is our main candidate for a possi- ble import (Fig. 8). Its main characteristic is the PHGLXPVL]HGUHGDQJXODUSDUWLFOHVLGHQWL¿HGSUH- )LJ%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\)UHTXHQF\RIZDUHRFFXUUHQFHVIURP OLPLQDU\DVµ6FKDPRWWH¶7KHVXUIDFHRIDOPRVWDOO the survey ceramics (n= 292) fragments recovered is worn, but seems to have been red, likely a result of applying slip. The recovered fragments suggest that mainly bowls The *UH\:DUH is roughly the standard version and kraters were produced in this ware. Creamy of what is customarily called the Anatolian Grey Ware occurred in only one instance, a fragment of Ware, with well burnished soapy surface (Fig. 5).45 a small amphoroid krater, distinguished by its There are several variants/fabrics, and even creamy-coloured slip on a porous reddish fabric though clear-cut distinctions are not always possi- tempered by calk particles. This piece from ble to make, there is a visible variation. Just as Teutrania is also most likely an import. elsewhere in Northwestern Anatolia, the sites in The place of origin of Schamotte Ware and WKH %DNÕUoD\ 9DOOH\ \LHOGHG LWV OLJKWIDFHG FRXQ- Creamy Ware is currently not known, but it is like- terpart, termed here the Orange Ware (Fig. 6). ly not very distant. On the contrary, one painted 8QGHU WKH LQÀXHQFH RI WKH 7URMDQ QRPHQFODWXUH IUDJPHQWIURP$WDUQHXVFDQEHUHDGLO\LGHQWL¿HG one would instinctively call it 7DQ :DUH; however, as 0\FHQDHDQ 'HFRUDWHG :DUH, judging by the given differences in the fabric, surface treatment, fabric of non-local character and assuming that it and colour, it was decided to distinguish it from comes from the most common place of origin of the Trojan Tan Ware, which really seems to be imported Mycenaean pottery in Western Anatolia, limited to just a few sites in the Troad.46 The Grey the Mycenae-Berbati workshop in the Argolid.47 It and Orange Wares seem to have comprised most is a linear rim of a kylix (FS 256/257), probably of the local ceramic output, making up to 87 % of decorated with octopus (FM 21), but the assess- the recovered ceramic fragments. To what extent ment is not secure due to its fragmentary charac- WKLVKLJKQXPEHUUHÀHFWVDUHDOWUHQGLVDGLIIHUHQW ter. Based on parallels, the piece should be of a LH matter, which will be discussed below. In terms of IIIA2 date (Fig. 9).48(PEUDFLQJDOONQRZQ¿QGV shapes, the Grey Ware comprises virtually all IURP WKH %DNÕUoD\ 9DOOH\ WKH ZHOONQRZQ 0\FH- existing shapes (except for pithoi), especially the QDHDQVWLUUXSMDUIURPdDQGDUOÕ 3LWDQH VKRXOGEH drinking and serving services, and above all mentioned here as well, even though the authors bowls. Orange Ware, even though less common, have not personally studied it.49 The complete jar includes more or less the same spectrum. It is has been discussed as a potential import from the interesting that there are similarities to the Trojan Dodecanese or Cyclades, dating to LH IIIC.50 A trend, as the Orange Ware becomes more popular slightly forgotten Mycenaean fragment supposedly over time. But unlike at Troy, where the Tan Ware from Elaia, was mentioned by Bayne. It is a rim of emerges only at the end of LB 1 and becomes pop- DN\OL[/+,,,$LQGDWHZLWKDÀRZHUGHVLJQ

45 FRENCH 1973; SCHACHNER 1994/95; PAV Ú K 2008. 48 MOUNTJOY 1999, 272, Fig. 90: 112 (Ayios Stephanos, Laco- 46 PAV Ú K and SCHUBERT 2014. See also the insightful discus- nia). sion in SCHACHNER and MERIÇ 2000. 49 PERROT and CHIPIEZ 1894. 47 7KLVZDVDOVRFRQ¿UPHGE\FKHPLFDODQDO\VHVFRQGXFWHG 50 MOUNTJOY 1999; for all publications mentioning that ves- by H. Mommsen, to be published together with S. Japp. sel, see HOREJS 2014c, 108. 7KH0LGGOHDQG/DWH%URQ]H$JH%DNLUoD\.DLNRV9DOOH\UHVWXGLHG 467

)LJ'H÷LUPHQWHSH6HOHFWLRQRI*UH\:DUHIUDJPHQWVIURPWKHROGVXUYH\V 3KRWRE\*3DVWLUþiN

)LJ%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\6HOHFWLRQRI2UDQJH:DUHIURPWKHQHZVXUYH\ UHWULHYHGIURPVLWHVRI'H÷LUPHQWHSHDQG$KLUND\D  3KRWRE\*3DVWLUþiN 468 Peter Pavúk and Barbara Horejs

