Phase I Archaeological Survey for the Proposed Wolf Creek Park, Fayette Heights, Fayette County, West Virginia

PHASE I ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR THE PROPOSED WOLF CREEK PARK, FAYETTE HEIGHTS, FAYETTE COUNTY, WEST VIRGINIA

Aaron O. Smith, William D. Updike, Michael L. Orr, Stevan C. Pullins, and C. Michael Anslinger

Prepared for:

Mr. Eric B. Gillespie, QEP, LRS Thrasher Engineering, Inc. North Gate Business Park 300 Association Drive Charleston, West Virginia 25311 Phone: (304) 343-7601 Fax: (304) 343-7604

Prepared by:

Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc. 3556 Teays Valley Road, Suite 3 Hurricane, West Virginia 25526 Phone: (304) 562-7233 Fax: (304) 562-7235 Corporate Website: www.crai-ky.com CRAI Project No.: W04T002

______C. Michael Anslinger, RPA Principal Investigator December 20, 2004

Lead Agency: Economic Development Administration WVSHPO FR #: 03-638-FA

ABSTRACT Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc. was contracted by Thrasher Engineering, Inc. to complete a Phase I archaeological survey and cultural-historic reconnaissance level survey for the northern portion (Phase I Development Parcel) of the proposed Wolf Creek Park development project located between Fayetteville and Oak Hill, Fayette County, West Virginia. The purpose of this report is to provide results of the Phase I archaeological survey only. Results of the cultural-historic reconnaissance, including information obtained by the records search, are provided in a separate report (Rapier and Smith 2004). The Phase I archaeological survey was completed for an approximate 337-ac (137-ha) parcel of land located along Wolf Creek east of US 19 and approximately 3.0 mi (4.8 km) south of Fayetteville. The records search was completed at the West Virginia State Historic Preservation Office on October 24, 2004. Fieldwork for the Phase I investigation was completed between October 29 and November 22, 2004. Project staff consisted of Jason Baker, Richard Butler, Shawn Parsons, Ryan Tierney, and William D. Updike. Michael Anslinger was the Principal Investigator and Project Manager. The proposed project area is characterized by a forested landscape with broad ridgetops, moderately steep to very steep sideslope, and narrow to moderately broad hollows and bottoms that include wetlands. Elevation ranges from approximately 1880 ft (573 m) to 2000 ft (610 m) above mean sea level. Soil profiles remain relatively intact, although evidence of ground disturbance possibly associated with prior logging activity is present across the property. Access is provided by old dirt roads and ATV trails. Information obtained by the records search indicated that previously recorded rockshelter sites 46Fa277-279 were located within the project. These sites were recorded by Craig Ferrell and Mike Mattson in 1997. Based on the recovery of diagnostic hafted bifaces, the sites were occupied at various times ranging from the Early Archaic to Late Woodland temporal periods. The Phase I survey was completed by pedestrian survey and shovel probing. The former method was used to examine the entire project area for above-ground resources including mounds, exposed surface sites, and foundations. Shovel probing was used to examine the subsurface along forested ridgetops and level areas in hollows and along streams. Systematic examination of the proposed project area resulted in the identification of nine previously unrecorded sites assigned trinomials 46Fa362-370 by the West Virginia State Historic Preservation Office, and previously recorded rockshelter sites 46Fa277-279 were also located and examined. Each of the 12 sites contains one or more prehistoric components, and one or more historic artifacts were recovered from four sites. Analysis of the prehistoric materials suggests the identified sites do not represent permanent habitations, but rather reflect ephemeral short-term camps or stations associated with hunting and/or gathering forays. Historic period occupation is best represented at multicomponent farmstead site 46Fa370. Available information indicates that this component, which includes structural remains of a foundation and possible field clearing piles, dates from the late nineteenth into the twentieth century, and includes historic/modern trash across much of its surface. The farmstead is not depicted on historic and modern maps examined during the records search. The collections from sites 46Fa365, 46Fa367, and 46Fa278 include three, one, and five historic/modern artifacts, respectively. Based on information for the type and integrity of cultural deposits located at the sites examined for this study, sites 46Fa366 and 46Fa367 are recommended as potentially eligible for the NRHP. The remaining 10 sites are considered not eligible for the NRHP. It is recommended that sites 46Fa366 and 46Fa367 be avoided by proposed developments. If avoidance is not possible or feasible, an assessment of NRHP eligibility should be performed through the completion of Phase II testing. No

additional archaeological investigations are recommended for sites 46Fa277-279, 362-365, and 368- 370, or the project area in general. However, if evidence for intact archaeological deposits or human remains is discovered during project development, work in the area of discovery should cease and the WVSHPO contacted.

TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 II. ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND...... 3 III. RECORDS SEARCH...... 10 IV. METHODS ...... 23 V. RESULTS...... 30 VI. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 79 REFERENCES...... 81 Appendix A: WVSHPO User Registration and Research Form LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Location of Fayette County, West Virginia ...... 1 Figure 2. Portions of the USGS 7.5’ Fayetteville, Beckwith, Oak Hill, and Thurmond quadrangles showing the project area...... 2 Figure 3. Local and regional raw chert source relative to the Wolf Creek Park project area...... 4 Figure 4. Typical ridgetop and ATV trail...... 11 Figure 5. Typical gentle sideslope...... 11 Figure 6. Typical bedrock overhang...... 12 Figure 7. WVGS 1919 Fayette County Map showing general project area...... 14 Figure 8. 1928 USGS Fayetteville 15’ Quadrangle Map showing general project area...... 15 Figure 9. Illustration of diagnostic hafted bifaces by temporal period...... 17 Figure 10. Locations of identified archaeological sites...... 31 Figure 11. Plan map, 46Fa362...... 32 Figure 12. Photograph of 46Fa263 showing disturbance, looking north...... 32 Figure 13. Photograph of typical STP, 46Fa362...... 33 Figure 14. Plan map, 46Fa363...... 34 Figure 15. Photograph of 46Fa363, looking west...... 35 Figure 16. Photograph of typical STP in southern part of 46Fa363...... 35 Figure. 17. Plan map, 46Fa364...... 37 Figure 18. Photograph of 46Fa364, looking west...... 38 Figure 19. Photograph of typical STP, 46Fa364...... 38 Figure 20. Plan map, 46Fa365...... 40 Figure 21. Photograph of 46Fa365, looking east...... 40 Figure 22. Photograph of typical STP, 46Fa365...... 41 Figure 23. Plan map, 46Fa366...... 43

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Figure 24. Photograph of 46Fa366, looking east...... 44 Figure 25. Photograph of typical STP, 46Fa366...... 44 Figure 26. Modified implements, 46Fa366...... 46 Figure 27. Plan map, 46Fa367...... 48 Figure 28. Photograph of 46Fa367, looking east...... 48 Figure 29. Photograph of STP 1 located inside dripline, 46Fa367...... 49 Figure 30. Biface fragment, 46Fa367...... 50 Figure 31. Plan map, 46Fa368...... 52 Figure 32. Photograph of 46Fa368, looking south...... 52 Figure 33. Plan map, 46Fa369...... 54 Figure 34. Photograph of 46Fa369, looking southwest...... 55 Figure 35. Photograph of typical STP, 46Fa369...... 55 Figure 36. Biface fragment, 46Fa369...... 56 Figure 37. Plan map, 46Fa370...... 57 Figure 38. Photograph of foundation remnant at 46Fa370, looking southwest...... 58 Figure 39. Photograph of typical STP, 46Fa370...... 58 Figure 40. Modified implements, 46Fa370...... 60 Figure 41. Representative historic artifacts, 46Fa370...... 62 Figure 42. Plan and profile drawing of 46Fa277, 46Fa278, and 46Fa279...... 67 Figure 43. Photograph of 46Fa277, looking southwest...... 67 Figure 44. Photograph of STP located outside the dripline, 46Fa277...... 68 Figure 45. Photograph of 46Fa278, looking southeast...... 69 Figure 46. Photograph of STP, 46Fa278...... 70 Figure 47. Modified implements, 46Fa278...... 71 Figure 48. Ceramic vessel sherd, 46Fa278...... 72 Figure 49. Photograph of 46Fa279, looking northwest...... 74 Figure 50. Photograph of STP, 46Fa279...... 75 Figure 51. Photograph of artifacts placed on a rock shelf by looters, 46Fa279...... 75 Figure 52. Modified implements, 46Fa279...... 77 Figure 53. Prehistoric ceramic sherds, 46Fa279...... 79 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Project Area Soils Data (Gorman and Espy 1975)...... 7 Table 2. Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites Located Within the Project Area...... 12

Table 3. Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites Located Within 1.6 km (1.0 mi) of the Project Area...... 13 Table 4. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa362...... 33 Table 5. Flake Debris by Reduction Stage, 46Fa362...... 33 Table 6. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa363...... 36 Table 7. Flake Debris by Reduction Stage, 46Fa363...... 36 Table 8. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa364...... 39 Table 9. Flake Debris by Reduction Stage, 46Fa364...... 39 Table 10. Artifact Classes, 46Fa365...... 39 Table 11. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa365...... 41 Table 12. Flake Debris by Reduction Stage, 46Fa365...... 42 Table 13. Catalogue of Historic Material, 46Fa365...... 42 Table 14. Artifact Classes, 46Fa366...... 43 Table 15. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa366...... 45 Table 16. Flake Debris by Reduction Stage, 46Fa366...... 45 Tale 17. Cortical Data, 46Fa366...... 45 Table 18. Catalogue of Biface Fragments, 46Fa366...... 47 Table 19. Catalogue of Hafted Biface, 46Fa366...... 47 Table 20. Artifact Classes, 46Fa367...... 47 Table 21. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa367...... 50 Table 22. Flake Debris by Reduction Stage, 46Fa367...... 50 Table 23. Attributes of Biface Fragment, 46Fa367...... 50 Table 24. Catalogue of Historic Material, 46Fa367...... 51 Table 25. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa368...... 53 Table 26. Flake Debris by Reduction Stage, 46Fa368...... 53 Table 28. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa369...... 56 Table 29. Flake Debris by Reduction Stage, 46Fa369...... 56 Table 30. Attributes of Biface Fragment, 46Fa369...... 56 Table 31. Artifact Classes, 46Fa370...... 59 Table 32. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa370...... 59 Table 33. Flake Debris by Reduction Stage, 46Fa370...... 60 Table 34. Cortical Data, 46Fa370...... 60 Table 35. Attributes of Biface Fragment, 46Fa370...... 60 Table 36. Catalogue of Hafted Bifaces, 46Fa370...... 61 Table 37. Catalogue of Historic Artifacts, 46FA370...... 61

Table 38 . Frequency of Historic Artifacts by Group, 46Fa370...... 63 Table 39. Domestic Group Artifacts, 46Fa370...... 63 Table 40. Architecture Group Artifacts, 46Fa370...... 63 Table 41. Maintenance and Subsistence Group Artifacts, 46Fa370...... 64 Table 42. Artifacts from other Groups, 46Fa370...... 64 Table 43. Frequency of Date Ranges of Manufacture, 46Fa370...... 65 Table 44. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa277...... 68 Table 45. Flake Debris by Reduction Stage, Site 46Fa277...... 68 Table 46. Artifact Classes, 46Fa278...... 70 Table 47. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa278...... 71 Table 48. Flake Debris by Reduction Stage, 46Fa278...... 71 Table 49. Cortical Data, 46Fa278...... 71 Table 50. Catalogue of Biface Fragments, 46Fa278...... 72 Table 51. Catalogue of Hafted Biface, 46Fa278...... 72 Table 52. Catalogue of Prehistoric Ceramics, 46Fa278...... 73 Table 53. Catalogue of Historic Material, 46Fa278...... 73 Table 54. Artifact Classes, 46Fa279...... 76 Table 55. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa279...... 76 Table 56. Flake Debris by Reduction Stage, 46Fa279...... 76 Table 57. Cortical Data, 46Fa279...... 76 Table 58. Catalogue of Biface Fragments, 46Fa279...... 77 Table 59. Catalogue of Retouched Flake, 46Fa279...... 77 Table 60. Catalogue of Prehistoric Ceramics, 46Fa279...... 78 Table 61. Identified Sites and National Register Recommendations...... 81

Creek Park has a total of 337 ac (137 ha) of I. INTRODUCTION suitable land for business, industries, etween October 29 and November 22, residential developments, schools, retirement B 2004, Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc. communities, recreation centers, and (CRAI) completed a Phase I archaeological commercial operations (Figure 2). The Fayette survey for the northern portion (i.e. Phase I County Development Authority (FCDA) is Development Parcel) of the proposed Wolf proposing the site as an economic Creek Park development project located in development opportunity, following the Fayette Heights, approximately 8 km (5 mi) multiuse concept of a “live, work, and play” north of Oak Hill and 4.8 km (3 mi) south of community (FCDA 2003; Fayette County Fayetteville, Fayette County, West Virginia Commission 2003). (Figures 1 and 2). The Phase I Development The FCDA has defined Fayette County as Parcel incorporates approximately 137 ha (337 an area with characteristics that make it a good ac) of primarily forested land. candidate for the location of a multiuse development. These characteristics are found specifically in and around Wolf Creek Park. Transportation availability, such as the heavily trafficked and developed US 19 that travels north-south directly west of the proposed Wolf Creek Park community, is one key characteristic. Route 16 is also located along the western edge of the proposed development. In addition, nearby development along I-77 and I-64 indicates the potential for economic development within Wolf Creek Park. Compliance and Scope of Work

Figure 1. Location of Fayette County, West Funding for the proposed project is being Virginia provided in part by the Federal Economic The survey was conducted at the request Development Administration (EDA), and as of Mr. Eric Gillespie of Thrasher Engineering, such has been classified as an undertaking, as Inc. (Thrasher). Per a request from the West defined by U.S.C. 470f (National Historic Virginia State Historic Preservation Office Preservation Act, Section 106). Therefore, the (WVSHPO) the Scope of Work (Scope) also EDA, and in return recipients of EDA funding included completing a cultural-historic (the FCDA in this case), are obligated to take reconnaissance level survey for a visual Area into account the effect of the undertaking on of Potential Effects (APE). The purpose of any district, site, building, structure, or object this report is to provide results of the Phase I that is listed on or eligible for the National archaeological survey only. Results of the Register of Historic Places (NRHP). cultural-historic reconnaissance are reported The investigation reported herein was separately (Rapier and Smith 2004). completed to aid the EDA and Project proponents achieve compliance with Section Project Background 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act The proposed project is located of 1966 (NHPA), as amended, and its approximately 0.8 km (0.5 mi) east of US 19 regulating language (36 CFR Part 800). near the exit for Appalachian Drive. The Specifically, this report was completed for proposed Phase I Development Parcel of Wolf

Figure 2. Portions of the USGS 7.5’ Fayetteville, Beckwith, Oak Hill, and Thurmond quadrangles showing the project area. Scale: 1”=2000’.

submission to the EDA and WVSHPO for and 1.6 km (1.0 mi) wide. The western part review and comment. of the county is thoroughly dissected with many streams being entrenched up to 305 m The purpose of the survey was to locate, (1000 ft). describe, evaluate, and to make appropriate recommendations for the future treatment of The project area is underlain by any historic properties or archaeological sites Pennsylvanian Age bedrock of the Kanawha threatened by the proposed development. For Formation (Cardwell et al. 1968.) This the purposes of this assessment, a site was formation is predominantly sandstone, with defined as any location where human behavior lesser amounts of shale, siltstone, and coal. has resulted in the deposition of at least one Kanawha Black Flint (KBF), a raw material artifact. Cultural deposits meeting this used extensively during local prehistory for definition but less than 50 years of age were toolstone, is present in primary and secondary not considered to be sites as per the guidance geologic contexts in the county. Important provided in the Secretary of the Interior's drainages in Fayette County include the "Standards and Guidelines for Archaeology Kanawha, New, and Gauley rivers. and Historic Preservation" (Federal Register September 29, 1983). Toolstone Resources Tasks defined in the Scope consist of 1) The project area is located in a region conducting a records search at the WVSHPO, containing several bedrock cherts utilized 2) completing systematic survey of the project prehistorically for toolstone (Figure 3). area to identify and preliminarily assess any Resources with known geological provenience archaeological sites or historic properties that potentially relevant to this study are located in might be present within the boundaries of the southern West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, and Phase I Development Parcel, and 3) southern and eastern Ohio. A wide assortment completing a cultural-historic reconnaissance of toolstone would also have been available as level survey of a pre-defined visual APE. cobbles from local secondary contexts along The sole purpose of this report is to provide the Ohio River. results of the archaeological survey; results of Kanawha Black Flint/Chert the cultural-historic reconnaissance are reported by Rapier and Smith (2004). Kanawha Black Flint (KBF) is a medium to poor quality raw material that outcrops in II. ENVIRONMENTAL portions of southern and central West Virginia (Krebs and Teets 1914; Reppert 1978). KBF is BACKGROUND also available in cobble and gravel form from secondary contexts along the Kanawha and Physiography, Bedrock Teays River valleys (Yerkes and Pecora Geology, and Drainage 1994). ayette County is located in the unglaciated KBF is a lithic type used extensively F Appalachian Plateau Physiographic throughout local prehistory for the Province. The terrain is generally rough and manufacture of chipped stone tools and mountainous; however, in the east part of the implements. Typically it is bluish black to county remnants of an ancient plateau remain black to gray, with texture ranging from relatively intact. This area supports some relatively coarse to fine-grained. Located rather broad expanses of level land at within the Pennsylvanian Age Kanawha elevations of 610-762 m (200 to 2500 ft) Formation, primary deposits of KBF are above mean sea level (msl). The New River, known to occur within a 40 x 64 km (25 x 40 which is one of the primary drainages in the mi) structural basin in Boone, Kanawha, Clay, county, is deeply entrenched in a steep sided Nicholas, Webster, and Fayette counties gorge-like valley up to 518 m (1700 ft) deep (Reger 1921; Reppert 1978) (Figure 3). The nearest known bedrock sources of KBF are

Figure 3. Local and regional raw chert source relative to the Wolf Creek Park project area. located approximately 32 km (19 mi) east of is generally available along a narrow, 125-km the project area. (77.7-mi) long band in Greenbrier and Pocahontas counties, West Virginia. The Hillsdale Chert nearest source areas of Hillsdale chert are Reger (1931) indicates that nodules of located approximately 118.5 km (70 mi) east- Hillsdale chert occur in limestones of the southeast of project area. Mississippian Greenbrier Formation in eastern Brush Creek/Hughes River Chert West Virginia. Secondary sources include fluvial and alluvial settings along drainages in Brush Creek chert, also known as Hughes the Greenbrier drainage basin (Brashler and River chert, occurs as nodules and lenses up to Lesser 1985, 1990) (Figure 3). 60 cm (23.6 in) thick in the Upper Pennsylvanian Brush Creek Formation of the Hillsdale chert is moderately translucent Conemaugh Group (Kagelmacher 2001; and ranges in texture from coarse to fine- Luedtke 1992). grained (Trader 2000). Color is grayish-blue to dark gray. Another variant of Hillsdale chert Brush Creek chert has homogenous has low to moderate translucency and is structure with microfossils (e.g. sponge blackish-brown. The edges have a greenish spicules). Brachiopods are present, though not hue when held to the light. abundant. Reported colors include dark grayish brown (2.5Y3/2), light olive brown The distribution of accessible exposures of (2.5Y5/4), olive gray (5Y5/2), light olive gray Hillsdale chert is not adequately mapped. (5Y6/2), gray-brown (N/3 to N/4), pale brown Extant information indicates this raw material (10YR6/3), and tan (10YR5/1) (Kagelmacher

