A BRIEF HISTORY OF MICROSCOPY:

1590's Zacharias Janssen Compound Light Microscopes 3 to 9X (ca.1580-ca.1638) (The first crude compound microscope produced by the Janssens Hans Jassen (Father) was simply a tube with lenses at each end.)

1609 Galileo Galilei Developed a compound microscope with a convex and a concave lens.

(1635-1703) Robert Hooke Improvements in function of LM Published works with light microscopes

1660's Robert Hooke Published a wave theory of light.

1665 Robert Hooke Published “Micrographia” [first applied the word "cell" to describe the basic unit of life]

late 1600's Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Single Lens Light Microscopes 300x - improved reolsution (1632-1723) (Studied with Robert Hooke)

1665 Isaac Newton Experiments showing “white” light is composed of different colors of light

1675 Isaac Newton Published Hypothesis of Light light was composed of corpuscles (particles of matter) and not waves.

1678 / 1690 Christiaan Huygens worked out his own wave theory of light in 1678, and published it in his Treatise on light in 1690.

1826 Joseph Jackson Lister Created an achromatic lens eradicating the chromatic aberation effect caused by different wavelengths of light.

1861 & 1862 James Clerk Maxwell Scottish physicist and mathematician. Mathematical definitions of the interactions between electric and magnetic fields

1873 Ernst Abbe University Professor of Math & Physics developed optical 1880's (And Carl Zeiss) equations, and optical theory - worked with Karl Zeiss: Microscope manufacturer

1897 J. J. Thompson “Discovery” of negative particle - The electron (Sir Joseph John, 1856- [Based on experiments with cathode ray tubes] 1940)

1895 Royal Microscopy Society RMS Standard for Light Microscopy Optics is set (Thread diameter, (Founded 1839, UK) and pitch, 160mm tube length)

early 1900s Albert Einstein Described the notion of wave–particle duality of light

1924 Louis de Broglie Doctoral Thesis: Demonstrates the wave nature of electrons (1929 (1892-1987) Nobel Prize)

1926 Hans Busch Showed that magnetic fields could act as lenses by causing electron beams to converge to a focus (electron lens).

1930's work on optics and TEM’s

1931 Max Knoll & Ernst Ruska 1st functional Transmission Electron Microscope [TEM]

1934 Ladislaus L. Marton Produced the first micrograph of a biological specimen - Sundew (Brussles) plant. [ Marton, L. 1934. La microscopie electronique des objets biologiques. Bull. Acad. Belg. Cl. Sci. 20: 439-466 ]

1936 Metropolitan Vickers (UK) 1st commercial TEM was a Metropolitan- Vickers (EM1) instrument manufactured in 1936 in England - but not really sold 1938 Seimens & Halske Corp. 1st Commercial TEM Series - Really (Germany) (Under Ruska)

1938 Manfred Von Ardenne 1st Scanning transmission electron microscope [STEM] (Berlin, Germany)

1938 Cecil Hall, James Hillier, and University of Toronto in Canada, working under the direction of Eli Albert Prebus Burton, produced an advanced 1938 Toronto Model electron microscope that would later become the basis for Radio Corporation of America's (RCA) Model B, the first commercial electron microscope in North America

1943 J. Hillier Electron energy-loss spectroscopy [EELS]

1st TEM Publication - Bacteria

1945 Keith R. Porter, Albert This first electron micrograph of an intact cell was published in The Claude, and Ernest F. Journal of Experimental Medicine in March 1945, in "A Study of Fullam. Tissue Culture Cells by Electron Microscopy," (1600X)

1953 Keith Porter and J. Blum Developed the Porter-Blum (ultra)microtome, opening up ultrathin sectioning and electron microscopy to Biologists

1950's - 60's Development of good EM fixation protocols

1953 Sir Charles Oatley & Dennis first micrographs showing the striking three-dimensional imaging McMullan characteristics of the modern-day SEM

1957 Marvin Lee Minsky Original “Confocal” spinning disk - Patent and proof of concept but (Havard, USA) signal limits (As a Post-doc).

