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Exhibit a Finds Demonstrating That Ancient Coins Exhibit A Finds Demonstrating that Ancient Coins Struck in Turkish Mints Were Items of International Commerce The Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards (“IGCH”) and the Coin Hoards Series (Volumes I-X) record coin hoards found in both official and unofficial archaeological excavations.1 The below information establishes that ancient coins from Turkish mints have been found in substantial numbers outside of Turkey. The countries where such coins circulated in ancient times can be gleaned from find spots in Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Great Britain, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Italy (Sardinia and Sicily), Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Macedonia, Palestine, Pakistan, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and the former Yugoslavia. In addition to the English Language IGCH and Coin Hoards, the French Language Tresors series as well as numismatic articles also help establish that ancient coins from Turkish mints travelled from the confines of modern day Turkey in quantity. Finally, the information gleaned from the UK’s Portable Antiquity Scheme also shows that Roman and Byzantine coins from Turkey made their way to far off England and Wales in ancient times. I. IGCH A review of M. Thompson, O. Mørkholm, and C. Kraay, An Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards (New York, 1973) demonstrates the following. a. Coins of the Archaic Period IGCH shows 11 hoards including coins of mints in Turkey found in 5 other countries as follows: Greece IGCH 7 (Cyzicus, Miletus, Caria) Bulgaria IGCH 689 (Cyzicus, Lydia) Egypt 1 IGCH, Coin Hoards and other numismatic publications have some significant limitations as resources. First, they records hoards, not single finds. Thus, they seriously undercount small denomination bronze coins that are less likely to be hoarded. Second, not all hoards that have been reported have been recorded. Third, a substantial number of listed hoards record issuing authorities, but not necessarily mints. We have also listed such Greek hoards which possibly contain Turkish mint coins based on the known mints of the issuing authority. Fourth, the exact find spots of many hoards is unknown. This also leads to an undercount of coins circulating far from where they were made. Fifth, many of the hoards are only partly recorded. Thus, there probably is a significant undercount of Turkish mint coins in such hoards. Finally, while the Coin Hoard series updates the earlier IGCH, it is unclear if the all the coin hoards in that volume are also included in the Coin Hoards series. IGCH 1632 (Lydia) IGCH 1636 (Caria) IGCH 1637 (Miletus, Teos, Caria, Lydia, Phaselis, Lycia, Selge) IGCH 1638 (Cyzicus, Miletus, Lycia) IGCH 1639 (Ionia, Clazomenae, Colophon) IGCH 1640 (Phaselis) IGCH 1643 (Teos) Iran IGCH 1789 (Lydia) Italy IGCH 1874 (Phocaea) b. Coins of the Classical Period A review of M. Thompson, O. Mørkholm, and C. Kraay, An Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards (New York, 1973) shows 22 hoards including coins of mints in Turkey found in 11 other countries as follows: Greece IGCH 43 (Cyzicus) IGCH 47 (Cyzicus) Bulgaria IGCH 714 (Cyzicus) Russia IGCH 1011 (Cyzicus) IGCH 1012 (Cyzicus) IGCH 1013 (Cyzicus) IGCH 1022 (Sinope) IGCH 1045 (Cyzicus) Jordan IGCH 1482 (Clazomenae, Miletus, Caria, Lycia, Phaselis Lebanon 2 IGCH 1483 (Tenedos, Cnidos) IGCH 1500 (Cyzicus, Erythrae, Miletus) Israel IGCH 1503 (Tarsus) IGCH 1504 (Sinope, Amisus) Egypt IGCH 1644 (Miletus, Teos, Cnidus, Caria, Lycia, Phaselis) IGCH 1645 (Sinope, Teos, Phaselis, Lycia) IGCH 1647 (Lycia) IGCH 1650 (Sinope) Iraq IGCH 1747 (Lycia, Aspendus) IGCH 1748 (Tarsus, Myriandrus) Iran IGCH 1790 (Sinope, Clazomenae, Cnidus, Lycia) Afghanistan IGCH 1820 (Cnidus, Phaselis, Celenderis, Soli, Tarsus) Italy IGCH 2124 (Abydus, Lampsacus) c. Coins of the Hellenistic Period A review of M. Thompson, O. Mørkholm, and C. Kraay, An Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards (New York, 1973) and H. Seyrig, Tresors du Levant anciens et nouveaux (Paris, 1978) shows 171 hoards including coins of mints in Turkey found in 19 other countries as follows: Greece IGCH 83 (Miletus, Side, Myriandrus) IGCH 95 (Myriandrus) IGCH 137 (Asia Minor mints) IGCH 138 (Asia Minor mints) IGCH 141 (Magnesia and Colophon) 3 IGCH 143 (Lampsacus) IGCH 144 (Miletus, Sardes, Side, Myriandros, Lampsacus, Alexandria Troas, Magnesia) IGCH 148 (Lampsacus, Abydos, Magnesia, Miletus, Sardes, Phaselius, Tarsus) IGCH 150 (Lampsacus, Heraclea, Ciuys, Pergamum, Alexandria Troas, Magnesia, Sardes, Smyrna) IGCH 158 (Miletus, Magnesia, Byzantium) IGCH 159 (Lampsacus, Priene) IGCH 162 (Ephesus and Alexandria Troas) IGCH 163 (Lampsacus, Pergamum, Smyrna, Ephesus, Magnesia, Sardes, Cyzicus) IGCH 168 (Asia Minor mints, Calchedon, Cyzicus, Lampsacus, Alexandria Troas, Pergamum, Ephesus, Magnesia, Sardes) IGCH 177 (Abydos, Miletus, Lampsacus) IGCH 179 (Ephesus, Tarsus) IGCH 181 (Lampsacus, Sardes, Cius) IGCH 187 (Miletus, Clazomenae, Ephesus, Lampsacus, Colophon) IGCH 237 (Antioch, Alexandria Troas, Pergamum, Pontus) IGCH 240 (Clazomenae) IGCH 245 (Selge) IGCH 271 (Cyme) IGCH 332 (Pontus, Bithynia, Tenedos) IGCH 335 (Pontus) IGCH 337 (Pontus) IGCH 339 (Pontus) IGCH 348 (Ephesus, Tralles) IGCH 352 (Ephesus, Pergamum, Laodicea, Apameia, Tralles) IGCH 455 (Sardes, miletus, Colophon, Miletus, Lampsacus, Magnesia, Smyrna) IGCH 645 (Pontus) IGCH 776 (Lampsacus, Abydos, Teos) IGCH 801 (Lampsacus, Abydos, Teos, Miletus, Magnesia, Sardes, Phaselis) 4 IGCH 807 (Cyzicus) Bulgaria IGCH 395 (Tarsus) IGCH 736 (Parium) IGCH 737 (Parium) IGCH 740 (Parium) IGCH 741 (Parium) IGCH 742 (Parium) IGCH 747 (Parium) IGCH 748 (Parium) IGCH 749 (Parium) IGCH 750 (Parium) IGCH 751 (Parium) IGCH 752 (Parium) IGCH 753 (Parium) IGCH 754 (Parium) IGCH 757 (Parium) IGCH 758 (Parium) IGCH 759 (parium) IGCH 760 (Parium) IGCH 761 (Parium) IGCH 762 (PArium) IGCH 764 (Parium) IGCG 762 (Parium) IGCH 853 (Colophon, Miletus, Sardes, Tarsus) IGCH 905 (Asian cistophori) IGCH 906 (Byzantium, Bithynia) IGCH 974 (Byzantium, Pontus) IGCH 976 (Asian cistophori) 5 Serbia IGCH 458 (Miletus, Sardes, Side, Teos, Lampsacus, Abydus, Colophon, Magnesia, Sardes) Ukraine IGCH 866 (LAmpsacus, Abydus, Magnesia, Teos, Ephesos, Sardes, Side, Tarsus, Sinope, Colophon) IGCH 1136 (Amasia, Amisus, Gaziura, Pergamum) IGCH 1138 (Pontus, Paphlagonia) IGCH 1142 (Sinope) IGCH 1144 (Amisus, Comana, Amastris, Sinope) IGCH 