2001; Luedtke 1992). Texture ranges from The dark variety can have wispy mottles subporcellaneous to porcellaneous to waxy. of gray to dark gray (3.5Y5/1-4/1), dark Luster is medium to shiny, and translucency is greenish gray (10Y4/1), dark bluish gray 0.5 mm (0.02 in). Impurities include clay, (5PB4/1-3/1), and black (2.5/N) (Kagelmacher mica, limonite, and pyrite (Kagelmacher 2001; 2001). Weathered surfaces may contain some Luedtke 1992). brown (7.5YR4/4) discolorations. Occasionally tiny specks of pyrite or limonite The distribution of bedrock exposures are present, and vugs are often lined or filled occurs as a discontinuous band covering much with white (8/N or 5Y8/1) chalcedony. Some of southeastern Ohio, north-central West vugs are lined as described above, but filled Virginia, northeastern Kentucky and far with drusy quartz. Specks of white chalcedony southwestern Pennsylvania (Kagelmacher can be numerous, though they are sometimes 2001; Trader 2000). The distribution includes stained pale yellow (5Y8/3) (Kagelmacher Meigs, Gallia, and Lawrence counties in 2001). southern Ohio and parts of Wood, Wirt, and Ritchie counties, West Virginia (Figure 3). The light variety of Upper Mercer chert Because of its local occurrence, this raw does not include the white chalcedony specks material would also be expected to occur as or lined vugs common to the dark variety. cobbles and gravels along the Ohio River. Reported colors include light bluish gray (5PB7/1) and gray (10YR6/1-5/1) that blends The nearest source areas of Brush Creek to intermediates. Weathered surfaces are often chert are located approximately 85 km (50 mi) brownish yellow (10YR6/8). Small quantities northwest of project area. of drusy quartz occur, but other inclusions Newman Chert appear to be lacking. Gatus (1985) describes Newman chert as Known source areas of Upper Mercer having a semi-vitreous to vitreous luster. It is chert are located about 161 km (100 mi) north generally a medium to fine-grained chert that of the project area. This raw material might is light tan to light medium blue in color. also be present in secondary geological Inclusions include small fossil fragments. contexts in gravel bars along the Muskingum Some specimens are highly oolitic. Newman and Ohio rivers. chert occurs as beds and nodules and can be Zaleski Chert procured from outcrops of the Upper Mississippian Newman Formation in Carter, Zaleski chert is a fossiliferous Elliot, Greenup, Menifee, Morgan, and Rowan Pennsylvania age material that occurs in the counties, Kentucky, which form part of the Zaleski Formation of the Pottsville Group Knobs region (Gatus 1985). Known outcrop (Kagelmacher 2001; Luedtke 1992). The exposures are located approximately 97 km Zaleski flint member, as it is sometimes (60 mi) west the project area (Figure 3). called, is restricted to Vinton and Jackson counties in south-central Ohio, and generally Upper Mercer Chert occurs as a single massive bed (Kagelmacher Upper Mercer chert occurs as nodules and 2001) (Figure 3). beds in the Lower Pennsylvanian Upper Zaleski chert is often black (2.5/N) with Mercer Formation in Coshocton County and porcellaneous to waxy texture and excellent other areas of east-central Ohio (Kagelmacher conchoidal fracture. Generally, some wispy to 2001; Luedtke 1992) (Figure 3). Both dark speckled mottles of light gray (2.5Y7/2) to and light colored varieties have been described dark grayish brown (2.5Y4/2) are present. (Kagelmacher 2001). Texture is usually Although the chert does not react to porcellaneous to waxy and of high quality; hydrochloric acid, some of the fossil samples typically have good conchoidal inclusions composed of calcite, replacement fracture. quartz, or a reddish yellow (7.5YR7/8-6/8)

iron oxide, including brachiopods, crinoids, located approximately 129 km (80 mi) north and bryozoans, do react (Kagelmacher 2001). of the project area (Figure 3). Fossils not stained by iron oxide are generally white (5Y8/1) to pale yellow (5Y7/3). Soils Kagelmacher (2001) indicates that Zaleski Information obtained from the Soil Survey chert is visually similar to Boggs and Lower of Fayette and Raleigh Counties, West Mercer chert, though it is generally of higher Virginia indicates that the project area is quality. Known bedrock exposures of Zaleski located within the DeKalb-Gilpin-Ernest chert occur approximately 121 km (75 mi) association (Gorman and Espy 1975). The northwest of the project area. soils comprising this association are Flint Ridge/Vanport Chert moderately deep, well-drained and moderately to medium coarse-textured and developed on Flint Ridge or Vanport chert is of high gently sloping to moderately steep ridgetops quality and was widely used by indigenous and flats, and steep or very steep slopes. groups in Ohio and parts of the surrounding Specific soils mapped within the project area region. This Pennsylvania Age material occurs are presented in Table 1. in the Vanport Formation of the Allegheny Group (Kagelmacher 2001; Luedtke 1992). Modern Flora Unlike many other Pennsylvanian cherts in the The project area is included in the Mixed region, Flint Ridge chert generally contains Mesophytic Forest Region (Braun 1950). The little if any dark gray to black coloration and forest associations found in this region are the sponge spicules are not abundant. oldest and most complex of the deciduous A sample of Flint Ridge chert from forests. Mesophytic refers to a climax Licking County was described by community where dominance is shared by Kagelmacher (2001) as porcellaneous to several species. As is true for most of the vitreous with homogenous texture, good Cumberland Plateau, sugar maple-basswood- conchoidal fracture, and semi-translucent at buckeye-tulip poplar segregates occurred the edges. Typically the material is colored mainly on north- facing slopes. Oak-chestnut with large blotches of white to pale yellow and oak-hickory communities occupied upper (5Y8/1-8/2), white (8/N), light greenish gray slopes and ridgetops. Pine was dominant on to greenish gray (10Y8/1-6/1), or light bluish ridgetops where rock outcrops occurred, and gray to bluish gray (5PB8/1-6/1). Patches of beech and white oak were located where shale dark red (10YR3/6) can also be present. was the underlying rock. Oak, oak-hickory, Diffuse mottles of yellow (10YR7/6) to dark and oak-pine communities comprise the yellowish brown (10YR4/4) are rare. Vugs modern day forest community (Niquette and and cracks lined or filled with light bluish gray Henderson 1984). to bluish gray chalcedony, drusy quartz, or both are rather common, although the only Modern Fauna fossils visible to the naked eye were white Fauna common to the general project area (8/N) fusilinid foraminifers 1-2 mm (0.04-0.08 include white-tailed deer (odocoileus in) in diameter. virginianus), raccoon (Procyon lotor), Within the Vanport Formation, high opossum (Didelphis marsupialis), turkey quality chert is abundant on Flint Ridge in (Meleagris gallopavo), muskrat (Ondatra western Muskingum and southeastern Licking zibethicus), beaver (Castor canadensis), counties. In areas farther south, including eastern fox squirrel (Sciurus niger), eastern western Lawrence, eastern Jackson and Scioto, gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), eastern and western Gallia to central Vinton counties, gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and bear the formation consists of rather pure limestone (Ursus americanus). with chert restricted to local lenses and stringers. The source area on Flint Ridge is

Late Pleistocene and Holocene coastal plains were approximately twice the Climate size seen today (Anderson 2001). Eastern North America was populated by a variety of Climatic conditions during the terminal faunal species at this time, including Pleistocene and Holocene ages represent a megafaunal taxa such as mastodon, mammoth, series of transitions in temperature, rainfall, saber toothed tiger and horse; as well as and seasonal patterns (Anderson 2001; modern taxa such as white tailed deer, raccoon Niquette and Donham 1985; Shane et al. and rabbit. A general warming trend, and 2001). These transitions created a seemingly concomitant glacial retreat, was underway by infinite range of ecological variation across about 13,800 B.C. (Anderson 2001; Shane time and space. This variation both limited 1994). After 12,000 B.C., the boreal forest and expanded survival strategies of human gave way to a mixed conifer-northern populations. Along these lines, some hardwoods forest regime. By 8000 B.C. much archaeologists see a link between certain of the Ohio Valley was probably within the climatic events and the development of northern fringe of expanding deciduous forests prehistoric cultures in the Eastern Woodlands (Delcourt and Delcourt 1981). Pollen records of North America (Anderson 2001). It must be from the Gallipolis Lock and Dam on the Ohio recognized, however, that environmental River near Putnam County, West Virginia determinism does not account for all culture reveal that all the important arboreal taxa of change. mixed mesophytic forest had arrived in the region by 7000-6500 B.C. (Fredlund 1989). The Wisconsin glacial maximum occurred Reidhead (1984) indicates that the general approximately 19,400 B.C. (Anderson 2001; hardwood forests were well established in Delcourt and Delcourt 1981). The landscape at southeast Indiana and southwest Ohio by that time was quite different from modern day about 6200 B.C. conditions. Much of the midcontinent consisted of periglacial tundra, dominated by Prior to approximately 11,450 B.C. boreal conifer and jack-pine forests. In conditions were harsh but capable of addition, sea levels were approximately 100 m supporting human populations. It now appears (328 ft) below present levels. Because so some people were in North America at this much water was tied up in the glaciers, the time. These populations were likely small and

Table 1. Project Area Soils Data (Gorman and Espy 1975). Map Percent Associated Soil Name Depth Drainage Symbol Slope Landform Poorly Floodplains of Atkins silt loam At Deep 0-5 drained smaller streams Dekalb fine sandy Moderately Ridgetops and DbC 10-20 Well drained loam deep hillsides Dekalb channery Moderately Ridgetops and DcD 20-30 Well drained loam deep hillsides Dekalb channery Moderately Ridgetops and DcE 30-40 Well drained loam deep hillsides Ernest and Moderately Footslopes and Shelocta very EsC Deep 5-20 well & well narrow benches stony silt loams drained Shelocta silt loam ShC Deep 10-20 Well drained Footslopes

megafauna and establishment of modern fauna scattered (Anderson 2001). The Inter-Allerod in this area (Klippel and Parmalee 1982). Cold Period witnessed the spread of Clovis populations across the continent, circa 11,450- Traditionally, the middle Holocene is 10,900 B.C. (Anderson 2001). This was dated from about 6000-3000 B.C. Climatic followed by the rapid onset of the Younger conditions during this period were consistently Dryas cooling event. The period witnessed the dryer and warmer than the present (Delcourt extinction of megafauna species, rapid and 1979; Klippel and Parmalee 1982; Wright broad scale changes in vegetation regimes, and 1968). In this model, the influx of westerly dramatic temperature fluctuations. The winds during this Hypsithermal climatic Younger Dryas corresponded with the end of episode contributed to periods of severe the pan-North American Clovis culture and moisture stress in the Prairie Peninsula and to the appearance of subregional cultures across an eastward advance of prairie vegetation eastern North America. This rapid climatic (Wright 1968). Prairies expanded east into change, perhaps as short as 10-40 years, may central Indiana between 6000-5000 B.C. have been a factor in this settlement shift. (Webb et al. 1983). Pollen data from Hamilton and Marion counties in central Indiana The beginning of the Holocene Age, dated indicate an oak-hickory dominance of the circa 9000-8000 B.C., is associated with major forest regime and warm, dry conditions and fairly rapid warming temperatures, sometime after about 6000 B.C. (Engelhardt decreases in cloud cover, and generalized 1960, 1965). landscape instability (Delcourt 1979; Webb and Bryson 1972). Estimated temperature More recent research (Anderson 2001; increases during this period are three times Shane et al. 2001) suggests, however, that the greater than later Holocene fluctuations (Webb middle Holocene was marked by considerable and Bryson 1972). During the early Holocene, local climatic variability. Paleoclimatic data rapid increases in boreal plant species indicate it was a period of more pronounced occurred on the Allegheny Plateau in response seasonality, marked by warmer summers and to the retreat of the Laurentide ice sheet from cooler winters. This is supported by ice core the continental U.S. (Maxwell and Davis data that show no appreciable decrease in 1972; Whitehead 1973). At lower elevations, continental ice volume, which would be deciduous species were returning after having expected with an increase in global migrated to southern Mississippi Valley temperature (Hu et al. 1999). However, a refugia during the Wisconsin advances model put forth by Webb and Wright (1983) (Delcourt and Delcourt 1981). The climate of increased aridity during this period is still during the early Holocene was considerably valid for much of the region. Delcourt (1979) cooler than the modern climate and extant identified middle Holocene moisture stress species in upper altitude zones of the along the Cumberland Plateau in Tennessee, Allegheny Plateau reflect conditions most but indicates that upland barrens did not similar to the Canadian boreal forest region expand appreciably as did the Midwestern (Klippel and Parmalee 1982; Maxwell and prairies. In fact, due to shifting tropical air Davis 1972). Conditions at lower elevations masses the southern and central Appalachians were less severe and favored the transition may have witnessed increased precipitation at from boreal to deciduous species. At Cheek this time (Delcourt and Delcourt 1997). At Bend Cave in the Nashville Basin, an Gallipolis, no evidence of climatically driven assemblage of small animals from the late vegetation change was documented to Pleistocene has been reported. The faunal coincide with the period of prairie expansion assemblage from this locality confirms the (Fredlund 1989). This was probably due to the changes in environment that took place during proximity of the site to the Ohio River. the Pleistocene/Holocene transition, and the Fredlund (1989) reports that after 3700 B.C., resulting extinction of late Pleistocene the forest surrounding Gallipolis lost diversity and became dominated by xeric oak-hickory

associations more typical of western Beginning around 800 B.C., generally mesophytic forests. warm conditions, probably similar to the twentieth century, prevailed until the onset of The Hypsithermal episode might have the Neo-Boreal episode, or Little Ice age, influenced hunter-gatherer adaptive strategies. around A.D. 300. Despite this trend, there Stafford (1994) and Stafford et al. (2000) were brief climatic fluctuations during this argue that the changing vegetation resulted in period. Some of these fluctuations have been heterogeneous upland resource availability in associated with adaptive shifts in viewed as southern Indiana. In this model, the patchy causal factors for subsistence and settlement resource base was exploited through a shifts in the Midwest. For example, the Middle logistical collector strategy, a change from the Woodland Hopewellian florescence is generalized foraging of the preceding period. temporally correlated with the relatively mild In the southeast, the increased seasonal Sub-Atlantic climatic episode (Griffin 1961). extremes, expansion of pine forests at the Likewise, the culture’s decline roughly expense of oaks, and increasingly xeric corresponds to the Vandal Minimum at circa conditions likely caused significant social A.D. 400-800, a period of global temperature stress on Middle Archaic populations. This decline. stress may have been ameliorated by the consolidation of peoples into riparian settings Fluctuations in the Neo-Boreal episode where hardwood forests were maintained appear to have varied locally, with either (Anderson 2001). increased or decreased temperatures and precipitation (Baerreis et al. 1976; Warren and The earliest distinguishable late Holocene O'Brien 1982). Struever and Vickery (1973) climatic episode began circa 3000 B.C. and suggest a possible correlation between the ended around 1000 B.C. This episode is onset of a cooler and moister period circa A.D. associated with the establishment of 400 and increased use of polygonum by Late essentially modern deciduous forest Woodland groups in the Midwest. During this communities in the southern highlands and same period (A.D. 400-A.D. 200) warmer increased precipitation across most of the mid- temperatures have been inferred for the Great continental U.S. (Delcourt 1979; Maxwell and Plains and dryer conditions for the Upper Davis 1972; Shane et al. 2001; Warren and Great Lakes (Baerreis et al. 1976; Warren and O'Brien 1982). Changes in local and extra- O'Brien 1982). Other fluctuations during the local forests after about 2800 B.C. may have late Holocene are similarly non-uniform also been the result of anthropogenic across the midcontinental U.S.; however, the influences. Fredlund (1989) reports that the interfaces of all fluctuations are generally Gallipolis pollen record documents evidence consistent. To determine climatic fluctuations for increasing local disturbance of the experienced by Woodland populations during vegetation beginning around 2800 B.C., which the Pacific episode for a specific location or may have been associated with developmental area, local paleoecological evidence is and expanding horticulture activity. Based on required. Given evidence of fluctuations a study of pollen and wood charcoal from elsewhere, it is most likely that changes Cliff Palace Pond in Jackson County, occurred circa A.D. 300, A.D. 700, and A.D. Kentucky, Delcourt and Delcourt (1997) 1100 with a possible fourth change around recorded the replacement of a red cedar A.D. 300. dominated forest with a forest dominated by fire-tolerant taxa (oaks and chestnuts) around Studies of historic weather patterns and 1000 B.C. The change is associated with tree ring data by Fritts et al. (1979:18) have increased local wildfires (both natural and indicated that climatological averages are culturally augmented) and coincided with "unusually mild" when compared with increases in cultural utilization of upland seventeenth through nineteenth century trends. (mountain) forests. Their study suggests that winters were generally colder, weather anomalies were

more common, and unusually severe winters the state, occasional hot and cold periods of were more frequent between 1602 and 1899 short duration may be experienced. than after 1900. These cooler, moister Fayette County is influenced by a humid conditions are associated with the Neo-Boreal continental climate with continental polar and episode, which began around A.D. 1300 and maritime tropical air masses influencing the coincided with minor glacial advances in the weather (Guernsey and Doerr 1976). Climate northwest and Europe (Denton and Karlen can vary drastically from one year to the next, 1973; Warren and O'Brien 1982). Warren and but the trend is toward warm summers and O'Brien (1982) view this episode as a causal mild to cold winters. The average annual factor in vegetation pattern shifts in northeast precipitation is about 117 cm (46 in) Missouri. throughout the county, although more than The effects of the Neo-Boreal episode, 127 cm (50 in) fall per year on the highest which ended during the middle to late ridges in the eastern portion of the county nineteenth century, have not been studied in (Gorman and Espy 1975). Snowfall averages detail for southern West Virginia. Despite this, about 76 cm (30 in) along the western border it appears that the area experienced less radical and increases to about 152 cm (60 in) in the temperature decreases during the late Neo- highest ridges in the eastern portion of the Boreal than did the upper Midwest and county. The average annual temperature is 13º northern Plains (Fritts et al. 1979). Related C (55.4º F). The average freeze-free period is changes in extant vegetation should therefore 175 days (USDA: n.d.). be more difficult to detect. It is probably safe to assume, however, that average temperatures Description of Project Area were at least a few degrees cooler during the The 137 ha (337 ac) project area is located late Prehistoric and early Historic periods. The in an area of moderately dissected to rolling frequency of severe winters and average upland that is extensively forested (Figure 2). winter precipitation were probably greater as Wolf Creek, a tributary of New River, passes well. Several scholars (e.g. Anderson 2001; through the northern part of the project area Griffin 1961; Grove 1988) have observed that from southwest to northeast. Wolf Creek, the beginning of the Little Ice Age disrupted Adkins Branch, Toney Hollow and other prehistoric cultures in the Eastern Woodlands. unnamed perennial and intermittent streams Anderson (2001:166) relates the agricultural provide primary drainage. Elevation ranges difficulties brought on by the climatic from less than 573 m (1880 ft) above msl downturn to “increased warfare and settlement along Wolf Creek, to about 609 m (2000 ft) nucleation, and decreased long distance above msl along ridge crests. Exposures of exchange and monumental construction.” bedrock sandstone, including some with Modern Climate developed overhangs, are present along entrenched streams. Soil profiles remain The climate in southern West Virginia is relatively intact throughout the project area, continental in character and temperature and although localized disturbances possibly precipitation levels fluctuate widely. resulting from prior logging and recreational Prevailing winds are westerly and therefore, trails are present. Representative conditions most of the storms cross the state in a west to are depicted in Figures 4-6. east pattern. Low-pressure storms that originate in the Gulf of Mexico and move in a III. RECORDS SEARCH northeasterly direction across West Virginia contribute the majority of precipitation Records Search received by the state. Warm, moist, tropical air efore entering the field, an attempt was masses from the Gulf predominate during the made to identify and review available summer months when humidity levels also B files, records, reports, and other information remain quite high. As storms move through for cultural resources pertinent to the project

Figure 4. Typical ridgetop and ATV trail.

Figure 5. Typical gentle sideslope.

