How to Identify Rocks and Minerals

How to Identify Rocks and Minerals <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">fluorite </li><li style="flex:1">calcite </li></ul>epidote quartz <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">pyrite </li><li style="flex:1">gypsum </li></ul>copper fluorite galena By Jan C. Rasmussen (Revised from a booklet by Susan Celestian) 2012 Donations for reproduction from: Freeport McMoRan Copper & Gold Foundation Friends of the Arizona Mining & Mineral Museum Wickenburg Gem & Mineral Society <a href="/goto?url=http://www.janrasmussen.com/" target="_blank">www.janrasmussen.com </a>ii NUMERICAL LIST OF ROCKS & MINERALS IN KIT See final pages of book for color photographs of rocks and minerals. <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">MINERALS: </li><li style="flex:1">IGNEOUS ROCKS: </li></ul>123456789 Talc Gypsum Calcite Fluorite Apatite* Orthoclase (feldspar group) Quartz Topaz* Corundum* 50 Apache Tear 51 Basalt 52 Pumice 53 Perlite 54 Obsidian 55 Tuff 56 Rhyolite 57 Granite 10 Diamond* 11 Chrysocolla (blue) 12 Azurite (dark blue) 13 Quartz, var. chalcedony 14 Chalcopyrite (brassy) 15 Barite METAMORPHIC ROCKS: 60 Quartzite* 61 Schist 16 Galena (metallic) 17 Hematite 62 Marble 63 Slate* <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">18 Garnet </li><li style="flex:1">64 Gneiss </li></ul>19 Magnetite 20 Serpentine 65 Metaconglomerate* 66 Phyllite 21 Malachite (green) 22 Muscovite (mica group) 23 Bornite (peacock tarnish) 24 Halite (table salt) 25 Cuprite (20) (Serpentinite)* SEDIMENTARY ROCKS: 26 Limonite (Goethite) 27 Pyrite (brassy) 28 Peridot 70 Sandstone 71 Limestone 72 Travertine (onyx) 73 Conglomerate 74 Breccia 29 Gold* 30 Copper (refined) 31 Glauberite pseudomorph 32 Sulfur 33 Quartz, var. rose 34 Quartz, var. amethyst 35 Hornblende* 36 Tourmaline* 37 Graphite* 75 Shale 76 Silicified Wood (Quartz, var. chert) 77 Coal 78 Diatomite 38 Sphalerite* 39 Biotite* 40 Dolomite* *= not generally in kits. Minerals numbered 8-10, 25, 29, 35-40 are listed for information only. <a href="/goto?url=http://www.janrasmussen.com/" target="_blank">www.janrasmussen.com </a>iii ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ROCKS & MINERALS IN KIT See final pages of book for color photographs of rocks and minerals. MINERALS: Apatite* Azurite (dark blue) Barite Biotite Bornite (peacock tarnish) Calcite 5 12 15 39 23 3ROCKS: Apache Tear Basalt Breccia 50 51 74 77 73 78 64 57 71 62 65 54 53 66 52 60 56 70 61 (20) 75 76 Chalcopyrite (brassy) Chrysocolla (blue-green) Copper (refined) Corundum* 14 11 30 9 Coal Conglomerate Diatomite Gneiss Granite Limestone Marble Metaconglomerate* Obsidian Perlite Phyllite Pumice Quartzite* Rhyolite Sandstone Schist (Serpentinite)* Shale* Silicified Wood (Quartz, var. chert) Slate Cuprite* Diamond* Dolomite* Fluorite 25 10 40 4 Galena (metallic) Garnet Glauberite pseudomorph Gold* Graphite* Gypsum 16 18 31 29 37 2 Halite (table salt) Hematite Hornblende Limonite (Goethite) Magnetite Malachite (green) Muscovite (mica group) Orthoclase (feldspar group) Peridot Pyrite (brassy) Quartz, var. amethyst Quartz, var. chalcedony Quartz 24 17 35 26 19 21 22 6 28 27 34 13 7 63 72 55 Travertine (onyx) Tuff Quartz, var. rose Serpentine Sphalerite* Sulfur Talc 33 20 38 32 1<ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Topaz* </li><li style="flex:1">8</li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Tourmaline* </li><li style="flex:1">36 </li></ul><a href="/goto?url=http://www.janrasmussen.com/" target="_blank">www.janrasmussen.com </a>iv Table of Contents <a href="#3_0">NUMERICAL LIST OF ROCKS & MINERALS IN KIT ..............................................</a><a href="#3_0">.</a><a href="#3_0">i</a><a href="#3_0">ii </a><a href="#4_0">ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ROCKS & MINERALS IN KI</a><a href="#4_0">T</a><a href="#4_0">.</a><a href="#4_0">........................................ iv </a><a href="#8_0">INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 </a><a href="#8_1">ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................................... 1 </a><a href="#10_0">INVENTORY OF TEACHER KIT CONTENTS .............................................................. 3 </a><a href="#11_0">SUGGESTIONS FOR USING THIS TEACHER KIT ...................................................... 4 </a><a href="#11_1">Level I (K-2</a><a href="#11_1">)</a><a href="#11_1">.</a><a href="#11_1">............................................................................................................................... 4 </a><a href="#12_0">Level I-II</a><a href="#12_0"> </a><a href="#12_0">(3-4-5)........................................................................................................................ 5 </a><a href="#13_0">Level II</a><a href="#13_0"> </a><a href="#13_0">(3-4-5) .......................................................................................................................... 