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Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany
Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany Individual Fates and Global Impact Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze princeton university press princeton and oxford Copyright 2009 © by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siegmund-Schultze, R. (Reinhard) Mathematicians fleeing from Nazi Germany: individual fates and global impact / Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-691-12593-0 (cloth) — ISBN 978-0-691-14041-4 (pbk.) 1. Mathematicians—Germany—History—20th century. 2. Mathematicians— United States—History—20th century. 3. Mathematicians—Germany—Biography. 4. Mathematicians—United States—Biography. 5. World War, 1939–1945— Refuges—Germany. 6. Germany—Emigration and immigration—History—1933–1945. 7. Germans—United States—History—20th century. 8. Immigrants—United States—History—20th century. 9. Mathematics—Germany—History—20th century. 10. Mathematics—United States—History—20th century. I. Title. QA27.G4S53 2008 510.09'04—dc22 2008048855 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Sabon Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ press.princeton.edu Printed in the United States of America 10 987654321 Contents List of Figures and Tables xiii Preface xvii Chapter 1 The Terms “German-Speaking Mathematician,” “Forced,” and“Voluntary Emigration” 1 Chapter 2 The Notion of “Mathematician” Plus Quantitative Figures on Persecution 13 Chapter 3 Early Emigration 30 3.1. The Push-Factor 32 3.2. The Pull-Factor 36 3.D. -
Power and Initiative in Twentieth Century Germany
POWER AND INITIATIVE IN TWENTIETH CENTURY GERMANY THE CASE OF HUGO JUNKERS by RICHARD WILLIAM EDWIN BYERS (Under the direction of John Morrow) ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the relationship between private enterprises and nation states in high technology research and applications. As the twentieth century progressed, this relationship became more contentious as state organs, citing national security priorities, attempted to assert their influence on private manufacturers. Nowhere is this relationship better illustrated than in the aircraft industry, and Germany’s geopolitical circumstances during the first half of the twentieth century provide an excellent framework to explore this intersection of interests. The dissertation focuses on the relationship between Professor Hugo Junkers and three successive state regimes in Germany between 1914 and 1934. Already a successful businessman and entrepreneur by the beginning of the First World War, Hugo Junkers continued to pursue plans for all- metal aircraft designs after war began despite wartime supply difficulties and widespread skepticism that such a craft would ever fly. Successful flight trials in 1915 lead to increased official interest in the Junkers firm as a possible military aircraft supplier, and military representatives began negotiations with Junkers over possible production of his aircraft designs. When these negotiations foundered, state officials accused Junkers of pursuing selfish objectives at the state’s expense, and increasingly intervened in the firm’s production processes. Professor Junkers fiercely resisted these incursions, and this resistance permanently damaged relations between the two parties. Throughout the life of the Weimar Republic, Junkers and state officials fought to control the firm’s production and design priorities. -
Appendix a I
