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A Prehistoric Quarry Near San José Del Cabo, Baja California Sur, Mexico

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A Prehistoric Quarry Near San José Del Cabo, Baja California Sur, Mexico Taller de San José: A Prehistoric Quarry Near San José del Cabo, Baja California Sur, Mexico Jason L. Toohey Abstract significant challenges to those individuals and institutions who work to preserve the heritage Archaeological survey at Taller de San José, Baja California Sur, Mexico was initiated in July and August of 1999, to obtain resources of Baja California (Bendímez Patterson more comprehensive settlement data for the San José River 2006). It’s safe to say that escalating regional drainage. The fieldwork produced evidence of an ancient andesite quarry; data analyzed at the study site reflect a limited development threatens to destroy archaeological range of activities associated with lithic procurement and tool remains that lie in the way of economic prosperity. processing. The artifact assemblage comprises abundant nodules of grey andesite, one massive stationary boulder-core or anvil, core rejects, hammerstones, and copious debitage. The available Taller de San José was discovered in 1997 by data suggest that Taller de San José was visited sporadically L. Mark Raab, working in conjunction with the by foraging parties or task groups, collecting reduced cores and primary flakes that were rendered into tools and utilized Proyecto Registro de Yacimientos de Fósiles y elsewhere. Sitios Arqueológicos de La Cuenca Buena Vista- San José del Cabo, Baja California Sur. Background Introduction material on the nature of the site has proven to be of lasting value. The field archaeology survey crew In the past three decades, the San José River basin observed a great quantity of artifactual materials has emerged as one of the fastest growing regions related to quarrying and raw-lithic processing. On of Baja California Sur. Although this vast area, the basis of visible geological data, which included which covers roughly 1,240 square kilometers, the ubiquitous outcropping bedrock and poor soil is the setting of rapid population growth, its development as observed in road cuts, arroyos, and archaeological record and research potential, have, erosion channels, the cultural deposits at Taller de until fairly recently, remained largely overlooked by San José seemed to be shallow in depth or limited professional analysts. Only a small fraction of the to a surface component. Judging from these initial San José River drainage has been formally surveyed observations, it was decided that future research at and relatively few sites have been scientifically Taller de San José would incorporate a program of studied. Fast-paced economic development presents mapping and surface collecting. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly, Volume 39, Numbers 2 & 3 38 Toohey To digress, the goal of the ambitious Proyecto resource acquisition strategies in a region that is Registro de Yacimientos de Fósiles y Sitios nearly unknown in an archaeological sense. Arqueológicos de La Cuenca Buena Vista-San José del Cabo, Baja California Sur was to identify Surface survey and systematic collection at Taller and inventory all paleontological and prehistoric de San José revealed ample evidence of ancient archaeological sites within the San José River basin. quarry-use, including concentrations of debitage, Recognizing that Baja California Sur’s fragile core rejects, hammerstones, and one massive assets of heritage resources are threatened with stationary boulder-core or anvil. No finished extinction, Alfonso Rosales-López, Luis Herrera chipped-stone tools or biface thinning flakes Gil, Fermín Reygadas Dahl, and Gerardo González were observed; likewise, the study site lacked Barba (2003), working under a permit issued evidence of food processing or food consumption. by Mexico’s Insituto Nacional de Antropología Nevertheless, certain relevant comments regarding e Historia (INAH), formulated a long-term prehistoric lithic acquisition and tool production strategy to locate, evaluate, manage, and protect can be made. Thus, the goal of this paper is to the archaeological and paleontological sites that discuss the Taller de San José artifact assemblage comprise the study zone. As previously mentioned, from the perspective of resource procurement and Taller de San José was identified in the initial reduction strategies within mobile societies. It is phases of this effort, representing one of numerous assumed that individuals or foraging groups came prehistoric archaeological sites inventoried by this here to collect andesite macroflakes, transporting bi-national team of INAH-directed investigators. them elsewhere for either immediate use or further The thoroughness of their effort provided a firm reduction. Several lines of evidence support this data base for other researchers, including myself, to contention: (1) The site offers an abundance of work upon. Subsequently, in the summer of 1999, accessible andesite; (2) Signs of quarrying activity the author was permitted by the INAH to revisit and are indicated by flake scars omnipresent on to undertake a complete survey of the Taller de San