6 </a><a href="#14_0">Level III (6-7-8/Middle School or Junior High</a><a href="#14_0">)</a><a href="#14_0">.</a><a href="#14_0">......................................................................... 7 </a><a href="#16_0">Level IV High Schoo</a><a href="#16_0">l</a><a href="#16_0">.</a><a href="#16_0">................................................................................................................. 9 </a><a href="#17_0">PHYSICAL TESTS FOR MINERAL IDENTIFICATION ............................................. 10 </a><a href="#17_1">DEFINITION OF A MINERAL................................................................................................ 10 </a><a href="#17_2">COLOR...................................................................................................................................... 10 </a><a href="#17_3">LUSTER .................................................................................................................................... 10 </a><a href="#18_0">CLEAVAGE.............................................................................................................................. 11 </a><a href="#21_0">FRACTURE .............................................................................................................................. 14 </a> <a href="#21_1">Types of Fracture</a><a href="#21_1">:</a><a href="#21_1">................................................................................................................. 14 </a> <a href="#22_0">CRYSTAL FORM..................................................................................................................... 15 </a><a href="#22_1">HARDNESS .............................................................................................................................. 15 </a><a href="#24_0">STREAK.................................................................................................................................... 17 </a><a href="#24_1">SPECIFIC GRAVITY ............................................................................................................... 17 </a><a href="#24_2">TENACITY ............................................................................................................................... 17 </a><a href="#25_0">DIAPHANIETY ........................................................................................................................ 18 </a><a href="#25_1">EFFERVESCENCE (FIZZ) IN ACID....................................................................................... 18 </a><a href="#25_2">OTHER TESTS ......................................................................................................................... 18 </a> <a href="#25_3">Taste</a><a href="#25_3">:</a><a href="#25_3">.</a><a href="#25_3">..................................................................................................................................... 18 </a><a href="#25_4">Odor: ...................................................................................................................................... 18 </a><a href="#25_5">Magnetism:............................................................................................................................. 18 </a><a href="#25_6">Radioactivity</a><a href="#25_6">:</a><a href="#25_6">.</a><a href="#25_6">........................................................................................................................ 18 </a><a href="#25_7">Fluorescence:.......................................................................................................................... 18 </a><a href="#26_0">MINERAL IDENTIFICATION TABLES ....................................................................... 19 </a><a href="#29_0">ROCK CYCLE ................................................................................................................. 23 </a><a href="#0_0">IDENTIFICATION OF ROCK</a><a href="#0_0">S</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">..................................................................................... 24 </a><a href="#0_1">SUMMARY OF ROCK TYPES ............................................................................................... 24 </a> <a href="#0_2">Igneous Rock</a><a href="#0_2">s</a><a href="#0_2">.</a><a href="#0_2">....................................................................................................................... 24 </a><a href="#0_0">Sedimentary Rocks................................................................................................................. 25 </a><a href="#0_3">Metamorphic Rocks ............................................................................................................... 25 </a><a href="#0_0">Igneous, Sedimentary, or Metamorphic? ............................................................................... 26 </a> <a href="#0_0">IGNEOUS ROCKS.................................................................................................................... 