Appendix A I Appendix A Professional Institutions and Associations AVA: Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt (see under --+ KWIS) DFG: Deutsche Forschungs-Gemeinschaft (previously --+ NG) German Scientific Research Association. Full title: Deutsche Gemeinschaft zur Erhaltung und Forderung der Forschung (German Association for the Support and Advancement of Sci entific Research). Successor organization to the --+ NG, which was renamed DFG unofficially since about 1929 and officially in 1937. During the terms of its presidents: J. --+ Stark (June 1934-36); R. --+ Mentzel (Nov. 1936-39) and A. --+ Esau (1939-45), the DFG also had a dom inant influence on the research policy of the --+ RFR. It was funded by government grants in the millions and smaller contributions by the --+ Stifterverband. Refs.: ~1entzel [1940]' Stark [1943]c, Zierold [1968], Nipperdey & Schmugge [1970]. DGtP: Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir technische Physik German Society of Technical Physics. Founded on June 6, 1919 by Georg Gehlhoff as an alternative to the --+ DPG with a total of 13 local associations and its own journal --+ Zeitschrift fUr technische Physik. Around 1924 the DGtP had approximately 3,000 members, thus somewhat more than the DPG, but membership fell by 1945 to around 1,500. Chairmen: G. Gehlhoff (1920-31); K. --+ Mey (1931-45). Refs.: Gehlhoff et al. [1920]' Ludwig [1974], Richter [1977], Peschel (Ed.) [1991]' chap. 1, Heinicke [1985]' p. 43, Hoffmann & Swinne [1994]. DPG: Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft German Physical Society. Founded in 1899 a national organization at to succeed the Berlin Physical Society, which dates back to 1845. The Society issued regular biweekly proceedings, reports (Berichte) on the same, as well as the journal: Fortschritte der Physik (since 1845). -
Von Rhoden Collection of Research Materials on the Role of the German Air Force in World War II, 1911-47
Publication Number: T-971 Publication Title: Von Rhoden Collection of Research Materials on the Role of the German Air Force in World War II, 1911-47 Date Published: n.d. VON RHODEN COLLECTION OF RESEARCH MATERIALS ON THE ROLE OF THE GERMAN AIR FORCE IN WORLD WAR II, 1911-47 The Von Rhoden Collection, 1911-47 Research materials bearing on the role of the German Air Force in World War II that were assembled under the direction of Brigadier General Herhudt von Rohden von Rhoden, head of the Historical Division (8. Abteilung), General Staff, Air Force High Command, in connection with his preparation of an official history of the German Air Force during World War II. General von Rhoden began assembling the materials and writing the history during the course of World War II. At the end of the war, he was directed by the United States Air Force to complete the history with the assistance of other former German Air Force officers. The collection comprises five series and an annex as described on the following pages. Von Rhoden Collection – Series 4376, 1933-1945 1. War journals, texts of lectures of the Air Academy, notes of conferences of German and Italian staffs, OKL directives, wartime tables of equipment, records of private German airplane factories, personnel records, and reports on the Battle of Great Britain, the Russian campaign (especially the siege of Stalingrad), the Mediterranean and North African campaigns, and Allied air raid damage. 2. Includes many maps of theaters of operation and projected operations; organizational charts of Air Force units; battle and experience reports from the various fronts and theaters of operation; reports on organization, armament, and evaluation of U.S. -
Death-Rays As Life-Savers in the Third Reich
Pedro Waloschek Death-Rays as Life-Savers in the Third Reich This is a draft English version of the report: “Todesstrahlen als Lebensretter - Tatsachenberichte aus dem dritten Reich” published (in German) in 2004. 1 To all my friends 2 Pedro Waloschek Death-Rays as Life-Savers in the Third Reich Contents Foreword ....................................................................... 5 1 Some Personal Memories of 1943 ......................... 9 2 Science Fiction and Reality ................................. 17 3 Richard Gans and Heinz Schmellenmeier’s ‘Rheotron’ ................... 31 4 Ernst Schiebold’s ‘X-Ray-Guns’............................ 63 5 Rolf Wideroe’s ‘Ray-Transformer’........................ 93 6 The End of the ‘X-Ray-Guns’ .............................. 119 7 The Luftwaffe’s Last ‘Betatron’ .......................... 