outcrops and nodules; (3) The artifact assemblage José quarry. lacks preform blanks, failed artifacts, finished tools, and thinning flakes; (4) The archaeological record Taller de San José was selected for an provides evidence of primary flake reduction (e.g., archaeological reconnaissance for a variety of anvil stones, percussors, core rejects, and debitage); reasons, not the least of which being that this and (5) An isolated biface tool, resembling the territory has long been bypassed by archaeologists Taller de San José andesite, was identified roughly who have instead concentrated on coastal sites, 6 kilometers north-northwest of the quarry in a perhaps because they are threatened with imminent stand of Pitahaya Dulce (Lemaireocereus thurberi) destruction, resulting from development. The and maguey (Agave capensis and Agave aurea) specific objectives of the Taller de San José (Raab, personal communication 1997). investigation were: (1) Prospection or the search and identification of surface archaeological Although quarries have been identified in Baja materials; (2) Detailed description of all data California Sur (Fujita 2003; Kowta 1968; Massey observed in the field; (3) Detection of site structure 1955) and Baja California Norte (Shackley, based on the distribution of visible surface artifacts; Hyland, and de la Luz Gutiérrez 1996), to my (4) Determination of the range of lithic resources knowledge, Taller de San José represents the first used; and (5) Broadening our awareness of the andesite quarry to be recorded in the southernmost PCAS Quarterly, 39 (2 & 3) Taller de San Jose: A Prehistoric Quarry Near San José del Cabo, Baja California Sur 39 Cape Region (Toohey 2000). It is hoped that data which was assigned an age of Late Cretaceous- generated by this study will add to a more complete Early Tertiary, based on radiometric dating picture of prehistoric quarrying behavior, including (Martínez-Gutiérrez and Sethi 1997:143). The La resource procurement, and linkages between Trinidad complex consists mainly of three major resource areas and end-use sites. lithologic units: granite, granodiorite, and rhyolite (Martínez-Gutiérrez and Sethi 1997:143). Likewise, Site Description and Geological Setting the study site overlooks the fossil-rich Refugio or Salada Formation to the north and east (Martínez- Taller de San José is located south of the modern Gutiérrez and Sethi 1997:153). community of Santa Catarina on the up-sloping east side of the Valle de Santiago through which the San The ancient Taller de San José quarry is about José River flows southward (Fig. 1). San José Viejo 400 meters E-W by 200 meters N-S, covering is located on the west side of the river and the Los approximately 2.35 hectares (Fig. 2). The site is Cabos International Airport lies to the northwest. bounded on its north and south by west-flowing The archaeological site is located at approximately intermittent streams, and on the west by a dirt road 100 meters above sea level on the west flank of the and modern housing. The east edge of the site granitic Sierra de San José (Hammond 1954:47). extends gently up-slope; significantly, the western Taller de San José is situated on the southern half of Taller de San José is dominated by large margin of the major igneous La Trinidad complex, boulders and vertical outcropping of andesite and Fig. 1. The Cape Region Study Area. PCAS Quarterly, 39 (2 & 3) 40 Toohey Fig. 2. Taller de San José. granite, some of which exhibit percussion scars, A series of eight, two square meter Surface Data resulting from free-hand hard-hammer testing and Collection Units (SDCUs) were located across the reduction activities. site; seven were chosen in a systematic fashion and the eighth encompassed a cultural feature (Fig. Fieldwork 3). In order to increase the provenience control and accuracy of the surface data, each SDCU was Fieldwork at the Taller de San José was conducted divided into four, one square meter sub-units; the in the summer of 1999 by the author and a crew sub-units were assigned alpha-numeric designations of students from California State University in a clockwise fashion, starting with A1 and ending Northridge (CSUN) and the Universidad Autónoma with H4 (Table 1). de Baja California Sur (UABCS) (Toohey 2000). Owing to time and monetary constraints, the team The field crew treated each 1 by 1 meter sub- adhered to a series of on-site data collecting and unit as a separate collection station, sorting the processing guidelines that were outlined by Beck materials into general classes of flakes, cores, and Jones (1994). This cost-effective approach hammerstones and tested cobbles (referring to large would not only reduce our need for laboratory time, specimens displaying only one or two flake scars). but it would also obviate any need for significant It is likely that skilled knappers tested the physical storage space at the facilities of Centro INAH, La properties of the stone (e.g., hardness and texture) Paz, Baja California Sur. by removing one or two flakes. Aggregate debitage, including flakes and angular shatter, was tabulated PCAS Quarterly, 39 (2 & 3) Taller de San Jose: A Prehistoric Quarry Near San José del Cabo, Baja California Sur 41 Fig.
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