DOCSLIB.ORG

Lithic Technology at the Below Forks Site, Fhng-25: Strategems of Stone Tool Manufacture

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lithic Technology at the Below Forks Site, Fhng-25: Strategems of Stone Tool Manufacture Lithic Technology at The Below Forks Site, FhNg-25: Strategems of Stone Tool Manufacture. A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Archaeology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. By Steven C. Kasstan March 2004. © 2004 (Copyright Steven C. Kasstan. All Rights Reserved.) PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Requests for permission to copy or make other use of material in this thesis in whole or in part should be addressed to: Head of the Department of Archaeology, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. S7N 2A5. i ABSTRACT The Below Forks site is a deeply stratified multicomponent archaeological site situated two kilometres downstream from the confluence of the North and South Saskatchewan Rivers. The lowest cultural occupation has been dated to 6000 rcybp. Projectile points diagnostic of the Mummy Cave series were recovered from excavations. The site was an open campsite situated on a middle level alluvial slope of the Saskatchewan River valley. A broad-spectrum fauna exploitation was represented at the site. The lowest component was occupied in late winter or early spring, based on immature bison elements. Collection and reduction of river cobbles into lithic implements was an important activity at the site. Debitage was the largest artifact class recovered from the site and deserved the greatest analytical attention. Lithic technology, specificially the methods of tool manufacture, was the central theme of study. A variety of analytical techniques were used, including the separate analyses of cores, debitage, and tools. These analyses were placed into a spatical context with geographic information systems. Three components were represented in the eastern area of the Below Forks site. A lithic reduction workshop and some habitation debris were contained in the upper occupation. Evidently, the middle component appeared peripheral to a habitation site. The lower occupation evidenced significant knapping activities within the confines of a habitation site. Interpretations from various analytical techniques were placed within a chaîne opératiore framework and fully documented the lithic technology. Certain types of material behaved in slightly different ways; individual knappers would have taken this into account and appropriately modified their technique. The thermal alteration of Swan River chert was an important component of the lithic technology. Bipolar technology had a prominent role in the production of flake blanks. Platform grinding was a commonly observed form of platform preparation. Platform flaking increased in importance with later stages of reduction. Ideally these preparations would allow flint-knappers to improve their control of intended flake detachments. In sum, lithic tools were manufactured ii within a myriad of technological sophistication. The properties of lithic fracture were controlled with great precision, preparation, and foresight in the manufacture of implements at the Below Forks site. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. The sincerest acknowledgements are granted to my advisor David Meyer. I greatly appreciated his time, wisdom and guidance over the course of this project. He has provided myself access to site collections, funding, and to his encyclopedic memory. I extend gratitude to my committee members. I gratefully acknowledge Ernest G. Walker, who was always there with a quick reference, and deep insight for the work. I appreciate his support, especially in regard to administrative concerns. Margaret Kennedy has provided valuable assistance and always asked the sharpest questions of myself, and because of them, greatly improved this work. The assistance of Urve Linnamae and Chris Foley was highly valued. This project was mainly funded through the SCAPE (the Study of Cultural Adaptations of the Prairie Ecozone) project. The work was made possible by the courtesy of a major collaborative research initiatives (MCRI) grant from Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC). This thesis was also partly funded through the generosity of the Department of Archaeology at the University of Saskatchewan. Well-deserved gratitude is extended to Bev Nicholson of Brandon University, and director of the SCAPE project. Other members to whom I am indebted are Alwynne Beaudoin, Matt Boyd, Andrea Freeman, Scott Hamilton, Karen Havholm, Gerry Oetelaar, Garry Running