Figure 6. Typical bedrock overhang.

located within the project area. Each of these area. This task began by conducting a review sites was recorded by Craig Ferrell and Mike of a Phase Ia study completed by GAI Mattson in 1997 as a rockshelter with Archaic Consultants (GAI 2004). The GAI study and Woodland components. Summary included a review of WVSHPO files for the information for these sites is provided in Table purpose of identifying previously recorded 2. cultural resources located within and adjacent to the project area. In addition, CRAI In addition, four recorded archaeological conducted its own search of WVSHPO sites were located within 1.6 km (1.0 mi) of records on October 24, 2004 (Appendix A). the project area (Table 3). Three of these sites The latter search was expanded to include are rockshelters recorded by Craig Ferrell, and resources recorded within 1.6 km (1.0 mi) of one is an open-air site and associated the project area. However, for the purposes rockshelter, recorded by Marjorie Campbell of this study, previously reported architectural and Hillis Youse of the West Virginia resources are not discussed. For this Archaeological Society. These sites are information refer to Rapier and Smith (2004). reported to date from the Early Archaic to the Late Woodland temporal periods. Information obtained by the records search indicated that three previously recorded sites, 46Fa277, 46Fa278, and 46Fa279 were

Table 2. Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites Located Within the Project Area. Site Type Component Affiliation 46Fa277 Rockshelter Prehistoric Early Archaic & Early & Late Woodland 46Fa278 Rockshelter Prehistoric Early Archaic & Late Woodland 46Fa279 Rockshelter Prehistoric Early Archaic & Late Woodland

Table 3. Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites Located Within 1.6 km (1.0 mi) of the Project Area. Site Type Component Cultural-Temporal Affiliation Open-air lithic scatter 46Fa195 with associated Prehistoric Possible Late Woodland rockshelter 46Fa275 Rockshelter Prehistoric Late Archaic & Late Woodland Early Archaic, Middle Archaic & Late 46Fa276 Rockshelter Prehistoric Woodland 46Fa282 Rockshelter Prehistoric Early Archaic & Late Woodland

Fayette Heights is not labeled or otherwise Historic Topographic Maps indicated (Figure 8). Route 16 is present, but Other sources examined during the does not appear to be completed. Modern records search included a 1919 Fayette County Route 16 appears to generally follow the Map and the 1928 USGS 15’ Fayetteville proposed route through the project area. The Quadrangle. Each is discussed below. route would have provided better transportation opportunities for the area, and 1919 Map of Fayette County likely lead to further development including The 1919 map of Fayette County the establishment of Fayette Heights. A produced by the West Virginia Geological singular structure is depicted in the hollow of Survey (WVGS) indicates that the project the unnamed tributary of Adkins Branch near area, which is located between Fayetteville the southern boundary of the project area and Oak Hill, was not fully settled by the early (Figure 8). However, no roads, railroads, or twentieth century (Figure 7). The sparse evidence of other developments are indicated. distribution of residences suggests agriculture 1969 (1976) USGS 7.5’ was a primary occupation. Only a handful of Fayetteville, Topographic residences are indicated along the corridor followed by modern Route 16. The Quadrangle community of Fayette Heights is not indicated, A review of the most recent USGS 7.5’ and the lack of a cluster of buildings at this Fayetteville Quadrangle indicates that location suggests the community had yet to be considerable development occurred along the established. Route 16 corridor during the middle twentieth 1928 USGS 15’ Fayetteville, century (Figure 2). A cluster of buildings labeled as Fayette Heights is depicted near the Topographic Quadrangle intersection of Route 16 and Wolf Creek Review of this map indicates that the Road. Other changes include Corridor L or US general project area had remained relatively 19, a four-lane highway, located west of unchanged since 1919. Few houses are Fayette Heights, and which incorporates a depicted in and around the project area, and portion of Route 16.

Figure 7. WVGS 1919 Fayette County Map showing general project area. Scale: 1”= 1 Mile.

Figure 8. 1928 USGS Fayetteville 15’ Quadrangle Map showing general project area. Scale: 1”=1 Mile.

Cultural Overview Associated artifacts consist of basally thinned trianguloid to lanceolate bifaces, Pre-Clovis prepared polyhedral cores, and prismatic No pre-Clovis sites have been documented blades. The core and blade industry has been in West Virginia (Lepper 1999). However, described as having an Eurasiatic, Upper elsewhere in the eastern U.S., including the Paleolithic flavor (Adovasio et al. 1999). upper Ohio River valley, cultural deposits These early populations are characterized as located stratigraphically below Early generalized hunter-foragers, rather than Paleoindian have been reported (Adovasio et specialized hunters. al. 1999; McAvoy and McAvoy 1997). The Paleoindian Period Available uncorrected radiocarbon dates indicate these sites date to the late Pleistocene, The earliest cultural period conclusively at approximately 15,000 to 13,000 B.C. The documented in the Ohio Valley is Paleoindian. presence of pre-Clovis sites in the region is Because of a general lack of dateable contexts, not unexpected given the antiquity (circa the chronology for the region has relied 10,500 B.C.) accepted for the MV-II heavily on cross-dating with sites located occupation at the Monte Verde site in southern outside the region. Based on typological Chile (Dillehay 1997; Meltzer et al. 1997). evidence and limited radiocarbon assays, there is general consensus that early groups of

specialized late Pleistocene hunters occupied Virginia most Early Archaic sites are the region by approximately 9500 to 9200 interpreted as temporary camps located on B.C. (Tankersley 1996). ridgetops or in upland rockshelters (McMichael 1968; Wilkins 1978). Larger Early Paleoindian sites are identified by floodplain sites, including St. Albans the presence of highly distinctive Clovis fluted (46Ka27) and Glasgow (46Ka229) are known projectile points (Figure 9). Gainey fluted and from the Kanawha Valley. Cumberland fluted points are believed to date to the Middle Paleoindian period and unfluted Broyles (1971) suggested that the St. types of the Plano and Dalton clusters are Albans site appeared to be a warm weather diagnostic of Late Paleoindian (Tankersley base camp. The Early Archaic component of 1996). Other lithic types commonly associated the Glasgow site has been reported as a sealed with regional Paleoindian sites include a late Early Archaic to early Middle Archaic variety of unifacial tools and bifaces. Stanly occupation (Niquette et al. 1991; Redmond and Niquette 1991). According to Paleoindian sites, or sites having data obtained from the Dixon and Rohr sites Paleoindian components, have been identified (Mayer-Oakes 1955; Dragoo 1958), Early throughout Appalachia, although in eastern Archaic peoples also utilized rockshelters as Kentucky and southern West Virginia the sites short-term camps. Durrett (1952) reported are small, often consisting of isolated points heavy concentrations of Early Archaic (Lane and Anderson 2001). The majority of materials at site 46Cb10 near the confluence evidence for the Paleoindian period in West of the Guyandotte and Ohio Rivers in Cabell Virginia comes from surface finds located County. Investigations by Ballweber and along the lower Kanawha River (Kanawha, Michael (1990) documented an overwhelming Putnam, and Mason counties) and the Ohio occurrence of Early Archaic materials in River near Parkersburg (Wood County). association with mountain top sites in Boone, Diagnostic hafted bifaces have also been Kanawha, Logan, and Wyoming counties in recovered from the dissected uplands of southern West Virginia. Wilkins (1977) southern West Virginia, with most being documented similar evidence for Early reported for Boone County. Archaic occupation in Boone County. The Archaic Period Middle Archaic The Archaic period includes a long span During the Middle Archaic period, the of time during which important cultural environment was dryer and warmer than changes took place. The Archaic is modern conditions. Increasing regionalization customarily divided into three sub-periods: of artifact types and styles suggests decreased Early (8000-6000 B.C.), Middle (6000-4000 mobility and perhaps a shift from foraging to B.C.), and Late (4000-1000 B.C.). collecting subsistence strategies. Hafted biface Early Archaic types common for the period include Stanly Stemmed, Big Sandy II, Amos Corner Except for the adoption of notched and Notched, and Morrow Mountain (Figure 9). stemmed hafted bifaces, Early Archaic tool This period is also marked by the widespread kits in the Ohio Valley are similar to those introduction of groundstone artifacts including associated with the Paleoindian period. New adzes and axes. The more regular presence of point types include Kessell Side Notched, pitted stones and anvils, which are typically Charleston Corner Notched Kirk Corner interpreted as implements used for processing Notched, St. Albans Side-notched, LeCroy plant foods, indicate an increasing utilization Bifurcate, and Kanawha Stemmed (Figure 9). of plant food resources during the period. The paucity of tools associated with the preparation of plant foods and fishing suggests In southwestern West Virginia, Middle most subsistence remains were acquired by Archaic sites have been identified in both hunting (Dragoo 1976). In southern West

LATE PREHISTORIC (1000 A.D. - 1650 A.D.)

WOODLAND (1000 B.C. - 1000 A.D.)

ARCHAIC (8000 B.C. - 1000 B.C.)

PALEO-INDIAN (10,500 B.C. - 8000 B.C.)

Figure 9. Illustration of diagnostic hafted bifaces by temporal period.

upland and floodplain settings in primary 1991) have been identified on the Kanawha and secondary river valleys. Two River. documented Middle Archaic sites in the central and southern parts of the state are the The Woodland Period Hansford Ballfield (46Ka104) (Wilkins Traditionally, archaeologists 1985) and Amos Power Plant (46Pu60). distinguished the Woodland period from the Both sites have been interpreted as warm preceding Archaic by the appearance of cord weather base camps. These and other marked or fabric marked pottery, the Middle Archaic sites in the region appear to construction of burial mounds and other have larger accumulations of cultural earthworks, and the rudimentary practice of material than documented for Early Archaic agriculture (Willey 1966). The Woodland sites, suggesting increasing group size and period is customarily divided into three perhaps greater occupational stability. periods: Early (1000-400 B.C.), Middle (400 Late Archaic B.C. - A.D. 400), and Late (A.D. 400 A.D.- 1100). The Late Archaic was a time of increased cultural complexity, including the Early Woodland establishment of long distance trade systems Early Woodland cultures in southern in some areas. In West Virginia, Late West Virginia appear to have developed in Archaic sites are widely represented in both situ out of local Late Archaic traditions. floodplain and upland settings. Known sites Evidence for this period comes from burial types include large settlements or base mounds and small, dispersed habitation sites camps along major rivers and smaller, that occur in a wide variety of settings, extractive camps and stations in both valley including river terraces, colluvial and upland settings, including rockshelters. slopes/benches, and upland rockshelters. Late Archaic settlement systems in the region appear to have been logistically Tubular pipes, copper beads, bracelets, organized (Stafford et al. 2000). mica, and groundstone gorgets and celts have been recovered from Early Woodland In southeastern Kentucky (Dunnell sites in the region. Hafted bifaces typical of 1972), archaeologists have documented a the period include Cresap Stemmed, Adena shift from the use of chert for the Stemmed and Robins Stemmed (Justice manufacture of hafted bifaces in the Early 1987). Ceramics are thick and poorly and Middle Archaic periods to a preference produced, with various types of lithic for materials such as quartzite, silicified material being used as temper. Defined shale, and ferruginous sandstones during the types include Fayette Thick (Griffin 1943), Late Archaic. The principal diagnostic point Adena Plain (Haag 1940), and Montgomery types for this period belong to the Incised (Haag 1941). Brewerton, Late Archaic Stemmed, Lamoka, Merom, and Susquehanna clusters (Justice The large, intensively occupied base 1987). camps common to the Late Archaic period have not been documented for the Early During this period in southwestern West Woodland. Instead, the settlement system Virginia, there was an increase use of appears to have been diffuse, with small rockshelters and bottomland open sites. hamlets dotting the landscape. For the Wilkins (1978) has documented many southern part of West Virginia and adjoining examples of upland rockshelters that were areas of eastern Kentucky, Early Woodland possibly occupied in the fall and winter. In sites are located in upland areas of tributary addition, large bottomland base camps such valleys, while mortuary sites such as as the Buffalo site (46Pu31) (Hanson 1975) mounds occur on river terraces along main and the Corey site (46Pu100) (Hughes et al. stem and secondary valleys (Fuerst 1988; Niquette 1992; Railey 1990).

In the West Virginia coal belt region, during the Early Woodland period, with one significant Early Woodland site is the plain and cordmarked girt tempered wares Dennison Site (46Lg16). This multi- being most common in the area. The component site contained an Early elaborate vessels and design motifs Woodland component represented in part by associated with Ohio Hopewell do not occur Montgomery Incised ceramics. This marked in this area. Similarly, local groups do not only the second finding of this pottery type appear to have participated widely in the in West Virginia (Moxley 1982). Hopewellian interaction sphere, a geographically extensive trade network, Mortuary sites include Gore Mound which facilitated the trade/exchange of (46Bo26) in Boone County, which is located exotic items including obsidian, copper, near the Little Coal River (Fowler et al. high quality flints, grizzly bear canines, and 1976; Wilkins 1977). The best documented conch shells. Early Woodland burial mound in southern West Virginia is Cotiga Mound (46Mo1), One example of a Middle Woodland site located in Mingo County. This National within the coal region is the multicomponent Register listed site was located along the Mount Carbon site (46Fa7), which appears Tug Fork River, and was excavated for the to include the remains of a Middle construction of Appalachian Corridor G. Woodland hamlet (McMichael 1962; Fuerst The mound was constructed in several 1988). Middle Woodland mound sites were discrete episodes between 205 B.C. and located near habitations – this departs from A.D. 75. It was roughly contemporaneous the Early Woodland pattern in which with other Early and Middle Woodland habitation sites were not associated with mounds in West Virginia and eastern mortuary sites (Fuerst 1988; Wilkins 1979). Kentucky. Cotiga Mound contained between 7-18 human cremations and grave goods of Late Woodland bone, stone, and copper. The remains of two Increased dependency on farming and paired-post structures were identified sedentism is characteristic of the Late beneath the mound (Frankenberg and Woodland period. Corn agriculture was Henning 1994; Wall 1994). important at floodplain villages along major Middle Woodland rivers, while wild resources in upland settings were collected by foraging groups. The Middle Woodland period remains However, Niquette (1992) states that one of the most poorly documented and permanent villages centered on agriculture understood periods of West Virginia are not apparent in the southwest region of prehistory, though areas along major the state. Evidence for foraging activity has drainages such as the Ohio and Kanawha been identified at both open-air and rivers have been more extensively studies by rockshelter settings in the uplands archaeologists. It is in the latter areas that (Adovasio 1982; Baker and Fowler 1975; the major concentrations of Niquette and Donham 1985). mound/earthwork complexes are/were Perhaps the most common hafted biface located. type for the early Late Woodland (circa Subsistence was based on a mix of A.D. 400-750) is Chesser Notched. This foraging and gardening. Ethnobotanical type is associated with the Childers phase remains include hickory nut, black walnut, and contemporary manifestations in the and acorns, along with domesticated species Ohio and Kanawha valleys. The settlement including sunflower, squash, gourd, and pattern for this period has been described as maygrass. Diagnostic hafted biface types include nucleated villages (Dancey 1988, include Manker, Synder corner-notched, and 1992), although others (Clay and Creasman types in the Lowe Flared Base cluster 1999) question the validity of this (Justice 1987). Pottery was more refined that interpretation.

In the Kanawha valley the late Late mussel shells, although limestone and grit Woodland is recognized by the Parkline tempered ceramics also occurred) triangular Phase (Niquette and Hughes 1990). arrow points, mussel shell tools (e.g., Settlement during this period consisted of knives, scrapers and hoes) also serve to small hamlets dispersed primarily in valleys, distinguish Fort Ancient cultures from Late although small extractive sites have also Woodland occupations. been reported for upland settings. Large villages have not been documented. History of Fayette County Diagnostic hafted bifaces types include Fayette County was formed in 1831, Raccoon Notched, Jack’s Reef Pentagonal, from Kanawha, Nicholas, Greenbrier, and and Levanna. Seeman (1992) suggests the Logan Counties. The county is named after introduction of these small types of hafted General Lafayette and is located in the south bifaces reflects the local introduction of the central portion of the state (Donnelly 1949). bow and arrow. Fayetteville, located in central Fayette Rock tempered ceramics are typically County is the county seat. The project area cordmarked and have thickened rims and is located between Fayetteville and Oak some true collars and cordwrapped-stick Hill, in the central portion of the county. decoration. Z-twist cordage is most Early Settlement common. The first white person to settle near the The Late Prehistoric Period New River Gorge was Peter Bowyer in The Late Prehistoric complex of the 1798. He settled at what is now the Ohio Valley is Fort Ancient, which spans community of Sewell, at the confluence of the time period from approximately A.D. Manns Creek and New River. In 1806, the 1150 to about A.D. 1700. This complex General Assembly of Virginia voted Bowyer reflects an elaboration of Late Woodland the right to run a ferry for pay, and it subsistence activities and social became what is believed to have been the organization. During this period in the first enterprise in Fayette County (Donnelly southwest part of the state, large palisaded 1949:127). The Koontz New Road, a wagon Fort Ancient villages were located along the road, was opened in 1786 and traveled from valleys of large rivers. Smaller sites did Lewisburg to Charleston. It passed through exist, although they tend to be located current day Ansted and continued northwest throughout tributary drainages and are by way of Rich Creek. It then crossed the thought to represent seasonal camps and Gauley and extended up Twentymile Creek resource procurement activity stations. to Charleston. Another early route of great importance was the Giles, Fayette and Examples of Fort Ancient villages in the Kanawha Turnpike. This road, which was southwestern portion of the state include the authorized by the General Assembly in Man (46Lg5) and Logan (46Lg4) sites 1837-1838, was initiated in 1838 and (Moxley and Bloemker 1985). The Man site completed 10 years later. It extended from is a late Fort Ancient palisaded village and the Giles Court House to Fayetteville and the Logan site was a large Proto-Historic ran through the current day communities of village dating to circa A.D. 1600-1650. Beckley, Mt. Hope, and Oak Hill. Fort Ancient subsistence is By 1790, people had begun to settle in characterized by an increased reliance on the present community of Ansted. In 1820, maize agriculture, coupled with beans and these settlers organized the Hopewell squash. Foraging was used to supplement Baptist Church. It is the oldest organized the subsistence base. The cultural material church in Fayette County. Gatewood is assemblage including elaborate ceramic considered one of the oldest settlements in styles (usually tempered with crushed the county. It is located between Oak Hill

and Fayetteville. The Bibb family settled at Events that occurred in 1862, which Bowyer’s Ferry in 1829 and operated a ferry generally surround what has been termed the for eight years. The family then purchased a Battle of Fayetteville, have perhaps received 121 ha (300 ac) tract of land and named it the most attention by scholars. Due to Gatewood in honor of Mrs. Bibbs whose inactivity in the Kanawha Valley during the maiden name was Elizabeth Gatewood summer of 1862, Union forces were being (Donnelly 1949:129). removed from the region and sent to Washington. This left Colonel Joseph A. J. The first county seat was located in New Lightburn in command of a depleted Union Haven. The seat was later moved to force headquartered at Gauley Bridge. In Vandalia, a community named after the response to this reduction of troops, settler Abraham Vandal. Vandalia was Confederate General William W. Loring renamed Fayetteville, after Marquis de began planning an attack into the Kanawha Lafayette, in 1837. William Blake Jr. is Valley region. Loring sent a raiding party thought to be the first settler at current day led by Brigadier General Albert Gallatin Oak Hill. He came to the area in 1820 and Jenkins through the area north of the constructed a two-story log house. In 1850, Kanawha Valley, and began marching his there were three families living at Oak Hill. forces toward the valley (McKinney 1988). These were the William Blake, Jr., Charles Windsor and Peter Bowyer, Jr. families. On September 10, 1862, Union and Today Oak Hill is the largest town in Confederate forces engaged a few miles Fayette County (Donnelly 1949:130). south of Fayetteville, and fighting continued to Fayetteville proper where Union forces Civil War occupied three fortifications constructed the Fayette County was an active scene of previous winter. Union forces included one various troop movements, skirmishes, and regiment, six additional companies, two six battles during the Civil War. Events in 1861 pound smoothbores, and four mountain generally centered on the initial Federal howitzers. The attacking Confederate force campaign to take the Kanawha Valley. was considerably larger. At Loring’s During this campaign, Union troops pushed command were 5000 troops with 16 pieces Confederate forces quickly up the Kanawha of artillery. Though Federal troops offered a River to Gauley Bridge, where Confederate stiff defense, the ensuing battle led to an forces briefly held positions near Hawks eventual Union retreat. This allowed Loring Nest, Carnifex Ferry and Fayetteville. to take command of the turnpike which led However, a loss at the Battle of Carnifex to Gauley Bridge and Charleston. Loring’s Ferry forced Confederate forces south of capture of Fayetteville eventually led to his Fayette County, where they regrouped and occupation of Charleston. However, the made a stand near Sewell Mountain. Joined occupation was brief as Loring left after briefly by General Robert E. Lee, only a few weeks, without orders to engage Confederate forces were able to stave off the enemy on other fronts. His abandonment further advances from Union troops. From of Charleston and the Kanawha Valley cost this location forces under the command of him his command, and the Confederate General Floyd attempted to retake the forces lost control of the Kanawha Valley. Kanawha Valley, but were forced to retreat Despite an attempt to reoccupy the area, again from Fayette County following a forces under the command of General stalemate at the Battle of Gauley Bridge. Echols were forced south through The year closed with Union Troops Fayetteville to Princeton and locations occupying present day Fayetteville and farther south. The year ended with Union Beckley, with two forts having been troops again occupying Fayetteville and constructed in Fayetteville (McKinney beginning the work of strengthening forts 1988). constructed during 1861 (McKinney 1988).