147 Appendix: Max Steenbeck and Konrad Gund’s ‘Electron-Catapults’ ....................... 173 Chronology ............................................................... 185 References ................................................................ 203 3 4 Foreword Today we know that the ‘death rays’ made famous through science fiction literature and cinema were never actually deployed, and certainly not during World War II. The extensive literature on secret weapons provides us with very few mentions of ‘death rays’, and most of these refer to desperate publicity stunts by the German leadership towards the end of the war (see i.e. [Fo92] [Ir64] [Jo78a] [Jo78b]). However, several proposals were made, which led to the establishment of real research and development projects that aimed (or hoped) to achieve the development of ‘death rays’, or at least to gather some of the knowledge considered indispensable for the realisation of such weaponry. This does not belong to the world of conjecture; there is real evidence of activity, which can be reconstructed thanks to archive documents and witness statements. -
Die Luftwaffe Im Kampf Um Die Luftherrschaft. Entscheidende Einflussgrößen Bei Der Niederlage Der Luftwaffe Im Abwehrkampf Im
Die Luftwaffe im Kampf um die Luftherrschaft. Entscheidende Einflussgrößen bei der Niederlage der Luftwaffe im Abwehrkampf im Westen und über Deutschland im Zweiten Weltkrieg unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Faktoren „Luftrüstung“, „Forschung und Entwicklung“ und „Human Ressourcen“. Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn vorgelegt von Ernst Stilla aus Bukarest Bonn 2005 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms- Universität Bonn 1. Berichterstatter: Professor Dr. Joachim Scholtyseck 2. Berichterstatter: Professor Dr. Ernst Opgenoorth Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 13.07.2005 Diese Dissertation ist auf dem Hochschulschriftenserver der ULB Bonn http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/diss_online elektronisch publiziert. 2 Meinen Eltern, Alexander (†) und Letitzia Stilla 3 4 Gliederung 5 6 Einleitung: I. Problemstellung und Erklärungsmodelle zur Niederlage der Luftwaffe .................................... 17 II. Fragestellung, methodische Vorgehensweise und Abgrenzung ................................................ 23 III. Literatur und Quellenlage ......................................................................................................... 29 Einführender Teil: Wesen und Entwicklung der Luftwaffe, 1933-1941 I. Der Aufbau der Luftmacht bis zum Kriegsausbruch 1. Die nationalsozialistische Machtübernahme und die Entstehung der Luftwaffe ............... 37 2. Strukturelle Schwierigkeiten und der -
339307 1 En Bookbackmatter 327..360
Directory of Archives • Archiv der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (AMPG), Berlin – Abt. I, Rep. 1A: Generalverwaltung – Abt. I, Rep. 2: Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt – Abt. I, Rep. 44: Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Strömungsforschung – Abt. II, Rep. 3a: Max-Planck-Institut für Strömungsforschung – Abt. III, Rep. 24: Nachlass von Albert Betz – Abt. III, Rep. 61: Nachlass von Ludwig Prandtl – Abt. III, Rep. 76: Nachlass von Walter Tollmien • Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (BA-MA), Freiburg – RL 1: Reichsminister der Luftfahrt und Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe • California Institute of Technology, Archives, Pasadena – Theodore von Kármán Collection (TKC) • Deutsches Museum, Archiv (DMA), München – Berichte der Zentrale für Wissenschaftliches Berichtswesen (ZWB) – HS: Handschriftensammlung – NL 89: Nachlass von Arnold Sommerfeld – NL 91: Nachlass von Friedrich Ahlborn • Historisches Archiv/Museum der MAN AG, Augsburg – Box 103: Personen – Box 121: Korrespondenz – Box 135: Ernennungen – Box 311-I: Luftführungsanlagen – Box 311-II: Veröffentlichungen, Jubiläen © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 327 M. Eckert, Ludwig Prandtl, Springer Biographies, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05663-6 