IV, Brian Scribe and Dion Wiseman. Their conversations in the field and at conferences were of great benefit to the project. Extra gratitude is extended to David Christiansen for repairing the catalogue program, and to David Harkness for his sensible advice. Patrick Young and Miggs Green went above and beyond in their assistance through the cataloguing process. I am a much better archaeologist for their kind patience and wisdom. A great appreciation is given to the field crews of the Below Forks site excavations. I am particularly grateful to Perry Blomquist, Cassidy Burns, Derrick Burns, Matthew Burns, Frank Constant, Jon Hall, Kathryn Jenssen, Meaghan Porter, and Rebecca Robertson. The community of students of the SCAPE project deserves mention. Janet Blakey, Jason Gillespie, James Graham, Jenna Johnston, Lorie Mokelki, Jennifer Murray, David Norris, Justin iv Rogers, Laura Roskowski, and Woody Wallace have formed this community of mutual benefaction. The assistance from the following individuals was appreciably valued: Gary Adams, Butch Admunson, Bob Dawe, Ian Dyck, Guy Gibbon, Jennifer Hamilton, Michael Michlovic, Barney Reeves, Bill Ross, Dale Russell, and Dale Walde. They provided encouragement, great advice, access to collections, shared research, and bolstered my confidence when dented. My colleagues from the University of Saskatchewan deserve recognition for their camaraderie, patience, and (mostly) helpful guidance. Thanks are extended to Vincent Balls, Laureen Bryant, Carrie Dunn, D'Arcy Green, Wade Dargin, Riel Cloutier, Kristin Ens- Kavanagh, Nathan Friesen, Jennifer Harty, Jeremy Leyden, Barb Neal, Brad Novecosky, Peter Popkin, Jocelyn Rutherford, Erinn Schneider, Jennifer Scott, Sean Webster, Kevin Whatley, and Kim Weinbender. My extended circle of friends deserves the sincerest gratitude for their interest, concern, patience, kindness, excitement, and inspiration towards myself, and this project. A series of thanks are extended to John Anderson, Kathleen Bailey, Amanda Braden, Julie Doiron, Eliza Doyle, Jeanne-Anne DuBois, Mary Eley, Jordan Erker, Mike Feuerstack, Jeremy Gara, Carrie Gates, Joe Gillis, Richard Ioenne, Rachel Lemke, Eryn MacKenzie, Nicholas McCormick, Ida Nielson, Chris Olson, Beatrice Parsons, Lucas Penner, Jeff and Chandra Peterson, Steven Reed, Darren Schikosky, Charlotte Stang, and Jane Willenbring. In the position of honour, my family deserves great thanks. Without the unyielding support of Marlene Kasstan, Gregory Kasstan, and Patrick Kasstan this project would not have been possible. v TABLE OF CONTENTS PERMISSION TO USE I ABSTRACT II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV TABLE OF CONTENTS VI LIST OF TABLES XI LIST OF FIGURES XIV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XVII 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Thesis Problem 1 1.2 Research Questions 2 1.3 Introduction to Archaeological Research in the Study Region 3 1.4 Discovery and Chronology of Excavation of the Below Forks Site 3 1.5 Problems in the Excavation and Mapping of the Below Forks Site 6 1.6 Position of Site Excavation Units 7 1.7 Methods of Excavation and Field Recording 7 1.8 Thesis Organization 8 2 BIOPHYSICAL AND HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 9 2.1 Geoarchaeological Summary 9 2.2 Context of the Site 10 2.3 Eastern Area Step Trench Profile 11 2.4 Eastern Area Excavation Profile 12 2.5 River Flooding 14 2.6 Environmental Overview 15 2.7 Faunal Community 17 2.8 Archaeological Floral and Faunal Assemblages 18 2.8.1 Faunal Assemblage 18 2.8.2 Floral Assemblage 18 2.8.3 Archaeological Catfish and Mid-Holocene Climate 18 2.9 Environmental Summary 19 2.10 Regional Culture History 19 2.11 Lithic Technology Summary 21 2.12 The Early Side-notched/Mummy Cave series 23 2.13 Lithic Technology and the Refugia Hypothesis 26 2.14 Summary 27 3 SITE SCALE ARCHAEOLOGY 28 vi 3.1 Introduction 28 3.2 Vertical Distribution of Artifact Types by Level 28 3.3 Three Dimensions 31 3.3.1. A Short History of Three Dimensional Analysis 31 3.3.2. Three Dimensional Models of Below Forks 33 3.4 Radiocarbon Dates of Below Forks 43 3.5 Summary 43 4 DEBITAGE ANALYSIS 45 4.1 Introduction 45 4.2 Methods of Debitage Analysis 45 4.3 Debitage: Selected Attributes of Analysis 46 4.4 Lithic Analysis: Refitting 48 4.5 Lithic Material Utilization 48 4.6 Thermal Alteration 52 4.7 Thermal Shock 55 4.8 Debitage Breakage 56 4.9 Flake Terminations 59 4.10 Flake Types 60 4.11 Metrical Analysis 62 4.12 Platform Shape 66 4.13 Platform Preparations 66 4.14 The Magne (1985) Analysis 69 4.15 The Wright (1980) Analysis 71 4.16 Platform Lipping: Analysis and Discussions 73 4.17 Size Grade Analysis 74 4.18 Fractal Dimension 77 4.18.1 The Fractal Dimension of Debitage 77 4.18.2. Fractal Dimension of Flake Types 80 4.18.3. Fractal Dimension and Thermal Alteration 81 4.19 Flake Initiations and Minimum Number of Flakes 85 4.20 Testing Henry et al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • How to Identify Rocks and Minerals
