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Appendix a I

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Appendix a I Appendix A I Appendix A Professional Institutions and Associations AVA: Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt (see under --+ KWIS) DFG: Deutsche Forschungs-Gemeinschaft (previously --+ NG) German Scientific Research Association. Full title: Deutsche Gemeinschaft zur Erhaltung und Forderung der Forschung (German Association for the Support and Advancement of Sci­ entific Research). Successor organization to the --+ NG, which was renamed DFG unofficially since about 1929 and officially in 1937. During the terms of its presidents: J. --+ Stark (June 1934-36); R. --+ Mentzel (Nov. 1936-39) and A. --+ Esau (1939-45), the DFG also had a dom­ inant influence on the research policy of the --+ RFR. It was funded by government grants in the millions and smaller contributions by the --+ Stifterverband. Refs.: ~1entzel [1940]' Stark [1943]c, Zierold [1968], Nipperdey & Schmugge [1970]. DGtP: Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir technische Physik German Society of Technical Physics. Founded on June 6, 1919 by Georg Gehlhoff as an alternative to the --+ DPG with a total of 13 local associations and its own journal --+ Zeitschrift fUr technische Physik. Around 1924 the DGtP had approximately 3,000 members, thus somewhat more than the DPG, but membership fell by 1945 to around 1,500. Chairmen: G. Gehlhoff (1920-31); K. --+ Mey (1931-45). Refs.: Gehlhoff et al. [1920]' Ludwig [1974], Richter [1977], Peschel (Ed.) [1991]' chap. 1, Heinicke [1985]' p. 43, Hoffmann & Swinne [1994]. DPG: Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft German Physical Society. Founded in 1899 a national organization at to succeed the Berlin Physical Society, which dates back to 1845. The Society issued regular biweekly proceedings, reports (Berichte) on the same, as well as the journal: Fortschritte der Physik (since 1845). Other publication series of the DPG include: --+ Verhandlungen der DPG; --+ Zeitschrift fur Physik; --+ Physikalische Bliitter. Treasurers: Walter Schottky (1928-39); M. --+ Steenbeck (1939-44). Secretaries: Karl --+ Scheel (1918-36); Walter Grotrian (1936-45). Chairmen include: F. --+ Paschen (1925-27); M. --+ von Laue (1931-33); K. --+ Mey (193335); J. --+ Zenneck (1935-37 and 1939 40); P. --+ Debye (1937-39); C. --+ Ramsauer (1940-45). Ramsauer and his deputy, W. --+ Finkelnburg, steered a relatively independent course from the party line and against the Deutsche Physik movement, and were supported, among others, by M. --+ Wien and L. --+ Prandtl. However at the end of 1938, on the initiative of H. --+ Stuart and W. --+ Orthmann, all Jews were asked to withdraw their membership in the Society. Around 1918 membership totalled about 750 and in the 1930's about 1,400. The 'Max Planck Medal' of the DPG was awarded to, among others: M. von Laue (1932); W. --+ Heisenberg (1933); E. --+ Schrodinger (1937/38); P. --+ Jordan (1942); F. --+ Hund (1943); M. --+ Born (1948), L. --+ Meitner (1949); P. --+ Debye (1950), J. --+ Franck & G. --+ Hertz (1951); W. --+ Bothe (1953), W. --+ Pauli (1958). After the war the Society was initially re-established in the individual occupation zones and united in 1950 in the West. Refs.: Warburg [1925]' Ramsauer [1947]a, Peschel (Ed.) [1991]' chap. 1, Heinicke [1985] and Mayer-Kuckuck (Ed.) [1995]. HG: Helmholtz-Gesellschaft Helmholtz Society. Founded in 1920 as an alternative to the --+ NG following an appeal to business by the physics and engineering research community. Contributors to the Society were mainly from the the coal, steel and chemical industries, as well as banks, and to a lesser degree II Professional institutions and associations electric companies. As was the case with the NG, the Society was autonomously organized with advisory boards to decide on applications in physics and applied physics, particularly in materials testing. Around 1923 the governing board included: P. -> Lenard: J. -> Stark; W. -> Wien. After 1933 the HG managed to remain relatively independent of the State. Refs.: Richter [1977]. KWG: Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Wissenschaften e.V. Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Advancement of the Sciences, registered association (From Sep. 1946: Max-Planck-Gesellschajt zur Forde rung der Wissenschajten). Founded in 1911, based upon the plans drawn up by von Althoff and Schmidt-Ott and on the instigation of Adolf von Harnack "to promote the sciences, especially by founding and maintaining scientific research institutions". Its establishment ofresearch institutes that were independent of the State was most important (-> KWIP, -> KWIC, --> KWIPC, and the Aerodynamics Experimental Station ( --> KWIS)) whose researches were conducted under the guidance of prominent directors (W. --> Bothe, P. --> Debye, A. --> Einstein, F. --> Haber, O. --> Hahn, P. -> Thiessen) and under