60 50 40 30 20 OrangeW. 10 GreyW. 0 MB1 MB2 MB2/LB LB1A 1 LB1A/B LB1B LB LB2A/B 1B/2A

)LJ%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\7KHFKDQJLQJUDWLRRIWKH*UH\DQG2UDQJH:DUHVRYHUWLPH Q 

The coarser spectrum yielded two standard types of Coarse Wares, both brownish, with the one variety a bit more crumbly and the other one more compact. The shapes comprise mainly cooking pots. An inter- esting feature was the LGHQWL¿FDWLRQRI¿YHGLV- tinctive Pithos fabrics, which might indicate that a variety of local pithoi were produced through )LJ%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\6HOHFWLRQRI6FKDPRWWH:DUHIURPWKHQHZVXUYH\ IURPVLWHVRI time. Both of these 'H÷LUPHQWHSHDQG+DWLSOHU.DOHVL DQGWKHROGVXUYH\ IURP$\D]N|\  3KRWRE\*3DVWLUþiN observations deserve fur- ther discussion here. The LGHQWL¿HGDV$WWLFE\)6WXEELQJV )LJ 51 One ORZIUHTXHQF\RIFRDUVHZDUHVDPRQJWKHVXUYH\ wonders if that is the unillustrated fragment that ¿QGVLVVRPHZKDWUHPDUNDEOHDQGFDQQRWUHÀHFW Mellaart had mentioned in his Anatolian Trade the actual LBA state. In case of old material col- with Europe ZKLFK LQ WXUQ ZDV WKHQ TXRWHG E\ lections, one could suspect that they did not keep both Mee and Kelder in their overviews of the dis- the coarse wares as part of collected survey mate- tribution of Mycenaean pottery in Western Anato- rial. The new surveys with intensive on-site col- lia.52 The authors believe that such a scenario is lections, however, also provide small assemblages very likely and are, therefore, presenting its identi- RI&RDUVH:DUHV HJ'H÷LUPHQWHSH 7UR\DQG ¿FDWLRQKHUHDVVXFK the Troad are a good case point. At the better

51 BAYNE 2000, 91, Note 385. The location of the fragment is Minor Studien publications. We would like to thank N. unknown today. The original PhD thesis by BAYNE (1963, Bayne for the kind permission to republish the fragment Fig. 28: bottom) contained also a photograph of the sherd, here. which was for technical reasons not included in the 52 MELLAART 1968, 188; MEE 1978, 127; KELDER 2006, 56. 7KH0LGGOHDQG/DWH%URQ]H$JH%DNLUoD\.DLNRV9DOOH\UHVWXGLHG 469

Fig. 9 . Mycenaean Decorated Ware Fig. 10 Elaia (?). (Drawing and photograph by Th. Urban/OREA) Mycenaean Decorated Ware (BAYNE 1963, Fig. 28 bottom)