328 Directory of Archives • Historisches Archiv der Technischen UniversitätMünchen (HATUM) – C 133: Besetzung der Lehrstellen durch Professoren – C 321: Direktorium, Mechanisch-Technisches Laboratorium – 5432: Diplomprüfungsordnung Maschineningenieurabteilung 1906 • Johns Hopkins University, Milton S. Eisenhower Library, Baltimore – Dryden Papers • Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Institute Archives and Special Collections, Cambridge, Mass. – AC 13: Office of the President – MC 272: Papers of Jerome C. Hunsaker • National Air and Space Museum, Archives (NASARCH), Washington, D.C. – John Jay Ide Collection • National Archives, College Park (NACP), Maryland – RG 255: Records of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration • Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek (SUB), Göttingen – Cod. Ms. -
Autographen-Auktion 18
AUTOGRAPHEN-AUKTION 18. April 2009 Los 1285 Charles A. LINDBERGH Axel Schmolt Autographen-Auktionen 47807 Krefeld Steinrath 10 Telefon 02151-93 10 90 Telefax 02151-93 10 9 99 E-Mail: [email protected] AUTOGRAPHEN-AUKTION Inhaltsverzeichnis Los-Nr. ! Geschichte - Deutsche Geschichte allgemein (ohne Preußen) 1 - 28 - Preußen 29 - 57 - I. Weltkrieg 58 - 73 - Weimarer Republik 74 - 94 - Deutschland 1933-1945 95 - 171 - Deutsche Geschichte seit 1945 172 - 235 - Geschichte des Auslands bis 1945 236 - 290 - Geschichte des Auslands seit 1945 291 - 381 - Kirche-Religion 382 - 402 ! Literatur 403 - 551 ! Musik 552 - 730 - Oper-Operette (Sänger/- innen) 731 - 841 ! Bühne - Film - Tanz 842 - 1049 ! Bildende Kunst 1050 - 1202 ! Wissenschaft 1203 - 1261 - Forschungsreisende und Geographen 1262 - 1273 ! Luftfahrt 1274 - 1292 ! Weltraumfahrt 1293 - 1312 ! Sport 1313 - 1385 ! Widmungsexemplare - Signierte Bücher 1386 - 1445 ! Sammlungen - Konvolute 1446 - 1473 Autographen – Auktion am Samstag, den 18. April 2009 47807 Krefeld, Steinrath 10 Die Versteigerung beginnt um 11.00 Uhr. Pausen nach den Gebieten Literatur und Bühne-Film-Tanz Im Auktionssaal sind wir zu erreichen: Telefon (02151) 93 10 90 und Fax (02151) 93 10 999 Während der Auktion findet im Auktionssaal keine Besichtigung statt. Die Besichtigung in unseren Geschäftsräumen kann zu den nachfolgenden Terminen wahrgenommen werden oder nach vorheriger Vereinbarung. 11.4.2009 (Samstag) von 11.00 bis 16.00 Uhr 14.4.2009 bis 17.4.2009 von 11.00 bis 17.00 Uhr Bei Überweisung der Katalogschutzgebühr von EUR 10,- senden wir Ihnen gerne die Ergebnisliste der Auktion zu. Autographen - Auktionen Axel Schmolt Steinrath 10, 47807 Krefeld Tel. 02151 – 93 10 90 / Fax 02151 – 93 10 999 Internet: http://www.schmolt.de Wichtiger Hinweis: Mit der Abgabe der Gebote für die Autographen, Dokumente und Bildpostkarten aus der NS-Zeit verpflich- tet sich der Bieter dazu, diese Ware lediglich für historisch-wissenschaftliche Sammelzwecke zu erwerben und in keiner Weise propagandistisch im Sinne des § 86 StGB zu benutzen. -
AUTOGRAPHEN-AUKTION 24. April 2004
AUTOGRAPHEN-AUKTION 24. April 2004 Dorint Hotel, 41061 Mönchengladbach, Hohenzollernstr. 5 707 Franz Liszt Axel Schmolt Autographen-Auktionen 47807 Krefeld Willicher Straße 7 Telefon 02151-30 51 00 Telefax 02151-30 88 66 E-Mail: [email protected] AUTOGRAPHEN-AUKTION Inhaltsverzeichnis Los-Nr. & Geschichte - Königs- und Fürstenhäuser 1886-1948 1 - 58 - Deutsche Geschichte bis Preußen 59 - 74 - Preußen 75 - 103 - I. Weltkrieg 104 - 114 - Weimarer Republik 115 - 138 - Deutschland 1933-1945 139 - 222 - Deutsche Geschichte seit 1945 223 - 281 - Geschichte des Auslands bis 1945 282 - 318 - Geschichte des Auslands seit 1945 319 - 389 - Kirche-Religion 390 - 408 & Literatur 409 - 558 & Musik 559 - 836 - Oper-Operette (Sänger/- innen) 837 - 983 & Bühne - Film - Tanz 984 - 1193 & Bildende Kunst 1194 - 1324 & Wissenschaft 1325 - 1391 - Forschungsreisende und Geographen 1392 - 1400 & Luftfahrt 1401 - 1409 & Weltraumfahrt 1410 - 1432 & Sport 1433 - 1476 & Widmungsexemplare - Signierte Bücher 1477 - 1533 & Sammlungen - Konvolute 1534 - 1544 Autographen – Auktion am Samstag, den 24. April 2004 Dorint Hotel, 41061 Mönchengladbach, Hohenzollernstr. 