Events surrounding Fayette County in to accommodate the transportation of coal 1863 were largely centered on the Jones- (Peters 1926:243). Imboden Raid. To help distract and keep Union forces in the Kanawha Valley, and to Historic Resource Potentials keep them from moving north to reinforce Research suggests that the farmstead their counterparts during this raid, model of development has played a Confederate General McClausland was significant role in the nineteenth and ordered to move on Fayetteville taking the twentieth centuries in the study area. same route General Loring used the previous Farmsteads are defined as, “a complex of year. The result was heavy skirmishing agriculturally related buildings, yards, along the turnpike between Raleigh enclosures, and special activity or use areas Courthouse (present-day Beckley) and associated with the practices of farming” Fayetteville, and two artillery battles. It is (McBride and McBride 1990:683). As such, reported that during the first artillery battle a they often required land surrounding the Sergeant Milton W. Humphreys first main dwelling to support ancillary practiced the technique of “indirect fire”. dependencies and activities. Common The attack of Fayetteville was successful in throughout the eastern United States during that it occupied Federal Forces, but it did not the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, succeed in advancing. Indeed, following a farmsteads were often family operated. They day and a half of fighting, General were self sufficient units that were involved McClausland’s troops retreated, briefly in a variety of agrarian activities, including making a stand near present day Beckley. raising and butchering livestock and While other brief raids on Union camps by vegetable and grain production (McBride army regulars and militia bushwhackers are and McBride 1990). reported, no other major battles appear to have taken place in Fayette County for the Prior to the Civil War, agricultural remainder of the year (McKinney 1988). production focused on the farm household, where several generations of family After 1863, Fayette County appears to members worked to maintain a self- have played a greatly diminished role in sufficient environment based on a variety of events surrounding the Civil War. Occupied production techniques. The small urban by Union troops, no major battles appear to populations of the time did not require large- have taken place. Fayetteville was used as scale commodification of farm products for point of rally as Union troops moved south mass distribution. Instead, the family based to attack the Virginia-Tennessee railroad, agrarian lifestyle focused on local and Confederate forces launched one final production that defined the farmstead model raid on Fayetteville, but it does not appear to (Rotman et. al. 1998:74; s.f. McMurry have been on the scale of battles that took 1988). place in 1862 and 1863 (McKinney 1988). The farmstead model of settlement was Railroads perhaps the most common seen in the rural eastern United States. Indeed, this model of Railways appeared after the end of the settlement was employed by a broad Civil War. The Chesapeake & Ohio Railway spectrum of social, economic, and ethnic (C&O) travels through the county northeast classes (Stine 1990). to southwest and follows the Kanawha and New river valleys. The rails run 91.2 km (57 In Appalachia, whose coal resources mi) through the county. In 1873, the line were in large demand, many small was completed to Huntington. Several farmsteads were abandoned and sold to branch lines of the railway extend industrialists looking to begin vast mining or throughout the county primarily along the timbering operations. Soon after the turn of tributaries of the Kanawha and New rivers the century, this large population boom,

growth of urban-based industry, and socio- STPs, all of which were backfilled before economic change led to the abandonment of CRAI personnel left the project area. the farmstead. During the early 1900s, Fayette County was one of the largest coal GPS Mapping output counties in the state, producing over A handheld Garmin GPSMap 76S five million tons in 1914 (Rice 1985). Chartplotting receiver was used to verify location in the field. Project area boundaries IV. METHODS were first plotted onto the USGS 7.5’ Fayetteville, West Virginia Quadrangle ethods used to complete the Phase I using the track function in Maptech Terrain M survey, laboratory analysis, and report Navigator software. The map for use with followed guidelines developed by the the unit was downloaded from the Garmin WVSHPO (2001). MapSource Eastern United States Field Methods Topographic Maps CD-Rom. The Datum used by both packages of software was set to Pedestrian Survey NAD 1927. The geo-referenced tracks created in Maptech Terrain Navigator were The entire project area was examined by loaded directly onto the unit, and appeared pedestrian survey for the purpose of as an overlay on the topographic map. The identifying any above ground cultural unit was then used in the field to verify the resources (e.g., rockshelters, surface location with respect to the project scatters, foundations, and cemeteries) that boundaries. might be present. Whenever possible, survey transects were spaced at 15 m (49 ft) Site Recordation intervals. During the survey all areas with exposed surface soils were carefully When a site was identified, intensive examined for evidence of artifacts and other surface examination and/or shovel probing site deposits. was conducted 1) to define horizontal and vertical boundaries, 2) to recover a Shovel Probing representative sample of artifacts, 3) to obtain information for contextual integrity When landforms with slopes less than and 4) to obtain information for age and 20 percent had surface visibility less than 75 cultural affiliation. The collection strategy percent, the subsurface was tested by shovel was to recover all (100%) of the artifacts probing. To the extent possible shovel test identified, and return them to the laboratory probes (STPs) were placed on grid at for processing and analysis. After a site was approximate 15 m (49 ft) intervals. identified and collected, a site plan map was However, due to irregular topography, made and the area was photographed. vegetation, and drainages and wetlands, this Following the submission of a West Virginia was not always possible. Excavated soil was Archaeological Site Form to the WVSHPO, sifted through 0.64 cm (0.25 in) mesh an official trinomial designation was hardware cloth. STPs measured assigned. approximately 50 cm (20 in) in diameter and were excavated through the A horizon into Laboratory Methods sterile subsoil. A representative sample of soil profiles was documented for each site or Data generated during the analyses of landform, with information for soil horizons, artifacts recovered from the project area texture, structure, Munsell color, and the were used to complete final copies of West presence or absence of natural or cultural Virginia Archaeological Site Forms. inclusions being recorded. An alpha- Primary goals of analysis were to facilitate a numeric system was used to record the better understanding of the cultural, temporal, and functional dimensions of the

12 sites examined during the field phase. In Prehistoric Artifact Analysis turn, this information was used during the evaluation of site significance and National Prehistoric artifacts recovered during the Register eligibility. Specific methods and Phase I survey consisted of lithics and techniques are discussed below. ceramics. The following provides a brief description of the types of prehistoric Artifact Processing artifacts encountered during this Methods used to clean, classify, date, investigation. catalogue, and label artifacts recovered from Lithic Analysis the project are discussed below. Lithic artifacts represent the remains of Cleaning technologies involving the reduction and use Artifacts with stable surfaces (e.g., of rocks. Lithics recovered during the Phase lithics, glass) were washed by hand with I survey were the result of chipped stone toothbrushes and warm water. Artifacts that reduction technologies. Two specific lacked stable surfaces (i.e. rusted metal) categories of chipped stone technology were were dry brushed using a soft-bristle recovered, flake debris and modified toothbrush. implements. Classification and Dating Flake Debris Analysis Prehistoric artifacts were sorted into Flake debris is defined here as lithic several general categories (e.g., flake debris, waste flakes that exhibit evidence of modified implements). Then using a coding intentional removal from a parent piece and format developed by CRAI, attributes of exhibit no evidence of further modification each artifact were recorded. Data was then or use. Flake debris is a useful indicator of entered into a database allowing for prehistoric site activities because 1) it occurs manipulation and interpretation. These in large numbers on most sites, 2) it exhibits specific procedures are discussed in more evidence of the state of manufacture in detail in following sections. which it was produced and, 3) unlike modified implements, is usually deposited Historic artifacts were sorted into where it was generated. The analysis of categories (i.e. container glass, ceramics) flake debris provides information following a modified version of South concerning prehistoric lithic technology and, (1977). in conjunction with other analyses, aids in Cataloguing and Curation determining site use. Only artifacts larger than 0.64 cm (0.25 in) were analyzed. Artifacts being held for curation were Attribute analysis was used to classify processed and catalogued in a manner the flake debris. The analysis involved consistent with Guidelines for Submitting a recording several attributes, including the Collection to the Archaeological Collections presence or absence of cortex and reduction Facility of West Virginia, prepared by the stage. For the purposes of this study, cortex West Virginia Division of Culture and was considered to include any evidence of History in 2002. Artifacts and attendant residual or non-residual patination or documentation are being temporarily stored external matrix. The method of identifying at CRAI’s Hurricane office. Upon reduction stages follows Magne (1985), and acceptance by the Curator, the materials will was determined by the number of platform be transferred to the Archaeological facets or the number of dorsal flake scars. Collections Facility at Moundsville. The latter method was used for flakes lacking platforms.

Using this approach, early stage Ceramic Analysis reduction is defined as core reduction, middle stage as the first half of tool Prehistoric ceramics are defined here as production, and late stage as the second half purposively fired and tempered earth shaped of tool production and subsequent into various vessel forms. Analysis of the maintenance. sherds recovered from the project area included recording information for temper, For non-platform bearing flakes, dorsal surface treatment, twist, paste, weight, and flake scars were counted; zero to one dorsal thickness. flake scare indicated early stage, two scars middle stage, and three or more flakes late Historic Artifact Analysis stage. For debris whose nature precluded Prior to classification and analysis the identification of a dorsal and ventral artifacts recovered from this survey were side, no attempt to define a stage of cleaned and sorted into gross categories by reduction is provided. Instead, this debitage provenience. Each specimen was is defined as blocky, Stage 0. subsequently analyzed and placed into a Modified Implements modified version of South’s (1977) original artifact categories. South’s (1977) Identified categories of modified classification system has been revised on implements consist of retouched flake, late- several occasions (Stewart-Abernathy and stage biface, and hafted biface. The Ruff 1989; Orser 1988; Wagner and following provides a description of each. McCorvie 1992). The current scheme groups Retouched Flake artifacts into the following categories: Architecture, Arms, Clothing, As defined here, retouched flakes are Communication and Education, Domestic, expedient tools that exhibit the removal of Floral and Faunal, Furnishings, Maintenance two or more intentional flakes along one or and Subsistence, Manufacturing, Personal more edges. Retouch is usually completed and Unidentified. Grouping artifacts into by pressure flaking to modify the angle or these specific categories is more efficient in cutting/scraping characteristics of the tool’s associating artifact assemblages with working edge. historic activities or site types. The primary Late-Stage Biface changes made to South’s original classification system include reassigning Bifaces are chipped stone tools formed artifacts previously associated with the through the removal of flakes from both Miscellaneous and Activities groups. faces or sides of a cobble, chunk, or large flake or tool stone. Late-Stage bifaces are Temporal information for the artifacts is complete or nearly complete bifaces that derived from a variety of sources. However, have been thinned and shaped, with the the citations for beginning and ending dates lateral margins being centered. In need some clarification. Usually, an artifact fragmentary form it is often not possible to has specific attributes that represent a distinguish late-state bifaces from distal and technological change, an invention in the medial fragments of completed hafted manufacturing process, or simple stylistic bifaces. changes in decoration. These attribute changes usually have associated dates Hafted Biface derived from historical and archaeological Hafted secondary reduction bifaces are research. For example, bottles may have likely intended to be cutting and/or piercing seams that indicate a specific manufacturing tools. Within this class of artifact, knifes, process patented in a certain year. The bottle arrow and dart points, or fragments thereof, can then be assigned a “beginning date” for can be identified. the same year of the patent. New technology

may eliminate the need for the same patent Architecture Group and the bottle would no longer be produced. The “ending date” is the approximate time The Architecture Group is comprised of when the new technology takes hold and the artifacts directly related to the built old technology is abandoned. environment, as well as those artifacts used to enhance the interior or exterior of With regard to ceramics, specific styles structures. These artifacts consisted of of decoration are known to have changed window glass, nails, and construction through time. Researchers have defined materials such as brick, mortar and plaster. beginning and ending dates for their Architecture group items are discussed manufacture. South’s (1977) mean ceramic below. dating technique uses this information. However, the dates presented in this report Window Glass should not be considered absolute, although Each fragment of flat glass was they are the best available estimates for age. measured for thickness and recorded to the The rationale for presenting dates is to allow nearest hundredth of a millimeter. Window for a more precise estimation for the glass measurements were made with Fowler duration of occupation, rather than the mean Scientific Sylvac Ultra-Cal IV calipers date for occupation. interfaced with Gage Wedge Software. The Archaeological specimens recovered difference between window glass and plate from the survey were analyzed using glass (used as shelving) was in part CRAI’s Database Management System, a determined by the thickness and wear of the Paradox-based data entry program created pane. Any glass thicker than 3.0 mm (0.12 by Steve Ousley of the Smithsonian in) was considered plate glass. Institution for CRAI. The management Window glass has been shown to system has two main functions. The first is gradually increase in thickness through time a data entry function whereby an individual and can be a useful tool for dating historic record is created for each artifact. Each sites. Several dating schemes and formulas record includes fields for provenience, have been devised that use average glass functional group, and artifact type and class. thickness to calculate occupation dates. Other attributes including window glass These include Ball (1984), Roenke (1978), thickness, nail pennyweight, and ceramic Chance and Chance (1976), McKelway decoration are also entered into the system. (1992) and Moir (1987). For the purposes The database program maintains a dating of this survey, dating was accomplished function, drawing from a reference list to used Moir’s (1987) formula which is: Date = provide minimum and maximum dates for (thickness in mm*84.22)+1712.7. the artifact when applicable. Researchers are still investigating the The second primary function enables the possibility for regional differences in dating analyst to query the database to provide a schemes. McBride and Sharp (1991:70) used wide range of information for specific types this dating scheme for window glass or classes of artifacts, or the assemblage as a recovered from Camp Nelson and retrieved whole. The query function allows for two dates very close to the documented information on the quantities and occupation dates. One date was only one percentages of artifact types by provenience half year late while the other was just under or functional group to be quickly and ten years late. It should be further noted that accurately tabulated. These tabulations can Moir’s formula works best on large samples, then be exported to Microsoft Excel, Word, and samples dating from the nineteenth or Surfer programs to generate data tables or century. distribution maps for the assemblage.

Nails Ironstone The majority of artifacts from the Ironstone, a highly refined, vitreous, architecture group were metal nails. There opaque earthenware with a clear glaze, is are three stages recognized in the often indistinguishable from whiteware. technological chronology of nails: wrought, Ironstone differs from whiteware in that the cut and wiredrawn. body is more vitreous and dense and a bluish tinge or a pale blue-gray cast covers the All nails recovered during this survey body. In some cases, a fine crackle can be were wire nails. The first wiredrawn nails seen in the glaze (Denker and Denker 1982) were introduced into the United States from although this condition is not restricted to Europe by the mid-nineteenth century. Early ironstones. Confusion in the classification wire nails were primarily used for box of white-bodied earthenwares is further construction and were not well adapted for compounded by the use of the term as a the building industry until the 1870s. ware type or trade name in advertising of the Although the cut nail can still be purchased nineteenth century. Both ironstones and today, it was nearly universally replaced by whitewares were marketed with names such the wire nail around the turn of the century as “Patent Stone China,” “Pearl Stone (Nelson 1968:8). China,” “White English Stone,” “Royal Arms Group Ironstone,” “Imperial Ironstone,” “Genuine Ironstone,” “White Granite,” and “Granite Items from the Arms Group represent Ware” (Gates and Ormerod 1982:8; guns, gun parts, and ammunition, including Cameron 1986:170). These names do not gunflints, shell casings, and lead bullets. imply that true ironstone was being For the purpose of this survey, all Arms manufactured. Some investigators avoid the Group artifacts were represented by distinctions entirely by including ironstones ammunition casings, which were identified as a variety of whiteware, while Wetherbee using Barnes (1993). (1980) adopted the opposite course, Communication and Education referring to all nineteenth century white Group bodied earthenwares as ironstone. For this analysis, the primary determining factor in Items categorized in this group include classification of a sherd as ironstone was the pencils, pens, and writing slates, and other hardness and porosity of the ceramic paste. associated artifacts. Sherds with a hard vitreous paste were classified as ironstone. Domestic Group Charles James Mason is usually credited Artifacts included in the Domestic with the introduction of ironstone (referred Group consisted of ceramics, glass to as Mason’s Ironstone China) in 1813 containers, glass container closures, glass (Dodd 1964), although others, including the tableware, metal food containers, and Turners and Josiah Spode, produced similar utensils. The ceramic inventory consisted of wares as early as 1800 (Godden 1965). This a variety of refined earthenwares dating early phase of ironstone production was throughout the nineteenth century. A full instigated by British potters as a competitive description of the ceramic types from the response to the highly popular oriental site is listed below, followed by descriptions porcelain. The ironstone of this early phase of other domestic group artifacts. bears a faint blue-gray tint and oriental Ceramics motifs much like Chinese porcelain. Ceramics were grouped into one major A second phase of ironstone production ware type - ironstone. was prompted after 1850 in response to the popularity of hard paste porcelain being

produced in France. This variety of tive to multi-colored hand-painted tech- ironstone had a harder paste and reflected niques. They further suggest that this the gray- white color of French porcelains. technique remained a popular method of decoration through the mid-twentieth While some ironstones saw continued century and is still in use today. Decal use of oriental design motifs, the general decorations can occur on whiteware, trend was toward undecorated or molded ironstone, and porcelain. ironstones (Collard 1967; Lofstram et al. 1982 in Majewski and O’Brien 1987). Glass Containers Ironstone continued to be produced in England, and, after 1870, it was A variety of glass container fragments manufactured by numerous American were recovered during this survey. companies. Majewski and O’Brien (1987) Research by Baugher-Perlin (1982), Jones report that by the late 1800s thick, heavy and Sullivan (1985) and Toulouse (1972) ironstones were losing popularity and began were used to date glass containers. Glass to be equated with lower status. Its color was the only attribute used for dating production all but ceased by the second fragments that could not be identified as to decade of the twentieth century (Lehner type of manufacture. The date of 1980). manufacture for identifiable bottles recovered during this survey was estimated There was a shift to thinner, lighter through determination of the manufacturing weight ironstone between 1870 and 1880. process associated with the bottle and This ironstone was popular in American determination of patent or company homes during most of the twentieth century manufacturing dates embossed on the bottle. (Majewski and O’Brien 1987). Heavy ironstone remained on the market, however, The manufacturing process of recovered and was popular in both hotel/restaurant bottles can be roughly divided into two basic service as well as household use. groups including molded (BIM) and machine manufactured (ABM) vessels Decal (Baugher-Perlin 1982). All identified glass Decal decorations were first used on from this survey was identified as being ironstone toward the end of the nineteenth manufactured by the ABM process. century, but did not usually appear on Machine manufactured (ABM) American-made ceramics prior to 1900. Decals are applied to vessels prior to firing The Owens automatic bottle-making or glazing. The decals include stipple and machine was patented in 1903. Bottles of line-engraved motifs created using a this sort had distinctive seams running up lithographic process in an assortment of the length of the bottleneck and exhibited colors. In contrast to the polychrome sprig valve marks and suction scars. The and broadline floral style popular in the mid- automatic bottle machine (ABM) mold nineteenth century, floral decals are provides a firm manufacturing date at the characterized by their use as borders or beginning of the twentieth century. vessel accents. Frequently, these appear as Color small sprays of flowers applied off-center and often were applied in conjunction with Glass color was recorded, although there thin-line border stripes, raised-border motifs, is some subjectivity inherent in this handpainting and gilding (Majewski and classification. As Jones and Sullivan (1985) O'Brien 1984). Occasionally, decals were remark, glass is colored by chemicals, either lightly touched up by hand in order to give a as natural inclusions or added by the hand-painted appearance. Majewski and manufacturer. The concern here was O'Brien (1984) suggest that this motif began primarily to note the presence of purple or in the late 1800s as an inexpensive alterna- "amethyst" glass and "milk" glass.

