Lubbock Lake Landmark

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MUSEUM of TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY, ANTHROPOLOGY DIVISION and LUBBOCK LAKE LANDMARK

LAB MANUAL

Welcome to the Lubbock Lake Landmark Quaternary Research Center lab and the Anthropology Division lab of the Museum of Texas Tech University. This handbook is designed to assist you in carrying out the procedures associated with the lab processing of incoming Quaternary materials. It is not intended to replace guidance from supervisors, but to supplement their instructions. You will not be asked to perform any activities without prior instruction, and please ask as many questions as you need to enable you to carry out the procedures correctly. It is easier to answer a question than to fix a mistake!

Materials generated during the course of Quaternary fieldwork and the documentation associated with them become part of the permanent collections of the Museum of Texas Tech University. The procedural requirements outlined in this manual satisfy the museum conditions for the generating and processing of materials from the field.

All processing materials are state-of-the-art, conservation grade, and archivally safe. They allow the Quaternary remains, samples, and documentation to be stabilized, recorded, marked, packaged, and housed to the highest current standards of in-perpetuity care. The Museum of Texas Tech University (and the Lubbock Lake Landmark as a unit of the Museum) is accredited by the American Association of Museums and certified by the Texas Historical Commission. Our standard care of archaeological materials exceeds the U.S. Department of the Interior Curation Guidelines, Corps of Engineers Curation Guidelines, and the Council of Texas Archeologists Curation Guidelines currently in place.

TABLE of CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION A. Lab Rules 4 B. Proper Handling of Museum Objects 6 C. Chemical Warning and Safety Procedures 8

II. OBJECT PROCESSING A. List of Object Groups 10 B. Accessions Inventory 10 B. Cleaning, Preserving, and Mending Objects 10 C. Identification and Assigning Catalog Numbers 17 D. Barcoding 18 E. Data Entry 19 1. Introduction to FileMaker Pro 5.0 19 2. Data Entry of Catalog Records 20 F. Cataloging Objects 43 Basic Lab Procedures for Cataloging 43 1. Cataloging Bone 46 a. Aging 46 i. Union of Epiphyses in Modern European Bison 46 ii. Union of Epiphyses in Extinct North American Bison 46 b. Identifying Modified Bone 47 c. Identifying Bone 49 d. Taxonomy 55 2. Cataloging Lithic and Hearthstone Material 83 3. Cataloging Charcoal for Tree Identification 88 4. Cataloging Aboriginal Pottery and Historic Pottery Ceramics 89 5. Cataloging Historic Materials 95 6. Cataloging Seeds 98 7. Cataloging Shell Material 98 a. Biological Snails and Clams 98 b. Culturally Modified Shell 98 8. Cataloging Plant Material 99 a. Biological Plant Material 99 b. Culturally Modified Plant Material 99 G. Labeling Objects with a Catalog Number 107 H. Packaging Objects for Installation 109

III. PACKING for TRANSPORTATION 112

IV. PRINTING REPORTS A. Box Inventory Instructions 114

2 V. MUSEUM INSTALLATION 116

VI. MATRIX PROCESSING A. Guidelines for Matrix Washing 118 B. Guidelines for Matrix Sorting 120

VII. OTHER LAB PROCEDURES A. Procedures for Collecting Radiocarbon Samples 121 1. Charcoal Sample 121 2. Organic Sediment Sample 121 B. Pedestal Processing 121 1. Lab Procedures 121 C. Cast Processing 122 1. Lab Procedures 122 D. Excavating Plaster Casts 122

Introduction

A. Lab Rules

1. No smoking, eating, or drinking in the lab or around matrix washing.

2. Chemicals should be kept and used only in pre-approved locations denoted by the lab staff. All chemical needs are the responsibility of the Lab Supervisor or other assigned lab staff member.

3. No loud or offensive music.

4. Do not touch any objects other than your current project.

5. No running or horseplay in the lab.

6. Offices are for staff use only.

7. Computers are for work, not play or personal use of the Internet; computer use should be cleared with a staff member prior to use.

8. Put recycling in the recycling box.

9. Keep the lab as clean as possible.

10. Do not open windows or raise shades in the lab as the climate is controlled within the building. If a problem exists with the temperature (e.g., you notice it is too cold or too warm), report the problem to the Collections Manager (Anthropology Division) or Lab Coordinator (Quaternary Research Center [QRC]).

11. The main lab door to the QRC should be unlocked on workdays during operational work hours if someone is present in the lab. At all other times, the building must be kept locked.

12. Lab coats and close-toed shoes are to be worn in the Conservation labs at all times. This rule is to protect individuals from chemical spills and objects from accidents. Closed toe shoes are required for employees at the Lubbock Lake Landmark (LLL). Flip-flops are a hazard when carrying objects.

13. Lubbock Lake Landmark employees must keep the red gate to the pathway to the QRC closed at all times, especially after entering and leaving the Landmark. Employees must ensure that the pin is secured back in its place in the red gate before and after entering and that the lock

4 that hangs on the red gate is secured. During the field season, the inner sliding gate needs to be pulled closed and the lock needs to be secured to the gate.

14. If any discrepancies occur with what you are doing and what is written in the lab manual, please alert a supervisor.

B. Proper Handling of Museum Objects

1. Never move, touch, or handle objects unless absolutely necessary.

2. Object(s) are handled when they are received, accessioned, inventoried, cataloged, analyzed, measured, photodocumented, and deaccessioned.

3. Objects may be handled when they are needed for research, conservation, rehousing, loan, and exhibit purposes.

4. Before moving objects from their present locations to new locations, plan the path ahead of the move. Be sure that no obstruction exists in the path.

5. Clean and make room for the objects in the new location first. Do not take the objects from the old location, and then realize that no place exists to put them in the new location.