5 Die Versteigerung beginnt um 10.00 Uhr. Pausen nach den Gebieten Literatur und Bühne-Film-Tanz Im Auktionssaal sind wir zu erreichen: Telefon (02161) 893 752 und Fax (02161) 893 617 Während der Auktion findet im Auktionssaal keine Besichtigung statt. Die Besichtigung in unseren Geschäftsräumen kann zu den nachfolgenden Terminen wahrgenommen werden oder nach vorheriger Vereinbarung. 17.4.2004 (Samstag) von 10.00 bis 16.00 Uhr und 19.4.2004 – 23.4.2004 von 10.00 bis 17.00 Uhr Bei Überweisung der Katalogschutzgebühr von EUR 10,- senden wir Ihnen gerne die Ergebnisliste der Auktion zu. Autographen - Auktionen Axel Schmolt Willicher Straße 7 47807 Krefeld Tel. -
Mathematicians at War Power Struggles in Nazi Germany's
Revue d’histoire des math´ematiques, 5 (1999), p. 7–59. MATHEMATICIANS AT WAR POWER STRUGGLES IN NAZI GERMANY’S MATHEMATICAL COMMUNITY: GUSTAV DOETSCH AND WILHELM SUSS¨ VOLKER R. REMMERT (*) It is generally difficult to deny having committed a given act, or that such an act was committed; it is, on the contrary, very easy to alter the motivations which led us to an act and the passions within us which accompanied the act itself. Primo Levi ABSTRACT. — The article discusses several examples of power struggles in Nazi Germany’s mathematical community. Amongthem are the fate of German participation in J.E.L. Brouwer’s journal Compositio mathematica in 1934/35. Ludwig Bieberbach put an end to this participation for political reasons. Special attention is paid to developments in the Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung (DMV ), above all to the presidency of Wilhelm S¨uss in the years 1937 to 1945. The pre-war years of his presidency were overshadowed by Bieberbach’s opposition to the DMV .Oneof the most important events is the expulsion of non-Aryan DMV -members in 1938/39 (Judenfrage), which was central to the DMV ’s success in dealingwith Nazi government officials. In World War II the DMV ’s successful professional policies, though they were threatened by S¨uss’ FreiburgcolleagueGustav Doetsch, were carried on by S¨ uss in close collaboration with Nazi government officials. His efforts were crowned by the foundation of a central institute for mathematics in the Black Forest (Oberwolfach). RESUM´ E´.—MATHEMATICIENS´ EN GUERRE. LUTTES DE POUVOIR DANS LA COMMUNAUTEMATH´ EMATIQUE´ DE L’ALLEMAGNE NAZIE: GUSTAV DOETSCH ET WILHELM SUSS¨ . -
Siegmund-Schultze R. Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany
Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany Individual Fates and Global Impact Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze princeton university press princeton and oxford Copyright 2009 © by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siegmund-Schultze, R. (Reinhard) Mathematicians fleeing from Nazi Germany: individual fates and global impact / Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-691-12593-0 (cloth) — ISBN 978-0-691-14041-4 (pbk.) 1. Mathematicians—Germany—History—20th century. 2. Mathematicians— United States—History—20th century. 3. Mathematicians—Germany—Biography. 4. Mathematicians—United States—Biography. 5. World War, 1939–1945— Refuges—Germany. 6. Germany—Emigration and immigration—History—1933–1945. 7. Germans—United States—History—20th century. 8. Immigrants—United States—History—20th century. 9. Mathematics—Germany—History—20th century. 10. Mathematics—United States—History—20th century. I. Title. QA27.G4S53 2008 510.09'04—dc22 2008048855 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Sabon Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ press.princeton.edu Printed in the United States of America 10 987654321 Contents List of Figures and Tables xiii Preface xvii Chapter 1 The Terms “German-Speaking Mathematician,” “Forced,” and“Voluntary Emigration” 1 Chapter 2 The Notion of “Mathematician” Plus Quantitative Figures on Persecution 13 Chapter 3 Early Emigration 30 3.1. The Push-Factor 32 3.2. The Pull-Factor 36 3.D.