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Sitzungsberichte Der Mathematisch- Physikalischen Klasse Der Bayerischen Akademie Der Wissenschaften München
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch- physikalischen Klasse der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften München Jahr/Year: 1986 Band/Volume: 1985 Autor(en)/Author(s): Biermann Ludwig F. B., Grigull Ulrich Artikel/Article: Fünfzig Jahre Kepler-Kommission 50 Jahre Kepler- Kommission 23-31 BAYERISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN MATHEMATISCH-NATURWISSENSCHAFTLICHE KLASSE SITZUNGSBERICHTE JAHRGANG 1985 MÜNCHEN 1986 VERLAG DER BAYERISCHEN AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN In Kommission bei der C.H. Beck’schen Verlagsbuchhandlung München 50 Jahre Kepler-Kommission Ludwig F. B. Biermannt und Ulrich Grigull Vorgetragen auf der Gedenkfeier der Kepler-Kommission am 15. Juli 1985 Die Aktivitäten der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zur Herausgabe der Werke von Johannes Kepler haben ihren Ursprung darin, daß das Akademiemitglied Walther von Dyck (*1856 in Mün- chen) sich mit Kepler zu beschäftigen begann, vermutlich auf Anre- gung seines Freundes Oskar von Miller. Schon Anfang desjahrhun- derts war Walther von Dyck von Oskar von Miller um einen Vor- trag über Johannes Kepler gebeten worden und hatte bei den Vorbe- reitungen dazu festgcstcllt, daß ein großer Teil der Schriften Keplers in der einzigen damals existierenden Ausgabe der Gesammelten Wer- ke - welche der württcmbcrgische Gelehrte Christian Frisch zwi- schen 1858 und 1871 besorgt hatte - nicht berücksichtigt war. Wal- ther von Dyck begann, Keplers Manuskripte systematisch zu sam- meln; als erstes Ergebnis erschienen 1910 unter den Abhandlungen der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse unserer Akademie zwei wieder aufgefundene Prognostika auf diejahre 1604 und 1624, die Walther von Dyck am 5. November 1910 der Klasse vorlegte und die auch noch im gleichen Jahr gedruckt wurden. -
Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany
Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany Mathematicians Fleeing from Nazi Germany Individual Fates and Global Impact Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze princeton university press princeton and oxford Copyright 2009 © by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siegmund-Schultze, R. (Reinhard) Mathematicians fleeing from Nazi Germany: individual fates and global impact / Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-691-12593-0 (cloth) — ISBN 978-0-691-14041-4 (pbk.) 1. Mathematicians—Germany—History—20th century. 2. Mathematicians— United States—History—20th century. 3. Mathematicians—Germany—Biography. 4. Mathematicians—United States—Biography. 5. World War, 1939–1945— Refuges—Germany. 6. Germany—Emigration and immigration—History—1933–1945. 7. Germans—United States—History—20th century. 8. Immigrants—United States—History—20th century. 9. Mathematics—Germany—History—20th century. 10. Mathematics—United States—History—20th century. I. Title. QA27.G4S53 2008 510.09'04—dc22 2008048855 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Sabon Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ press.princeton.edu Printed in the United States of America 10 987654321 Contents List of Figures and Tables xiii Preface xvii Chapter 1 The Terms “German-Speaking Mathematician,” “Forced,” and“Voluntary Emigration” 1 Chapter 2 The Notion of “Mathematician” Plus Quantitative Figures on Persecution 13 Chapter 3 Early Emigration 30 3.1. The Push-Factor 32 3.2. The Pull-Factor 36 3.D. -
From Inertia to Action from Engines and Innovation (1991)