6. Wash hands as frequently as necessary. Always use gloves.  Cotton gloves are appropriate with certain type of materials. When the white cotton gloves begin to be soiled, it is time to use a new pair. Placed the soiled pair in the designated box to be washed.  Nitrile gloves are used when chemicals are involved such as when removing labeling with acetone. They are disposed after each use.  Gloves should always be worn when handling historic objects in order to avoid transferring oil and dirt from the preparer’s skin to the historic object. Cotton gloves should be avoided because they will transfer dirt from object to object and the fibers in the cloth can snag on the object compromising its structural integrity. Preparers should ALWAYS wear nitrile gloves when handling historic objects. Be sure to change gloves as frequently as necessary.

7. Never pick up objects by protruding parts, handles, or rims.

8. Always pick up objects by the bottom to support the weight; use both hands.

9. If the object is supported and housed properly, carry the object with the support/housing unit. Do not move the object off the support.

10. When only one person is moving large or bulky objects (e.g., whole ceramic vessel, large bone elements), carry one object at a time. Take time to finish the task. If an object is too heavy to be carried by one person, use two or as many individuals as necessary to move the object.

6 11. When transporting small objects (e.g., flakes, bone segments, potsherds), the objects should be placed securely in a box or on a tray; then, one individual can carry them.

12. Use the padded cart to move objects for any distance. If more than one large object is to be moved, each object should be protected and padded individually. Do not move heavy objects and light objects on the same cart.

13. Do not walk backwards while moving objects; always keep a clear view of the path.

14. Dress sensibly! Do not wear high heels or boots with sharp points. Do not wear jewelry (ring, bracelet, necklace, or earrings) that has too many dangling parts that may get tangled and cause damage to the objects being handled. Be mindful of the required security badge.

15. Report damage of an object at once to the Curator, Collections Manager, or Lab Coordinator; save all pieces. DO NOT ATTEMPT ANY REPAIRS.

16. If the object is too fragile or too delicate to be handled, leave it alone and ask for advice from the Curator, Collections Manager, or Lab Coordinator.

17. Be sure to update the location in the collections database whenever objects are removed from their locations and when objects are returned.

18. Keep collections and work areas clean at all times; NO EATING, DRINKING, OR SMOKING IN THE COLLECTION, DOCUMENTS, OR WORK ROOMS!

19. Treat every object as if it were the most important object in the collections.

C. Chemical Warning and Safety Procedures

The Division and the QRC currently use acetone and mixtures including this chemical in treatment (such as cleaning, consolidating, and mending) of Quaternary materials as well as distilled water (for cleaning). Either distilled water or undiluted acetone is used to clean objects. Conservation grade polyvinyl acetate (PVAC) of different strengths (AYAF and AYAT) dissolved in acetone is used to consolidate and mend objects; 15% PVAC dissolved in acetone is used in labeling objects. The following procedures are outlined to help authorized and trained personnel in the Division or at the QRC take appropriate precautions when handling chemicals.

1. NEVER drink or inhale the chemicals.

2. NEVER deliberately use the chemicals in ways not specified in this manual.

3. NEVER smoke in the same room where the chemicals are used and stored.

4. Always wear closed-toe shoes when working with or around chemicals.

5. Always wear acetone-resistant gloves and chemical safety masks whenever handling or using the chemicals.

6. If the chemicals are accidentally spilled on any parts of the body, the affected area(s) should be washed off immediately with water. If spilled around the eyes, use the eye bath or eyewash provided at the safety stations. The incident should be reported immediately to the Division’s Safety Supervisor (Curator of Anthropology) or the Landmark’s Safety Supervisor (Operations Manager).

7. Never use the chemicals in a closed environment. Use the chemicals only under a fume hood, fume absorber, or outside. Make sure good air ventilation and fresh air circulation are occurring in the room.

8. Do not use acetone to clean objects unless the object is too fragile to withstand cleaning with distilled water.

9. When cleaning or consolidating objects with chemicals, always use the fume hood in the Conservation labs or work outside.

10. When labeling objects, always use the fume hood in the Conservation labs or the fume absorber.

11. When using PVAC to label objects, use the smallest container available. Open the container only when the labeling process is in progress.

8 12. When working in the field with undiluted acetone or PVAC consolidant, be sure the chemicals are not used or stored under direct sunlight and that good air ventilation exists.

13. When cleaning objects, use a small paintbrush, cotton swabs, or other applicators to apply distilled water or acetone to the objects. Never use one’s hands or fingers to do the work.

14. DO NOT immerse the brush into the acetone past the metal part; contact with acetone will cause the paint on the handle to run. Make sure that a non- synthetic brush is used with the chemicals and always stabilize the brush after each use with acetone. Not doing so will cause a build up of resin in the brush.

15. Unused acetone or other chemicals in use should always be left in their original containers. Clean, undiluted acetone can be transferred into small containers for use in the field and lab. PVAC consolidant and PVAC adhesive can be premixed and stored in small, properly labeled containers.

16. All chemicals and mixtures should be stored in clearly labeled glass jars with metal lids. The lids should be closed tightly when not in use. Open the lid only when the chemical is being used.

17. All chemicals and mixtures used in the QRC are stored in the safety cabinet on the loading dock of that building. All chemicals and mixtures used in the Anthropology Division are stored in the safety cabinets in the Conservation lab.

18. All waste chemicals must be left in their original containers. NEVER dump the waste chemicals down the sinks or drains or on the ground outside the buildings. They are stored in the chemical safety cabinets in the Division’s Conservation lab and in the safety cabinet of the QRC in clearly labeled containers. The Lab Coordinator (QRC) or Collections Manager (Anthropology Division) contacts the Environmental Health & Safety Office at Texas Tech University for removal.

