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How to Identify Rocks and Minerals

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How to Identify
Rocks and Minerals

  • fluorite
  • calcite

epidote

quartz

  • pyrite
  • gypsum

copper fluorite galena

By Jan C. Rasmussen
(Revised from a booklet by Susan Celestian)
2012

Donations for reproduction from:

Freeport McMoRan Copper & Gold Foundation Friends of the Arizona Mining & Mineral Museum
Wickenburg Gem & Mineral Society

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ii

NUMERICAL LIST OF ROCKS & MINERALS IN KIT

See final pages of book for color photographs of rocks and minerals.

  • MINERALS:
  • IGNEOUS ROCKS:

123456789
Talc Gypsum Calcite Fluorite Apatite* Orthoclase (feldspar group) Quartz Topaz* Corundum*
50 Apache Tear 51 Basalt 52 Pumice 53 Perlite 54 Obsidian 55 Tuff 56 Rhyolite 57 Granite
10 Diamond* 11 Chrysocolla (blue) 12 Azurite (dark blue) 13 Quartz, var. chalcedony 14 Chalcopyrite (brassy) 15 Barite

METAMORPHIC ROCKS:

60 Quartzite* 61 Schist
16 Galena (metallic) 17 Hematite
62 Marble 63 Slate*

  • 18 Garnet
  • 64 Gneiss

19 Magnetite 20 Serpentine
65 Metaconglomerate* 66 Phyllite
21 Malachite (green) 22 Muscovite (mica group) 23 Bornite (peacock tarnish) 24 Halite (table salt) 25 Cuprite
(20) (Serpentinite)*

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS:

26 Limonite (Goethite) 27 Pyrite (brassy) 28 Peridot
70 Sandstone 71 Limestone 72 Travertine (onyx) 73 Conglomerate 74 Breccia
29 Gold* 30 Copper (refined) 31 Glauberite pseudomorph 32 Sulfur 33 Quartz, var. rose 34 Quartz, var. amethyst 35 Hornblende* 36 Tourmaline* 37 Graphite*
75 Shale 76 Silicified Wood
(Quartz, var. chert)
77 Coal 78 Diatomite

38 Sphalerite* 39 Biotite* 40 Dolomite*
*= not generally in kits. Minerals numbered 8-10, 25, 29, 35-40 are listed for information only.

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iii

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ROCKS & MINERALS IN KIT

See final pages of book for color photographs of rocks and minerals.

MINERALS:

Apatite* Azurite (dark blue) Barite Biotite Bornite (peacock tarnish) Calcite
5
12 15 39 23
3

ROCKS:

Apache Tear Basalt Breccia
50 51 74 77 73 78 64 57 71 62 65 54 53 66 52 60 56 70 61 (20) 75 76
Chalcopyrite (brassy) Chrysocolla (blue-green) Copper (refined) Corundum*
14 11 30
9
Coal Conglomerate Diatomite Gneiss Granite Limestone Marble Metaconglomerate* Obsidian Perlite Phyllite Pumice Quartzite* Rhyolite Sandstone Schist (Serpentinite)* Shale* Silicified Wood (Quartz, var. chert) Slate
Cuprite* Diamond* Dolomite* Fluorite
25 10 40
4
Galena (metallic) Garnet Glauberite pseudomorph Gold* Graphite* Gypsum
16 18 31 29 37
2
Halite (table salt) Hematite Hornblende Limonite (Goethite) Magnetite Malachite (green) Muscovite (mica group) Orthoclase (feldspar group) Peridot Pyrite (brassy) Quartz, var. amethyst Quartz, var. chalcedony Quartz
24 17 35 26 19 21 22
6
28 27 34 13
7
63 72 55
Travertine (onyx) Tuff

Quartz, var. rose Serpentine Sphalerite* Sulfur Talc
33 20 38 32
1

  • Topaz*
  • 8

  • Tourmaline*
  • 36

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Table of Contents

NUMERICAL LIST OF ROCKS & MINERALS IN KIT ...............................................iii ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ROCKS & MINERALS IN KIT......................................... iv INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................................... 1

INVENTORY OF TEACHER KIT CONTENTS .............................................................. 3 SUGGESTIONS FOR USING THIS TEACHER KIT ...................................................... 4

Level I (K-2)................................................................................................................................ 4 Level I-II (3-4-5)........................................................................................................................ 5 Level II (3-4-5) .......................................................................................................................... 6 Level III (6-7-8/Middle School or Junior High).......................................................................... 7 Level IV High School.................................................................................................................. 9