George W. Lewis, NACA Director of Aeronautical Research from 1924 to 1942. FROM INERTIA TO ACTION At first the NACA watched European developments in engine technology without full awareness of their implications for American national security. In September 1936, George Lewis [5] visited Germany to evaluate reports of recent expansion and decentralization of German aeronautical facilities. He found that research under Adolf Baeumker was being funded and staffed on a grand scale hardly dreamed of in the United States. Baeumker reported directly to Hermann Goering, Hitler's Air Minister, and there seemed to be no limit to the funds available to finance Baeumker's grandiose scheme of aeronautical laboratories. The Germans, he wrote, were contemplating a long-range research program. Its major emphasis was to increase the speeds of airplanes, regardless of the expense. Lewis pointed out that, prior to Chancellor Adolf Hitler's rise to power, funding for the Deutsche Versuchsanstalt fur Luftfahrt (DVL) at Adlershof near Berlin, the German counterpart of Langley Laboratory, had been limited. Hitler apparently made unlimited funds available to Baeumker. For military reasons, the Germans had decided not to concentrate all their aeronautical research and development at one location; therefore, Adlershof was to be supplemented by two additional stations, one entirely devoted to engine research at Stuttgart, the other for more fundamental aerodynamic research at Braunschweig. A large and elaborate pressure-type wind tunnel had been completed at the University of Goettingen under the direction of the famous aerodynamicist Ludwig Prandt. Lewis noted the extensive facilities for aircraft engine research and testing at the DVL, in particular, altitude test facilities for both air-cooled and liquid-cooled engines. -
Section I.9. Free Groups, Free Products, and Generators and Relations
I.9. Free Groups, Free Products, and Generators and Relations 1 Section I.9. Free Groups, Free Products, and Generators and Relations Note. This section includes material covered in Fraleigh’s Sections VII.39 and VII.40. We define a free group on a set and show (in Theorem I.9.2) that this idea of “free” is consistent with the idea of “free on a set” in the setting of a concrete category (see Definition I.7.7). We also define generators and relations in a group presentation. Note. To define a free group F on a set X, we will first define “words” on the set, have a way to reduce these words, define a method of combining words (this com- bination will be the binary operation in the free group), and then give a reduction of the combined words. The free group will have the reduced words as its elements and the combination as the binary operation. If set X = ∅ then the free group on X is F = hei. Definition. Let X be a nonempty set. Define set X−1 to be disjoint from X such that |X| = |X−1|. Choose a bijection from X to X−1 and denote the image of x ∈ X as x−1. Introduce the symbol “1” (with X and X−1 not containing 1). A −1 word on X is a sequence (a1, a2,...) with ai ∈ X ∪ X ∪ {1} for i ∈ N such that for some n ∈ N we have ak = 1 for all k ≥ n. The sequence (1, 1,...) is the empty word which we will also sometimes denote as 1. -
The Chaning Face of Science and Technology in the Ehrensaal of The
PREPRINT 13 Lisa Kirch The Changing Face of Science and Technology in the Ehrensaal of the Deutsches Museum, 1903–1955 The Changing Face of Science and Technology in the Ehrensaal of the Deutsches Museum, 1903–1955 Deutsches Museum Preprint Edited by Deutsches Museum Issue 13 Lisa Kirch received her Ph. D. in art history (University of Texas at Austin, 2003) with a dissertation on the portraits of Elector Palatine Ottheinrich (1502–1559). In collaboration with Andreas Kühne (LMU) she has published articles on portraits of the Herschel family and on the presentation and conservation of modern art. Her publications on visual and material culture in early-modern Germany appear under Miriam Hall Kirch. She is Associate Professor in the Art Department of the University of North Alabama. Lisa Kirch The Changing Face of Science and Technology in the Ehrensaal of the Deutsches Museum, 1903–1955 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet unter http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Lisa Kirch, “The Changing Face of Science and Technology in the Ehrensaal of the Deutsches Museum, 1903–1955” © 2017 of the present edition: MV-Wissenschaft MV-Wissenschaft is published by readbox publishing GmbH, Dortmund http://unipress.readbox.net/ © Deutsches Museum Verlag All rights reserved Editor: Dorothee Messerschmid Layout and Design: Jutta Esser Cover illustration: Draft of the Lilienthal glider, 1895 -
