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Ceramic Workshops in Hellenistic and Roman Anatolia: Production Characteristics and Regional Comparisons

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Ceramic Workshops in Hellenistic and Roman Anatolia: Production Characteristics and Regional Comparisons CERAMIC WORKSHOPS IN HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN ANATOLIA: PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS AND REGIONAL COMPARISONS A Master’s Thesis by HEVES SÖKELĠ Department of Archaeology Ġhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara May, 2013 CERAMIC WORKSHOPS IN HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN ANATOLIA: PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS AND REGIONAL COMPARISONS The Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of Ġhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by HEVES SÖKELĠ In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY ĠHSAN DOĞRAMACI BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA May, 2013 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Archaeology. --------------------------------- -------------------------------------- Dr. Jacques Morin Prof. Dr. Dominique Kassab Tezgör Supervisor Co- Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Archaeology. --------------------------------- Dr. Charles Gates Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Archaeology. --------------------------------- Assist. Prof. Dr. Özlem Vapur Examining Committee Member Approval of the Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT CERAMIC WORKSHOPS IN HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN ANATOLIA: PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS AND REGIONAL COMPARISONS Sökeli, Heves M.A., Department of Archaeology Supervisor: Dr. Jacques Morin Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Dominique Kassab Tezgör May,2013 This thesis aims to study local ceramic productions in Anatolia during the Hellenistic and the Roman periods. It analyzes the ceramic productions of Phocaea, Magnesia ad Maeandrum and Cnidus in the western coast, Sagalassos in the inner Anatolia, and Sinope in the southern Black sea region. The aim of the thesis is to examine whether it is possible to group shape production geographically in Anatolia and to detect whether local centers influenced each other or if external influence can be recognized, for example from Athens. The thesis shows there are regional similarities between the workshops of different regions in Anatolia during the iii Hellenistic period and there was an interaction of some popular shapes and decorations between the productions of the workshops of Athens and Anatolia. In the Roman period, there are regional differences in the production of the same shapes and Athens loss its influence on the shapes of Anatolia. Keywords: Anatolia, Workshops, Local Production, Ceramics, Common Wares, Fine Wares, Cooking Wares, Regional Comparisons, Phocaea, Magnesia ad Maeandrum, Cnidus, Sagalassos, Sinope. iv ÖZET HELENĠSTĠK VE ROMA DÖNEMLERĠNDE ANADOLU’DAKĠ SERAMĠK ATÖLYELERĠ: ÜRETĠM ÖZGÜLLÜKLERĠ VE BÖLGESEL KARġILAġTIRMALAR Sökeli, Heves Yüksek Lisans, Arkeoloji Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Dr. Jacques Morin Ortak Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Dominique Kassab Tezgör Mayıs, 2013 Bu tez Helenistik ve Roma dönemlerinde Anadolu da yerel üretimleri incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. ÇalıĢma, Batı Anadolu’da Phocaea, Magnesia ad Maeandrum, Cnidus, Ġç Anadolu’da Sagalassos, ve Doğu Karadeniz’de Sinope atölyelerinin seramik üretimlerini incelemektedir. Tezin amacı, Anadolu üretimleri arasında benzer üretilmiĢ tiplerin coğrafi bir gruplama yapılarak bir bölgeden diğerine ya da diğer merkezlerden özellikle Atina atölyelerinden etkilenip etkilenmediğini ortaya koymaktır. Tez, Helenistik dönemde Anadolu atölyelerinde aynı formların bölgeler arası üretimlerinde benzerlikler görüldüğünü ortaya koyarken, dönemin Atina etkili bazı popüler form ve dekorasyonlarının Anadolu v üretimleri üzerindeki etkisini de tespit etmiĢtir. Roma döneminde ise, aynı formların bölgeler arası üretimlerinde ticarete dayandırılabilecek farklılıklar görüldüğünü ortaya koyarken, Anadolu seramik üretiminde Atina atölyelerinin etkisini yitirdiğini tespit etmiĢtir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Anadolu, Atölyeler, Yerel Üretim, Seramik, Genel Seramikler, Kaliteli Seramikler, PiĢirme Kapları, Bölgesel KarĢılaĢtırma, Phocaea, Magnesia ad Maeandrum, Cnidus, Sagalassos, Sinope. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I am endlessly indebted to Prof. Dr. Dominique Kassab Tezgör, for her encouragement and patience. She has lightened my way in archaeology and helped me to find the topic that I wanted to focus on. I am grateful to Dr. Jacques Morin and Senior Lecturer Dr. Charles Gates for their valuable support and comments on this thesis, and to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Marie- Henriette Gates, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ġlknur Özgen, Assist. Prof. Dr. Julian Bennett, Assist. Prof. Dr. Thomas Zimmermann, Instructor Ben Claasz Coockson and Instructor Dr. Asuman CoĢkun Abuagla for their valuable contribution to my archaeological education. I am forever thankful to Assist. Prof. Dr. Özlem Vapur for her support and help, both in the excavation and in the thesis. Learning how to draw ceramics with her was really a very great experience. I am also thankful to Prof. Dr. Orhan Bingöl and Assist. Prof. Dr. Görkem Kökdemir for their encouragement. Everybody can guess that writing a thesis is really a stressful process. At this long period, I am so deeply indebted for a lifetime to my best friend Sevilay Hacıbekiroğulları for her support and also to Adem Acar for his help in the thesis, and support and trust. vii I am thankful to my family for their support and trust; without them and their confidence I would not have been able to complete this M.A. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT............................................................................................................... iii ÖZET.......................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................ ix LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................. xiii LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………….xxiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 2: CATALOG EXAMINING THE PRODUCTION OF THE WORKSHOPS .......... 7 2.1. The Ceramic Production of Phocaea .................................................................... 7 2.1.1. The Vessel Forms From the Maltepe Tumulus .......................................... 9 2.1.1.1. The Fine Wares ………………………………………………….. 9 2.1.1.2. The Cooking Wares ……………………………………………. 10 2.1.2. The Vessel Forms From the Archaic Megaron Building Area ................ 11 2.1.2.1. The Common Wares ……………………………………………. 11 2.1.2.2. The Fine Wares …………………………………………………. 12 2.1.2.3. The Cooking Wares …………………………………………….. 13 ix 2.1.3. The Vessel Forms From the Çifte Kayalar Hill ....................................... 15 2.1.3.1. The Common Wares ……………………………………………. 15 2.1.3.2. The Fine Wares …………………………………………………. 16 2.1.3.3. The Cooking Wares …………………………………………….. 17 2.1.4. Characteristics of the Production at Phocaea …………………………... 18 2.2. The Ceramic Production of Magnesia Ad Maeandrum ..................................... 20 2.2.1. The Clay of the Fine and Common Wares................................................ 22 2.2.2. The Clay of the Cooking Wares ............................................................... 22 2.2.3. The Slip .................................................................................................... 22 2.2.4. The Vessel Forms ……………………………………………………… 22 2.2.4.1. The Common Wares …………………………………………… 23 2.2.4.2. The Fine Wares ………………………………………………… 30 2.2.4.3. The Cooking Wares ……………………………………………. 32 2.2.5. Characteristics of the Production at Magnesia Ad Maeandrum……….. 33 2.3. The Ceramic Production of Cnidus …………………………………………… 35 2.3.1. The Workshops of Damokrates and Skirtos in ReĢadiye ………………. 37 2.3.1.1. The Clay of the Fine and Common Wares …………………….. 37 2.3.1.2. The Clay of the Cooking Wares ………………………………. 37 2.3.1.3. The Vessel Forms .……………………………………………. 37 2.3.1.3.1. The Common Wares ………………………………. 38 2.3.1.3.2. The Fine Wares ……………………………………. 39 2.3.1.3.3. The Cooking Wares ……………………………….. 41 2.3.2. The Workshops of A1, A2, and A4, and the Findings of the Cistern in Tekir …………………………………………………………………….. 43 2.3.2.1. The Clay and the Slip ………………………………………….. 43 x 2.3.2.2. The Vessel Forms …………………………………………….. 44 2.3.2.2.1. The Fine Wares ………………………………………. 44 2.3.2.2.2. The Cooking Wares ………………………………...... 51 2.3.3. Characteristics of the Production of Cnidus ………………………………... 51 2.4. The Ceramic Production of Sagalassos ………………………………………. 52 2.4.1. The Clay and the Slip ………………………………………………….. 54 2.4.2. The Vessel Forms …………………………………………………….. 56 2.4.2.1. The Common Wares …………………………………………… 56 2.4.2.2. The Fine Wares / Red Slip Wares ……………………………… 59 2.4.2.3. The Cooking Wares ……………………………………………. 67 2.4.3. Characteristics of the Production of Sagalassos ……………………….. 70 2.5. The Ceramic Production of Sinope …………………………………………. 71 2.5.1. The Workshops of Nisiköy and Zeytinlik ……………………………… 73 2.5.1.1. The Clay ………………………………………………………... 73 2.5.1.2. The Vessel Forms ………………………………………………. 73 2.5.1.2.1. The Fine Wares…………………………………………73 2.5.2. The Workshop
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