    How to Identify Rocks and Minerals fluorite calcite epidote quartz gypsum pyrite copper fluorite galena By Jan C. Rasmussen (Revised from a booklet by Susan Celestian) 2012 Donations for reproduction from: Freeport McMoRan Copper & Gold Foundation Friends of the Arizona Mining & Mineral Museum Wickenburg Gem & Mineral Society www.janrasmussen.com ii NUMERICAL LIST OF ROCKS & MINERALS IN KIT See final pages of book for color photographs of rocks and minerals. MINERALS: IGNEOUS ROCKS: 1 Talc 2 Gypsum 50 Apache Tear 3 Calcite 51 Basalt 4 Fluorite 52 Pumice 5 Apatite* 53 Perlite 6 Orthoclase (feldspar group) 54 Obsidian 7 Quartz 55 Tuff 8 Topaz* 56 Rhyolite 9 Corundum* 57 Granite 10 Diamond* 11 Chrysocolla (blue) 12 Azurite (dark blue) METAMORPHIC ROCKS: 13 Quartz, var. chalcedony 14 Chalcopyrite (brassy) 60 Quartzite* 15 Barite 61 Schist 16 Galena (metallic) 62 Marble 17 Hematite 63 Slate* 18 Garnet 64 Gneiss 19 Magnetite 65 Metaconglomerate* 20 Serpentine 66 Phyllite 21 Malachite (green) (20) (Serpentinite)* 22 Muscovite (mica group) 23 Bornite (peacock tarnish) 24 Halite (table salt) SEDIMENTARY ROCKS: 25 Cuprite 26 Limonite (Goethite) 70 Sandstone 27 Pyrite (brassy) 71 Limestone 28 Peridot 72 Travertine (onyx) 29 Gold* 73 Conglomerate 30 Copper (refined) 74 Breccia 31 Glauberite pseudomorph 75 Shale 32 Sulfur 76 Silicified Wood 33 Quartz, var. rose (Quartz, var. chert) 34 Quartz, var. amethyst 77 Coal 35 Hornblende* 78 Diatomite 36 Tourmaline* 37 Graphite* 38 Sphalerite* *= not generally in kits. Minerals numbered 39 Biotite* 8-10, 25, 29, 35-40 are listed for information 40 Dolomite* only. www.janrasmussen.com iii ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ROCKS & MINERALS IN KIT See final pages of book for color photographs of rocks and minerals.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimentation Preceding Innovation in a MIS5 Pre-Still Bay Layer from Diepkloof Rock Shelter (South Africa): Emerging Technologies and Symbols
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Experimentation preceding innovation in a MIS5 Pre-Still Bay layer from Diepkloof Rock Shelter (South Africa): emerging technologies and symbols. Guillaume Porraz1,2, John E. Parkington3, Patrick Schmidt4,5, Gérald Bereiziat6, Jean-Philip Brugal1, Laure Dayet7, Marina Igreja8, Christopher E. Miller9,10, Viola C. Schmid4,11, Chantal Tribolo12,, Aurore 4,2 13 1 Cite as: Porraz, G., Parkington, J. E., Val , Christine Verna , Pierre-Jean Texier Schmidt, P., Bereiziat, G., Brugal, J.- P., Dayet, L., Igreja, M., Miller, C. E., Schmid, V. C., Tribolo, C., Val, A., Verna, C., Texier, P.-J. (2020). 1 Experimentation preceding Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, UMR 7269 Lampea, 5 rue du Château innovation in a MIS5 Pre-Still Bay de l’Horloge, F-13094 Aix-en-Provence, France layer from Diepkloof Rock Shelter 2 University of the Witwatersrand, Evolutionary Studies Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa (South Africa): emerging 3 technologies and symbols. University of Cape Town, Department of Archaeology, Cape Town, South Africa EcoEvoRxiv, ch53r, ver. 3 peer- 4 Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary reviewed and recommended by PCI Ecology, Schloss Hohentübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany Archaeology. doi: 5 10.32942/osf.io/ch53r Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Department of Geosciences, Applied Mineralogy, Wilhelmstraße 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany. 6 Université de Bordeaux, UMR CNRS 5199 PACEA, F-33615 Pessac, France Posted: 2020-12-17 7 CNRS-Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, UMR 5608 TRACES, F-31058 Toulouse, France 8 LARC DGPC, Ministry of Culture (Portugal) / ENVARCH Cibio-Inbio 9 Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Institute for Archaeological Sciences & Senckenberg Recommender: Anne Delagnes Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment, Rümelinstr.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Berkeley International Association of Obsidian Studies Bulletin