27 </a> <a href="#0_4">Textures of Igneous Rocks..................................................................................................... 27 </a><a href="#0_5">Characteristics of Important Minerals in Igneous Rocks ....................................................... 27 </a> <a href="#0_0">IGNEOUS ROCK IDENTIFICATION KEY............................................................................ 28 </a> <a href="#0_6">Igneous - glassy...................................................................................................................... 29 </a><a href="#0_7">Igneous - pyroclastic (fragmental = ash and bombs = fire particles) ..................................... 29 </a><a href="/goto?url=http://www.janrasmussen.com/" target="_blank">www.janrasmussen.com </a>v<a href="#0_0">SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ........................................................................................................ 30 </a> <a href="#0_8">Clastic Sedimentary Rocks .................................................................................................... 30 </a><a href="#0_0">Non-Clastic Sedimentary Rocks ............................................................................................ 31 </a> <a href="#0_0">SEDIMENTARY ROCK IDENTIFICATION KEY................................................................. 32 </a> <a href="#0_4">Clastic Sedimentary Rocks Identification Key ...................................................................... 32 </a><a href="#0_0">Non-Clastic Sedimentary Rock Identification Key................................................................ 33 </a><a href="#0_0">Sediment Grain Sizes ............................................................................................................. 34 </a> <a href="#0_0">METAMORPHIC ROCKS........................................................................................................ 35 </a> <a href="#0_9">Foliated (Banded) Metamorphic Rocks ................................................................................. 35 </a><a href="#0_10">Non-Foliated Metamorphic Rock</a><a href="#0_10">s</a><a href="#0_10">.</a><a href="#0_10">........................................................................................ 35 </a> <a href="#0_0">METAMORPHIC ROCK IDENTIFICATION KEY................................................................ 36 </a> <a href="#0_4">Foliated (banded) Metamorphic Rock Identification Key ..................................................... 36 </a><a href="#0_11">Non-foliated Metamorphic Rock Identification Key ............................................................. 37 </a> <a href="#0_12">ROCK CLASSIFICATION CHART ........................................................................................ 38 </a><a href="#0_12">NUMERICAL LIST OF ROCKS & MINERALS IN KIT .............................................. 39 </a><a href="#0_12">ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ROCKS & MINERALS IN KI</a><a href="#0_12">T</a><a href="#0_12">.</a><a href="#0_12">....................................... 40 </a><a href="#0_13">DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS & MINERALS IN ALPHABETIC ORDE</a><a href="#0_13">R</a><a href="#0_13">.</a><a href="#0_13">.................... 41 </a><a href="#0_14">50 </a><a href="#0_0">5</a> <a href="#0_14">APACHE TEARS</a><a href="#0_14"> </a><a href="#0_14">(rock) ............................................................................................ 41 </a><a href="#0_0">APATIT</a><a href="#0_0">E</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">.................................................................................................................... 42 </a><a href="#0_15">AZURITE .................................................................................................................... 43 </a><a href="#0_0">BARITE ....................................................................................................................... 44 </a><a href="#0_16">BASALT (rock)</a><a href="#0_16"> </a><a href="#0_16">......................................................................................................... 44 </a><a href="#0_17">BIOTIT</a><a href="#0_17">E</a><a href="#0_17">.</a><a href="#0_17">..................................................................................................................... 44 </a><a href="#0_18">BORNITE .................................................................................................................... 45 </a><a href="#0_19">BRECCIA (rock).........................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_19"> </a><a href="#0_19">46 </a><a href="#0_20">CALCITE..................................................................................................................... 46 </a><a href="#0_21">CHALCOPYRITE ....................................................................................................... 