PHYSICAL TESTS FOR MINERAL IDENTIFICATION ............................................. 10

DEFINITION OF A MINERAL................................................................................................ 10 COLOR...................................................................................................................................... 10 LUSTER .................................................................................................................................... 10 CLEAVAGE.............................................................................................................................. 11 FRACTURE .............................................................................................................................. 14
Types of Fracture:................................................................................................................. 14
CRYSTAL FORM..................................................................................................................... 15 HARDNESS .............................................................................................................................. 15 STREAK.................................................................................................................................... 17 SPECIFIC GRAVITY ............................................................................................................... 17 TENACITY ............................................................................................................................... 17 DIAPHANIETY ........................................................................................................................ 18 EFFERVESCENCE (FIZZ) IN ACID....................................................................................... 18 OTHER TESTS ......................................................................................................................... 18
Taste:...................................................................................................................................... 18 Odor: ...................................................................................................................................... 18 Magnetism:............................................................................................................................. 18 Radioactivity:......................................................................................................................... 18 Fluorescence:.......................................................................................................................... 18

MINERAL IDENTIFICATION TABLES ....................................................................... 19 ROCK CYCLE ................................................................................................................. 23 IDENTIFICATION OF ROCKS...................................................................................... 24

SUMMARY OF ROCK TYPES ............................................................................................... 24
Igneous Rocks........................................................................................................................ 24 Sedimentary Rocks................................................................................................................. 25 Metamorphic Rocks ............................................................................................................... 25 Igneous, Sedimentary, or Metamorphic? ............................................................................... 26
IGNEOUS ROCKS.................................................................................................................... 27
Textures of Igneous Rocks..................................................................................................... 27 Characteristics of Important Minerals in Igneous Rocks ....................................................... 27
IGNEOUS ROCK IDENTIFICATION KEY............................................................................ 28
Igneous - glassy...................................................................................................................... 29 Igneous - pyroclastic (fragmental = ash and bombs = fire particles) ..................................... 29

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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ........................................................................................................ 30
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks .................................................................................................... 30 Non-Clastic Sedimentary Rocks ............................................................................................ 31
SEDIMENTARY ROCK IDENTIFICATION KEY................................................................. 32
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Identification Key ...................................................................... 32 Non-Clastic Sedimentary Rock Identification Key................................................................ 33 Sediment Grain Sizes ............................................................................................................. 34
METAMORPHIC ROCKS........................................................................................................ 35
Foliated (Banded) Metamorphic Rocks ................................................................................. 35 Non-Foliated Metamorphic Rocks......................................................................................... 35
METAMORPHIC ROCK IDENTIFICATION KEY................................................................ 36
Foliated (banded) Metamorphic Rock Identification Key ..................................................... 36 Non-foliated Metamorphic Rock Identification Key ............................................................. 37
ROCK CLASSIFICATION CHART ........................................................................................ 38

NUMERICAL LIST OF ROCKS & MINERALS IN KIT .............................................. 39 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ROCKS & MINERALS IN KIT........................................ 40 DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS & MINERALS IN ALPHABETIC ORDER..................... 41

50 5
APACHE TEARS (rock) ............................................................................................ 41 APATITE..................................................................................................................... 42 AZURITE .................................................................................................................... 43 BARITE ....................................................................................................................... 44 BASALT (rock) ......................................................................................................... 44 BIOTITE...................................................................................................................... 44 BORNITE .................................................................................................................... 45 BRECCIA (rock)......................................................................................................... 46 CALCITE..................................................................................................................... 46 CHALCOPYRITE ....................................................................................................... 47 CHRYSOCOLLA ........................................................................................................ 47 COAL (rock)............................................................................................................... 48 CONGLOMERATE (rock)........................................................................................ 48 COPPER ...................................................................................................................... 48 CORUNDUM .............................................................................................................. 49 CUPRITE..................................................................................................................... 51 DIAMOND .................................................................................................................. 51 DIATOMITE (rock).................................................................................................... 52 DOLOMITE................................................................................................................. 53 FLUORITE .................................................................................................................. 53 GALENA ..................................................................................................................... 54 GARNET group........................................................................................................... 55 GLAUBERITE (A PSEUDOMORPH) ..................................................................... 55 GNEISS........................................................................................................................ 56 GOLD .......................................................................................................................... 57 GRANITE (rock) ........................................................................................................ 57 GRAPHITE.................................................................................................................. 58 GYPSUM..................................................................................................................... 59 HALITE (salt).............................................................................................................. 59 HEMATITE ................................................................................................................. 60 HORNBLENDE........................................................................................................... 61 LIMESTONE (rock) .................................................................................................... 61 LIMONITE (GOETHITE)........................................................................................... 62
12 15 51 39 23 74 314 11 77 73 30 925 10 78 40 416 18 31 64 29 57 37 224 17 35 71 26