TXDQWL¿HG VHWWOHPHQW HYLGHQFH IURP 7UR\ 9, WKH closely dated, the variety of pithoi fabrics can indi- share of Coarse Wares was generally around cate the longer period of occupation activity at the 20 %.53 However, a recent non-intensive survey of site during the MBA/LBA periods (the lifespan the Troad yielded almost no diagnostic LBA has been established to c. 500 years based on the coarse ware at all (c. 1 %).54 This begs for two FROOHFWHG ¿QH ZDUHV  7R SURYLGH D FRPSDUDWLYH explanatory models: 1) the coarser wares have a example, at Troy the petrographic analysis, con- greater tendency to decay on the surface, or ¿UPHGLQGHSHQGHQWO\E\1$$UHVXOWVVKRZHGWKDW 2) even if we do recover them, it is often impossi- practically all of the hundreds of pithoi recovered EOH WR GDWH WKHP WR D VSHFL¿F WLPH SHULRG55 In from Late Troy VI and VIIa contexts were import- comparison to the Troad, the Coarse Wares that HGIURPWKHFHQWUDO6FDPDQGHU9DOOH\ OLNHO\ÀRDW- comprise 4 % of all pottery recovered by the pre- ed down the river towards Troy).57 VHQW%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\VXUYH\FDQEHH[SODLQHGE\ Taking the whole corpus together (irrespective the more intensive surveying methodology and of the date), it is remarkable that bowls (both shal- recovery strategy. This low number is even more ORZ DQG GHHS  PDNH XS  RI DOO LGHQWL¿DEOH startling when we take into account that almost all shapes (Fig. 11). Whereas the settlement material Coarse Ware and pithos fragments come from the from Troy VI comprised c. 30 % of bowls, the sur- best preserved and most intensely surveyed 2nd vey material from the Troad showed somewhat PLOOHQQLXP%&(VLWHLQWKHUHJLRQ'H÷LUPHQWHSH higher numbers but still not 50 %. The difference In contrast to Coarse Wares, pithoi are notori- can be likely explained by the missing Coarse RXVO\KDUGWRTXDQWLI\HYHQZLWKLQH[FDYDWHGVHW- Wares (and the related pots and jars produced in tlements, as their distribution within sites varies. them) in both of the surveys.58 Still, 51 % of the There are areas with many pithoi, while other are- entire assemblage is a surprising number and as have none.56 It is a known fact that the produc- shows the importance of bowls for the people liv- tion of larger pithoi is a highly specialised craft. LQJLQWKH%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\,QWHUHVWLQJLVDOVRWKH Even more so, it is interesting that all recovered 2nd KLJKQXPEHURIMXJVWKDWFRPSULVH,IÀDVNV millennium BCE fragments are from the same are added to this number, we reach 20 %. Howev- VLWH'H÷LUPHQWHSH2QHFRXOGDJDLQSURSRVHYDUL- HUWKHTXDQWL¿HGMXJVDQGÀDVNVIURPWKHVWUDWL¿HG RXV VFHQDULRV   WKH ¿YH GLIIHUHQW SLWKRV IDEULFV material from Troy VI did not reach more than represent different contemporaneous workshops, 8 %.59$JDLQTXDQWLI\LQJMXJVLVQRWDQHDV\WDVN but all from the same site and are thus local, The narrow necks and rims do not create many 2) various contemporaneous workshops but some rim-fragments in the archaeological record. If only of them can be imports from other production cen- those indicative fragments are calculated, we tres, and 3) since none of the fragments can be ZRXOG KDYH EDUHO\ DQ\ LQ WKH %DNÕUoD\ VXUYH\

53 PAV Ú K 2014, 231–235. 56 7+800'2ö5$<$1 et al. in press. 54 PAV Ú K and SCHUBERT 2014, 866–871. There were just 4–5 57 .,%$52ö/8 and 7+800'2ö5$<$1 2013; GRAVE et al. 2013. Coarse Ware pieces (other than pithoi) out of the 292 cata- 58 PAV Ú K 2014, 355–356, Abb. 144–16; PAV Ú K and SCHUBERT logued fragments in the Troad survey. 2014, 882–901. 55 Some of the Byzantine Coarse Ware looks surprisingly 59 PAV Ú K 2014, 355–356, Abb. 144–16. µSUHKLVWRULF¶ 470 Peter Pavúk and Barbara Horejs