47 </a><a href="#0_22">CHRYSOCOLLA ........................................................................................................ 47 </a><a href="#0_23">COAL (rock</a><a href="#0_23">)</a><a href="#0_23">.</a><a href="#0_23">..............................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_23"> </a><a href="#0_23">48 </a><a href="#0_22">CONGLOMERATE (rock)........................................................................................</a><a href="#0_22"> </a><a href="#0_22">48 </a><a href="#0_24">COPPER ...................................................................................................................... 48 </a><a href="#0_25">CORUNDUM .............................................................................................................. 49 </a><a href="#0_0">CUPRIT</a><a href="#0_0">E</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">.................................................................................................................... 51 </a><a href="#0_26">DIAMOND .................................................................................................................. 51 </a><a href="#0_27">DIATOMITE (rock)....................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_27"> </a><a href="#0_27">52 </a><a href="#0_0">DOLOMITE................................................................................................................. 53 </a><a href="#0_28">FLUORITE .................................................................................................................. 53 </a><a href="#0_29">GALENA ..................................................................................................................... 54 </a><a href="#0_0">GARNET grou</a><a href="#0_0">p</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">.......................................................................................................... 55 </a><a href="#0_30">GLAUBERITE (A</a><a href="#0_30"> </a><a href="#0_30">PSEUDOMORPH) ..................................................................... 55 </a><a href="#0_31">GNEISS........................................................................................................................ 56 </a><a href="#0_0">GOLD .......................................................................................................................... 57 </a><a href="#0_32">GRANITE (rock)</a><a href="#0_32"> </a><a href="#0_32">........................................................................................................ 57 </a><a href="#0_33">GRAPHITE.................................................................................................................. 58 </a><a href="#0_0">GYPSU</a><a href="#0_0">M</a><a href="#0_0">.</a><a href="#0_0">.................................................................................................................... 59 </a><a href="#0_34">HALITE (salt</a><a href="#0_34">)</a><a href="#0_34">.</a><a href="#0_34">............................................................................................................. 59 </a><a href="#0_35">HEMATITE ................................................................................................................. 60 </a><a href="#0_33">HORNBLENDE........................................................................................................... 61 </a><a href="#0_36">LIMESTONE (rock) .................................................................................................... 61 </a><a href="#0_20">LIMONITE (GOETHITE</a><a href="#0_20">)</a><a href="#0_20">.</a><a href="#0_20">.......................................................................................... 62 </a> <a href="#0_15">12 </a><a href="#0_0">15 </a><a href="#0_16">51 </a><a href="#0_17">39 </a><a href="#0_18">23 </a><a href="#0_19">74 </a><a href="#0_20">3</a><a href="#0_21">14 </a><a href="#0_22">11 </a><a href="#0_23">77 </a><a href="#0_22">73 </a><a href="#0_24">30 </a><a href="#0_25">9</a><a href="#0_0">25 </a><a href="#0_26">10 </a><a href="#0_27">78 </a><a href="#0_0">40 </a><a href="#0_28">4</a><a href="#0_29">16 </a><a href="#0_0">18 </a><a href="#0_30">31 </a><a href="#0_31">64 </a><a href="#0_0">29 </a><a href="#0_32">57 </a><a href="#0_33">37 </a><a href="#0_0">2</a><a href="#0_34">24 </a><a href="#0_35">17 </a><a href="#0_33">35 </a><a href="#0_36">71 </a><a href="#0_20">26 </a><a href="/goto?url=http://www.janrasmussen.com/" target="_blank">www.janrasmussen.com </a>vi <a href="#0_0">19 </a><a href="#0_37">21 </a><a href="#0_38">62 </a><a href="#0_39">65 </a><a href="#0_0">22 </a><a href="#0_40">54 </a><a href="#0_41">6</a><a href="#0_42">28 </a><a href="#0_15">53 </a><a href="#0_43">66 </a><a href="#0_0">52 </a><a href="#0_44">27 </a> <a href="#0_0">MAGNETITE .............................................................................................................. 