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vi

19 21 62 65 22 54 628 53 66 52 27
MAGNETITE .............................................................................................................. 63 MALACHITE.............................................................................................................. 63 MARBLE..................................................................................................................... 64 METACONGLOMERATE (rock) ............................................................................. 64 MUSCOVITE .............................................................................................................. 65 OBSIDIAN .................................................................................................................. 66 ORTHOCLASE ........................................................................................................... 66 PERIDOT..................................................................................................................... 67 PERLITE...................................................................................................................... 68 PHYLLITE .................................................................................................................. 68 PUMICE (rock)........................................................................................................... 69 PYRITE........................................................................................................................ 69
7, 13, 33, 34 QUARTZ ......................................................................................................... 70 60 56 70 61 20 (20) 75 76 63 38 32 1
QUARTZITE (rock) ................................................................................................... 72 RHYOLITE (rock)...................................................................................................... 72 SANDSTONE (rock) .................................................................................................. 72 SCHIST (rock)........................................................................................................... 73 SERPENTINE.............................................................................................................. 73 SERPENTINITE.......................................................................................................... 74 SHALE (rock)............................................................................................................ 74 SILICIFIED WOOD (PETRIFIED WOOD)............................................................... 74 SLATE (rock) .............................................................................................................. 75 SPHALERITE.............................................................................................................. 75 SULFUR ...................................................................................................................... 76 TALC........................................................................................................................... 76 TOPAZ......................................................................................................................... 77 TOURMALINE GROUP............................................................................................. 77 TRAVERTINE (―ONYX‖).......................................................................................... 78 TUFF............................................................................................................................ 78
836 72 55

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  • Beads, Pendants COLOURS & EFFECTS

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    beads, pendants COLOURS & EFFECTS Colours Effects Crystal Crystal Amethyst Light Topaz Aurore Boreale 2x 001 204 226 001 AB2 White Opal Purple Velvet Jonquil Crystal Satin 234 277 213 001 SAT White Alabaster Montana Silk Crystal Matt Finish 281 207 391 001 MAT Rose Water Opal Capri Blue Light Peach Crystal Moonlight 395 243 362 001 MOL Rose Alabaster Sapphire Light Colorado Topaz Crystal Silver Shade 293 206 246 001 SSHA Vintage Rose Light Sapphire Topaz Crystal Golden Shadow 319 211 203 001 GSHA Light Rose Aquamarine Light Smoked Topaz Crystal Copper 223 202 221 001 COP Crystal Rose Light Azore Smoked Topaz 209 Comet Argent Light 361 220 001 CAL Fuchsia Indian Sapphire Mocca White Opal Sky Blue 502 217 286 234 SBL Ruby Pacifi c Opal Smoky Quartz White Opal Star Shine 501 390 225 234 STS Padparadscha Mint Alabaster Sand Opal Crystal Bermuda Blue 542 397 287 001 BBL Fireopal Turquoise Light Grey Opal Crystal Heliotrope 237 267 383 001 HEL Hyacinth Indicolite Black Diamond Crystal Metallic Blue 2x 236 379 215 001 METBL2 Indian Red Caribbean Blue Opal Jet Crystal Vitrail Medium 374 394 280 001 VM Light Siam Blue Zircon Crystal Dorado 2x 227 229 001 DOR2 Dark Red Coral Chrysolite Jet Nut 2x 396 238 280 NUT2 Siam Peridot Jet Hematite 208 214 280 HEM Garnet Erinite Jet Hematite 2x 241 360 280 HEM2 Burgundy Emerald 515 205 Light Amethyst Palace Green Opal 212 393 Violet Opal Olivine 389 228 Violet Khaki 371 550 Tanzanite Lime 539 385 Classic Colours Exclusive Colours WWW.SWAROVSKI.COM/CRYSTALLIZED © 2008 Swarovski AG beads, pendants COLOURS &