II. Object Processing

A. List of Object Groups

Identifiable Bone Unidentifiable Bone Lithic (includes all flaked lithics, groundstone, manuports, manos, and metates) Hearthstone Charcoal for tree identification Aboriginal Pottery Historic Pottery Ceramics Historic Seed Shell Plant Material (includes wood but not seed or charcoal) Mineral Insect

B. Accessions Inventory

The Lab Coordinator (QRC) or the Collections Manager check all objects brought into the lab from the field or into the Museum from a donor. If field- generated, each object is crosschecked against the paperwork and an initial identification is conducted to cull any unwanted objects from the inventory (e.g., rocks or trash). If a collection is donated at the Museum, the Curator or Collections Manager will crosscheck each object against the paperwork and make an initial identification. An accessions inventory is conducted and an accessions inventory list produced. The Collections Manager transmits the electronic accession inventory list to the Registrar. The Accessions Inventory follows a template that includes information about objects/samples/documents of the collection. The Registrar assigns an accession number to the collection.

C. Cleaning, Preserving, and Mending of Objects

All incoming field-generated collections currently are cleaned and stabilized in the Conservation Lab at the QRC. Cleaning and stabilizing of non-field- generated collections takes place in the Division’s Conservation Lab. The following procedures are designed to help personnel perform the work correctly and safely.

Clean and stabilize the artifact o Keep PVAC consolidant, PVAC adhesive, and acetone brushes separate. o Keep PVAC consolidant, PVAC adhesive, and acetone bottles covered

10 when possible, as they evaporate quickly. Make sure the jar or bottle is marked correctly as to contents. o DO NOT put PVAC consolidant on bone tools or bone flakes. o Wear gloves and a fitted mask when immersing bone in PVAC consolidant. o To obtain more PVAC and acetone or for questions regarding their disposal, please ask the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator. It is illegal to dispose of chemicals in any manner that is not consistent with approved Environmental Protection Agency measures. The University has approved, designated procedures to follow.

Bone General Lab Personnel o Bones are very susceptible to drying, cracking, and breakage from friction with other objects. The first process is to clean the bone. Dirt will cause the bone to crack, attract insects, and may mask important surface features. However, if a bone is very fragile and removing the dirt will cause the bone to fall apart, the dirt should be left in place. o Very stable bones may be cleaned with a soft toothbrush and distilled water but do not immerse in water or leave to soak. Water-soaked bone cracks as it dries. Do not try to speed the drying process by laying the bones in the sun or using heat lamps or heaters. These attempts only damage the bone more through cracking and other strains. o Marks left by butchering activities often are discernible on the surface of the bone. DO NOT use metal tools that may destroy, mask, or damage modification evidence. Wooden picks, toothpicks, and bamboo tools may be used to clean hard to reach places on the bones.

Authorized and Trained Lab Personnel Cleaning Fragile Bones o Personnel who are authorized to work with large quantities or the prolonged use of acetone must have passed a fit test conducted by the Environmental Health and Safety Department at Texas Tech University and have been fitted individually for a chemical safety mask. o For cleaning more fragile bones, acetone works well. Acetone evaporates so it does not soak the bone. Also, it drives out water from the bone. As acetone evaporates rapidly, keep the container tightly covered when not in use. Acetone is a hazardous chemical. Use acetone only in a well-ventilated room under a fume hood. o If acetone cannot be obtained, isopropyl alcohol or distilled water used sparingly with a small paintbrush may be adequate. Soft paintbrushes or wooden tools may be used in cleaning the objects.

Stabilization o A consolidant is used to support and protect the surface and inner structure of the bone. A solution that works well with dry bone is 2-5% or

less PVAC dissolved in acetone (hereafter referred to as PVAC consolidant); it possesses both short-term and long-term reversibility. A PVAC mixture of different strengths (AYAF and AYAT; viscosities of 12.0 cps or less) enables the solution to penetrate more completely. o Pouring the PVAC beads into the acetone in small amounts at a time and stirring constantly results in more rapid dissolution of the resin. This solution may be mixed a few days in advance to insure that the resin has dissolved completely. As with acetone, the solution evaporates rapidly so the container must be covered tightly. Large amounts or prolonged exposure to a PVAC solution can be hazardous and all workers in the vicinity of the chemical are required to wear chemical safety masks. If the PVAC consolidant solution is too thick, a sheen will appear on the surface of the bone without adequate penetration. o The PVAC consolidant is applied only to a completely dry bone. As some of the acetone evaporates, the solution will thicken and extra acetone must be added. Any bones that have been left in a matrix of sediment should be excavated carefully a little at a time, cleaning with acetone, and then applying consolidant before cleaning the next section of bone. If the bone crumbles using this method, leave the bone in the sediments and consult with the Curator. Any bones that may have been used as tools generally are not consolidated. If the tool needs to be consolidated, the suspected utilized edges should not be treated.

Mending o Mending is done last after cleaning and stabilization, as the edges to be conjoined need to be clean and stable. Also, acetone in the PVAC consolidant will dissolve the PVAC adhesive. o After cleaning and stabilization, broken bones may be conjoined if broken from excavation or handling. If two pieces of bone are found broken in the ground, they are left separated, as the break may provide useful information. o A 20-25% PVAC (higher viscosities, e.g., 15-18 cps) solution in acetone is used as a mending agent (hereafter referred to as PVAC adhesive). This percentage is increased in increments of 10% until a hold is reached. o When infilling is necessary to fill in a large break for stability, whiting (ground calcium carbonate) mixed with 20% PVAC consolidant is used. This mixture can be shaped easily and adhered into the missing areas. Coat the edges with a 10% PVAC consolidant first.

Lithic and Hearthstone General Lab Personnel o Lithic objects generally need little stabilization other than cleaning. Cleaning may be accomplished with distilled water and paintbrushes.