ĂŬŦƌĕĂLJͬ<ĂŝŬŽƐsĂůůĞLJ Cup Kantharos 4% 2% Carafe ^ŚĂƉĞƐ 4% Jug 16%

Amph. Krater 2%

Krater Bowl 10% 51%

NeckedJar Pot 1% 2% Pithos LargeJar 4% 4%

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What can be found, however, are the vertical oval nantly (if not completely) handmade,60 the 2nd mil- and rounded handles. Being relatively massive, OHQQLXP%&(SRWWHUVZHUHDFTXDLQWHGZLWKWKH they tend to weather well and can also be easily SRWWHU¶VZKHHODWOHDVWWRVRPHGHJUHH:LWKWKH VSRWWHGLQWKH¿HOG7REDODQFHWKHODFNRIWKH increasing awareness concerning the complexity rims, therefore, one needs to count in the jug-han- of the wheel-made pottery production in the Aege- dles as well. an,61 it can be stated that none of the local produc- The rest of the shape categories show a rela- tion discussed in this paper is a proper wheel- tively common distribution: various cups (4 %), PDGHWHFKQLTXH+RZHYHUWKHUHLVDJUDGXDOLQWUR- kantharoi (2 %), kraters (10 %), amphoroid kraters GXFWLRQDQGHPSOR\PHQWRIZKHHO¿QLVKLQJWRYDU- (2 %), pots (2 %), jars (5 %), pithoi (4 %). But even LRXV GHJUHHV *LYHQ WKDW LQ WKH %DNÕUoD\ 9DOOH\ in this case, one could wonder: at Troy, various there is so far no proper evidence for the Trojan cups made up to 25 % and various jars and pots A2-Plates and shapes such as the depas amphiky- even 30 % of the assemblage. In both cases, one pellon, which elsewhere indicates the uptake of the encounters the survey of small shapes, such SRWWHU¶VZKHHO DWOHDVWLQVRPHIRUP GXULQJ(% as cups, tending to be either already destroyed or one has to wonder when and to what extent this overlooked by the surveyors. The lack of pots and innovation came in. The model of a relatively con- jars must therefore be related, in turn, to the gen- servative concept of pottery production in the eral lack of Coarse Wares among the retrieved %DNÕUoD\9DOOH\KDVDOUHDG\EHHQGLVFXVVHGLQ material (see above). light of detailed analyses of radiocarbon-dates In sum, it can be suggested that the 2nd millen- from Chalcolithic and EBA sites.62 More targeted QLXP%&(SRWWHU\LQWKH%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\PRUHRU research needs to continue in order to be able to less shows a straightforward development from reconstruct the adoption of this technology. ¿QDO(%$WR¿QDO/%$ZLWKVHYHUDOGH¿QDEOH In terms of wares and shapes, the bowls very subdivisions, such as MB, MB/LB transition, LB much dominate the spectrum of shapes and one 1 and LB 2, based on the typological development KDVWRZRQGHUDJDLQWRZKDWH[WHQWWKLVUHÀHFWV of ceramics and comparisons with the surrounding the method of retrieval of the assemblage. The DUHDV DQG PDLQO\ WKH 7URDG 7KH FHUDPLF GH¿QL- MBA pottery is mainly red and beige in colour, WLRQRIORFDO(%VWLOOQHHGVWREHGH¿QHGLQWKLV changing to grey and orange in the LBA. It needs area. While the EB 1 and EB 2 pottery is predomi- WREHVWUHVVHGWKDWDOORIWKH¿QHZDUHVDUHEXU-

60 HOREJS et al. 2018, 28. 62 SCHNEIDER et al. 2017; HOREJS et al. 2018, 41. 61 Well summarised and put in context by CHOLEVA 2012. 7KH0LGGOHDQG/DWH%URQ]H$JH%DNLUoD\.DLNRV9DOOH\UHVWXGLHG 471

nished until LB 2 (and possibly even beyond), Numbersofsitesbyperiod ZKLFKVHHPVWRVHW%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\DSDUWIURPWKH ϭϮ areas further to the south, where burnishing as a ϭϬ means of sealing the porosity of the surface gives ϴ way to various micaceous washes.63 High propor- ϲ tion of Grey Wares throughout the LBA also dis- WLQJXLVKHV WKH %DNÕUoD\ 9DOOH\ IURP LWV VRXWKHUQ ϰ neighbours. Ϯ Ϭ MB1MB2/LB1LB1LB2LB/EIA Habitation trends and settlement patterns )LJ%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\6LWHGLVWULEXWLRQDFFRUGLQJWRWKH The settlement dynamics can be reconstructed as LGHQWL¿HGSHULRGLVDWLRQ IROORZV/RFDO0%$ F௅%&( LVEDUHO\ represented; possible candidates include Elaia, the previously more dispersed settlement pattern. *U\QDLRQ dLIWOLN

63 :HOO GRFXPHQWHG QRZ LQ WKH VWUDWL¿HG PDWHULDO IURP 67 Again, new research around the Marmara Lake, coordinat- .D\PDNoÕ ROOSEVELT et al. 2018). ed by John Marston (University of Boston), has the poten- 64 RADT 1992; HERTEL 2011. tial to yield new data in this respect as well; cf. ROOSEVELT 65 PAV Ú K and SCHUBERT 2014; PAV Ú K et al. 2014. et al. 2018. 66 PAV Ú K et al.௅3O;;;,,,D 472 Peter Pavúk and Barbara Horejs

)LJ'H÷LUPHQWHSHZLWKYLHZIURPQRUWKHDVWWRVRXWKZHVW 3KRWRE\0DULR%|UQHU25($ tions could certainly have acted as impetus for a architecture, an accumulation of pits and pyro- more widespread settling of the landscape. In any technical installations (ovens?) as well as the case, the rise in settlement density around 1700 structure of a potential ditch following partially BCE, lasting at least two to three centuries, could the outer edges of the tepe in north-south direc- be observed almost everywhere in Western Anato- tion. It is certainly the only site which covers the lia and cannot just be a coincidence. whole period under study (with the exception of

68 BAYNE 2000, 90. 7KH0LGGOHDQG/DWH%URQ]H$JH%DNLUoD\.DLNRV9DOOH\UHVWXGLHG 473

)LJ7RSRJUDSKLFDOPDSRI'H÷LUPHQWHSHZLWKDUHDV±RILQWHQVLYHDQGV\VWHPDWLFVXUIDFHFROOHFWLRQVDQGLQWHUSUHWHGUHVXOWV of geophysical investigations in area 1 by Eastern Atlas (Map by M. Börner/OREA).