    UC Berkeley International Association of Obsidian Studies Bulletin Title IAOS Bulletin 59 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3r35f908 Author Dillian, Carolyn D., [email protected] Publication Date 2018-06-15 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California IAOS International Association for Obsidian Studies Bulletin ISSN: 2310-5097 Number 59 Summer 2018 CONTENTS International Association for Obsidian Studies News and Information ………………………… 1 President Kyle Freund Notes from the President……....……….………. 2 Past President Rob Tykot MatLab for OHD Calculations…………………..9 Secretary-Treasurer Matt Boulanger Obsidian Macro-Core from Belize…………..…19 Bulletin Editor Carolyn Dillian Poverty Point’s Obsidian……………………….28 Webmaster Craig Skinner Instructions for Authors …..……………………42 About the IAOS………………………………...43 Web Site: http://members.peak.org/~obsidian/ Membership Application ………………………44 NEWS AND INFORMATION CONSIDER PUBLISHING IN THE NEWS AND NOTES IAOS BULLETIN Have news or announcements to share? The Bulletin is a twice-yearly publication that reaches Send them to [email protected] for a wide audience in the obsidian community. Please the next issue of the IAOS Bulletin. review your research notes and consider submitting an article, research update, news, or lab report for publication in the IAOS Bulletin. Articles and inquiries can be sent to [email protected] Thank you for your help and support! CALL FOR NOMINATIONS Kyle Freund has just begun his responsibilities as IAOS President, and Rob Tykot has stepped into the position of Past President for the coming year. That means that it’s now time for nominations for our next IAOS President. Elections will be held this winter and the winner announced at the 2019 IAOS meeting at the SAAs in Albuquerque.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Stone and Hunting of Reindeer
    ARCHAEOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT 12 THE USE OF STONE AND HUNTING OF REINDEER By Lena Holm O m University of Umeå ° Ai. ^ Department of Archaeology ARCHAEOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT 12 Distribution: Department of Archaeology, University of Umeå S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden Lena Holm THE USE OF STONE AND HUNTING OF REINDEER A Study of Stone Tool Manufacture and Hunting of Large Mammals in the Central Scandes c. 6 000 - 1 BC. Akademisk avhandling, som för avläggande av filosofie doktors­ examen vid universitetet i Umeå kommer att offentligt för­ svaras i hörsal F, Humanisthuset, Umeå universitet, fredagen den 31 januari 1992 klockan 10.00. Abstract The thesis raises questions concerning prehistoric conditions in a high mountain region in central Scandinavia; it focuses on the human use of stone and on hunting principally of reindeer. An analysis of how the stone material was utilized and an approach to how large mammals were hunt­ ed result in a synthesis describing one interpretation of how the vast landscape of a region in the central Scandinavian high mountains was used. With this major aim as a base questions were posed concerning the human use of stone resources and possible changes in this use. Preconditions for the occurrence of large mammals as game animals and for hunting are also highlighted. A general perspective is the long time period over which possible changes in the use of stone and hunting of big game, encompassing the Late Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age and to a certain extent the Early Iron Age. Considering the manufacture of flaked stone tools, debitage in the form of flakes from a dwelling, constitute the base where procurement and technology are essential.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Evidence for the Extensive Heat Treatment of Silcrete in the Howiesons Poort at Klipdrift Shelter (Layer PBD, 65 Ka), South Africa
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Early Evidence for the Extensive Heat Treatment of Silcrete in the Howiesons Poort at Klipdrift Shelter (Layer PBD, 65 ka), South Africa Anne Delagnes1,2☯*, Patrick Schmidt3☯, Katja Douze1,2, Sarah Wurz2,4, Ludovic Bellot- Gurlet5, Nicholas J. Conard3, Klaus G. Nickel6, Karen L. van Niekerk4,2, Christopher S. Henshilwood2,4 a11111 1 PACEA, CNRSÐUniversity of Bordeaux, Pessac, France, 2 School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies and Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 3 Department of Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, Eberhard Karls University of TuÈbingen, TuÈbingen, Germany, 4 Department of Archaeology, History, Cultural Studies and Religion, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, 5 MONARIS, Sorbonne UniversiteÂs, UPMC Universite Paris 6, UMR 8233, Paris, France, 6 Department of Geosciences, Applied Mineralogy, Eberhard Karls University of TuÈbingen, TuÈbingen, Germany OPEN ACCESS ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. Citation: Delagnes A, Schmidt P, Douze K, Wurz S, * [email protected] Bellot-Gurlet L, Conard NJ, et al. (2016) Early Evidence for the Extensive Heat Treatment of Silcrete in the Howiesons Poort at Klipdrift Shelter (Layer PBD, 65 ka), South Africa. PLoS ONE 11 Abstract (10): e0163874. doi:10.1371/journal. Heating stone to enhance its flaking qualities is among the multiple innovative adaptations pone.0163874 introduced by early modern human groups in southern Africa, in particular during the Middle Editor: Nuno Bicho, Universidade do Algarve, Stone Age Still Bay and Howiesons Poort traditions. Comparatively little is known about the PORTUGAL role and impact of this technology on early modern human behaviors and cultural expres- Received: December 19, 2015 sions, due, in part, to the lack of comprehensive studies of archaeological assemblages Accepted: September 15, 2016 documenting the heat treatment of stone.
    [Show full text]
  • Key to Rocks & Minerals Collections
    STATE OF MICHIGAN MINERALS DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION A mineral is a rock substance occurring in nature that has a definite chemical composition, crystal form, and KEY TO ROCKS & MINERALS COLLECTIONS other distinct physical properties. A few of the minerals, such as gold and silver, occur as "free" elements, but by most minerals are chemical combinations of two or Harry O. Sorensen several elements just as plants and animals are Reprinted 1968 chemical combinations. Nearly all of the 90 or more Lansing, Michigan known elements are found in the earth's crust, but only 8 are present in proportions greater than one percent. In order of abundance the 8 most important elements Contents are: INTRODUCTION............................................................... 1 Percent composition Element Symbol MINERALS........................................................................ 1 of the earth’s crust ROCKS ............................................................................. 1 Oxygen O 46.46 IGNEOUS ROCKS ........................................................ 2 Silicon Si 27.61 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS............................................... 2 Aluminum Al 8.07 METAMORPHIC ROCKS.............................................. 2 Iron Fe 5.06 IDENTIFICATION ............................................................. 2 Calcium Ca 3.64 COLOR AND STREAK.................................................. 2 Sodium Na 2.75 LUSTER......................................................................... 2 Potassium
    [Show full text]
  • Prehistoric Lithic Technology} Workshops} and Chipping Stations in the Philippines
    Prehistoric Lithic Technology} Workshops} and Chipping Stations in the Philippines D. KYLE LATINIS THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS represent an important area for research of problems concerning prehistoric archaeology in Southeast Asia. These insular areas, located east of the biogeographic boundary known as Huxley's line, include a variety of tropical environments. These islands remained detached from the continental portion of Southeast Asia throughout the Pleistocene and Holocene. Archaeolog­ ical research has documented human occupation and adaptation from at least the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene within these islands. Unfortunately, relatively little intensive prehistoric archaeological research has been undertaken in the Philippines compared to some areas in mainland South­ east Asia, Oceania, and Australia. Warren Peterson's dissertation (1974) focused on a series of sites in northern Luzon and represents one of the foundation stud­ ies in the Philippines for modern archaeology. Peterson's work has often been cited and his conclusions used for the development of models concerning prehis­ tory in the Philippines and Southeast Asia. Peterson's research was conducted during a period when behavioral reconstruc­ tions from site assemblage analyses were prominent in archaeological research. Specifically, Peterson attempted behavioral reconstruction from the analysis of stone tools from the Busibus/Pintu site in northern Luzon, Philippines. A reanal­ ysis of the entire Busibus/Pintu lithic assemblage has revealed problems with Peterson's initial analysis and interpretation of this site-problems that will be addressed in this paper. Lithic technology, stone tool manufacture, and selection and reduction strategies will also be explored. Finally, new interpretations of the nature of the lithic assemblage and site activities at Busibus/Pintu rock shelter will be provided.