12 o Distilled water should be used sparingly. Do not immerse the lithic or hearthstone in water or leave to soak. o Do not use an abrasive brush or brush abrasively when cleaning. Authorized and Trained Lab Personnel o Lithic objects and hearthstones that have been broken recently (e.g., during or after excavation) can be mended with PVAC adhesive. If directed by the Curator or Collections Manager, the steps listed for bone are followed in coating the edges first with a PVAC consolidant. o Calcium carbonate deposits may occur on lithic objects covering flake scars and other important attributes. Only the Curator or Collections Manager determines treatment beyond distilled water. These deposits sometimes can be removed with a 10% EDTA tetrasodium solution in distilled water. If this solution does not remove the deposits, no other treatment is undertaken.

Charcoal for tree identification General Lab Personnel o Charcoal is not cleaned, but placed in an appropriately sized gel cap, clear polystyrene box or microcentrifuge tube. o Charcoal is for tree identification only o Do not touch the charcoal with your hands.

Aboriginal Pottery General Lab Personnel o Most pottery needs only to be washed lightly with distilled water and a paintbrush. o Unfired clay should be rubbed lightly between the fingers to remove the dirt.

Authorized and Trained Lab Personnel o Fragile sherds may need to be washed with acetone and stabilized with a 2% or less PVAC consolidant. o Chemical deposits may be found on the surface that may be removed with a 10% EDTA tetrasodium solution in distilled water. o Sherds broken during or after excavation are conjoined with a PVAC adhesive. Do not tape pieces together as the tape will harm the surface of the pottery. o If deemed necessary by the Curator or Collections Manager for research or exhibit purposes, a ceramic vessel may be reconstructed using a PVAC adhesive. A sandbox and EDPM archival rubber bands may aid in reconstructing the pot but the rubber bands should be used only for a short period of time (i.e., only long enough for the PVAC adhesive to dry and conjoining completed). Repair of missing areas is not recommended except in places where it is necessary for stability. The Curator or Collections Manager makes this decision. The areas that have been repaired should be obvious. Polyfill may be used for this

process, coated with a thin coat of polyfix to achieve a smooth surface. The edges of the sherds are coated first with a 10% PVAC consolidant.

Historic Pottery Ceramics General Lab Personnel o Most pottery ceramics need only to be washed lightly with distilled water and a paintbrush. o Unfired clay should be rubbed lightly between the fingers to remove the dirt.

Authorized and Trained Lab Personnel o Fragile sherds may need to be washed with acetone and stabilized with a 2% or less PVAC consolidant. o Chemical deposits may be found on the surface that may be removed with a 10% EDTA tetrasodium solution in distilled water. o Sherds broken during or after excavation are conjoined with a PVAC adhesive. Do not tape pieces together as the tape will harm the surface of the pottery or ceramic. o If deemed necessary by the Curator or Collections Manager for research or exhibit purposes, a ceramic vessel may be reconstructed using a PVAC adhesive. A sandbox and EDPM archival rubber bands may aid in reconstructing the pot but the rubber bands should be used only for a short period of time (i.e., only long enough for the PVAC adhesive to dry and conjoining completed). Repair of missing areas is not recommended except in places where it is necessary for stability. The Curator or Collections Manager makes this decision. The areas that have been repaired should be obvious. Polyfill may be used for this process, coated with a thin coat of polyfix to achieve a smooth surface. The edges of the sherds are coated first with a 10% PVAC consolidant.

Historic (Glass) General Lab Personnel o Glass objects should be kept free of dust, debris, and oily residues. In general, it is not a good idea to wash these pieces. Each time a piece is handled for cleaning, a greater risk of breakage through accidents and mishandling can occur. o Glass may be cleaned with a dry brush. Never soak glass objects, especially those that have been repaired. Soaking may soften the adhesives used for repairs.

Authorized and Trained Personnel o Glass that has been broken and repaired can be cleaned with a soft clean towel dipped in an ammonia and water solution.

Historic (Metals, Leather, and Basketry) Authorized and Trained Personnel

14 o The Curator or Collections Manager must be notified of any potential problems or unique items in need of attention. o Improper handling and storage are the main causes of damage to objects made of brass, copper, and bronze. Mishandling can dent, bend, rip, and break these objects. The surfaces of metal objects also can be scratched easily because these metals are not very hard. Over- polishing, even with conservation materials, can remove surface feature. o A moist environment can cause corrosion, especially when contaminating materials, such as salts and oils due to handling with bare hands, are present. Also, if left to accumulate, dust and grime will hold moisture and encourage corrosion, even in low humidity. Oils and salts on the skin or in lotions and cosmetics can etch into metals and may cause permanent damage. It is best to wear cotton or polyethylene (not natural rubber) gloves, brushing off any dirt with light brushing towards a vacuum. o Tarnish should be removed only when the object is being displayed. It otherwise forms a protective barrier. Polishing removes some of the original metal each time.

o Objects should not be washed; a dry brush technique should be employed to dislodge dirt and debris. Care should be taken when cleaning historic objects in order not to damage the object.

Seed General Lab Personnel o Seed is not cleaned, but placed in a clear, appropriately sized gel cap, polystyrene box, or microcentrifuge tube.

Shell General Lab Personnel o Shell or areas of shell that are stable may be cleaned with a dry brush. o If necessary, distilled water can be used sparingly, but only if the shell does not begin to flake off. Otherwise, they should be left "as is."

Authorized and Trained Personnel o Areas that are chalking or weak may be consolidated with a 2% or less PVAC consolidant. o A PVAC adhesive can be used to repair recently broken pieces.

Plant material General Lab Personnel o A dry soft brush can be used on larger items. Otherwise, these materials are not cleaned. o Water or harsh chemicals are not used to clean plant materials.

Mineral

General Lab Personnel o Mineral objects generally need little stabilization other than cleaning. Cleaning may be accomplished with distilled water and paintbrushes. o Do not use an abrasive brush or brush abrasively when cleaning.

Insect General Lab Personnel o Insects are and insect parts are not cleaned, but placed in an appropriately sized gel cap, a clear polystyrene box or microcentrifuge tube.