Other types of evidence natural resources in the region.69 The main results of these interdisciplinary studies for this regional Geoarchaeological investigations, including sedi- approach lie in the seasonal accessibility of the mentology, drillings, geophysics, geological, and landscape and its transit options as well as in past raw material studies, revealed new data about the VRFLHWLHV¶ VRXUFLQJ VWUDWHJLHV 7KH UHODWLYHO\ ZLGH paleoenvironment, as well as the exploitation of RSHQYDOOH\VHHPVWRKDYHEHHQÀRRGHGUHJXODUO\

69 See the annual reports in the $UFKlRORJLVFKHU$Q]HLJHU until 2018; SCHLÖFFEL et al. 2017; SCHNEIDER et al. 2017; HOREJS 2014c. 474 Peter Pavúk and Barbara Horejs

DVDWWHVWHGE\ÀXYLDOVHGLPHQWVDWYDULRXVORFD- The bigger picture tions.70 The meandering river still causes seasonal ÀRRGLQJ HYHQ WRGD\ WKXV SUHYHQWLQJ DQ HDV\ 6RKRZGRHVWKH%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\¿WLQWRWKHELJJHU cross-valley transit. Before the modern river regu- picture of Western Anatolian development? lations and agricultural technologies, an impact Because of the already mentioned lack of excavat- can be therefore assumed on not only communica- HGVLWHVDQGSUHGRPLQDQFHRIVXUYH\¿QGVLQWKH tion and transport routes, but also on agricultural area, we have to focus on what we have at our dis- and herding strategies. Bronze Age communities posal: the ceramics and the settlement patterns. ERWKLQWKHFHQWUH

70 SEELIGER et al. 2011; SCHNEIDER et al. 2017; SCHLÖFFEL et al. 76 g='2ö$1 1991; 1993; to be published by A. Schachner 2017. IRUWKFRPLQJ 33DY~NZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQN0g]GR÷DQ 71 HOREJS and SCHWALL 2016; HOREJS et al. 2018; in press. IRUWKHSHUPLVVLRQWRVHHWKH¿QGV 72 HOREJS et al. 2018; in press. 77 PAV Ú K and SCHUBERT 2014. 73 MEHOFER 2014; MEHOFER in preparation. 78 Observed also by BAYNE 2000, 61. 74 Published with some delay in PAV Ú K 2015. 75 MELLAART in LLOYD and MELLAART 1965. 7KH0LGGOHDQG/DWH%URQ]H$JH%DNLUoD\.DLNRV9DOOH\UHVWXGLHG 475

)LJ:HVWHUQ$QDWROLDQ/%$FHUDPLFJURXSVFXUUHQWVWDWHRIWKHDUWLQ 0DSE\3'HPMiQDQG$.DSFiU

VHFRQG JURXS LQFOXGLQJ WKH %DNÕUoD\ 9DOOH\ DQG D ]RQH RQ LWV RZQ ULJKW ZLWK D UHODWLYHO\ XQL¿HG WKH%DOLNHVLUEDVLQDQG¿QDOO\DWKLUGJURXSLQ SRWWHU\SUR¿OHDQGDOORZLQJIRUWKHH[LVWHQFHRI the Akhisar-Manisa plain, including parts of the multiple workshops.79 However, in order to see the Gediz Valley. However, the Urla peninsula (with forest and not just the individual trees, one LWVPDQ\VLWHV DQGWKH.oN0HQGHUHV.D\VWURV attempts to group these smaller units into larger Valley to the south also yielded LB 1 Anatolian ones, similar to a dendrogram. But even this exer- Grey Ware, and should thus in theory be part of cise is not easy, as the individual trees comprise the same Northwestern Anatolian province. What mostly survey-sites, and the evidence cannot be possibly sets them apart is the red and beige spec- SURSHUO\ TXDQWL¿HG 7KXV HYHQ LI RQH LV WHPSWHG trum of the ceramic production, interlinked more to draw clear-cut borders between the ceramic with the southeast of Anatolia. groups on the map,80 the reality was more com- $WWHPSWLQJWRGUDZVXFKVSHFL¿FERUGHUV plex. What we need is a polythetic approach, between ceramic groups feels too rigid and the which weights different variables at different %URQ]H$JHUHDOLW\ZDVOLNHO\PRUHÀXLGZLWK points of the analysis. overlapping zones, at least certainly in Western To provide further explanation, it should be not- Anatolia. Through a bottom-up approach, each ed that the coastal sites complicate such groupings, settlement chamber/valley/basin can be considered DVWKH\DUHPRUHLQÀXHQFHGE\WKH$HJHDQHOH-