    [Show full text]
  • [Nps-Waso-Nagpra-Nps0028296] [Ppwocradn0
    This document is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on 07/19/2019 and available online at https://federalregister.gov/d/2019-15437, and on govinfo.gov 4312-52 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR National Park Service [NPS-WASO-NAGPRA-NPS0028296] [PPWOCRADN0-PCU00RP14.R50000] Notice of Inventory Completion: State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY AGENCY: National Park Service, Interior. ACTION: Notice. SUMMARY: The State University of New York at Oswego has completed an inventory of human remains and associated funerary objects, in consultation with the appropriate Indian Tribes or Native Hawaiian organizations, and has determined that there is a cultural affiliation between the human remains and associated funerary objects and present-day Indian Tribes or Native Hawaiian organizations. Lineal descendants or representatives of any Indian Tribe or Native Hawaiian organization not identified in this notice that wish to request transfer of control of these human remains and associated funerary objects should submit a written request to the State University of New York at Oswego. If no additional requestors come forward, transfer of control of the human remains and associated funerary objects to the lineal descendants, Indian Tribes, or Native Hawaiian organizations stated in this notice may proceed. DATES: Lineal descendants or representatives of any Indian Tribe or Native Hawaiian organization not identified in this notice that wish to request transfer of control of these human remains and associated funerary objects should submit a written request with information in support of the request to the State University of New York at Oswego at the address in this notice by [INSERT DATE 30 DAYS AFTER PUBLICATION IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER].
    [Show full text]
  • "References" at End. 38- of 'Siliceous' by Nearly 60 Years
    TERMINOLOGY OF H CHEMICAL SILICEOUS SEDIMEWS* W.A. Tarr "Chert. -- The origin of the word 'chert' has not been determined. The Oxford Dictionary suggests it was a local term that found its way into geological usage, 'Chirt' (now obsolete) appears to have been an early spelling of the word. In comparison with 'flint, ' chert' is a very recent word. 'Flint,' from very ancient times, was applied to the dark varieties of this siliceous material. Apparently, the lighter colored varities, now called 'chert,' were unrecognized as siliceous material; at any rate, no name describing the material has been found in the very early literature. The first specific use of the word 'chert' seems to have been in 1729 (i) when it was defined as a 'kind of flint, The French name for chert is com- monly given as silex corne (horn flint) or silex de la craie (flint of the chalk), but Cayeux states that the American term 'chert' corresponds to the French word silexite. He- uses chert to designate a related material occurring in siliceous beds (3). The German term for chert is Hornstein. 'Phtanite' (often misspelled Tptanitet) has been used as a synonym for chert. Cayeux uses the term synonymously as the equivalent for silexite, and 'hornstone' has also frequently been so used. So common was the use of the term 'hornstone' during the early part of the last century that there is little doubt that it was then the prevalent name for the material chert, as quotations given under the discussion of hornstone will show. But most common among the synonyms for 'chert' is 'flint,' and since 'flint' had other synonyms, 'chert' acquired many of them.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithic Technological Organization, Mobility, and Landscape Use from Jakes Valley, Nevada
    University of Nevada, Reno Paleoindian Occupations in the Great Basin: A Comparative Study of Lithic Technological Organization, Mobility, and Landscape Use from Jakes Valley, Nevada A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology By Mark B. Estes Dr. Gary Haynes/Thesis Advisor May, 2009 Copyright by Mark B. Estes 2009 All Rights Reserved THE GRADUATE SCHOOL We recommend that the thesis prepared under our supervision by MARK B. ESTES entitled Paleoindian Occupations In The Great Basin: A Comparative Study Of Lithic Technological Organization, Mobility, And Landscape Use From Jakes Valley, Nevada be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Gary Haynes, Ph.D., Advisor Michael R. Bever, Ph.D., Committee Member Ted Goebel, Ph.D., Committee Member P. Kyle House, Ph.D., Graduate School Representative Marsha H. Read, Ph. D., Associate Dean, Graduate School May, 2009 i Abstract Previous research on Paleoindian occupations in the Great Basin has provided many more questions than answers. Central to understanding this early period is the relationship between its Western Fluted and Western Stemmed Tradition occupants. Little is known of the temporal, cultural, and technological behaviors of Western Fluted peoples, while the Western Stemmed Tradition inhabitants are only slightly better understood. This thesis presents the results of intensive technological studies that focused on determining raw material provisioning strategies, lithic conveyance zones, and landscape use to identify mobility and settlement patterns. Lithic assemblages from 19 Paleoindian era occupations, encompassing several environmental zones within Jakes Valley in eastern Nevada, provide data on the technological organization and movement patterns of early humans in the Great Basin, and reveal previously unknown behaviors that help differentiate the early hunter-gatherer groups who made Fluted and Stemmed projectile points.