16 C. Identification and Assigning Catalog Numbers CATALOG NUMBERS ARE ASSIGNED BY THE LAB COORDINATOR OR COLLECTIONS MANAGER ONLY

The purpose of cataloging is to identify and describe in detail each object and give it a unique identifying number. The catalog number is alphanumeric, consisting of the acronym TTU for the Museum, followed by –A identifying the Anthropology Division of the Museum, followed by a serial number (e.g., TTU-A3421). The entire alphanumeric designation is the catalog number. The catalog number of each specimen is cross- referenced from a control sheet to a data entry page that includes all the information for the object. Numerous records can be extracted from the information on the data entry page. The catalog record is standardized in an electronic format so that like information always is found in the same place on each catalog record. Each object is given its own catalog number and catalog sheet. Cataloging data are inputted directly on the computer in a specific FileMaker Pro database. After all the information about an object is recorded, the catalog sheet is printed on acid-free, lignin-free paper and put in a Tru-Core Flip top document box. Instructions for completing a catalog record are on the following pages.

The division’s scope of collections is the Southern Plains. That region is divided into sub regions, reflected in the cataloging acronym. TTU-A is reserved for materials recovered from Lubbock Lake Landmark (41LU1). TTU-A1- is used to catalog material recovered from all other sites and localities on the Southern High Plains (Llano Estacado). This designation includes all rim sites within the fence line boundaries of the Lubbock Lake Landmark preserve.

Identification of bone element is done only with the supervised use of the vertebrate comparative collection. The Curator identifies the taxon. Identification of pottery/ceramics and lithics is based on the appropriate comparative collection and standard typology (e.g., Handbook of Texas Archaeology). Identification of material is done by authorized personal or under supervision of authorized personnel.

When writing catalog numbers onto level and feature forms and object slips, only a micron pigma pen (0.08) is used. The number 7 is written WITHOUT the crossbar when writing or marking catalog numbers. PLEASE WRITE LEGIBLY AT ALL TIMES.

D. Barcoding Barcoding is standard practice with collections to improve collection management and access. This linking tool connects objects to collection, location, and documentation, lending itself as an innovative way of providing access easily and swiftly. In this way, objects or collections can be tracked during relocation due to moving, loans, research, programming, or exhibitions. The use of barcodes limits risk to objects, boxes, or documents with a reduction in handling. Links to other files and data tables are created that change as the original database changes, providing current and accurate information throughout the data management activities of the Museum. All data about an encoded object/sample/document are accessed through the Museum’s network, including accession, catalog, loan, and exhibit information.

Bar coding eliminates redundancy of effort and reduces the possibility of error by using one encoding to access the various records relating to a collection. Each record is captured quickly, verifying the object information with a reduction in errors due to typing mistakes. The barcoding system requires a relational database (currently, FileMaker Pro 7.0) on a high capacity processor. Information can be inputted once and from that single source, multiple files and data uses can be drawn. Linking inventory and location information with accession and catalog data increases the information available for the collections as a whole or for any one object, sample, or document in the Collection by consolidating that data in one location.

Each object/sample/document/drawer/cabinet/box has an associated tag with an assigned bar code, and thus links the object/sample/document to an inventory data record. Barcoded tags are printed on acid-free, lignin-free paper, placed inside a small polypropylene zipper bag, and associated with the object/sample/document depending on how the object/sample/document is packaged and housed. The bar-coded tags may be affixed in various ways: . placed in a tray with the object if only one object in the tray (for recessed housing); . placed within a bag and included within a larger polyethylene bag with the object/sample; . placed within a boxed object; . attached to acid-free, lignin-free paper or cardstock label using an adhesive; . barcode label, and the cardstock attached with archival string to the object or placed directly on a file folder of a document; . a barcoded label printed on acid free, lignin-free paper can be placed directly on the object using a bottom coat of 20% PVAC and a top coat of 15% PVAC.

18 E. Data Entry

1. Introduction to FileMaker Pro NOTE: Before an employee can begin inputting information into the database, they must complete a barcoding training session. If any problems occur with the database, consult the manual or a supervisor.

-To create a new record, click on the button that says NEW at the top of the screen. If you do not hit the NEW button on the Provenience Page of the database, the software does NOT assign the barcode to the record.

-Use the data entry layouts to catalog. The data entry layouts are divided by provenience information, object information, and collections management information.

-The data entry layouts are related to Treatment Record, Lithic Analysis Record, Hearthstone Analysis Record, Accession Record, Labels, Barcode Scanning Layout, and Inventory Printing Page.

-Use ALL CAPS to enter any text information (exceptions to this rule are in regard to substratum; please ask your supervisor).

-Follow the standardized descriptions and fields laid out in this manual—consult the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator if you have any questions.

-To get to the next data entry page, select the button/tab with the name of the next set of information on it. For example, if you are on the provenience information sheet and you want to get to the object information sheet, click on “object information”.

-Use the drop-down menus when available to help with data entry. If the information you need is not in the drop-down menu, consult the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator.

-If instructions are located on the screen or appear when you type something in, please follow those instructions. If you do not understand the instructions, ask the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator for assistance. DO NOT ASSUME THAT THIS INFORMATION WILL BE FIXED LATER.

-FileMaker Pro automatically saves your work, therefore DO NOT LEAVE BLANK RECORDS IN THE DATABASE. The program will save blank records as well as records that you have filled in.

-To delete a record, press the apple key and the E key. DO NOT DELETE ANY RECORDS WITHOUT CHECKING WITH THE COLLECTIONS MANAGER OR LAB COORDINATOR.

-To assign a bar code or a set of bar codes, go to the Scripts menu and go to the Get Bar Code Imported script or the Get Multiple Bar Codes imported script.

-To go to another layout, e.g., inventory or labels, select the Reports button at the top of the data entry screen. Then select the name of the layout you would like to see or print.

