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100Cias@Uned 100cias@uned N.º 11 (2018) Vida científica ISSN: 1989-7189 EFEMÉRIDES Dice la Real Academia Española en su diccionario: efeméride, Tb. efemérides. EFEMÉRIDES: ¿CUÁNDO? ¿A QUIÉN? Del lat. ephemĕris, -ĭdis, y este de gr. εφημερίς, -ίδος ephēmerís, -ídos; propiamente ‘de un día’. Estaba yo el otro día en una reunión cuando surgió la idea de organizar una conferencia para celebrar una efe- 1. f. Acontecimiento notable que se recuer- méride. Rápidamente, algunos dijeron que era el veinte da en cualquier aniversario de él. aniversario del descubrimiento de la expansión acelera- 2. f. Conmemoración de una efeméride en su da del Universo por Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt y aniversario. Adam G. Riess en el año 1998 que les valió el Premio 3. f. pl. Libro o comentario en que se refieren Nobel de Física 2011. los hechos de cada día. Me acordé entonces de la conocida paradoja del Aún hay que dar un paso más. ¿Cuantos años deben cumpleaños en teoría de probabilidades que dice que en haber transcurrido? Eso nos lleva a los números redon- un colectivo de personas de todas las edades (no de una dos que en nuestra civilización de base 10 son múltiplos clase) cuando hay más de 23 personas lo más probable de 5. Es un tema de gran importancia en los mercados es que haya dos con la misma fecha de nacimiento (día financieros y ha dado lugar a sutiles análisis psicológi- pero no año). Para 57 o más personas la probabilidad es cos. El caso es que nadie celebrará en 2018 el 209 ani- mayor del 99%. Por ejemplo, la Real Academia de Cien- versario del nacimiento de Darwin ni el 136 aniversario cias tiene 54 miembros y en ella hay dos académicos que de su fallecimiento, aunque todos sepamos que es sólo han nacido el 25 de diciembre (1934 y 1945). una convención, una costumbre. Eso me llevó a pensar que en cada año debía de ha- Para este ensayo, he elegido los siguientes años ber muchas efemérides. transcurridos 10, 20, 25, 30, 50 (cincuentenario), 75, 100 Tabla I. Efemérides para el año 2018. Entre paréntesis años transcurridos. Premios Nobel (F, Q, M), Premios Abel (A), Medallas Field (MF). En versales algunos científicos importantes que no han obtenido los mencionados premios. Los correspondientes al centenario en negritas. Año Nacidos Fallecidos Premios Harald zur Hausen (M) Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (M) Luc Montagnier (M) Makoto Kobayashi (F) Willis Lamb (F) Toshihide Maskawa (F) Thomas Huckle Weller (M) Yoichiro Nambu (F) 2008 (10) George Emil Parade (M) Osamu Shimomura (Q) Daniel Carleton Gajdusek (M) Martin Chalfie (Q) Roger Y. Tsien (Q) John Griggs (MF) Thompson (A) Jacques Tits (A) Robert B. Laughlin (F) Horst L. Störmer (F) Daniel C. Tsui (F) Walter Kohn (Q) Derek Barton (Q) John Pople (Q) Frederick Reines (F) Robert F. Furchgott (M) 1998 (20) Martin Rodbell (M) Louis J. Ignarro (M) Sir Alan Hodgkin (M) Ferid Murad (M) Richard Ewen Borcherds (MF) Timothy Gowers (MF) Maxim Kontsevich (MF) Curtis T. McMullen (MF) 100cias@uned Vida científica Tabla I. Continuación. Año Nacidos Fallecidos Premios Russell A. Hulse (F) Joseph H. Taylor Jr. (F) Kary Mullis (Q) 1993 (25) Robert W. Holley (M) Michael Smith (Q) Richard J. Roberts (M) Phillip A. Sharp (M) Leon M. Lederman (F) Melvin Schwartz (F) Isidor Isaac Rabi (F) Jack Steinberger (F) Richard Feyman (F) Johann Deisenhofer (Q) 1988 (30) Ernst Ruska (F) Robert Huber (Q) Luis Walter Alvarez (F) Hartmut Michel (Q) Nikolaas Tinbergen (M) Sir James W. Black (M) Gertrude B. Elion (M) George H. Hitchings (M) Lev Davidovich Landau (F) Luis Alvarez (F) Otto Hahn (Q) Lars Onsager (Q) Howard Walter Florey (M) 1968 (50) Robert W. Holley (M), Corneille Heymans (M) Har Gobind Khorana (M) Henry Hallett Dale (M) Marshall W. Nirenberg (M) Lise Meitner Ralph Steinman (M) Otto Stern (F) Richard Smalley (Q) Nicola Tesla George de Hevesy (Q) 1943 (75) J. Michael Kosterlitz (F) David Hilbert Carl Peter Henrik Dam (Q) Artur B. McDonald (F) Edward Adelbert Doisy (Q) Getrude B. Elion (M) Frederick Reines (F) Richard Feyman (F) Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck 1918 (100) Edwin G. Krebs (M) Georg Cantor (F) Frederic Sanger (2M) Fritz Haber (Q) Derek Barton (Q) Ernst Otto Fischer (Q) Theodore William Richards (Q) Robert Millikan (F) Léon Foucault 1868 (150) Fritz Haber (Q) August Ferdinand Möbius Felix Hausdorff August Wilhelm von Hofmann 1818 (200) Hermann Kolbe Gaspard Monge James Prescott Joule (centenario), 150 (sesquicentenario) y 200 años (bicente- está más cerca de la demostración del Último Teorema nario). En cuanto a los científicos dignos de ser recorda- de Fermat (Andrew Wiles, 1993, ¡hace 25 años!) que de dos he elegido los Premios Nobel en Física, Química y la síntesis de Haber-Bosch. Si imaginamos una distopía Medicina (desde 1901), los Premios Abel (desde 2003) y en la que ya no se pudiese sintetizar amoníaco, miles de la Medalla Fields (desde 1936), fecha de nacimiento, fe- millones de personas morirían. Si el Universo se desace- cha del Premio Nobel y fecha de fallecimiento. No he lerase ocurriría cuando la humanidad ya no existiría. El retenido la fecha del descubrimiento porque a menudo procedimiento Haber-Bosch cambió la historia de la hu- esta se extiende sobre varios años. manidad, para bien (fertilizantes) y para mal (guerras). Con esas premisas, algo arbitrarias, hemos elaborado La expansión del Universo y su aceleración es un monu- la Tabla I. mento al genio humano. Cuando uno mira esa tabla ve cuantas posibilidades ¿Cuantos saben que la mitad del nitrógeno de hay. A partir de aquí, cuenta más la persona que elige, nuestro cuerpo procede del proceso Haber-Bosch? su formación, su vida profesional, que el premiado. Para mi son el centenario del Premio Nobel de Física a Planck José Elguero Bertolini y del de Química a Haber. Para otros… Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC Me parece que el descubrimiento de que el Universo Presidente de la Real Academia de está en expansión acelerada es algo fascinante pero que Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 100cias@uned Vida científica.
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