Amethyst glass began to be Hole-in-cap cans were still hand-made; a manufactured around 1880 according to good tinsmith could produce 60 per day Munsey (1970), when magnesium was (Sacharow and Griffin 1970). These cans added to the glass recipe. Glass with were the first cans used for commercially magnesium present will turn a purplish color produced foods in the United States (Rock when exposed to sunlight. Milk or white 1984). glass has been manufactured as long as glass In 1847, Allen Taylor invented a has been made, but milk glass became machine that converted flat metal disks into common as it was used in "containers, stamped or flanged can ends. This machine tablewares and lighting devices" in the late was improved upon over the next two years, nineteenth through twentieth centuries yielding a machine that stamped both can (Jones and Sullivan 1985:14). Blue glass is ends and cut a filler hole in the cap (Rock another color that had great popularity in the 1984). These stamped end cans were used later nineteenth century. Clear glass came by most canneries in the United States until into demand with the growing public desire the 1880s. to see the contents of bottles and was more popular in the late nineteenth century The key-wind can was introduced in (Baugher-Perlin 1982). 1866. The opening system consisted of a scored band, either on the side or top of the Metal Food Containers can that could be removed by rolling it back The first tinned goods were packaged in with a key. The sardine can is a familiar hand cut, shaped and soldered can bodies example of this can type. made of tin or iron plate. These “tin The tapered tin was patented in 1875 by canisters” were patented in England in 1810 two Chicago entrepreneurs for their and in the United States in 1818 (Rock processed meat products. These tins were 1984). The cans often swelled and burst, either rectangular or with a base larger than reacting with goods they contained. the top. Another Chicago manufacturer Another type, termed “hole-and-cap combined and perfected the tapered tin and can(s)” because of the filling process, either key-wind cans in 1895. had flush or hand-crimped ends (Rock As the demand for canned goods rose, a 1984). The side seams, either lap side or separate can producing industry evolved. plumb joint, were soldered, fusing the gaps Max Ams, a New York machine-made can closed. The cans were filled through an company owner, developed a “double side orifice in the center of one end of the can. seam” in 1888 that locked the parts of the After the can was filled, a cap was soldered cans together (Collins 1924; May 1937). over the hole, sealing the can, hence the The company had perfected this technique name “hole-and-cap” (Rock 1984). The by 1898, with the introduction of the “Ams hole-and-cap can came into use about the Can” (Collins 1924; May 1937). This can same time as the tin canister, but was eliminated the need for interior seam quickly improved upon; these cans likewise soldering by closing the top, bottom, and were plagued by swelling and bursting sides with double seams. These innovations incidents. reduced the manufacture time of cans and The first improvement was the addition significantly reduced can failure, i.e. of a small hole in the center of the soldered swelling and bursting, due to the superior cap, implemented around 1820. This small strength of the seam. hole allowed moisture to escape from the The hole-in-top can, an improvement of cans when heated, after the cans were filled the hole-in-cap can, used a small pinhole, and sealed. This process reduced the smaller than 1/8 inch in diameter. The hole number of cans that swelled or burst. After was sealed with solder. By 1920, evaporated heating, the hole was sealed with solder.

milk was found almost exclusively in hole- unidentified items. Most of these items in-top cans (Rock 1984). could have been manufactured throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth century. In 1904, the Sanitary Can Company of New York developed the first airtight Containers solderless can (Rock 1984). The cans were completely machine-made and were Containers for storage and hauling were produced at a rate of almost 25,000 cans a included in this class. day (May 1937). By the early 1960s the tin Transportation can was replaced by a steel body, which was stronger and more durable than tin. This class of artifacts includes various Aluminum tops were added to beverage cans and sundry parts associated with engines, in order to make opening the cans easier. automobiles, railroads, wagons, carriages Modern cans are steel or alloys and are and other modes of transportation. usually lined with plastic on the interior to Farming and Gardening prevent chemical reactions between the contents of the can and the can itself. This class includes artifacts associated with gardening and farming activities. Items Furnishings Group included in this category were barbwire and The Furnishings Group includes fence staples. artifacts that are usually associated with the Fuels home, but not elements of construction. Examples of furnishings include decorative This group of artifacts includes pieces, furniture, heating, and lighting. charcoal, coal, cinder/slag, and containers used for fuel storage. Maintenance and Subsistence Group Unidentified Group The Maintenance and Subsistence This category contains artifacts that Group contains artifacts related to general could not be identified beyond the material maintenance activities. These artifacts were from which the artifact was made. grouped into classes of farming and gardening, hunting and fishing, stable and V. RESULTS barn activities and fuels such as coal. ine new archaeological sites (46Fa362- General hardware items are included in this 370) representing both prehistoric and category, as well as engine parts, electrical N historic occupations were identified and components and non-food containers. recorded. In addition, previously recorded Stable and Barn sites 46Fa277-279 were located and examined. The locations of identified sites This class of artifacts incorporates items are provided in Figure 10. related to livestock, such as horseshoes, harness tack, and other paraphernalia 46Fa362 directly related to the activities associated USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle: 1969 Fayetteville, with barns such as pitchforks. WV (revised 1976) General Hardware UTM Coordinates: Z-17, N4207135, E489869 This class of artifacts includes an Elevation: 606.7 m (1990 ft) above msl endless range of hardware fasteners and Estimated Size: 30-x-30 m (98-x-98 ft) items used for a variety of purposes. Objects Components: Unknown Prehistoric within this category include nuts, bolts, Closest Named Water: Adkins Branch washers, screws, wire, fence staples, bands, Type of nearest water: Permanent brackets, chains, rivets, straps, springs, and

Figure 10. Locations of identified archaeological sites.

Topography: Ridgetop brownish yellow (10YR6/6) sandy loam A Slope: ~ 0-5% horizon. The underlying B horizon was Soil Type: Dekalb fine sandy loam, 10-20% strong brown (7.5YR5/6) with clay texture. slopes (DbC) Materials Recovered: The assemblage Description: Site 46Fa362 is a lithic of materials recovered from 46Fa362 scatter discovered during pedestrian survey consists of three pieces of lithic flake debris of a disturbed area located adjacent to a gas (Table 4) recovered from the surface of the well (Figures 10-13). Systematic disturbed area near a gas well pad. examination of exposed soils resulted in the Technological and raw material analyses identification of three lithic artifacts. The identified both middle and late stage excavation of 12 STPs on adjacent parts of reduction flakes of KBF (Tables 4 and 5). the landform containing the site failed to None of the flakes retain cortex. The recover any additional artifacts. The artifacts recovered from the site are not representative soil profile consisted of a 10- culturally or temporally diagnostic, thus the cm (3.9-in) thick dark grayish brown age and cultural affiliation of the site are not (2.5Y4/2) organic-rich sandy loam O/A known. horizon overlying a 20 cm (7.8 in) thick

Figure 11. Plan map, 46Fa362.

Figure 12. Photograph of 46Fa263 showing disturbance, looking north.

Figure 13. Photograph of typical STP, 46Fa362.

Table 4. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa362. Cat Raw Provenience <1/4” 0NC 0C 1NC 1C 2NC 2C 3NC 3C 4NC 4C Total # Material 1 Surface KBF - - - - - 2 - 1 - - - 3 0-4 = Reduction Stage; C = Cortex; NC = No Cortex

Table 5. Flake Debris by Reduction deposits, including features or midden. Stage, 46Fa362. Based on extant information the site does Stage Count Percentage not have the potential to provide the type or 0 - Block - 0.0 quality of information required to reconstruct past lifeways. 1 - Early - 0.0 2 - Middle 2 66.7 NRHP Assessment: Not eligible. 3 - Late 1 33.3 4 – Bifacial - 0.0 46Fa363 Thinning Total 3 100.0 USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle: 1969 Fayetteville, WV (revised 1976) UTM Coordinates: Z-17, N4207159, Discussion: Available information E490309 indicates that 46Fa362 represents a short- Elevation: 602.13 m (1975 ft) above msl term station of unknown age and affiliation. Size 45-x-35 m (13.7-x-10.7 ft) Systematic examination of disturbed Components: Unknown Prehistoric surfaces and shovel probing failed to find Closest named water: Adkins Branch any evidence for intact archaeological Type of nearest water: Permanent

Topographic Setting: Ridgetop features or midden was observed. In the Slope: 0-5% northern part of the site, the soil profile Soil type: Dekalb fine sandy loam, 10-20% consisted of dark yellowish brown slopes (DbC) (10YR3/4) A horizon with sandy loam texture from 0-10 cm (0-3.9 in), a yellowish Description: Site 46Fa363 is defined as brown (10YR5/4) sandy loam E horizon a lithic scatter located on a broad ridgetop from 10-20 cm (3.9-7.8 in), and a brownish south of Wolf Creek between Adkins Fork yellow (10YR6/6) sandy clay loam B to the west and an unnamed feeder to the horizon from 20-35 cm (7.8-13.6 in). In the east (Figures 10, 14-16). The site area is southern portion of the site the typical soil overgrown with small to medium size profile consisted of a dark yellowish brown hardwoods, and forest litter covers the (10YR4/6) sandy clay O horizon from 0-10 surface. The area of the landform containing cm (0-3.9 in), a yellowish brown (10YR5/6) the site was examined by 89 STPs excavated sandy clay loam A horizon from 10-20 cm on a 15 m (49.2 ft) grid. Eight (9.0%) of the (3.9-7.8 in), and a dark yellowish brown STPs were positive, resulting in the recovery (10YR4/6) sandy clay loam B horizon that of 10 pieces of lithic flake debris from the O extended below the base of the probes. and A soil horizons. No artifacts were recovered from subsoil, and no evidence for

Figure 14. Plan map, 46Fa363.

Figure 15. Photograph of 46Fa363, looking west.

Figure 16. Photograph of typical STP in southern part of 46Fa363.

Materials Recovered: The assemblage (Tables 6 and 7). The entire assemblage is of materials recovered from 46Fa363 made from local KBF. None of the pieces consists of 10 pieces of lithic flake debris of flake debris retain cortex or have been (Table 6). Technological and raw material modified through flake detachments or use. analyses indicate multiple stages of lithic Because the recovered artifacts are not reduction are represented; with late stage culturally or temporally diagnostic, the age reduction materials being most common and affiliation of the site are not known.

Table 6. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa363. Cat Raw Provenience <1/4” 0NC 0C 1NC 1C 2NC 2C 3NC 3C 4NC 4C Total # Material 1 STP Q-1 KBF - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - 2 2 STP Q-4 KBF ------1 - - - 1 3 STP R-2 KBF - - - 1 ------1 STP Q-1 4 KBF ------1 - - - 1 W+5 STP Q-1 5 KBF - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 W+10 STP P-2 6 KBF ------1 - 1 S+5 / W+5 STP P-2 7 KBF ------2 - - - 2 W+5 / N+5 STP Q-1 8 KBF ------1 - - - 1 W+10 / S+5 Total - - - 2 - 1 - 6 - 1 - 10 0-4 = Reduction Stage; C = Cortex; NC = No Cortex

the type or quality of information required to Table 7. Flake Debris by Reduction reconstruct past lifeways. Stage, 46Fa363. NRHP Assessment: Not eligible. Stage Count Percentage 0 - Block - 0.0 1 - Early 2 20.0 46Fa364 2 - Middle 1 10.0 USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle: 1969 Fayetteville, 3 - Late 6 60.0 WV (revised 1976) 4 – Bifacial 1 10.0 UTM coordinates: Z- 17, N4207731, Thinning E490835 Total 10 100.0 Elevation: 606.7 m (1990 ft) above msl Size: 25-x-5 m (82-x-16.4 ft) Discussion: Available evidence Components: Unknown Prehistoric indicates 46Fa363 represents a short-term Closest named water: Wolf Creek camp or station of unknown age and Type of nearest water: Permanent affiliation. Artifacts are limited to a small Topographic Setting: Ridgetop number of flakes of KBF probably Slope: 0-5% manufactured as a result of tool maintenance Soil type: Dekalb channery loam, 20-30% or repair. Recovered artifacts were collected slopes (DcD) from the upper part of the soil horizon, and Description: Site 46Fa364 is a ridgetop no evidence for features or midden was lithic scatter overlooking Adkins Fork to the discovered. Based on extant information the west and Wolf Creek to the north (Figures site does not have the potential to provide 10, 17-19). The site area was forested and

leaf litter reduced surface visibility to nearly from the analysis. The remaining five zero percent. Beginning at the project (62.5%) flakes had technological attributes boundary (a flagged barbed-wire fence), 23 indicative of multiple stages of lithic STPs were excavated along the spine of the reduction, with only one flake retaining ridge using a 20 m (65.6 ft) interval. Eight cortex (Tables 8 and 9). The small area of pieces of lithic flake debris were recovered cortex observed on the remaining flake from four STPs; no artifacts were recovered could not be identified as cobble or residual. from the surface of the site during the Discussion: Available evidence pedestrian survey. Examination of the indicates that 46Fa364 represents a small, excavated soil and soil profiles failed to find short-term camp or station of unknown age any evidence for cultural features or midden and affiliation. Systematic pedestrian survey deposits. and shovel probing of the site area failed to The soil profile was uniform within the find any evidence for structural or site area. The profile consisted of a dark subsurface features or midden. The artifacts yellowish brown (10YR3/4) O horizon from were recovered from the upper part of the 0-8 cm (0-3.15 in), a yellowish brown soil profile. Although the function of the (10YR5/6) sand loam A horizon from 8-25 site is not known, it is evident that a minor cm (3.15-9.75 in), and a yellowish brown amount of lithic reduction, possibly (10YR5/8) sandy clay loam B horizon that associated with tool maintenance or repair extended below the base of the STPs. was conducted. Based on extant information the site does not have the potential to Materials Recovered: Materials provide the type or quality of information recovered from 46Fa364 consist of eight required to reconstruct past lifeways. pieces of lithic flake debris of KBF (Table 8). Three (37.5%) of the flakes are smaller NRHP Assessment: Not eligible. than 0.64 cm (0.25 in) and were excluded

Figure. 17. Plan map, 46Fa364.

Figure 18. Photograph of 46Fa364, looking west.

Figure 19. Photograph of typical STP, 46Fa364.

Table 8. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa364. Cat Raw Provenience <1/4” 0NC 0C 1NC 1C 2NC 2C 3NC 3C 4NC 4C Total # Material 1 STP 8 KBF 3 ------1 - - - 4 2 STP 8 N+5 KBF ------1 - 1 3 STP 8 S+10 KBF ------1 - - 1 4 STP 8 S+15 KBF - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - 2 Total 3 - - 1 - 1 - 1 1 1 - 8 0-4 = Reduction Stage; C = Cortex; NC = No Cortex

Table 9. Flake Debris by Reduction tributary of Wolf Creek to the west (Figures Stage, 46Fa364. 10, 20-22). The historic component is represented by three artifacts of metal and Stage Count Percentage glass. 0 - Block - 0.0 1 - Early 1 20.0 The site area is forested and the ground 2 - Middle 1 20.0 surface is covered with forest litter. No 3 - Late 2 40.0 surface soils are exposed. Pedestrian survey 4 – Bifacial 1 20.0 of the landform failed to find evidence for Thinning site deposits. However, when the area was Total 5 100.0 shovel probed artifacts were discovered in the upper part of the soil profile. In total, 38 artifacts were recovered from eight (36.7%) 46Fa365 of the 22 STPs excavated in the site area. Soil profiles consisted of a dark USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle: 1969 Fayetteville, yellowish brown (10YR4/4) silt loam O WV (revised 1976) horizon from 0-10 cm (0-3.9 in), a yellowish UTM coordinates: Z- 17, N4207062, brown (10YR5/4) silt loam A horizon from E490777 10-25 cm (3.9-9.75 in), and a compact Elevation: 582.31 m (1910 ft) above msl brownish yellow (10YR6/6) B horizon with Size: 30-x-90 m (98.4-x-295.2 ft) silt loam texture that extended below the Components: Prehistoric base of the STPs. Closest named water: Unnamed feeder of Wolf Creek Materials Recovered: The assemblage Type of nearest water: Permanent of cultural materials recovered from Topographic Setting: Hillside bench 46Fa365 consists of 35 pieces of lithic Slope: 0-5% flakes debris and three historic period Soil type: Shelocta silt loam, 10-20% slopes artifacts (Table 10). (ShC)

Description: This site is identified as a Table 10. Artifact Classes, 46Fa365. multicomponent open-air surface site with prehistoric and historic components. The Artifact Class Count Percent more expansive prehistoric component is Lithic Flake Debris 35 92.1 represented by a lithic scatter of Historic 3 7.9 Total 38 100.0 indeterminate cultural and temporal affiliation, confined to an area of nearly level toe slope overlooking an unnamed

Figure 20. Plan map, 46Fa365.

Figure 21. Photograph of 46Fa365, looking east.

Figure 22. Photograph of typical STP, 46Fa365.

smaller than 0.64 cm (0.25 in). These items Lithic Flake Debris Analysis were excluded from the analysis (Table 11). (n=35) The remaining 23 (65.7%) pieces retain Thirty-five pieces of lithic flake debris technological attributes suggestive of of KBF were recovered from eight STPs at multiple stages of lithic reduction (Tables 11 46Fa365. Size grading of the flake debris and 12). Only one piece of flake debris indicated that 12 (34.3%) specimens were retained cortex.

Table 11. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa365. Cat Raw Provenience <1/4” 0NC 0C 1NC 1C 2NC 2C 3NC 3C 4NC 4C Total # Material 1 STP B-1 KBF ------1 - 1 2 STP B-2 KBF 5 - - 1 - 1 - 3 - - - 10 3 STP B-3 KBF 1 - - 1 ------2 4 STP B-4 KBF 3 - - 3 - 3 - 3 1 - - 13 5 STP B-5 KBF - - - - - 2 - 1 - - - 3 6 STP B-7 KBF 3 ------3 7 STP A-2 KBF - - - - - 2 - - - - - 2 8 STP C-2 KBF - - - 1 ------1 Total 12 - - 6 - 8 - 7 1 1 - 35 0-4 = Reduction Stage; C = Cortex; NC = No Cortex

Table 12. Flake Debris by Reduction Stage, 46Fa365. Historic Material Analysis (n=3) Stage Count Percent 0 - Block - 0.0 Three historic period artifacts were 1 - Early 6 26.1 recovered from the site (Table 13). These 2 - Middle 8 34.8 artifacts represent lost (e.g., horse shoe) or 3 - Late 8 34.8 discarded (e.g., container glass) items. 4 – Bifacial Thinning 1 4.3 Total 23 100.0

Table 13. Catalogue of Historic Material, 46Fa365. Provenience Group Class Type Discarded Date Range Count Percent STP A-2 Domestic ABM Clear glass Y 1903-2004 1 33.3 Maintenance & Stable Horse / STP B-4 Y - 1 33.3 Subsistence and Barn mule shoe STP B-5 Domestic UCF Amber glass Y 1860-2004 1 33.3 Total 3 99.9 ABM = Automatic Bottle Machine; UCF = Undiagnostic Container Fragment.

that could be used to reconstruct local Discussion: The prehistoric component history. of 46Fa365 is identified as a lithic scatter of indeterminate age and cultural affiliation. NRHP Assessment: Not eligible. Recovered artifacts, which consist exclusively of lithic flake debris, appear to represent middle and late stage reduction 46Fa366 activities, possible associated with biface USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle:1969 Fayetteville, manufacture and/or maintenance and repair. WV (revised 1976) The lack of evidence for cores and primary UTM coordinates: Z-17, N4207154, reduction flakes indicates KBF entered the E490711 site in blank/preform or tool form. The lack Elevation: 582.31 m (1910 ft) above msl of evidence for tools, burned rock, features Size: 30-x-105m (98-x-344 ft) and midden suggests the occupation was of Components: Prehistoric, Late Archaic short duration and non-intensive. Based on Closest named water: Unnamed feeder of extant information the site’s prehistoric Wolf Creek component does not have the potential to Type of nearest water: Permanent provide the type or quality of information Topographic Setting: Hillside/bench required to reconstruct past lifeways. Slope: 0-5% The historic period component at the Soil type: Shelocta silt loam, 10-20% slopes site is represented by three artifacts that may (ShC) not be temporally related. No evidence of Description: Site 46Fa366 is an open- foundations or other structural remnants or air lithic scatter or camp/station of unknown yard-midden typically associated with age and cultural affiliation. The site historic residential sites or farmsteads was occupies part of a toe slope along an discovered during the site investigation or unnamed tributary of Wolf Creek (Figures records search. This component has no 10, 23-25). When the survey was conducted potential to provide significant information the site area was forested with forest litter covering the ground surface. Evidence for

prior disturbance was limited to an analysis of the assemblage identified 154 abondoned dirt access road. The site was (95.7 %) pieces of lithic flake debris and examined by pedestrian survey and 36 STPs, seven (4.3 %) modified implements. of which 18 (50%) were positive. The soil had silty clay texture and ranged in color from yellowish brown (10YR5/6) to weak Table 14. Artifact Classes, 46Fa366. red (2.5YR5/4). All Artifacts were Artifact Class Count Percent recovered from the upper 10 cm (3.9 in) of Lithic Flake 154 95.7 the profile within the A horizon. Debris Modified Lithic 7 4.3 Materials Recovered: Systematic Implements examination of 46Fa366 resulted in the Total 161 100.0 recovery of 161 lithic artifacts (Table 14) recovered from 18 STPs. Technological

Figure 23. Plan map, 46Fa366.