-As you complete any task, e.g., printed the bar code tag or placed the object in a cabinet, please make sure this information is recorded in the appropriate spots in the database. Much of this information is on the Collections Management layout in the database.

2. Data Entry of Catalog Records: Data entry instructions are included here to facilitate the inputting of catalog information. If you have any questions, please ask the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator.

PROVENIENCE INFORMATION Catalog Prefix Includes the museum acronym for all material accessioned into the Museum of Texas Tech University (TTU) holdings. All materials housed in the Anthropology Division are designated by an A. The Anthropology Division's catalog system consists of two parts. The first part designates the geographic area from which the collection comes, e.g., TTU-A, TTU-A1-, TTU-A5-. The second part is a sequential number series beginning with 1 and running consecutively for each region, e.g., 22000, 22001, 22002. Materials collected within the LLL valley (41LU1) do not have a geographical prefix. Materials collected from other sites on the Southern High Plains (including rim sites at LLL but outside the 41LU1 boundary) have a prefix 1, e.g., TTU-A1-22000. The appropriate prefix must be used for the catalog number. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Auto-entry. This portion of the catalog number will remain constant for all Anthropology Division Collections and will be auto-entered as TTU-A. The computerized system includes the A prefix as part of the catalog number entry.

20 Catalog Number In data entry, the catalog number is a sequential alphanumeric number. The alphanumeric number must be written out completely to constitute the correct catalog number. In general, the Collections Manager or the Lab Coordinator assigns a sequential block of numbers to each site or locality collection. Objects of different types and species, or from different proveniences, must have separate catalog numbers. Everything found in place is assigned an individual catalog number. For some matrix materials from the same provenience (skeletal material [except teeth] from the same species, bone scrap, pieces of hearthstones, shells, and botanical materials [until identified]), materials are assigned one number per category (object type) per matrix sample number. Individual catalog numbers are assigned to all other matrix materials. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: May be set up to auto-enter a sequential number; otherwise, the number should be typed in. Remember that for data entry, only the number should be inputted such as “54378” because the computer automatically assigns the prefix.

Accession # Every year (starting January 1 of each year), accession numbers are assigned through the Registrar's Office to collections received by the Museum according to the sequence of their acquisition. For example, TTU1988-34 is the 34th collection accepted into the Museum’s holdings in 1988 or TTU2004.036 is the 36th collection for 2004. Each collection is assigned a unique accession number. The collections of materials recovered from individual sites and localities during a particular year receive individual accession numbers (e.g., TTU1991-1 for 41LU1 in 1991, TTU1990-33 for 41LU29 in 1990, TTU2003-001 for 41LU1 in 2003). All areas within a site or locality are given the same accession number (e.g., TTU1991-01 for all areas within 41LU1, TTU1988-33 for areas within 41LU29 in 1988, TTU2003.015 for areas within 41LU35 in 2003). The accession number is alphanumeric. It consists of the Museum’s acronym TTU, followed by the calendar year. Accession numbers for individual collections are provided to the cataloger at the time of cataloging by the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Auto-entry. The number should be double-checked to ensure the entry of the correct accession number. If additions or corrections are needed, input the number as the year hyphen (-),

and the number, for example, 2002-022. The prefix TTU automatically is entered on each record. Collection Name This category defines the overarching name that can include several sites, e.g., Yellowhouse System. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Auto-entry. If the collection name you need is not set on the database, consult with the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator.

Investigation Location Sometimes, recovery is conducted at a location that does not have a site name or a site number and is referred to by the investigation location. The investigation location serves as a point of reference. The investigation location may be the same name as the county. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Auto-entry. If the investigation location you need is not set on the database, consult with the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator.

Site Name This is the name given to a site and formerly recorded with the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory (TARL; official state repository for site records and number assignment). DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Auto-entry. If the site number you need is not set on the database, consult with the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator.

Site # This category utilizes the Smithsonian River Basin Survey trinomial system. For example, the Lubbock Lake Landmark is 41LU1. The number 41 designates the state of Texas, LU Lubbock County, and 1 the first site in Lubbock County recorded with TARL. This designation is written as one unit without any space between the numbers and letters and with capital letters, e.g., 41LU29. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Auto-entry. If the site number you need is not set on the database, consult with the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator.

22 Locality # An arbitrary numbering system that is used to designate a paleontological location or a site that has not yet been assigned a trinomial. For example, the first paleontological locality at Roland Springs Ranch is designated RSR Locality 1. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Auto-entry. If the locality number you need is not set on the database, consult with the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator.

County Name of the county where recovery occurred. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Drop down menu. If an addition or deletion needs to be made to the drop down menu, consult the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator.

State Name of state where recovery occurred. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Drop down menu. If an addition or deletion needs to be made to the drop down menu, consult the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator.

Method of Recovery Select the method used to recover the object from the field. This information can be found on the object slip. o Excavation (plotted) If the excavation unit and coordinates are listed.. o Excavation (matrix) If the object is not accompanied by an object slip but rather a matrix tag. o Survey If the excavation unit and coordinates are listed and the object slip notes in remarks that it comes from pedestrian, erosional survey, shovel-test, test-unit, coring, and augering. o Monitor If noted on the object slip. o Trench If the number is listed.

DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Drop down menu. If an addition or deletion needs to be made to the pull-down menu, consult the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator.

Trench # This entry is used to record the trench number, if trench number is listed, when trenching. TR and the trench number follow the acronym for the investigation location. For example, the trenching occurs at Mackenzie Park, and then trench #24 would be entered as MPTR24. In order to obtain an investigation location acronym, consult the Collections Manager or the Lab Coordinator. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Manual entry.

Area # A large site may be subdivided into areas for excavation or survey purposed. Area designation is provided in the field by the crew chief. That designation is recorded on the object slip, level form, and feature form. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Drop down menu. The appropriate area number may be chosen from the list. If the appropriate number is not listed, consult with the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator.