79 In the Troad, there are, for example, two major production 80 Cf. SARIIRU\LQJWRSURYLGHPRUHVSHFL¿FERUGHUVLQ centres, one at Troy and one in the southern Troas (possi- this respect. bly at -Liman Tepe), which supplied two different circuit parts of the Troas, but showed a roughly similar set of shapes and wares (PAV Ú K and SCHUBERT 2014). 476 Peter Pavúk and Barbara Horejs ments coming across the sea, but, at the same time, valley – which certainly communicated along the WKH\DOVRUHÀHFWWKHPDWHULDOFXOWXUHRIWKHLU$QDWR- river. This general observation is also underpinned lian hinterland. Interestingly, the Aegean elements by the results of the ceramic analyses by means of GRQRWSHQHWUDWHIXUWKHULQODQG7KHTXHVWLRQWKHQ NAA (conducted by S. Japp and H. Mommsen), LVE\KRZPXFKGRHVWKLV$HJHDQLQÀXHQFHVHWWKH which showed the existence of different pottery coastal settlements apart from their inland contem- production centres in the upper, central, and lower poraries, even within the same valley? YDOOH\DQGH[FKDQJHEHWZHHQWKHP0RUHVSHFL¿- The picture differs depending on the wares that cally, imports from the lower valley were found in we look at. Distribution of the Grey Wares and the the upper valley, but the upper valley certainly shapes therein shows a certain pattern, the easily communicated with the east as well through Wash Ware, and Buff and Reddish Wares offer in the valleys around Soma. The routes led to either turn a different one. Whereas the wares (and most- the Akhisar plain (roughly following the modern ly also shapes) are more alike in the northern railway system) or the northeast towards the JURXSV 7URDG%DOÕNHVLU%DNÕUoD\ WKHVRXWKHUQ %DOÕNHVLUEDVLQ7KHVHFRPPXQLFDWLRQURXWHVPXVW groups (the Büyük Menderes/ Valley with have been established long before, since the its tributaries) are kind of intermediates between known EBA cemeteries of Yortan and the northwestern ceramic province (with predomi- 2YDED\ÕQGÕUDUHORFDWHGMXVWHDVWRI6RPD83 Later nantly Grey Wares) and the southwestern ceramic on, this situation is mirrored by the Hellenistic province, where there is no Grey Ware and red- road system leading out of the valley across Soma light brown and Gold Wash fabrics and wares pre- GRZQWR$NKLVDUDQGOLNHO\DOVRDORQJ.D\PDNoÕ dominate. This intermediate ceramic province to Sardis.847KHFHQWUDOSDUWRIWKH%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\ ZRXOGLQFOXGHWKHø]PLUUHJLRQWKH$NKLVDU0DQL- seems to have communicated not only with the VDSODLQWKH0DUPDUD/DNHEDVLQDQGWKH.oN lower part of the valley, but also across the moun- Menderes Valley. tains to the south of it, through suitable passes, as Changes over time enter yet another dimension suggested by the presence of a single import from into our reconstructions, as the locally produced Gavur Evleri located on the coast. Grey Wares seem to lose popularity over time. 7KHORZHU%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\LVUHODWLYHO\ÀDWDQG Whereas their decrease during LB 2 is relatively likely enjoyed a criss-cross-like communication PLQRULQWKHQRUWK 7URDG%DOÕNHVLU%DNÕUoD\ LW between various sites (supported by the NAA is much more dramatic in the south. While the results and the higher occurrence of imported/ Grey Ware seems to remain relatively popular in µXQXVXDO¶ ZDUHV  FRPSOHPHQWHG E\ URXWHV DORQJ WKHFRDVWDOVLWHVLQWKHø]PLUUHJLRQGXULQJ/%81 the coast, be it to the north and the Edremit region further inland in the Gediz Valley its ratio to buff (itself a small settlement chamber, almost com- and other light-faced fabric is not as high as in the pletely blocked out from any neighbouring region north.82 And even when Grey Wares survive in by steep mountains on its north and east), or to the this area, they lose the burnishing in contrast to south, toward the classical Kyme and , the north. Going beyond a positivistic description, sides. Possible contact with is a chapter on one has to wonder what this change from the pop- its own right, as the island is situated right in front ularity of grey to reddish and beige ceramic style RIWKH%DNÕUoD\HVWXDU\7KHFRQWHPSRUDU\PDWH- means and how much of it is linked with changes ULDOIURPWKHPDLQVLWHRQ/HVERV¶HDVWFRDVW LQ¿ULQJWHFKQRORJ\7KXVWKLVFKDQJHVKRXOGEH Thermi, included some Anatolian shapes and FRQVLGHUHGDGH¿QLQJFULWHULRQDVZHOO wares (e. g. Red Washed and Grey Wares),85 but chemical analyses are needed in order to establish Connectivity whether these were imported or not. The new excavations by Olga Philaniotou yielded consider- ,QWHUPVRIFRQQHFWLYLW\WKH%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\FRQ- able amounts of Grey Ware (not matched by the sists of three parts – the upper, middle and lower ROG¿QGVIURPWKH/DPEH[FDYDWLRQV ZKLFKZLOO