Figure 24. Photograph of 46Fa366, looking east.

Figure 25. Photograph of typical STP, 46Fa366.

Lithic Flake Debris Analysis lithic reduction, with flakes diagnostic of (n=154) early, middle and late stage reduction being represented (Tables 15 and 16). Except for Size grading of the 154 pieces of lithic one flake of Hillsdale chert and two flakes flake debris indicated 40 (26 %) pieces were of indeterminate materials, the assemblage smaller than 0.64 cm (0.25 in); this portion was composed of KBF. Analysis of the of the flake assemblage was excluded from debris greater than 0.64 cm (0.25 in) the analysis (Table 15). The remaining 114 indicated that 97.4 percent (n=111) of the (74.0%) pieces retained technological specimens lack cortex (Tables 17). attributes suggestive of multiple stages of

Table 15. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa366. Cat Raw Provenience <1/4” 0NC 0C 1NC 1C 2NC 2C 3NC 3C 4NC 4C Total # Material 1 STP B-4 KBF 2 - - - - 1 - - - - - 3 2 STP B-6 KBF 10 - - 10 - 13 - 6 - 2 - 41 3 STP B-7 KBF 5 2 - 6 - 9 - 8 - 2 - 32 4 STP B-8 KBF 20 1 - 3 - 6 - 4 - 3 - 37 5 STP B-9 KBF 1 ------1 6 STP B-10 KBF - - - 7 1 1 1 - - - - 10 7 STP A-2 KBF ------1 - 1 8 STP A-4 KBF - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 9 STP A-5 KBF - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 10 STP A-6 KBF - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - 2 11 STP A-8 KBF - - - - - 2 - - - - - 2 12 STP C-3 KBF ------1 - 1 13 STP C-5 KBF 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - 2 14 STP C-6 KBF - 1 - - - - - 1 - 1 - 3 15 STP C-7 KBF 1 - - 2 - 2 - 5 - 1 - 11 16 STP C-8 KBF - - - 1 - 2 - - - - - 3 17 STP C-9 Unidentified ------1 - - - 1 18 STP B-6 Unidentified - - - - 1 ------1 19 STP A-8 Hillsdale ------1 - - - 1 Total 40 4 - 30 2 40 1 26 - 11 - 154 0-4 = Reduction Stage; C = Cortex; NC = No Cortex

Table 16. Flake Debris by Reduction Modified Implements (n=7) Stage, 46Fa366. Stage Count Percent Seven modified implements were 0 - Block 4 3.5 recovered from 46Fa366. These include four 1 - Early 32 28.1 bifaces (including fragments) and three 2 - Middle 41 36.0 hafted bifaces (including fragments) (Figure 3 - Late 26 22.8 26). All seven implements are manufactured 4 – Bifacial from KBF. 11 9.6 Thinning The four bifaces include one complete Total 114 100.0 specimen and two distal fragments and one Tale 17. Cortical Data, 46Fa366. indeterminate fragment (Table 18). Based Cortex on morphological and technological Count Percent Category attributes, the hafted bifaces were identified Cortex Absent 111 97.4 as Late Archaic points (n=2) and a drill of Cortex Present 3 2.6 unknown age and affiliation. Provenience Total 114 100.0 and metric data are provided in Table 18.

Discussion: Site 46Fa366 is an open-air Late Archaic settlement systems and lithic scatter/camp tentatively dating to the organization. The shallow nature of the Late Archaic temporal period, at cultural deposit at the site suggests that one approximately 2000 B.C. The type and goal of future work, should it be conducted, quantity of artifacts recovered from STPs would be to examine the spatial distribution indicates a variety of activities may have of artifacts and any features that might be been conducted at the site during one or present for the purpose of identifying more episodes of occupation. Observations activity areas and documenting site made during pedestrian survey and shovel structure. probing indicate that the soil profile remains NRHP Assessment: Potentially eligible. relatively intact and the site retains a high degree of physical integrity. Based on the general lack of information available for upland Late Archaic sites in Fayette County, the site is considered to have a potential to provide significant information regarding

Figure 26. Modified implements, 46Fa366.

Table 18. Catalogue of Biface Fragments, 46Fa366. Max Max Max Cat Raw Basal Blade Weight Provenience Portion Thickness Width Length Total # Material Margin Margins (g) (mm) (mm) (mm) 20 STP B-6 KBF Indeterminate ------1 22 STP B-7 KBF Distal ------1 23 STP B-8 KBF Distal - Excurvate 9.47 41.67 - - 1 26 STP C-4 KBF Complete Excurvate Straight 9.77 20.47 30.45 4.9 1 Total 4

Table 19. Catalogue of Hafted Biface, 46Fa366. Hafted Max Max Max Cat Raw Cross Haft Weight STP Biface Portion Thickness Width Length Total # Material Section Element (grams) Type (mm) (mm) (mm) 21 B-6 KBF Drill Distal - - 9.79 7.35 - - 1 Indeterminate Partial – Late Possible Side 24 B-8 KBF Base Elliptical 7.41 18.83 - 4.2 1 Archaic / Corner Missing Notch Stemmed 25 A-8 KBF Late Complete Round Contracting 11.97 17.57 35.44 5.7 1 Archaic Total 3

surface and subsurface contexts. No 46Fa367 evidence of disturbance from looting or USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle: 1969 Fayetteville, other activities was observed. Soil profiles WV (revised 1976) consisted of a 5-10 cm (1.9-3.9 in) thick UTM coordinates: Z-17, N4207629, brown (10YR5/3) sandy loam over a mottled E490575 yellowish brown (10YR5/6) and dark Elevation: 600.6 m (1970 ft) above msl yellowish brown (10YR4/6) sandy clay. Size: 8-x-1.5 m (26.2-x-4.9 ft) The floor of the shelter was dry and Components: Unknown Prehistoric relatively free of breakdown. Closest named water: Unnamed feeder of Materials Recovered: Materials Wolf Creek recovered from 46Fa367 consist of 15 lithic Type of nearest water: Permanent artifacts and one .22 caliber shell (Table 20). Topographic Setting: Hillside/bench Slope: 15-30% Soil type: Dekalb channery loam, 30-40% Table 20. Artifact Classes, 46Fa367. slopes (DcE). Artifact Class Count Percent Description: Site 46Fa367 is a south Lithic Flake 14 87.5 facing rock shelter of unknown age and Debris cultural affiliation overlooking an unnamed Modified Lithic 1 6.3 tributary of Wolf Creek (Figures 10, 27-29). Implements The shelter is 8 m (26.2 ft) in length and has Historic 1 6.3 Total 16 100.1 a maximum depth (distance from drip line to back wall) of 1.5 m (5 ft). Maximum height is approximately 1.5 m (5 ft). Pedestrian

survey and shovel probing of the shelter identified prehistoric artifacts in both

Figure 27. Plan map, 46Fa367.

Figure 28. Photograph of 46Fa367, looking east.

Figure 29. Photograph of STP 1 located inside dripline, 46Fa367.

Prehistoric Material Analysis than 0.64 cm (0.25 in); this specimen was (N=15) excluded from the analysis (Table 21). The remaining 13 (92.9%) pieces had Fifteen prehistoric artifacts were technological attributes suggestive of recovered from the site. Of these, eight multiple stages of lithic reduction, although (53.3%) were recovered from the surface no flakes retaining cortex were identified and four (26.7%) were recovered from the (Tables 21 and 22). The entire assemblage subsurface (STP 1) inside the drip line. The is made from KBF. remaining three (20.0 %) artifacts were recovered from an STP excavated in a talus- Modified Implement (n=1) like deposit outside the drip line. Of the 15 One proximal biface fragment, prehistoric artifacts recovered from manufactured from KBF, was recovered 46Fa367, all but one are classified as lithic from 46Fa367 (Figure 30; Table 23). The flake debris. The remaining artifact is a specimen is not culturally or temporally modified implement. diagnostic. Lithic Flake Debris (n=14) Size grading of the lithic flake debris indicated that one (7.1%) piece was smaller

Table 21. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa367 Cat Raw Provenience <1/4” 0NC 0C 1NC 1C 2NC 2C 3NC 3C 4NC 4C Total # Material Surface – 1 Inside Drip KBF 1 - - 2 - 2 - 1 - 1 - 7 Line STP 1 – 2 Inside Drip KBF - - - 1 - 1 - 2 - - - 4 Line STP 2 – 3 Outside Drip KBF - - - 2 - - - 1 - - - 3 Line Total 1 - - 5 - 3 - 4 - 1 - 14 0-4 = Reduction Stage; C = Cortex; NC = No Cortex

Table 22. Flake Debris by Reduction Stage, 46Fa367. Stage Count Percent 0 - Block - 0.0 1 - Early 5 38.4 2 - Middle 3 23.1 3 - Late 4 30.8 4 – Bifacial 1 7.7 Thinning Total 13 100.0

Figure 30. Biface fragment, 46Fa367.

Table 23. Attributes of Biface Fragment, 46Fa367. Maximum Cat Raw Basal Lateral Maximum Provenience Portion Thickness Total # Material Shape Margins Width (mm) (mm) Surface - Inside 4 KBF Proximal Excurvate Straight 8.99 20.27 1 Drip Line Total 1

associated with looting or bioturbation. The Historic Material Analysis (n=1) shelter is dry and the floor is accessible; One .22 caliber rim fire shell was breakdown is not abundant. Pedestrian recovered from STP 1 located inside the survey of the site indicated that lithic shelter (Figure 27; Table 24). artifacts were contained in surface and subsurface contexts. The single STP Discussion: This site represents a excavated inside the shelter extended to a relativey intact rockshelter that lacks depth of 40 cm (15.7 in). However, evidence for any major disturbance recovered artifacts were associated with the

Table 24. Catalogue of Historic Material, 46Fa367. Cat Provenience Group Class Type Attribute 1 Date range Count Percent # STP 1 – Rim fire 5 ARMS Projectiles .22 caliber 1880-2004 1 100 Inside Drip Line cartridge Total 1 100 upper 30 cm (11.8 in) of the profile only. saddle overlooking Toney Hollow (Figures Whether more deeply buried artifacts are 10, 31-32). During the Phase I investigation present is not known. The few artifacts the site area was examined by both recovered from STP 2 outside the dripline pedestrian survey and shovel probing. were associated with the upper 18 cm (7.1 Extensive surface disturbance is present in in) of the soil profile. The single .22 caliber the northwestern part of the site and along cartridge shell might be modern, and an easement for an electric transmission represents the only historic/modern item line. Systematic examination of the site from the site. recovered a small number of lithic artifacts from the surface of the disturbed area; no Although the age and affiliation of the artifacts were recovered from STPs. site are not known and evidence for features was not identified, because of its integrity In the intact part of the site the soil the site is considered to have the potential to profile consisted of a dark yellowish brown contain significant deposits. (10YR4/4) silt loam O horizon from approximately 0-10 cm (0-3.9 in), a NRHP Assessment: Potentially eligible. yellowish brown (10YR5/4) silt loam A

horizon from approximately 10-25 cm (3.9- 46Fa368 9.75 in), and a compact brownish yellow (10YR6/6) silt loam B horizon that extended Quadrangle: USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle: below the base of the STPs (Figure 31). 1969 Fayetteville, WV (revised 1976) UTM coordinates: Z-17, N4206906, Materials Recovered: Materials from E491385 46Fa368 consist of eight pieces of KBF Elevation: 600.6 m (1970 ft) above msl lithic debris recovered from two STPs and Size: 40-x-x 40 m (131.2-x-131.2 ft) disturbed areas along an access road and Components: Unknown Prehistoric utility easement (Table 25). Two (25%) Closest named water: Stream in Toney pieces of lithic debris smaller than 0.64 cm Hollow (0.25 in) were excluded from the analysis Type of nearest water: Permanent (Table 42). The remaining six (75%) pieces Topographic Setting: Gap/saddle retained technological attributes suggestive Slope: 0-5% of early and late reduction (Tables 25 and Soil type: Dekalb channery loam, 30-40% 26). Four (66.7%) of the flakes used in the slopes (DcE). analysis lack cortex (Table 25). Description: This site represents a low- density lithic scatter located in a ridgetop

Figure 31. Plan map, 46Fa368.

Figure 32. Photograph of 46Fa368, looking south.

Table 25. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa368 Cat Raw Provenience <1/4” 0NC 0C 1NC 1C 2NC 2C 3NC 3C 4NC 4C Total # Material Surface - 1 KBF - - - 1 1 - - 1 - - - 3 Road Surface - 2 KBF 2 - - 1 ------3 Power line 3 STP 1 KBF - - - 1 ------1 4 STP 2 KBF - - - - 1 ------1 Total 2 - - 3 2 - - 1 - - - 8 0-4 = Reduction Stage; C = Cortex; NC = No Cortex

Table 26. Flake Debris by Reduction Size: 45-x-15 (147.6-x-49.2 ft) Stage, 46Fa368. Components: Unknown Prehistoric Closest named water: Unnamed tributaries Stage Count Percentage of Toney Hollow 0 - Block - 0.0 Type of nearest water: Intermittent 1 - Early 5 83.3 Topographic Setting: Hillside/bench 2 - Middle - 0.0 Slope: 3-5% 3 - Late 1 16.7 Soil type: DeKalb channery loam 30-40% 4 – Bifacial - 0.0 slopes (DcE). Thinning Total 6 100.0 Description: This site is identified as a low-density lithic scatter located on a toe slope between two unnamed tributaries of Discussion: This site is interpreted as a Toney Hollow (Figures 10, 33-35). The site short-term camp or station of unknown age area is forested with the ground surface and cultural affiliation. Based on the type being covered with forest litter. The area and number of artifacts recovered, it is containing the site was examined by both evident that site activities included a minor pedestrian survey and shovel probing. A amount of chert working. Evidence for systematic walk-over survey of the site area other activities was not discovered. Existing failed to find any evidence for artifacts or information indicates cultural deposits are other cultural deposits. The subsurface associated with surface and shallow investigation consisted of the excavation of subsurface contexts; the site does not have 32 STPs, of which three (9.8%) were the potential to contain buried deposits. positive. Given the small number of artifacts identified and the disturbed nature of part of The typical soil profile at the site the site, the site is not considered to have a consisted of a dark yellowish brown potential to provide significant information (10YR3/4) to yellowish brown (10YR4/6) that could be used to reconstruct past silt loam A horizon from 0-30 cm (0-11.8 lifeways. in) and a yellowish brown (10YR5/6) silty clay B horizon that extended below the base NRHP Assessment: Not eligible. of the STPs. 46Fa369 Materials Recovered: Analysis of the materials recovered from the site identified USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle: 1969 Fayetteville, three pieces of lithic debris and one WV (revised 1976) modified tool (Table 27). These four UTM coordinates: Z-17, N4207324, artifacts were recovered from three STPs. E491350 Elevation: 521.95 m (1712 ft) above msl

Figure 33. Plan map, 46Fa369.

Figure 34. Photograph of 46Fa369, looking southwest.

Figure 35. Photograph of typical STP, 46Fa369.

Lithic Flake Debris Analysis and late stage reduction (Tables 28 and 29). (n=3) None of the flakes retain cortex. All of the flake debris recovered from Table 27. Artifact Classes, 46Fa369. the site was made from KBF. One (33.3%) Artifact Class Count Percent of the flakes was smaller 0.64 cm (0.25 in) Lithic Flake 3 75.0 and excluded from the analysis (Table 28). Debris The remaining two (66.7%) pieces retained Modified Lithic 1 25.0 technological attributes suggestive of early Implements Total 4 100.0

Table 28. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa369 Cat Raw Provenience <1/4” 0NC 0C 1NC 1C 2NC 2C 3NC 3C 4NC 4C Total # Material 1 STP B-2 KBF 1 ------1 2 STP B-3 KBF - - - 1 - - 1 - - - 2 Total 1 - - 1 - - - 1 - - - 3 0-4 = Reduction Stage; C = Cortex; NC = No Cortex

Table 29. Flake Debris by Reduction Stage, 46Fa369. Stage Count Percent 0 - Block - 0.0 1 - Early 1 50.0 2 - Middle - 0.0 3 - Late 1 50.0 4 – Bifacial - 0.0 Thinning Total 2 100.0

Modified Implement (n=1) Figure 36. Biface fragment, 46Fa369. One distal biface fragment, also manufactured from KGB, was recovered from the site (Figure 36; Table 30).

Table 30. Attributes of Biface Fragment, 46Fa369. Maximum Cat Raw Maximum Weight Provenience Portion Thickness Total # Material Width (mm) (g) (mm) 3 STP B-1 KBF Distal 4.32 12.59 0.9 1

Discussion: This site appears to have a potential to contain buried cultural represent a short-term camp or station of deposits. Based on extant information the unknown age and cultural affiliation. site is considered to have little or no Identified site deposits are contained in the potential to provide significant information. upper part of the soil profile in surface and NRHP Assessment: Not eligible. shallow subsurface contexts. No evidence for features or midden was discovered, and based on landscape position the site does not

46Fa370 northeastern tending toe slope at the confluence of Adkins Branch and Wolf USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle: 1969 Fayetteville, Creek (Figures 10; 37-39). The historic WV (revised 1976) component consists of a 7.0-x-7.5 m (23-x- UTM coordinates: Z-17, N4207551, 24 ft) sandstone structural foundation, with E490133 two interior depressions, one in the Elevation: 584.1 m (1916 ft) above msl southwest corner that is filled with rubble, Size: 100-x-15 m (328 ft by 49.2 ft) and another at the northeastern corner that is Components: Twentieth century; Early & free of debris. Three piles of sandstone, Late Archaic presumably from field clearing activities, are Closest named water: Adkins Branch of located 25 m, 35 m, and 45 m (82 ft, 114 ft, Wolf Creek and 147 ft) northeast of the foundation. Type of nearest water: Permanent Also, a 208 liter (55 gal) steel drum, farm Topographic Setting: Hillside/bench machinery, and various cans and buckets are Slope: 3-5% located across the surface of the site. A Soil type: Atkins silt loam (At) house or farmstead is not depicted for this Description: 46Fa370 is a location on the 1928 USGS Fayetteville 15’ multicomponent site with historic and Quadrangle. prehistoric components located on a

Figure 37. Plan map, 46Fa370.

Figure 38. Photograph of foundation remnant at 46Fa370, looking southwest.

Figure 39. Photograph of typical STP, 46Fa370.