Excavation unit This line should be written without any spaces in the designation (e.g., 250N300E). The North or South cardinal direction always is written first followed by the East or West cardinal direction. If more than one excavation unit is involved, they are listed with a ", (space)" between them (e.g., 250N300E, (space) 251N300E). DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: This field may be manual entry or a pull- down list. If an addition or deletion need to be made to the pull-down menu, consult the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator.

Field # All field-generated objects have individual field numbers and that information is recorded here. Matrix will not have a field number. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Manual entry.

Feature # The feature number is recorded when applicable. This association is made and assigned in the field by the crew chief. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Manual entry.

Excavator/Surveyor Name

24 The name of the excavator/surveyor is found on the object slip accompanying the object being cataloged. If more than one excavator/surveyor is listed, a comma and a space occur between the names (e.g., Whynott, Amy, [space] Bell, Katherine). DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Drop down menu. This field should be inputted in the same manner as written records. All entries should be in uppercase letters with last name typed first, a comma (,), then the first name. If two or more excavators are listed, the names should be listed with commas in between them. If names need to be added, consult with the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator.

Date Recovered This entry refers to the date of excavation or survey and is found on the object slip. This line is filled out following specific guidelines for standardization. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: This field must be inputted for each record. Because of the computer database program, the date must be inputted numerically. For example, July 21, 2002 would be inputted as 7/21/02 but will appear on the data entry record in the Date Recovered field as 21 JULY 2002.

Serial Number Serial numbers are assigned in blocks to each division. The barcode software converts the serial number in a barcode. This field is formatted to increase the serial number in increments of 1 as a new catalog record is created. If a record is deleted, that serial number should be reused by inputting it manually, then resetting the field format to the previous number. The Anthropology Division has been assigned serial numbers starting from 3000000-4000000. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Auto-entry. This field is set up to automatically enter a sequential number.

Barcode Barcodes are automatically formatted with the barcode software. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Auto-entry. This field is set up to automatically enter a sequential barcode.

Matrix Screen For objects recovered from matrix. Screens are top (1/4”) or bottom (1/16”). DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Drop down menu.

Matrix Sample # This entry is used with objects recovered from matrix concentrates resulting from the wet screening process. This designation is alphanumeric, with the investigation location acronym preceding the abbreviation MS preceding the unit number that is followed by a sequential number related to the excavation level, e.g., at Mackenzie Park (MP), a matrix sample number may read “MPMS100N200E-5.” The MS# designations are assigned in the field. The crew chief will assign the first number to be used for the season according to previous excavations and field documentation. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Manual entry.

Pedestal # This entry is used for objects that have been brought in from the field in a pedestal and excavated in the lab. The pedestal is made in the field and the number assigned by the crew chief. A Pedestal form should accompany the pedestal to include its own matrix number, a map of how the objects are numbered, coordinates, elevations (object and pedestal), and any stabilization techniques used on the pedestal. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Manual entry.

Jacket # This entry is used for objects that have been removed from the field in a plaster jacket and excavation in the lab. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Manual entry.

Cardinal Coordinates Coordinates in the cardinal system are given according to the cardinal directions N/S and E/W and all are recorded as positive numbers. The procedure applies to all excavation and survey objects. The measurement is always made in centimeters. The format for coordinates is very specific. A range may be given if the object covers more than a few centimeters. A range is written (N/S Range 1) 20165.50N (N/S Range 2) 20168.00N. The object slip should have the appropriate distinctions. If the object slip does not have the coordinates, the excavator must be asked to verify the information. Objects found in matrix concentrates have the coordinates listed as "SCREEN" in the centerpoint box.

26 Each unit is numbered based on the location of one of its corners, e.g., 2S2W. For example 2S2W, the southwest corner is located exactly 2 meters south and 2 meters west of the datum point. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Manual entry. The coordinates should be inputted exactly as above in the format of north and east being positive numbers (8907.50) and south and west being positive numbers (456.50). If one coordinate is given, the information should be inputted in the “centerpoint” field only. In the case of a range, the given data would be put in the 1st and 2nd coordinate field.

Cartesian Coordinates The modern Cartesian coordinate system is a two-dimensional coordinate system specifying the position of an object on a surface, using two intersecting axes as measuring guides. This rectangular coordinate system is defined by two axes, at right angles to each other, forming a plane. The intersection of the two axes creates regions called quadrants. The quadrants are labeled counter-clockwise starting from the northeast quadrant. In the first quadrant, both coordinates are positive; in the second quadrant, x coordinates are negative and y coordinates positive; in the third quadrant, both coordinates are negative; and in the fourth quadrant, x coordinates are positive and y coordinates negative. Applies to survey objects only.

Top Elevation; Bottom Elevation; Center Point Elevation Elevation relates to the vertical datum and is recorded in centimeters above mean sea level (msl). Elevation is recorded to one decimal place (e.g., 98177.5). Elevation can have a range from the upper, lower, and/or centerpoint elevation. The excavator will write the range on the object slip. If more than one elevation is provided, list it in the elevation top and bottom spaces provided. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Manual entry.

Horizontal datum Coordinates are related to the horizontal datum. The datum is a fixed point near the scene of the area to be excavated or surveyed that can be found again if needed. Any point on the landscape can be given a precise provenience as long as the proper measurements are taken from the subdatum or baselines. At Lubbock Lake, BM1 (Benchmark 1) is the main horizontal datum and should be selected appropriately. The subdatum should be written in the space provided in parentheses, e.g., BMI

(200N300E). Datums from other sites or localities will be different and will be recorded by the crew chief. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Auto-entry. For a particular location, this information should not change but if a new and different determination is made, the drop down menu should be updated. At this point, consult with the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator.