1146 (Amisus, Sinope) IGCH 1149 (Misus, Sinope) North Macedonia IGCH 448 (Sardes, Miletus, Sardes) Romania IGCH 452 (Miletus) IGCH 734 (Cyzicus, Parium) IGCH 799 (Lampsacus) IGCH 958 (Lampsacus, Abydus, Alexandria Troas) Moldavia IGCH 800 (Abydus, Lampsacus, Colophon, Magnesia) Russia IGCH 1147 (Sinope) Lebanon IGCH 1508 (Cius, Pergamum) IGCH 1513 (Side, Myriandros) IGCH 1515 (Side, Tarsus, Myriandrus) IGCH 1521 (Amisus) IGCH 1599 (Antioch) Israel 6 IGCH 1510 (Side, Tarsus, Myriandrus) IGCH 1514 (Tarsus) IGCH 1520 (Side) IGCH 1590 (Antioch) IGCH 1605 (Antioch) IGCH 1610 (Antioch) Tresors 37 (Acre 1951) (15 out of 16 pieces): Antioch (15) Egypt IGCH 1664 (Lampsacus, Sardes, Miletus, Side, Tarsus, Myriandrus) IGCH 1665 (Side, Tarsus) IGCH 1667 (Lampsacus, Caria, Side, Tarsus, Myriandrus) IGCH 1668 (Lampsacus, Sid) IGCH 1669 (Lampsacus, Side, Sardes, Tarsus, Myriandrus) IGCH 1670 (Lampsacus, Sardes, Miletus, Side, Tarsus) IGCH 1678 (Lampsacus, Sardes, Miletus, Side, Tarsus) Iraq IGCH 1751 (Sardes) IGCH 1756 (Miletus, Sardes, Side, Tarsus) IGCH 1758 (Colophon, Magnesia, Miletus, Sardes) IGCH 1761 (Sardes, Side, Tarsus) IGCH 1762 (Cius, Lycia) IGCH 1764 (Sardes, Tarsus, Lampsacus, Abydus, Colophon, Magnesia, Ephesus) IGCH 1766 (Magnesia, Byzantium, Tenedos, Pergamum) IGCH 1768 (Lampsacus, Abydus, Colophon, Magnesia, Miletus, Sardes) IGCH 1679 (Lampsacus, Abydus, Colophon, Lysiumachia, Cius, Alexandria Troas, Pergamum, Byzantium, Sardes, Antioch, Tarsus, Soli) IGCH 1772 (Sardes, Lampsacus, Abydus, Colophon, Magnesia, Miletus, Teos, Perge, Heraclea, Aspendus, Sestus, Smyrna, Alexandria Troas, Bithynia, Cyme, Antioch) IGCH 1774 (Cyme, Myrina, Temnos, Colophon, Magnesia, Miletus, Smyrna, Phaselis, 7 Aspendus, Perge, Lamposacus, Alexandria Troas, Tenedos, Pergamum, Ilium, Side, Antioch) IGCH 1775 (Antioch) IGCH 1776 (Antioch) IGCH 1777 (Antioch) IGCH 1778 (Antioch) Azerbaijan IGCH 1737 (Byzantium) IGCH 1745 (Byzantium, Pontus) Armenia IGCH 1741 (Cappadocia) IGCH 1746 (Antioch, Pontus) Iran IGCH 1792 (Byzantium, Cyzicus, Miletus, Aspendus) UGCH 1794 (Myriandrus) IGCH 1799 (Lampsacus, Abydus, Magnesia, Miletus, Sardes) IGCH 1804 (Lampsacus, Colophon, Cyme, Temnus, Miletus, Alabanda, Perge, Byzantium, Antioch) IGCH 1805 (Antioch) IGCH 1806 (Antioch, Cyme, Alabanda, Phaselis, Aspendus, Perge, Termessus) IGCH 1808 (Colophon, Aspendus, Perge) IGCH 1809 (Lampsacus, Aspendus, Perge, Phaselis, Antioch) IGCH 1812 (Antioch) IGCH 1813 (Cyme, Myrina, Temnos, Miletus, Perge, Aspendus, Antioch) IGCH 1814 (Antioch) Afghanistan IGCH 1826 (Ilium) IGCH 1830 (Lampsacus, Erythrae, Cnidus, Lycia, Aspendus, Side, Celenderis, Mallus, Soli, Tarsus Tajikistan 8 IGCH 1822 (Byzantium, Caria, Aspendus, Celenderis, Tarsus) Italy IGCH 2056 (Byzantium, Pontus, Cappadocia) IGCH 2057 (Byzantium, Apamea) Syria IGCH 1511 (Tarsus, Myriandrus) IGCH 1516 (Abydus, Lampsacus, Sardes, Miletus, Myriandrus) IGCH 1529 (Amphipolis, Lysimacheia, Cyzicus, LAmpsacus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Sestus, Sardes, Magnesia, Cius, PAriumn, Calchedon, Antioch) IGCH 1532 (Lampsacus, Sestus, Ephesus, Magnesia, PArium, Byzantium, Cius, Pergamum, Antioch) IGCH 1534 (Lampsacus, Abydus, Colophon, Teos, Magnesia,
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