Power and Initiative in Twentieth Century Germany
POWER AND INITIATIVE IN TWENTIETH CENTURY GERMANY THE CASE OF HUGO JUNKERS by RICHARD WILLIAM EDWIN BYERS (Under the direction of John Morrow) ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the relationship between private enterprises and nation states in high technology research and applications. As the twentieth century progressed, this relationship became more contentious as state organs, citing national security priorities, attempted to assert their influence on private manufacturers. Nowhere is this relationship better illustrated than in the aircraft industry, and Germany’s geopolitical circumstances during the first half of the twentieth century provide an excellent framework to explore this intersection of interests. The dissertation focuses on the relationship between Professor Hugo Junkers and three successive state regimes in Germany between 1914 and 1934. Already a successful businessman and entrepreneur by the beginning of the First World War, Hugo Junkers continued to pursue plans for all- metal aircraft designs after war began despite wartime supply difficulties and widespread skepticism that such a craft would ever fly. Successful flight trials in 1915 lead to increased official interest in the Junkers firm as a possible military aircraft supplier, and military representatives began negotiations with Junkers over possible production of his aircraft designs. When these negotiations foundered, state officials accused Junkers of pursuing selfish objectives at the state’s expense, and increasingly intervened in the firm’s production processes. Professor Junkers fiercely resisted these incursions, and this resistance permanently damaged relations between the two parties. Throughout the life of the Weimar Republic, Junkers and state officials fought to control the firm’s production and design priorities. -
Inside the Camera Obscura – Optics and Art Under the Spell of the Projected Image
MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science 2007 PREPRINT 333 Wolfgang Lefèvre (ed.) Inside the Camera Obscura – Optics and Art under the Spell of the Projected Image TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I – INTRODUCING AN INSTRUMENT The Optical Camera Obscura I A Short Exposition Wolfgang Lefèvre 5 The Optical Camera Obscura II Images and Texts Collected and presented by Norma Wenczel 13 Projecting Nature in Early-Modern Europe Michael John Gorman 31 PART II – OPTICS Alhazen’s Optics in Europe: Some Notes on What It Said and What It Did Not Say Abdelhamid I. Sabra 53 Playing with Images in a Dark Room Kepler’s Ludi inside the Camera Obscura Sven Dupré 59 Images: Real and Virtual, Projected and Perceived, from Kepler to Dechales Alan E. Shapiro 75 “Res Aspectabilis Cujus Forma Luminis Beneficio per Foramen Transparet” – Simulachrum, Species, Forma, Imago: What was Transported by Light through the Pinhole? Isabelle Pantin 95 Clair & Distinct. Seventeenth-Century Conceptualizations of the Quality of Images Fokko Jan Dijksterhuis 105 PART III – LENSES AND MIRRORS The Optical Quality of Seventeenth-Century Lenses Giuseppe Molesini 117 The Camera Obscura and the Availibility of Seventeenth Century Optics – Some Notes and an Account of a Test Tiemen Cocquyt 129 Comments on 17th-Century Lenses and Projection Klaus Staubermann 141 PART IV – PAINTING The Camera Obscura as a Model of a New Concept of Mimesis in Seventeenth-Century Painting Carsten Wirth 149 Painting Technique in the Seventeenth Century in Holland and the Possible Use of the Camera Obscura by Vermeer Karin Groen 195 Neutron-Autoradiography of two Paintings by Jan Vermeer in the Gemäldegalerie Berlin Claudia Laurenze-Landsberg 211 Gerrit Dou and the Concave Mirror Philip Steadman 227 Imitation, Optics and Photography Some Gross Hypotheses Martin Kemp 243 List of Contributors 265 PART I INTRODUCING AN INSTRUMENT Figure 1: ‘Woman with a pearl necklace’ by Vermeer van Delft (c.1664). -