The prehistoric component consists of a (n=87) and prehistoric (n=51) artifacts low-density lithic scatter, which based on (Table 31). the recovery to two hafted biface fragments dates to the Early and Late Archaic temporal Prehistoric Material Analysis periods. Prehistoric lithic artifacts were (n=51) recovered from eight (28.6%) of the 28 Fifty-one prehistoric artifacts were STPs excavated in the site area. recovered from eight STPs. Technological The typical soil profile at the site analysis of these materials identified 48 consists of a black (10YR2/1) O horizon pieces of lithic flake debris and three from 0-12 cm (0-4.7 in), a yellowish brown modified implements. (10YR5/6) sandy loam textured A horizon Lithic Flake Debris Analysis from 12-22 cm (4.7-8.7 in), and a yellowish brown (10YR5/6), reddish yellow (5YR6/8), (n=48) and reddish yellow (7.5YR6/6) clay loam Size grading of the flake debris with rocky inclusions B horizon that extends identified 21 (43.8%) pieces smaller than below the base of the STPs. 0.64 cm (0.25 in); these pieces are excluded Table 31. Artifact Classes, 46Fa370. from the analysis (Table 32). The remaining 27 (56.2%) pieces retain technological Artifact Class Count Percent attributes suggestive of multiple stages of Lithic Flake 48 34.8 Debris lithic reduction, with late stage flakes most Modified Lithic common (Tables 32 and 33). Analysis of 3 2.2 Implements debris greater than 0.64 cm (0.25 in) also Historic 87 63.0 indicates that the overwhelming majority Total 138 100.0 (n=24; 88.9%) lacks cortex (Table 34). The cortex observed on the remaining three flakes was not of sufficient size to allow for Materials Recovered: Materials meaningful analysis. recovered from the site consist of historic

Table 32. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa370 Cat Raw Provenience <1/4” 0NC 0C 1NC 1C 2NC 2C 3NC 3C 4NC 4C Total # Material 22 STP A-5 KBF 12 - - 1 1 - - 3 - 1 - 18 23 STP A-8 KBF ------1 - - - 1 24 STP A-9 KBF 3 ------4 - - - 7 25 STP A-10 KBF ------1 - - - 1 26 STP B-2 Hillsdale ------2 - - - 2 27 STP B-2 KBF ------1 - 1 28 STP B-3 KBF 1 ------1 STP A-5 29 KBF 4 - - 1 1 - - 4 - - - 10 W+5 STP A-5 30 Newman ------1 - - - 1 W+10 STP A-5 31 KBF 1 - - - - 2 - 2 1 - - 6 W+10 Total 21 - - 2 2 2 - 18 1 2 - 48 0-4 = Reduction Stage; C = Cortex; NC = No Cortex

Table 33. Flake Debris by Reduction Modified Implements (n=3) Stage, 46Fa370. Stage Count Percent Three modified implements were 0 - Block - 0.0 recovered from 46Fa370. These include one 1 - Early 4 14.8 biface fragment and one complete and one 2 - Middle 2 7.4 fragmented hafted biface (Figure 40). One 3 - Late 18 66.7 of these implements is made of KBF, with 4 – Bifacial Thinning 3 11.1 the other two being made from unidentified Total 27 100.0 materials. The small biface fragment (46Fa370.34) Table 34. Cortical Data, 46Fa370. is not culturally or temporally diagnostic Cortex Category Count Percent (Table 35). The hafted bifaces are Absent 24 88.9 identified as the base of an Early Archaic Present 3 11.1 bifurcate (46Fa370.32) and a heavily Total 27 100.0 reworked Middle Woodland Snyders-like point (46Fa370.33) (Table 36). However, Except for single pieces of flake debris both identifications should be considered made from Hillsdale and Newman cherts, tentative. the flake debris from the site was made from locally available KBF. The source locations Table 35. Attributes of Biface Fragment, 46Fa370. for these materials are depicted in Figure 3. Cat Raw STP Portion Total # Material 34 A-9 KBF Indeterminate 1

Figure 40. Modified implements, 46Fa370.

Table 36. Catalogue of Hafted Bifaces, 46Fa370. Max. Max. Max. Cat Raw Type/Age Cross Haft Weight STP Portion Thickness Width Length Total # Material Section Element (g) (mm) (mm) (mm) Bifurcate? - 32 A-5 Unidentified Early Proximal - - - - 1 1 Bifurcate Archaic Snyders? Expanding 33 A-9 Unidentified Middle Complete Elliptical 7.72 21.65 25.92 3. 1 Stem Woodland Total 2

Domestic Group represent 25.2 percent of Historic Material Analysis the historic assemblage (Table 38). (n=87) The assemblage of Domestic Group Eighty-seven historic period artifacts artifacts was comprised mostly of glass and were recovered from surface and shallow ceramic wares. The remaining artifacts subsurface contexts in and around the consist of a non-diagnostic metal can. Clear sandstone foundation (Table 37; Figure 41). or colorless glass dominates the glass Artifacts from the Domestic, Architecture, container assemblage, with single fragments Clothing, Communications and Education, of aqua glass and opaque white glass also Furnishings, Maintenance and Subsistence represented (Table 39). All five of the and Unidentified groups were recovered ceramic sherds in the assemblage are (Table 38). ironstone, with four (80%) plain and one Domestic Group (n=22) (20%) decorated with decalcomania (Table 39). Analysis of the artifact assemblage indicated that items belonging to the

Table 37. Catalogue of Historic Artifacts, 46FA370. Catalogue Date Provenience Group Class Discard Count # Range Undiagnostic 46Fa370.1 Surface Domestic Yes N/A 1 Container Glass Undiagnostic 1890- 46Fa370.2 Surface Domestic Yes 1 Container Glass 2004 1903- 46Fa370.3 Surface Domestic ABM No 2 2004 Maintenance and 46Fa370.4 Surface Transportation No N/A 1 Subsistence Maintenance and 46Fa370.5 Surface Transportation No N/A 1 Subsistence 46Fa370.6 Surface Unidentified Multiple materials No N/A 1 1880- 46Fa370.7 STP A-5 Architecture Nails No 6 2004 46Fa370.8 STP A-5 Architecture Nails Yes N/A 2 46Fa370.9 STP A-5 Architecture Flat Glass No 1890 1 1940- 46Fa370.10 STP A-5 Clothing Buttons No 1 2004 1840- 46Fa370.11 STP A-5 Domestic Ceramics No 4 2004 Metal Food 1839- 46Fa370.12 STP A-5 Domestic Yes 4 Container 2004

Catalogue Date Provenience Group Class Discard Count # Range Communication and 46Fa370.13 STP A-5 Writing Implements No N/A 2 Education 46Fa370.14 STP A-5 Furnishings Lighting Yes N/A 1 Maintenance and 46Fa370.15 STP A-5 General Hardware No N/A 1 Subsistence Maintenance and 46Fa370.16 STP A-5 Fuels Yes N/A 1 Subsistence 46Fa370.17 STP A-5 Unidentified Metal Yes N/A 1 46Fa370.17 STP A-5 Unidentified Plastic Yes N/A 1 Unidentified 46Fa370.17 STP A-5 Unidentified Yes N/A 1 Material 1880- 46Fa370.18 STP B-3 Domestic Ceramics No 1 2004 Undiagnostic 1864- 46Fa370.19 STP B-3 Domestic No 8 Container Glass 2004 1880- 46Fa370.20 STP A-5 Architecture Nails No 1 2004 Undiagnostic 1864- 46Fa370.21 STP A-5 Domestic Yes 1 Container Glass 2004 46Fa370.35 STP A-5 Architecture Flat Glass No 1881 3 46Fa370.35 STP A-5 Architecture Flat Glass No 1890 8 46Fa370.35 STP A-5 Architecture Flat Glass No 1898 25 46Fa370.35 STP A-5 Architecture Flat Glass No 1906 6 46Fa370.35 STP A-5 Architecture Flat Glass No 1915 1 Total 87

Figure 41. Representative historic artifacts, 46Fa370.

Table 38 . Frequency of Historic Artifacts by Group, 46Fa370. Group Count Percent Architecture 53 60.9 Clothing 1 1.2 Communication and Education 2 2.3 Domestic 22 25.2 Furnishings 1 1.2 Maintenance and Subsistence 4 4.6 Unidentified 4 4.6 Total 87 100.0

Table 39. Domestic Group Artifacts, 46Fa370. Class Type Attributes Date Range Count Percent ABM Clear glass External Thread 1903-2004 2 9.1 Ceramic Ironstone Decal 1880-2004 1 4.5 Ceramic Ironstone Plain 1840-2004 4 18.2 Unidentified Metal Food Can Undiagnostic Fragment 1839-2004 4 18.2 Container Fragment UCF Aqua glass - N/A 1 4.5 UCF Clear glass - 1864-2004 9 41 Opaque UCF - 1890-2004 1 4.5 white glass Total 22 100 ABM = Automatic Bottle Machine; UCF = Undiagnostic Container Fragment

Architecture Group (n=53) and does not depict a building at the location of 46Fa370. Items belonging to the Architecture Group represent 60.9 percent of the historic Other artifacts belonging to the assemblage (Table 38). The overwhelming Architectural Group consist of wire nails, majority (n=44; 83.0%) are pieces of which post-date 1880 (Table 40). window glass, the thickness of which has Maintenance and Subsistence been shown to be temporally sensitive. Of the 44 pieces recovered, 25 (56.8%) date Group (n=4) from 1898. The remaining sherds date from Maintenance and Subsistence Group 1881, 1890, 1906, and 1915 (Table 40). All artifacts comprise 4.6 percent of the historic of the calculated dates are earlier than the artifact assemblage and included a fragment historic maps examined during the records of coal, a tack, and two vehicle parts (Tables search, the earliest of which dated to 1919 38 and 41).

Table 40. Architecture Group Artifacts, 46Fa370. Type Attribute Date Range Count Percent Window Glass 2 mm 1881 3 5.7 Window Glass 2.1 mm 1890 9 17.0 Window Glass 2.2 mm 1898 25 47 Window Glass 2.3 mm 1906 6 11.3 Window Glass 2.4 mm 1915 1 1.9 Wire Nail 10d 1880-2004 1 1.9 Wire Nail 20d 1880-2004 1 1.9

Type Attribute Date Range Count Percent Wire Nail 2d 1880-2004 1 1.9 Wire Nail 2d 1880-2004 1 1.9 Wire Nail 4d 1880-2004 1 1.9 Wire Nail 8d 1880-2004 2 3.8 Wire Nail Fragment 1880-2004 2 3.8 Total 53 100

Table 41. Maintenance and Subsistence Group Artifacts, 46Fa370. Class Type Attribute Count Percent Fuels Coal - 1 25.0 General Hardware General Hardware Iron/Steel 1 25.0 Chrome Gas Tank Transportation Vehicle Part 1 25.0 Cap Transportation Vehicle Part Tire / tube 1 25.0 Total 4 100.0

earlier than 1919 – the earliest date from Remaining Artifact Groups which available maps were found. This is (n=8) the case for almost all of the window glass, A fragment of lamp chimney which is perhaps the most temporally (Furnishings Group), a button (Clothing sensitive artifact class from the site. Group), and two fragments of pencil lead Analysis of the artifact assemblage (Communication and Education Group) indicates complete date ranges of were also recovered (Table 59). The manufacture are available for only 44 remaining four artifacts could not be (50.6%) artifacts (Table 43), all of which identified (Table 42). come from window glass. The remaining 43 Dates of Manufacture (49.4%) artifacts either lack dates of manufacture or have open-ended dates of Dates of manufacture for temporally manufacture, suggesting they could have diagnostic artifacts generally point to an been manufactured at any time from their occupation dating from the last quarter of first date of manufacture to the present. the nineteenth century and the first quarter However, when combined with the window of the twentieth century. However, glass data, the absence of wrought or cut indications of earlier and later periods of nails suggests the site was likely occupied occupation/use are also evident (Table 43). after 1880. Several of the dates suggest a period of use

Table 42. Artifacts from other Groups, 46Fa370. Group Class Type Attribute Date Range Count Furnishings Lighting Lamp Chimney Glass To 1940 1 Flat, one piece, two Clothing Buttons Sew-Through 1940-2004 1 holes, plastic Communication and - Pencil Lead only Not Available 2 Education Combination of Unidentified Metal - Not Available 1 Materials Multiple Unidentified - - Not Available 1 Materials Unidentified Plastic Unidentified Amorphous Not Available 1 Material Unidentified - - Not Available 1 Unidentified Total 8

Table 43. Frequency of Date Ranges of Manufacture, 46Fa370. Minimum Date of Maximum Date of Count Percent Manufacture Manufacture None 2004 13 14.9 None 1940 1 1.2 1839 2004 4 4.6 1840 2004 4 4.6 1864 2004 9 10.3 1880 2004 8 9.2 1881 1881 3 3.4 1890 2004 1 1.2 1890 1890 9 10.3 1898 1898 25 28.7 1903 2004 2 2.3 1906 1906 6 6.9 1915 1915 1 1.2 1940 2004 1 1.2 Total 87 100.0

development of a stratified record of Discussion: The site’s prehistoric occupation, materials resulting from the component is represented by lithic flake various episodes of occupation, some of debris and tools. Analysis of the flake which are culturally and temporally discrete, debris indicates that on-site chert working become mixed. The general lack of activities probably include some biface stratified deposits and features limits the manufacture and/or maintenance and repair potential for these sites to provide valuable of completed or nearly completed tools information. On this basis and the fact that a carried to the site during settlement shifts. large part of the site has been impacted by Information for the age and affiliation of the the more recent historic period occupation, site is obtained from two basal fragments of the prehistoric component is not considered hafted bifaces. One small proximal to have a potential to provide significant specimen appears to represent a late Early information useful for reconstructing past Archaic bifurcate base point, dating to lifeways. approximately 6500 to 6000 B.C. (Justice 1987). The other specimen has a broad side- All 87 historic artifacts were recovered notched to stemmed haft element and is from two STPs and surface contexts morphologically similar to Middle associated with the structural foundation Woodland Snyders points. However, a Late remnant present at the site. The assemblage Archaic affiliation cannot be ruled out. of historic materials is dominated by items belonging to the Architecture and Domestic Early Archaic hunter-gatherers were groups. Window glass from the assemblage highly mobile and exploited a wide variety (n=44) has an average date of 1896. While of upland and valley resources. Most upland the thickness of window glass can be used as sites tend to represent short-term camps or a dating tool, late nineteenth and twentieth stations, some of which were occupied century window glass can be difficult to date repeatedly over long periods of time. Less using Moir’s formula, which works best is known about Middle Woodland with earlier nineteenth century assemblages. occupation in the area, although sites dating Moir did not intend for his method to be to the period have been recorded along the used as a stand alone dating tool, but rather New River. anticipated it being used in concert with Because upland environments typically other temporal data derived from material are not conducive to site burial and the assemblages.

The only nails recovered from the site Closest named water: Unnamed tributary were wire nails, which generally date after of Adkins Branch 1880. In regard to other datable artifacts, Type of nearest water: Permanent these included fragments of Automatic Topographic Setting: Hillside Bottle Machine glass, post-dating 1903, Slope: 5-10% ironstone ceramics dating after 1880, and Soil type: Shelocta silt loam, 10-20% slopes opaque white glass dating after 1890. The (ShC) site assemblage also included rubber tire or Description: This site is a northeast tube fragments, a chrome gas cap from an facing rockshelter located above an automobile, and various types of plastic. unnamed tributary of Adkins Branch. The The site does not appear on the 1919, site is located under a large boulder that has 1928, or 1969 topographic maps, which broken away from the surrounding hillside, hampers the establishment of beginning and and is shared by site 46Fa278 (Figures 10, ending dates of occupation. However, the 42-44). The rockshelter is approximately 6 artifact assemblage suggests that the site m (19.6 ft) in length and 2.2 m (7.21 ft) in dates minimally to the turn of the twentieth depth. The shelter is almost completely century. The presence of automobile parts, filled with large pieces of breakdown; plastic and other modern items suggest it ceiling height is approximately 1.5 m (4.9 was occupied for a considerable period. ft). The breakdown restricts access to the Due to the relatively long period of floor, and possibly seals some cultural occupation and the mixed and limited nature deposits. A screen left at the site by looters of the artifact assemblage, the site’s historic was located in the open and previously component is considered to have little or no excavated part of the site. A single STP was potential to provide significant information. placed approximately 1.5 m (5 ft) outside the dripline in an area that appeared NRHP Assessment: Not eligible. relatively undisturbed. The soil profile for

this probe consisted of a very dark grayish Previously Recorded Sites brown (10YR3/2) silt loam O/A horizon from 0-12 cm (0-4.7 in), a transitional As part of this survey three previously yellowish brown (10YR5/6) A/B horizon recorded sites, 46Fa277, 46Fa278, and from 12-20 cm (4.7-7.8 in), and a brownish 46Fa279 were identified and examined. yellow (10YR6/6) B horizon with sandy Each of these sites is a rockshelter identified clay texture to a depth extending below the by Craig Ferrell and Mike Mattson in 1997. base of the STP. Two of the sites, 46Fa277 and 46Fa278 are located beneath the same large boulder, Materials Recovered: Materials while site 46Fa279 is located a short recovered from 46Fa277 consist entirely of distance north. Each of the sites has been prehistoric lithic debris of KBF recovered extensively looted. from a single STP excavated outside the dripline (Table 44). The debris retains 46Fa277 technological attributes suggestive of USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle: 1969 Fayetteville, multiple stages of lithic reduction, with WV (revised 1976) flakes diagnostic of early, middle and late UTM coordinates: Z-17, N4207259, stage reduction being identified (Tables 44 E490516 and 45). Careful examination of the flakes Elevation: 591.9 m (1942 ft) above msl failed to find any evidence for cortex. Size: 6-x-2.2 m (19.6-x-7.21 ft) Reported Components: Early Archaic, Early & Late Woodland

Figure 42. Plan and profile drawing of 46Fa277, 46Fa278, and 46Fa279.

Figure 43. Photograph of 46Fa277, looking southwest.

Figure 44. Photograph of STP located outside the dripline, 46Fa277.

Table 44. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa277. Cat Raw Provenience <1/4” 0NC 0C 1NC 1C 2NC 2C 3NC 3C 4NC 4C Total # Material STP 4 – 1 Outside Drip KBF - - - 2 - 2 - 1 - - - 5 Line Total - - - 2 - 2 - 1 - - - 5 0-4 = Reduction Stage; C = Cortex; NC = No Cortex

Table 45. Flake Debris by Reduction diagnostic hafted bifaces dating to the Early Stage, Site 46Fa277. Archaic and Early and Late Woodland temporal periods. Whether the disturbance Stage Count Percentage to the site identified during this study was 0 - Block - 0.0 1 - Early 2 40.0 present at the time the site was recorded in 2 - Middle 2 40.0 1997 is not known. 3 - Late 1 20.0 Careful examination of sifted spoil piles 4 – Bifacial - 0.0 failed to identify any evidence that feature Thinning deposits were encountered by the looters; no Total 5 100.0 evidence for bone, carbonized botanical material, shell, ceramics, or burned earth Discussion: This extensively disturbed was identified. Although intact cultural site appears to represent a short-term camp deposits might be present beneath large or station that was probably occupied during pieces of roof fall, the lack of evidence in several discrete period of prehistory. Ferrell the spoil for the types of materials noted and Mattson report the recovery of above suggests such deposits, if present,

would provided limited information. The (Figures 10, 42, 45-46). The site is located exposed areas of the shelter have been under a large boulder that has broken away excavated and lack integrity. from the surrounding hillside, and is shared by site 46Fa277. The rockshelter is NRHP Assessment: Not eligible. approximately 7.2 m (23.6 ft) in length and

2.2 m (7.2 ft) in maximum depth; the depth 46Fa278 gradually decreases to 0.7 m (2.3 ft) in the southwestern portion of the shelter. USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle: 1969 Fayetteville, Maximum ceiling height is 2.3 m (7.5 ft). WV (revised 1976) The shelter contains only a few sizeable UTM coordinates: Z-17, N4207259, pieces of breakdown located primarily at the E490516 southeastern end. The shelter has been Elevation: 591.9 m (1942 ft) above msl extensively looted. An STP placed in a Size: 7.2-x-2.2 m (23.6-x-7.2 ft) relatively undisturbed location just outside Reported Components: Early Archaic & the dripline exposed a soil profile consisting Late Woodland (Ferrell & Mattson 1997) of a very dark grayish brown (10YR3/2) silt Identified Components: Late Woodland? loam A horizon from 0-12 cm (0-4.7 in), a & Late Prehistoric transitional yellowish brown (10YR5/6) silt Closest named water: Unnamed tributary loam A/B horizon from 12-20 cm (4.7-7.8 of Adkins Branch in), and a brownish yellow (10YR6/6) sandy Type of nearest water: Permanent clay B horizon that extended below the base Topographic Setting: Hillside of the probe. Slope: 5-10% Soil type: Shelocta silt loam, 10-20% slopes Materials Recovered: The 62 artifacts (ShC) recovered from the site consist primarily of prehistoric lithics, one ceramic vessel sherd, Description: This site is a northwest and five historic container glass fragments facing rockshelter located above an (Table 46). unnamed tributary of Adkins Branch

Figure 45. Photograph of 46Fa278, looking southeast.

Figure 46. Photograph of STP, 46Fa278.