63 </a><a href="#0_37">MALACHIT</a><a href="#0_37">E</a><a href="#0_37">.</a><a href="#0_37">............................................................................................................. 63 </a><a href="#0_38">MARBL</a><a href="#0_38">E</a><a href="#0_38">.</a><a href="#0_38">.................................................................................................................... 64 </a><a href="#0_39">METACONGLOMERATE (rock)</a><a href="#0_39"> </a><a href="#0_39">............................................................................. 64 </a><a href="#0_0">MUSCOVITE .............................................................................................................. 65 </a><a href="#0_40">OBSIDIAN .................................................................................................................. 66 </a><a href="#0_41">ORTHOCLASE ........................................................................................................... 66 </a><a href="#0_42">PERIDOT..................................................................................................................... 67 </a><a href="#0_15">PERLITE...................................................................................................................... 68 </a><a href="#0_43">PHYLLITE .................................................................................................................. 68 </a><a href="#0_0">PUMICE (rock)...........................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_0"> </a><a href="#0_0">69 </a><a href="#0_44">PYRITE........................................................................................................................ 69 </a> <a href="#0_0">7, 13, 33, 34</a><a href="#0_0"> </a><a href="#0_0">QUARTZ ......................................................................................................... 70 </a><a href="#0_0">60 </a><a href="#0_45">56 </a><a href="#0_46">70 </a><a href="#0_27">61 </a><a href="#0_47">20 </a><a href="#0_0">(20) </a><a href="#0_48">75 </a><a href="#0_49">76 </a><a href="#0_15">63 </a><a href="#0_50">38 </a><a href="#0_0">32 </a><a href="#0_51">1</a> <a href="#0_0">QUARTZITE (rock)</a><a href="#0_0"> </a><a href="#0_0">................................................................................................... 72 </a><a href="#0_45">RHYOLITE (rock)......................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_45"> </a><a href="#0_45">72 </a><a href="#0_46">SANDSTONE (rock)</a><a href="#0_46"> </a><a href="#0_46">.................................................................................................. 72 </a><a href="#0_27">SCHIST (rock</a><a href="#0_27">)</a><a href="#0_27">.</a><a href="#0_27">..........................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_27"> </a><a href="#0_27">73 </a><a href="#0_47">SERPENTINE.............................................................................................................. 73 </a><a href="#0_0">SERPENTINIT</a><a href="#0_0">E</a><a href="#0_0">.......................................................................................................... 74 </a><a href="#0_48">SHALE (rock</a><a href="#0_48">)</a><a href="#0_48">.</a><a href="#0_48">...........................................................................................................</a><a href="#0_48"> </a><a href="#0_48">74 </a><a href="#0_49">SILICIFIED WOOD (PETRIFIED WOOD</a><a href="#0_49">)</a><a href="#0_49">.</a><a href="#0_49">.............................................................. 74 </a><a href="#0_15">SLATE (rock) .............................................................................................................. 75 </a><a href="#0_50">SPHALERITE.............................................................................................................. 75 </a><a href="#0_0">SULFUR ...................................................................................................................... 76 </a><a href="#0_51">TAL</a><a href="#0_51">C</a><a href="#0_51">.</a><a href="#0_51">.......................................................................................................................... 76 </a><a href="#0_0">TOPAZ......................................................................................................................... 77 </a><a href="#0_52">TOURMALINE GROUP............................................................................................. 77 </a><a href="#0_0">TRAVERTINE (―ONYX‖)</a><a href="#0_0">.......................................................................................... 78 </a><a href="#0_53">TUFF............................................................................................................................ 78 </a> <a href="#0_0">8</a><a href="#0_52">36 </a><a href="#0_0">72 </a><a href="#0_53">55 </a>

How to Identify Rocks and Minerals

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