81 Cf. all the Grey Ware vessels in the Panaztepe cemetery, 84 VAESSEN 2017, Fig. 2. some of which have Mycenaean shapes (GÜNEL 1999a). 85 LAMB 1936, Fig. 39, 2–4, Fig. 40, 2–11; BAYNE 2000, 82 &IWKHQHZGDWDIURP.D\PDNoÕROOSEVELT et al. 2018. 94–101, Fig. 25, 26: 7–8. 83 KÂMIL 1982; BITTEL 1955, 113–118; AKURGAL 1958; KORF- MANN 2005. 7KH0LGGOHDQG/DWH%URQ]H$JH%DNLUoD\.DLNRV9DOOH\UHVWXGLHG 477 likely change the picture of current knowledge, but the LBA is the local Grey Ware complemented by UHVXOWVQHHGWREHSXEOLVKHG¿UVW86 small percentages of other local wares. Employ- However, despite all these possibilities for ment of preliminary NAA results shows an inter- communication and contact partly enabled by its HVWLQJH[FKDQJHQHWZRUNLQWKHORZHU%DNÕUoD\ FRDVWDO SRVLWLRQ WKH %DNÕUoD\ 9DOOH\ UHPDLQHG D Valley and between the lower and upper parts of bit of a back-water not only in the 2nd millennium the valley as well as a supply of pottery in the cen- BCE, but also throughout prehistory.87 The tral part of the valley from both the upper and low- DEVHQFHRIDQ\UHDOO\PDMRUFHQWUDOSODFHPLJKW¿W er valley sites. A new Mycenaean kylix fragment this picture not only in the 2nd millennium BCE, was presented from Atarneus, and an additional but also in the preceding millennia. This is espe- N\OL[IUDJPHQWZDVLGHQWL¿HGIURP(ODLD cially interesting when one considers that coastal Using the local wares, it was shown how the Thermi on Lesbos shows a strong development GHYHORSPHQWLQWKH%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\PDWFKHVWKDW leading to a proto-urban centre already in EB 1 of the neighbouring Edremit plane,88 the Troad,89 and EB 2. There is no comparable trend in the DQG WKH %DOÕNHVLU EDVLQ90 Contrary to previous %DNÕUoD\9DOOH\KRZHYHURQHPXVWDOVRDGPLW suggestions, it was shown that the continued high that none of the sites in the valley have so far been popularity of Grey Ware in LB 2 and the contin- excavated. XHG XVH RI EXUQLVKLQJ VHWV %DNÕUoD\ 9DOOH\ DSDUW from its southern neighbours in the Akhisar-Mani- Conclusions VD SODQH DQG LQ WKH *HGL] DQG .oN 0HQGHUHV Valleys. 7KH DLP RI WKLV DUWLFOH ZDV WR ¿OOLQ D UHODWLYHO\ :KHQFRPSDULQJ%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\ZLWKWKH blank space on the cultural map of the 2nd millen- 7URDGWKHø]PLUUHJLRQDQGWKH6HOoXNDUHDRQH nium BCE Western Anatolia. Perhaps it was not a FDQQRWIDLOWRQRWLFHWKHPRUHµUXUDO¶FKDUDFWHURI completely white spot, since there was some previ- the area. In the material culture, this is best dem- ous knowledge, but certainly a grey, rather than a onstrated by the absence of various types of colourful, one. The best-known site remained imports, especially the Mycenaean Decorated 'H÷LUPHQWHSHEXWZHDUHQRZPXFKEHWWHU Ware, as has already been pointed out elsewhere.91 HTXLSSHGWRSODFHLWDJDLQVWLWVORFDOEDFNJURXQG While the area is still under-researched compared More sites with 2nd millennium BCE pottery have to the other three above-mentioned areas (with no been recovered when compared to what was properly excavated prehistoric site), it cannot be a known to J. Driehaus in 1957, and thanks to the complete coincidence that there are barely any EHWWHU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH FHUDPLF VHTXHQFH DW Mycenaean or other imports known, especially as Troy, one can now get a better grasp on the devel- they are known in modest numbers from nearby RSPHQWVLQWKH%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\ Lesbos. One possible explanation can be the By analysing the main source of information at absence of long-distance route leading to the Cen- KDQG±WKHSRWWHU\±DGHYHORSPHQWIURP¿QDO tral Anatolian Plateau (not only in LBA, but EB 3 through MB, LB 1, and LB 2 up to the tran- throughout prehistory). While such routes can be VLWLRQLQWR(,$ZDVVNHWFKHGZDUHVZHUHGH¿QHG argued to have been present along the southern and shapes were tabulated. Deriving from these coast of the Marmara Sea or in the valley of rivers three pillars, a general habitation trend has been Gediz and Büyük Menderes, this does not hold in deduced as follows. There were a few sites in FDVHRIWKH%DNÕUoD\9DOOH\92 We believe that it is MBA, almost all recorded sites were settled in not a coincidence that the valley was tucked away LB 1, but there was a slight decrease in settlement from the main happenings of the period. These density in LB 2, followed by a further decrease to conclusions about MBA and LBA from the new only two sites in EIA. The predominant ware in surveys can be embedded in a ORQJXH GXUpH pic-