    [Show full text]
  • In Saskatchewan
    Lands Administered by The Ministry of Parks, Culture and Sport (PCS) in Saskatchewan A Research Permit is required to conduct work on any PCS lands. Park Name Park Name Park Name Type of Park Type Year Designated Amendment Year of Park Type Year Designated Amendment Year of Park Type Year Designated Amendment Year HP Cannington Manor Provincial Park 1986 NE Saskatchewan Landing Provincial Park 1973 RP Crooked Lake Provincial Park 1986 PAA 2018 HP Cumberland House Provincial Park 1986 PR Anderson Island 1975 RP Danielson Provincial Park 1971 PAA 2018 HP Fort Carlton Provincial Park 1986 PR Bakken - Wright Bison Drive 1974 RP Echo Valley Provincial Park 1960 HP Fort Pitt Provincial Park 1986 PR Besant Midden 1974 RP Great Blue Heron Provincial Park 2013 HP Last Mountain House Provincial Park 1986 PR Brockelbank Hill 1992 RP Katepwa Point Provincial Park 1931 HP St. Victor Petroglyphs Provincial Park 1986 PR Christopher Lake 2000 PAA 2018 RP Pike Lake Provincial Park 1960 HP Steele Narrows Provincial Park 1986 PR Fort Black 1974 RP Rowan’s Ravine Provincial Park 1960 HP Touchwood Hills Post Provincial Park 1986 PR Fort Livingstone 1986 RP The Battlefords Provincial Park 1960 HP Wood Mountain Post Provincial Park 1986 PR Glen Ewen Burial Mound 1974 RS Amisk Lake Recreation Site 1986 HS Buffalo Rubbing Stone Historic Site 1986 PR Grasslands 1994 RS Arm River Recreation Site 1966 HS Chimney Coulee Historic Site 1986 PR Gray Archaeological Site 1986 RS Armit River Recreation Site 1986 HS Fort Pelly #1 Historic Site 1986 PR Gull Lake 1974 RS Beatty
    [Show full text]
  • A Word from Régine Chassagne at Montreal’S MTELUS*
    Our Philosphy KANPE is a We give the poorest communities in the Central Plateau a voice so that they can express their own needs, priorities, and foundation that goals. Our role is to help these communities to be supported by Haitian organizations who bring the complementary skills, brings support to knowledge, tools, and training necessary to provide guidance some of the most on the path to autonomy. Our Approach vulnerable families Haiti is flled with people who have talents and skills in many areas. We work to fnd the best local Haitian organizations in Haiti to help them and talents who can support these communities in attaining their goals in health, nutrition, education, agriculture, entre- achieve fnancial preneurship, and leadership. As a foundation, we ensure that funds are properly distributed autonomy, so that and that projects are carried out with respect for the goals of the community and according to strict norms of good they can “stand up”. governance and transparency. 2 Where KANPE works Baille Tourible Port-au-Prince 3 Since 2011, using an integrated approach on a focused geographical area, KANPE and its partners in Haiti are able to obtain tangible, sustainable results. Health & Nutrition Agriculture • A medical clinic serving over 11,000 • Distribution of bean seeds to 250 residents. We recorded more than farmers. 43,800 visits since opening in 2011. • Distribution of nearly 3,300 farm • More than 1,700 cases of cholera animals. treated since 2011. • Production of 12,000 fruit and • More than 1,000 Malaria tests are forest seedlings (Reforestation performed each year.
    [Show full text]