Appendix a I
Appendix A I Appendix A Professional Institutions and Associations AVA: Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt (see under --+ KWIS) DFG: Deutsche Forschungs-Gemeinschaft (previously --+ NG) German Scientific Research Association. Full title: Deutsche Gemeinschaft zur Erhaltung und Forderung der Forschung (German Association for the Support and Advancement of Sci entific Research). Successor organization to the --+ NG, which was renamed DFG unofficially since about 1929 and officially in 1937. During the terms of its presidents: J. --+ Stark (June 1934-36); R. --+ Mentzel (Nov. 1936-39) and A. --+ Esau (1939-45), the DFG also had a dom inant influence on the research policy of the --+ RFR. It was funded by government grants in the millions and smaller contributions by the --+ Stifterverband. Refs.: ~1entzel [1940]' Stark [1943]c, Zierold [1968], Nipperdey & Schmugge [1970]. DGtP: Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir technische Physik German Society of Technical Physics. Founded on June 6, 1919 by Georg Gehlhoff as an alternative to the --+ DPG with a total of 13 local associations and its own journal --+ Zeitschrift fUr technische Physik. Around 1924 the DGtP had approximately 3,000 members, thus somewhat more than the DPG, but membership fell by 1945 to around 1,500. Chairmen: G. Gehlhoff (1920-31); K. --+ Mey (1931-45). Refs.: Gehlhoff et al. [1920]' Ludwig [1974], Richter [1977], Peschel (Ed.) [1991]' chap. 1, Heinicke [1985]' p. 43, Hoffmann & Swinne [1994]. DPG: Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft German Physical Society. Founded in 1899 a national organization at to succeed the Berlin Physical Society, which dates back to 1845. The Society issued regular biweekly proceedings, reports (Berichte) on the same, as well as the journal: Fortschritte der Physik (since 1845). -
Jahrestagung Der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung Deutschen Der Jahrestagung Herausgegeben Von / Edited by by Edited / Von Herausgegeben
2015 of of of thethethe Hendrik Niehaus , in Hamburg, Germany Germany in Hamburg, in Hamburg, , , 2015 2015 2015 2015 & September 21 – 25 schen Mathematiker-Vereinigung 25. restagung der restagung bis Jahrestagung der Jahrestagung Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung und Hansestadt Hamburg Freie 21. edited by / von herausgegeben Benedikt Löwe Annual Meeting Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung September bis bis Hamburg, Hansestadt und Freie September September Hendrik Niehaus Hendrik Löwe Benedikt & 25. 21. 2015 Jahrestagung der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung Deutschen der Jahrestagung herausgegeben von / edited by by edited / von herausgegeben Programm Schedule Monday, 21 September 2015 Tuesday, 22 September 2015 Wednesday, 23 September 2015 Thursday, 24 September 2015 Friday, 25 September 2015 Jørgen Ellegaard Andersen Michael Eichmair Kathrin Bringmann Charles M. Elliott Minimal surfaces, isoperimetry, and non-negative Topological quantum fi eld theory 9.00 -10.00 Meromorphic Maass forms PDEs on evolving domains scalar curvature in asymptotically fl at manifolds in low dimensional topology Hörsaal A Hörsaal A Hörsaal A Hörsaal A 10.00 - 10.30 Coffee Break Coffee Break Coffee Break Coffee Break Minisymposia 1: Minisymposia 3: Minisymposia 5: Minisymposia 7: #1, #2, #4, #15, #17, #18, #2, #4, #6, #12, #15, #17, #3, #5, #6, #10, #12, #14, #3, #5, #7, #8, #9, #11, 10.30 - 12.30 #20, #27, #32, #35, #36, #20, #21, #22, #26, #27, #31, #16, #19, #22, #23, #24, #25, #14, #16, #19, #23, #24, #37, #39. #32, #34, #35, #36, #37. #26, #28, #31, #37, #38. #25, #29, #30, #33, #38. 12.30 - 14.00 Lunch Break Lunch Break Mittagsseminar Lunch Break Mathematik in Industrie Minisymposia 2: Minisymposia 4: und Gesellschaft Minisymposia 8: 14.00 - 15.00 #1, #2, #4, #13, #15, #17, #18, #2, #4, #10, #15, #17, #18, #20, #21, #3, #5, #7, #8, #9, #11, #14, #16, #20, #21, #27, #32, #35, #36. -
Technische Universität München 2 TUM – University of Excellence Contents