the supervision of a professionally competent board of trustees. In June 1937 the KWG was formally reorganized, adopting new Articles implementing the Fiihrerprinzip which primarily strengthened the role of its president but also ceded power to the -> REM. Presidents of the KWG: Adolf von Harnack (raised to the nobility in 1914: 1911-29); M. -> Planck (1930-37); C. -> Bosch (1937-40); A. -> Vogler (1941-45); M. Planck (Jul. 24, 1945-Mar. 31, 1946); O. Hahn (Apr. 1946-59). Supervisory board (Senat) composed of members from the fields of science, finance, industry and politics. The managing director Friedrich Glum and the President Planck initiated the voluntary realignment (Selbstgleichschaltung) of the Society using their own definition with the intention of thus circumventing more radical intervention by the Nazis shortly after their rise to power in 1933-34. After 1933: Dismissal of Jewish staff members at Institutes that received at least 50% of their financing from government funds. Altogether 71 scientists were lost as a result, 6 of whom were directors and the remainder department heads, staff scientists and assistants. The total budget of the KWG rose from 5.6 million in 1933 to 14.3 million reichsmarks in 1944, thus research at the KWIs expanded during the Nazi regime. However, this led to many of the Institutes being drawn into war preparations. Out of the 48 member scientists of the KWG holding director positions during the regime, approximately 40% were members of the --t NSDAP, 3 of whom had joined before 1933 (including Gerhard Jander and P. --t Thiessen), 3 in Mar. 1933, 1 in 1935, 1 in 1936, 7 in 1937, 1 in 1938 and 3 in 1940. 21 of the 48 party members belonged either to the --t NSDDB or the --t NSLB. The general secretary Ernst Telschow was also influential, becoming additionally national defense adviser to the Reich and commissioner of defense for the KWIs in 1939. He was also instrumental in the relocation of the Society's management from Berlin to Gottingen in Feb. 1945, as well as in its rebuilding after the war. In Sep. 1946 the KWG was succeeded by the Max Planck Society in Gottingen (initially just for the British occupation zone; notably E. Telschow, O. Hahn, W. --t Gerlach and M. --t von Laue as well as Colonel B. Blount participated), then established in Feb. 1948 in Gottingen as a bizonal "association of independent research institutes, that are not connected to the government or industry" and was eventually expanded to include all three Western zones. Refs.: Annual reports and lists of papers in the journal --t Die Naturwissenschajten 1933- 43; Festschrift [1961]' Burchardt [1975], Lemmerich (Ed.) [1981], Henning & Kazemi [1988], Vierhaus & vom Brocke (Eds.) [1990], Gm\rout [1992]' pp. 19-27, Albrecht [1993], pp. 48f., Hermann [1993], Macrakis [1993], Oexle [1994]. KWIC: Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut flir Chemie Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Chemistry. Established in late 1911 through a contract be­ tween the chemical association Verein Chemische Reichsanstalt and the -> KWG. It was funded almost entirely by monies from the Emil Fischer Association for the Advancement of Chemical Appendix A III Research. Ernst Otto Beckmann was appointed its first director in Apr. 1912, who simultane­ ously directed the Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division. Also included are the Divisions of Organic Chemistry (until 1916 under R. Willstiitter) and Radioactivity (under O. -t Hahn (chemistry) and L. -t Meitner (physics)). O. Hahn was director of the Institute 192846. The board of trustees included: C. -t Bosch (1921-40); M. -t von Laue (starting 1921); W. -t Nernst (1921-41); M. -t Planck (1931-46). In 1932 the KWIC had 25 staff scientists. In 1938 1. Meitner was forced into exil. Feb. 1, 1939, J. -t Mattauch succeeded her; and Nov. 1, 1943: he was promoted to deputy director of the Institute. Under Hahn's direction from 1939 on, experimental and theoretical research directly relevant to military applications of nuclear fis­ sion was conducted for the -t HWA. During the last two years of war the KWIC was partially destroyed in two bomb raids (on Feb. 15 and Mar. 24, 1944), and then removed to buildings formerly part of a textile factory in Tailfingen. After the war the KWIC was reestablished in 1949 in the French occupation zone close to the University of Mainz. Refs.: Fischer & Beckmann [1913]' Hartmann (Ed.) [1936], pp. 164174, Meitner [1954], Hahn [1962]b, part VI, Burchardt [1975], pp. 95-98, Engel [1984]' pp. 222ff., D. Hahn (Ed.) [1988], pp. 89 -210, Johnson [1990]' Weiss [1994]' pp. 271ff. KWIP: Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut flir Physik The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics. Founded at the proposal of F. --> Haber, W. -> Nernst, M. --> Planck, Heinrich Rubens and Emil Warburg and with the financial support of the Koppel Endowment
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