Table 46. Artifact Classes, 46Fa278. Lithic Analysis (n=56) Artifact Class Count Percent Technological analysis of the lithic Lithic Flake 52 83.9 assemblage identified 52 (92.9%) pieces of Debris flake debris and four (7.1%) modified Modified Lithic 4 6.5 implements. All lithic artifacts from the site Implements are made from local KBF. Prehistoric 1 1.6 Ceramic Lithic Flake Debris (n=52) Historic 5 8.1 Total 62 100.1 Analysis of the lithic flake debris identified 14 (26.9%) pieces smaller than 0.64 cm (0.25 in), which were excluded Prehistoric Material Analysis from the analysis (Table 47). The remaining 38 (73.1%) pieces retained technological (N=57) attributes indicative of multiple stages of Fifty-seven prehistoric artifacts were lithic reduction, with flakes diagnostic of recovered from 46Fa278, with 43 (75.4 %) late stage reduction being most common being recovered from an STP located (Tables 47 and 48). Analysis of debris outside the dripline, and the remaining 14 greater than 0.64 cm (0.25 in) also indicates (24.6 %) being collected from the screened that the overwhelming majority (n=35; soil located adjacent to looter pits 92.1%) of the specimens lack cortex (Tables underneath the dripline. Analysis of the 49). assemblage identified 56 pieces of lithic flake debris and one ceramic vessel sherd.

Table 47. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa278 Cat Raw Provenience <1/4” 0NC 0C 1NC 1C 2NC 2C 3NC 3C 4NC 4C Total # Material Surface – 1 Inside Drip KBF - - - 3 2 5 - 1 - - - 11 Line STP 3 – 2 Outside Drip KBF 14 - - 3 - 4 1 16 - 3 - 41 Line Total 14 - - 6 2 9 1 17 - 3 - 52 0-4 = Reduction Stage; C = Cortex; NC = No Cortex

Table 48. Flake Debris by Reduction Modified Implements (n=4) Stage, 46Fa278. Stage Count Percent Four modified chipped stone 0 - Block - 0.0 implements were recovered from 46Fa278. 1 - Early 8 21.1 These include three biface fragments and 2 - Middle 10 26.3 one hafted biface (Figure 47). All four 3 - Late 17 44.7 implements are made of KBF. 4 – Bifacial 3 7.9 The three non-diagnostic biface Thinning fragments consist of two distal fragments Total 38 100.0 and one proximal fragment (Table 50). The

hafted biface is identified as belonging to Table 49. Cortical Data, 46Fa278. the Late Woodland/Mississippian Triangular Cortex Cluster defined by Justice (1987). Metric Count Percent Category and morphological data are provided in Absent 49 94.2 Table 51. Present 3 5.8 Total 52 100.0

Figure 47. Modified implements, 46Fa278.

Figure 48. Ceramic vessel sherd, 46Fa278.

Table 50. Catalogue of Biface Fragments, 46Fa278. Maximum Maximum Cat Raw Basal Blade Provenience Portion Thickness Width Total # Material Shape Margins (mm) (mm) STP 3 – 3 Outside Drip KBF Distal - - - - 1 Line Surface – 4 Inside Drip KBF Distal - Excurvate 15.5 40.34 1 Line Surface – 5 Inside Drip KBF Proximal Excurvate Straight 6.20 19.90 1 Line Total 3

Table 51. Catalogue of Hafted Biface, 46Fa278. Hafted Max. Max. Max. Cat Raw Cross Haft Weight Provenience Biface Portion Thickness Width Length Total # Material Section Element (g) Type (mm) (mm) (mm) Surface – Late 6 Inside Drip KBF Complete Elliptical Straight 5.12 15.95 22.56 1.6 g 1 Prehistoric Line Total 1

Prehistoric Ceramic Analysis This sandstone-tempered body fragment (n=1) weighs 3.0 g and is missing its external surface (Figure 48). The remaining portion One ceramic vessel sherd was recovered is 8.41 mm thick, and is the thickest sherd from STP 3 located outside the dripline. recovered from project area sites despite the

lack of the exterior surface. The sherd has a occupation nearby at 46Fa279 suggests that clayey texture and a moderately friable this sherd may represent the same paste. component, but with only a single damaged sherd, a more certain determination cannot Other attributes are detailed in Table 52. be made. The sandstone temper of the sherd and the possible presence of a late Late Woodland

Table 52. Catalogue of Prehistoric Ceramics, 46Fa278. Particle Mean Cat Exterior Cordage % Weight Prov Temper Type Size Thickness Comments Total # Treatment Twist Temper (g) (mm) (mm) STP 3 – Tool 9 Outside Sandstone Body Indeterminate - 6 5 8.41 3.0 1 marks? Drip Line Total 1

Historic Material Analysis (n=5) located under the dripline. The five specimens were identified as amber glass Five historic artifacts were recovered container fragments. Four of these fragments from 46Fa278. One (20%) was recovered showed evidence of being manufactured by from an STP excavated outside the drip line, an automatic bottle machine (ABM); the and four (80%) were recovered from spoil remaining specimen was very small and piles associated with looting activities lacked diagnostic characteristics (Table 53).

Table 53. Catalogue of Historic Material, 46Fa278. Cat # Provenience Group Class Type Attribute 1 Date range Count Percent 7 Surface – Inside Drip Line Domestic ABM Amber glass 1903-1940 3 60.0 7 Surface – Inside Drip Line Domestic ABM Amber glass Owen's mold 1903-1940 1 20.0 8 STP 3 – Outside Drip Line Domestic UCF Amber glass 1860-2004 1 20.0 Total 5 100.0 ABM = Automatic Bottle Machine; UCF = Undiagnostic Container Fragment.

component probably represents the Discussion: This site represents an deposition of a single piece of glass that was upland rockshelter that was probably subsequently broken. The site is considered occupied multiple times as a camp or station to have little or no potential to provide during hunting and/or gathering forays. The significant information. recovery of a triangular point and a sandstone tempered sherd appear to reflect NRHP Assessment: Not eligible. Woodland and Late Prehistoric occupations. Evidence for the Early Archaic component reported on the site form by Ferrell and 46Fa279 Mattson was not discovered. The site has USGS 7.5’ Quadrangle: 1969 Fayetteville, been extensively looted, and little area WV (revised 1976) inside the shelter remains intact. Although UTM coordinates: Z-17, N4207278, artifacts were also recovered from an STP E490513 outside the dripline, the existing record Elevation: 579.72 m (1902 ft) above msl suggests this context does not contain Size: 9.5-x-2.2 m (31.2-x-7.2 ft) significant deposits. The historic/modern

Reported Components: Early Archaic & end of the shelter. Heavy looting activity Late Woodland (Ferrell and Mattson 1997) has occurred inside the shelter, with much of Closest named water: Adkins Branch of the surface area have been excavated and Wolf Creek screened. Concentrations of lithic flake Type of nearest water: Permanent debris and ceramic vessel sherds were Topographic Setting: Hillside/bench identified on pieces of breakdown and rock Slope: 3-5% ledges in the shelter; these items were Soil type: Shelocta silt loam, 10-20% slopes presumable collected by the individuals that (ShC) looted the site. A screen and two plastic buckets were identified in the southern and Description: This site is a southeast northern portions of the shelter, respectively. facing rockshelter located above an unnamed tributary of Adkins Branch An STP placed in a relatively (Figures 10, 42, 49-51). The site is located undisturbed location just outside the dripline under a rock outcrop attached to the exposed a soil profile consisting of a very surrounding hillside, north of sites 46Fa277 dark grayish brown (10YR3/2) silt loam A and 46Fa278. The rockshelter is horizon from 0-12 cm (0-4.7 in), a approximately 9.5 m (31.2 ft) in length and transitional yellowish brown (10YR5/6) silt 2.2 m (7.2 ft) in maximum depth; the depth loam A/B horizon from 12-20 cm (4.7-7.8 gradually decreasing to the southwest. in), and a brownish yellow (10YR6/6) sandy Maximum ceiling height is 2.6 m (8.5 ft). clay B horizon that extended below the base Most breakdown is located at the northern of the probe.

Figure 49. Photograph of 46Fa279, looking northwest.

Figure 50. Photograph of STP, 46Fa279.

Figure 51. Photograph of artifacts placed on a rock shelf by looters, 46Fa279.

Materials Recovered: Analysis of the Lithic Analysis (N=30) materials recovered from 46Fa279 identified 30 lithic (68.2%) artifacts and 14 (31.8%) Of the 30 lithics artifacts recovered from prehistoric ceramic vessel sherds (Table 54). 46Fa279, 23 (76.7%) were classified as However, 40 (90.9%) of the recovered flake debris and seven (23.3%) as modified specimens were collected from disturbed implements. All prehistoric artifacts from contexts associated with looting activities. the site were made from locally available The remaining four (9.1%) artifacts were KBF. recovered from an STP excavated in a talus- Lithic Flake Debris (N=23) like deposit outside the dripline. Technological analysis of lithic flake debris from the site identified attributes Table 54. Artifact Classes, 46Fa279. indicative of multiple stages of lithic Artifact Class Count Percent reduction, with flakes diagnostic of early Lithic Flake and late stage reduction being most common 23 52.3 Debris (Tables 55 and 56). Analysis of debris Modified Lithic greater than 0.64 cm (0.25 in) indicates that 7 15.9 Implements the overwhelming majority of the specimens Prehistoric 14 31.8 lack cortex (Table 57). The cortex observed Ceramic on the remaining three flakes was not of Total 44 100.0 sufficient size to allow for meaningful analysis.

Table 55. Catalogue of Flake Debris, 46Fa279 Cat Raw Provenience <1/4” 0NC 0C 1NC 1C 2NC 2C 3NC 3C 4NC 4C Total # Material Surface – 1 Inside Drip KBF - 1 1 6 2 2 - 6 - 1 - 19 Line STP 1 – 2 Outside Drip KBF - 1 - 1 - - - 2 - - - 4 Line Total - 2 1 7 2 2 - 8 - 1 - 23 0-4 = Reduction Stage; C = Cortex; NC = No Cortex

Table 56. Flake Debris by Reduction Modified Implements (n=7) Stage, 46Fa279. Stage Count Percent Seven modified implements were 0 - Block 3 13.0 recovered from 46Fa279. These include five 1 - Early 9 39.1 biface fragments, a re-touched flake, and 2 - Middle 2 8.7 one core (Figure 52). All seven implements 3 - Late 8 34.9 are made of KBF. 4 – Bifacial Thinning 1 4.3 The five biface fragments include of one Total 23 100.0 distal, one proximal, one medial, one lateral and one indeterminate fragment (Table 58). Table 57. Cortical Data, 46Fa279. The retouched flake was identified as edge- Cortex Category Count Percent modified and may have functioned as a Present 20 87.0 scraper (Table 59). The core (46Fa279.3) Absent 3 13.0 was recovered from a disturbed context Total 23 100.0 inside the shelter. It is made from KBF and weighs 79.0 g (Figure 52).

Table 58. Catalogue of Biface Fragments, 46Fa279. Maximum Maximum Cat Raw Blade Provenience Portion Basal Shape Thickness Width Total # Material Margins (mm) (mm) Surface – 5 Inside KBF Proximal Excurvate Straight 16.94 34.65 1 Drip Line Surface – 6 Inside KBF Indeterminate Indeterminate - - - 1 Drip Line Surface – 7 Inside KBF Medial - Straight 5.46 16.64 1 Drip Line Surface – 8 Inside KBF Edge - - - - 1 Drip Line Surface – 9 Inside KBF Distal - Straight 5.46 16.40 1 Drip Line Total 5

Table 59. Catalogue of Retouched Flake, 46Fa279. Location Max Max Max Cat Raw Weight Provenience of Type Thickness Width Length Total # Material (g) Retouch (mm) (mm) (mm) Surface - 4 Inside Drip KBF Marginal Scraper? 6.68 14.03 30.53 3.2 1 Line

Figure 52. Modified implements, 46Fa279.

Prehistoric Ceramic Analysis body sherd appears to lack exterior (n=14) cordmarking, but there is evidence that the surface may have been impressed with a Fourteen sherds were recovered during a cord-wrapped dowel as decoration. Both surface collection of disturbed contexts have plain interiors, non-sandy pastes, associated with looting activities. These moderately friable textures. As with the include 11 sherds tempered with an other rock-tempered sherds, attributes unidentified type of crushed rock, two including temper, S-twist cordage, and cord- sherds tempered with sandstone, and one wrapped dowel impression are consistent shell-tempered sherd (Table 60; Figure 53). with the most recent definitions of late Late The sherds tempered with crushed rock Woodland Buck Garden ceramics in the include 10 body sherds and one rim sherd. Fayette County region, circa A.D. 500-1000 The tempering material in these sherds, (Fuerst 1988; Ison et al. 1985). while unidentified, is the same for all 10 One shell-tempered ceramic vessel specimens. The temper is not chert, sherd was recovered. The sherd lacked an limestone, or sandstone, but bears more exterior surface, but the interior surface is similarity to a heat-treated quartzite-like plain, and the non-sandy paste is moderately material. friable. This sherd may represent a Late The rim sherd is plain, with a straight Prehistoric component, circa A.D. 1000 to rim, a square, flat lip, and, unlike the other 1700 (Ison et al. 1985). sherds, a completely oxidized, well-fired Discussion: This badly disturbed site sandy paste. The 10 body sherds are all very appears to represent a multicomponent similar to one another, with somewhat rockshelter, which based on reported and eroded (not smoothed) cordmarked recovered diagnostics was occupied during exteriors, compact textures, and non-sandy the Early Archaic and Late Woodland pastes. S-twist cordage could be observed on temporal periods. The assemblage of one of these sherds, and some possibly recovered and reported materials is incidental tool marks on another sherd, but composed of lithic and ceramic artifacts. no observable decoration was present. The Lacking is evidence for calcined bone, rock temper and S-twist cordage are carbonized botanical remains or wood consistent with the most recent definitions of charcoal, shell, and ground/pecked stone late Late Woodland Buck Garden ceramics implements. Based on the extensiveness of in the Fayette County region, circa A.D. disturbance the site is considered to have a 500-1000 (Fuerst 1988; Ison et al. 1985). low potential to provide significant Two sandstone-tempered sherds were information. recovered. One exhibits a cordmarked NRHP Assessment: Not eligible. exterior with S-twist cordage. The other

Table 60. Catalogue of Prehistoric Ceramics, 46Fa279. Particle Mean Cat Ext. Cordage % Weight Prov Temper Sherd Size Thickness Comments Total # Treatment Twist Temper (g) (mm) (mm) Surface Inside Crushed 10 Body Cordmarked Indeterminate 2-5 5 4.40 21.4 - 9 Drip Rock Line Surface Inside Crushed 10 Body Cordmarked S-Twist 4 5 4,71 1.3 - 1 Drip Rock Line Surface 10 Fine Shell Body Indeterminate - 3 10 5.43 3 - 1 Inside

Particle Mean Cat Ext. Cordage % Weight Prov Temper Sherd Size Thickness Comments Total # Treatment Twist Temper (g) (mm) (mm) Drip Line Surface Inside 10 Sandstone Body Cordmarked S-Twist 4 5 7.23 1.5 - 1 Drip Line Surface Inside 10 Sandstone Body Plain - 4 5 5.95 1.5 CWD Imp. 1 Drip Line Surface Inside Crushed 10 Rim Plain - 5 5 6.15 6.5 - 1 Drip Rock Line 14 Ext. = Exterior; g = grams; CWD Imp. – Cord-Wrapped Dowel Impressed

Figure 53. Prehistoric ceramic sherds, 46Fa279.

(46Fa277-279). Eight of the sites occupy VI. CONCLUSIONS & open-air settings on relatively broad ridgetops with gently sloping sides. The RECOMMENDATIONS remaining four sites are rockshelters, three hase I archaeological survey of the of which have been extensively looted. In P proposed project area resulted in the general, the identified sites are located in identification of nine new sites (46Fa363- forested areas where the ground surface is 370) and three previously recorded sites obscured by forest litter. However, a few

areas of exposed soil associated with project retain a relatively high degree of modern disturbances were also identified. physical integrity, with the most severe areas of disturbance associated with extant Each of the 12 sites contains one or roads, trails, gas wells, and an electric utility more prehistoric components, and one or easement. Although clear evidence for more historic artifacts were recovered from plowzones was not discovered, it is four sites. Analysis of the prehistoric reasonable to assume that at least in some materials suggests the identified sites do not areas of the project area, the upper part of represent permanent habitations, but rather the soil profile has been impacted to various reflect ephemeral short-term camps or degrees by prior logging and perhaps stations associated with hunting and/or agricultural activities. gathering forays. This interpretation is in part based on the generally low densities of Newly discovered rockshelter 46Fa367 artifacts and limited functional reflected by retained a high degree of integrity; no the assemblages. Recovered materials evidence for looting was discovered. typically include a predominance of flake However, the integrity of the three debris of local KBF, and at most a small rockshelters recorded by Ferrell and Mattson number of formal tools consisting primarily in 1997 has been compromised by looting, of bifaces. Small numbers of ceramic vessel in which accessible areas of the shelter sherds were present at a couple of the floors were excavated and screened. rockshelters, although there is no evidence Information obtained from the examination that they were used at these sites for food of spoil piles suggests the density and processing. Lacking from the identified diversity of artifacts at these sites was low. sites is evidence for ground/pecked stone Based on information for the type and implements, subsistence remains and wood integrity of cultural deposits located at the charcoal, non-utilitarian items, and any type sites examined for this study, of deposits suggestive of cultural features or recommendations for National Register organically stained midden. Careful eligibility are provided in Table 61. As examination of screened spoil piles at looted indicated, sites 46Fa366 and 46Fa367 are rockshelters 46Fa277-279 also failed to find recommended as potentially eligible for the any evidence for charcoal or subsistence NRHP. The remaining 10 sites are remains. considered not eligible for the NRHP. Historic period occupation is best It is recommended that sites 46Fa366 represented at multicomponent farmstead and 46Fa367 be avoided by proposed site 46Fa370. Available information developments. If avoidance is not possible indicates that this component, which or feasible, an assessment of NRHP includes structural remains of a foundation eligibility should be performed through the and possible field clearing piles, dates from completion of Phase II testing. No additional the late nineteenth into the twentieth archaeological investigations are century, and includes historic/modern trash recommended for the remaining sites across much of its surface. The farmstead is (46Fa277-279, 362-365, and 368-370) or the not depicted on historic and modern maps project area in general. However, if evidence examined during the records search. The for intact archaeological deposits or human collections from sites 46Fa365, 46Fa367, remains is discovered during project and 46Fa278 include three, one, and five development, work in the area of discovery historic/modern artifacts, respectively. No should cease and the WVSHPO contacted. evidence for historic period occupation was discovered at these sites. Observations recorded for STPs suggest that open-air locations throughout the

Table 61. Identified Sites and National Register Recommendations. UTM Location Cultural NRHP Site Description Condition (All Z-17) Affiliation Recommendation Unknown 46Fa362 N4207135, E489869 Lithic Scatter Intact Not Eligible Prehistoric Unknown 46Fa363 N4207159, E490309 Lithic Scatter Intact Not Eligible Prehistoric Unknown 46Fa364 N4207731, E490835 Lithic Scatter Intact Not Eligible Prehistoric Unknown 46Fa365 N4207062 ,E490777 Lithic Scatter Intact Prehistoric/ Not Eligible Historic 46Fa366 N4207154, E490711 Lithic Scatter Intact Late Archaic Potentially Eligible Unknown 46Fa367 N4207629, E490575 Rockshelter Intact Prehistoric/ Potentially Eligible Historic Unknown 46Fa368 N4206906 ,E491385 Lithic Scatter Intact Not Eligible Prehistoric Unknown 46Fa369 N4207324, E491350 Lithic Scatter Intact Not Eligible Prehistoric Early Archaic, Farmstead/ Partially Middle Woodland? 46Fa370 N4207551, E490133 Not Eligible Lithic Scatter Intact & 20th century Extensively Early Archaic & 46Fa277 N4207259, E490516 Rockshelter Disturbed by Early & Late Not Eligible Looting Woodland Extensively Early Archaic, 46Fa278 N4207259 ,E490516 Rockshelter Disturbed by Late Woodland & Not Eligible Looting Historic Extensively Early Archaic and 46Fa279 N4207278, E490513 Rockshelter Disturbed by Not Eligible Late Woodland Looting

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