Technische Universität München 2 TUM – University of Excellence Contents TUM Research and Teaching TUM: A global brand 6 TUM Faculties 10 Interdisciplinary horizons 18 TUM University Foundation 20 TUM People Faces 22 Nobel Prize winners 30 Inventors and discoverers 31 Discovering talent, promoting talent, using talent 32 Alumni 34 TUM Excellence Research Centers 38 Cutting-edge research 52 Collaborative Research Centers Transregional Collaborative Research Centers 56 TUM Environment and Locations International 60 Munich – the business capital 62 Munich – Garching – Weihenstephan: TUM 3 64 Culture and leisure 68 Contacts 70 Imprint 72 TUM – University of Excellence 3 Scientific, entrepreneurial, international Ever since its inception in 1868, the Technische Universität München has borne out what, since the time of Humboldt, has epitomized the idea of the university – education and training as scientific objective – research as fascination, adventure, character building and societal culture. Eminent figures have studied, taught and conducted research here – Nobel Prize winners, inventors, entrepreneurs, representatives of public life But we can thank a strong community spirit that knows no boundaries between the generations and nurtures performance for its rise to become a world-class university The most visible proof of the strength of the TUM family is the rebuilding of our university from the ruins of a world war that had virtually destroyed it Today, around 26,000 young people study here – 23 percent of them from abroad – in the 13 faculties -
Michael Eckert Science, Life and Turbulent Times –
Michael Eckert Arnold Sommerfeld Science, Life and Turbulent Times – Michael Eckert Arnold Sommerfeld. Science, Life and Turbulent Times Michael Eckert translated by Tom Artin Arnold Sommerfeld Science, Life and Turbulent Times 1868–1951 Michael Eckert Deutsches Museum Munich , Germany Translation of Arnold Sommerfeld: Atomphysiker und Kulturbote 1868–1951, originally published in German by Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen ISBN ---- ISBN ---- (eBook) DOI ./---- Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: © Springer Science+Business Media New York Th is work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. Th e use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. -
Von Rhoden Collection of Research Materials on the Role of the German Air Force in World War II, 1911-47
Publication Number: T-971 Publication Title: Von Rhoden Collection of Research Materials on the Role of the German Air Force in World War II, 1911-47 Date Published: n.d. VON RHODEN COLLECTION OF RESEARCH MATERIALS ON THE ROLE OF THE GERMAN AIR FORCE IN WORLD WAR II, 1911-47 The Von Rhoden Collection, 1911-47 Research materials bearing on the role of the German Air Force in World War II that were assembled under the direction of Brigadier General Herhudt von Rohden von Rhoden, head of the Historical Division (8. Abteilung), General Staff, Air Force High Command, in connection with his preparation of an official history of the German Air Force during World War II. General von Rhoden began assembling the materials and writing the history during the course of World War II. At the end of the war, he was directed by the United States Air Force to complete the history with the assistance of other former German Air Force officers. The collection comprises five series and an annex as described on the following pages. Von Rhoden Collection – Series 4376, 1933-1945 1. War journals, texts of lectures of the Air Academy, notes of conferences of German and Italian staffs, OKL directives, wartime tables of equipment, records of private German airplane factories, personnel records, and reports on the Battle of Great Britain, the Russian campaign (especially the siege of Stalingrad), the Mediterranean and North African campaigns, and Allied air raid damage. 2. Includes many maps of theaters of operation and projected operations; organizational charts of Air Force units; battle and experience reports from the various fronts and theaters of operation; reports on organization, armament, and evaluation of U.S.