86 Here P. Pavúk would like to thank O. Philaniotou for the 89 PAV Ú K and SCHUBERT 2015. NLQGSHUPLVVLRQWREULHÀ\VHHWKHPDWHULDOLQ6HH 90 FRENCH 1969. now PHILANIOTOU 2018. 91 MEE 1978; MOUNTJOY 1998; KELDER 2006. 87 For the other periods, see HOREJS 2014c. 92 PAV Ú K 2015, Fig. 6; VAESSEN 2017,70–71, Fig. 2. 88 For the Madra Çay delta area situated south of Edremit plain, see BAYNE and SPENCER 2007, which is mostly based RQ%D\QH¶V3K'GLVVHUWDWLRQIURP 478 Peter Pavúk and Barbara Horejs ture of the region, characterised by its own man- for a full discussion of all such aspects, one can by ners of adoption of new trends, technologies, and now conclude that there is both a diversity (in raw materials from the other parts of this larger terms of various cultural groups from north to UHJLRQ )LQDOO\ WKLV µEDFNZDWHU¶ DVSHFW RI WKH south) and similarity (in terms of ways of doing %DNÕUoD\9DOOH\LQHYLWDEO\OHDGVWRWKHFRQFOXVLRQ things). While we see a surprisingly cosmopolitan that it could not have been a centre of the Šeha society along the coast, absorbing Aegean impeti River Land mentioned in the Hittite sources, as and mingling them with the local tastes (exempli- had been argued previously.93 The latter one is ¿HGE\7UR\LQWKHQRUWKDQGDOOWKHFRDVWDOVLWHV more likely to be situated in the nearby Gediz Val- south of Panaztepe),96 a higher degree of conserva- ley.94 tive traditions persist further inland. What we wit- Returning back to the thoughts expressed in ness in the entire region, however, are various the introductory paragraphs: can we now answer strategies to negotiate group identities and a much WKHTXHVWLRQWRZKDWGHJUHHGRGHYHORSPHQWVLQ PRUHDFWLYHDSSURDFKWRLQÀXHQFHVIURPRWKHU Western Anatolia, with the state of knowledge in regions.97 the year 2018, match the developments on the Finally, from a more disciplinary perspective, Greek Mainland, on the one hand, and Central we now witness an important shift in the way Late Anatolia, on the other hand? As patchy as the evi- Bronze Western Anatolia is conceptualised in dence remains, we see more and more that West- scholarship. While the coastal communities are no ern Anatolia was not just a poorer cousin of its longer perceived as passively accepting Aegean better-known neighbours and that its material cul- stimuli, these and inland communities are no long- ture did not just mirror or imitate. We can certain- HUGH¿QHGWKURXJKWKHPDQQHULQZKLFKWKH\LQWHU- ly conclude that many of the processes observed acted with the Mycenaeans or the .98 And VSHFL¿FDOO\LQ0DLQODQG*UHHFHLQWKHnd millen- looking at the Western Anatolian communities on nium BCE can be traced (to various degrees) also its own terms is the way forward to the future. in Western Anatolia.95 While this is not the place

93 JEWELL 1974, Map. 25; HAW K I NS 1989; LATACZ and STARKE 96 VAESSEN 2016; 2017. 2006. 97 MAC SWEENEY 2009; 2011. 94 As recently tentatively also suggested by ROOSEVELT and 98 GIRELLA and PAV Ú K 2015; MAC SWEENEY 2010; MOKRIŠOVÁ LUKE 2017. 2015. 95 3,(1,Ąĩ(. and PAV Ú K 2016. 7KH0LGGOHDQG/DWH%URQ]H$JH%DNLUoD\.DLNRV9DOOH\UHVWXGLHG 479

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