1965 Cambridge Instrument First commercial SEM (1930's, Company (UK) - Charles (Research project started in 1948 by Oatley at the Cambridge 1948-1965) Oatley University Engineering Department that led directly to the First Commercial SEM.)

1968 Siemens Siemens Stops making Electron Microscopes

1982 Gerd Binnig & Heinrich 1st Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) (1983) Roher 1983 - 1st publication

1984 Cambridge Instrument 1st Commercial Laser Scanning Confocal microscope Company (UK)

1986 Nobel Prize Ernst Ruska - Work on Electron Optics 1930's Gerd Binnig & Heinrich Rohr - For the STM

1998 Aberration-corrected HRTEM microscopes reach sub-Ångstrøm resolution

2009 Nobel Prize - Chemistry Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Tsien for their work on discovering GFP and making it a useful tool in cell biology.

SEM: During the 1930s a very different way of imaging solid samples, scanning electron microscopy, was invented by Knoll (1935) for the study of the targets of television camera tubes. Two years later von Ardenne (1938a,b) built an electron microscope with a highly demagnified probe for scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and also tried it as an SEM. And soon afterwards Zworykin et al (1942a) developed a dedicated SEM. The beginning of the general use of the (SEM) can be accurately dated to 1965 when the Cambridge Instrument Company in the U.K. marketed their Stereoscan 1 SEM (to be followed about 6 months later by JEOL in Japan). This was thirty years after the initial developments in Germany and the U.S.A., but it was the research project started in 1948 by Oatley at the Cambridge University Engineering Department that led directly to the Stereoscan 1936 Metropolitan Vickers (UK) 1st commercial TEM was a Metropolitan - (L.C. Martin at Imperial Vickers instrument manufactured in 1936 in England - E.M.1 University)

1938 Seimens Corp. (Germany) 1st Commercial TEM Series

1940 Radio Corporation of Radio Corporation of America (RCA) introduces its first TEM - Model America (RCA - USA) B

1941 Hitachi First Hitachi TEM

1949 Zeiss (Germany) Zeiss introduces its first TEM

1949 Philips (Netherlands) Philips introduces its first TEM

1950 JEOL (Japan) Japan Electron Optics Laboratory (JEOL) Introduces their first TEM - JEM1

1965 Cambridge Instruments First commercial SEM - Stereoscan 1 JEOL Introduced theirs 6 months later.

1951 International Scientific The Institute of Scientific Instruments (ISI) was established in 1957 Instrument (ISI - CZECH) as an institution providing instrumental equipment for other institutes of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. The students of Prof. A. Bláha – A. Delong, V. Drahoš and L. Zobač – built the first prototype electron microscope in this country (TEM -1950), and followed this with the first serially produced instrument (1951 - the BS 241). In 1954 a functional model of a desktop electron microscope (the Tesla BS 242).

1968 Siemens Siemens Stops making Electron Microscopes

1998

CEOS GmbH., Heidelberg

Nion, Inc., Kirkland, WA

Cs-Correction

1994 Correction of spherical aberration of a 200kV Philips CM20 (LaB6) [M.Haider, G.Braunshausen, E.Schwan, Optik99 (1995) 167–179]

1995 correction of spherical and chromatic aberration of a low-voltage scanning electron microscope [J.Zach, M. Haider, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 363 (1995) 316]; 1997 correction of spherical aberration of a Philips CM200 FEGST at Jülich [M.Haider, H.Rose, S.Uhlemann, E.Schwan, B.Kabius, K. Urban, Ultramicroscopy 75 (1998) 53–60]

1999 correction of spherical aberration of a dedicated STEM, a VGHB5 at Cambridge [O.L. Krivanek, N.Dellby, A.R.Lupini, Ultramicroscopy 78 (1999) 1–11].