Vertical datum The datum to which elevations are related is the vertical datum. At Lubbock Lake, the phrase “SEA (space) LEVEL” should be selected. Survey datums may be different from Lubbock Lake but should be noted appropriately on the object slip and field forms. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Auto-entry. This information should not change very often, but a different datum should be recorded appropriately in this field. If the datum information needs to be reset or changed, consult with the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator.

Substratum The designated geologic unit in which the object was recovered is noted in this line with particular attention to upper and lower case lettering used in the stratigraphic designation (e.g., 5mwLB1). For survey objects, the information may be a stratum or substratum. Othertimes, “surface” may be noted. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Drop down menu. If the appropriate stratigraphic designation does not appear in the list, consult with the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator. DO NOT ASSUME the object is from the surface if the stratum or substratum is not filled in on the form. Consult with the Curator.

Associated Soil Identified soil associated with the object is assigned by the crew chief. May be a named soil (e.g., Lubbock Lake Soil) or an alphanumeric designation. Not all objects will have an associated soil. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Drop down menu.

OBJECT INFORMATION Cataloger Name

28 The person’s name inputting the catalog information should be put in this field. This line is filled out in this order: last name, comma, and first name, e.g., "FROST, (space) DIANE.” DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: This field may be auto-entered or manual entry. All entries should be in uppercase letters in the same format of last name, comma, then first name. If names need to be added, consult the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator.

Date Cataloged This entry refers to date of cataloging. This date usually is the same date as that of identification. This line is filled out following the same specific guidelines for standardization as used for the date recovered. The date on all forms must be written as day month year (e.g., 21 JULY 2002). DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Manual entry. Because of the computerized database program, the date must be inputted numerically. For example, July 21, 2002 would be input as 7/21/02 but will appear on the Data Entry Record in the Date Cataloged field as 21 JULY 2002.

Identifier Name The person’s name identifying the object is put in this field. This line is filled out following the same specific guidelines for standardization of names as used for Excavator/Survey Name and Cataloger Name. More than one name may be entered when more than one identifier occurs through the years. If more than one name is listed, a comma and a space occur between the names (e.g., Whynott, Amy, [space] Bell, Katherine). DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: This field may be auto-entered, manual entry, or drop down menu format. If changes or additions are necessary, consult the Collections Manager or Lab Supervisor.

Date Identified This entry refers to date of identification. This line is filled out following the same specific guidelines for standardization of dates. More than one date may be entered when more than one identifier occurs through the years. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Manual entry. Because of the computerized database program, the date must be inputted numerically. For

example, July 21, 2002 would be inputted as 7/21/2002, but will appear on the Data Entry Page in the field Date Identified as 21 JULY 2002.

Object Group Select the general group that identifies the object. For example, if the object is a femur, choose Identifiable Bone. If the object is a flake, choose Lithic. These general categories assist in sorting records. The Lithic category includes such things as flake, debris, projectile point, core, metate, and groundstone (see Lithic object description list). Unidentifiable bone indicates the inability to identify by element, generally being bone scrap. Historic includes Hispanic, European, and Anglo-American material remains (e.g., potsherds, metal, glass [see Historic object description list]). DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Drop down menu. Choose the appropriate item. If the list is not complete, or needs changes or additions to the field, consult the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator.

Identifiable Bone Historic Pottery Ceramics Unidentifiable Bone Lithic Historic Hearthstone Seed Charcoal for tree identification Shell Aboriginal Pottery Plant Material Insect

Object Description This field is for cultural material or artifacts, such as tools, debitage, hearthstones, worked shell (as opposed to shell), debris, bone debris (as opposed to bone scrap). This line should be filled out using the appropriate descriptive terms listed in the object description category that pertains to the object being cataloged. For biological material that has not been modified or utilized, this category will be blank because the object will not be an artifact. If this line is filled out, the following line for material type also must be completed. For example, projectile point would be the object descriptor, chert would be the material, and Alibates would be the source of material. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Manual entry or drop down menu. If this field needs changes or additions, consult the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator.

30 Complete Description Complete description is different for each object group on the object’s tag. The complete description for a lithic consists of the object description, material type, and material source in that order. For identifiable bone, the complete description would be the morphology element, morphology element part. The modification would be the third part if applicable. For Hearthstone: OBJECT DESCRIPTION, MATERIAL TYPE, MATERIAL SOURCE For Charcoal for Tree Identification: OBJECT DESCRIPTION Aboriginal Pottery: OBJECT DESCRIPTION, COMPONENT PART, TYPOLOGY Historic Pottery Ceramics: OBJECT DESCRIPTION, COMPONENT PART, TYPOLOGY Historic: OBJECT DESCRIPTION, COMPONENT PART, MATERIAL TYPE Seed: SEED, TAXON Shell: SHELL, TAXON Plant Material: OBJECT DESCRIPTION, TAXON Mineral: OBJECT DESCRIPTION, MATERIAL TYPE, MATERIAL SOURCE Insect: OBJECT DESCRIPTION, MORPHOLOGY ELEMENT, TAXON

DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Manual entry.

Material Type This category refers to bone, glass, metal, clay, or lithic material. Choose from the list of materials in the appropriate cataloging section. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Drop down menu.

AGATE BONE BASALT BRICK

CHALCEDONY MUDSTONE CHARCOAL OBSIDIAN CHERT OPAL CLAY PETRIFIED WOOD UNWORKED SHELL PLANT COAL PLASTIC COPPER ORE PORCELAIN DOLOMITE QUARTZ EXOSKELETON QUARTZITE GLASS RHYOLITE GRANITE RUBBER GRASS SANDSTONE HEMATITE SEED IRONSTONE SHELL JASPER SILICIFIED CALICHE LIMONITE SILTSTONE LIMESTONE TURQUOISE METAL WOOD MICA OTHER MICACEOUS

Material Source The only time Material Source is used is for lithics. Lithic material is described further according to the specific type or source of material used. For example, if the material type is chert, Tecovas may be the specific type of chert.

DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Drop down menu. ALIBATES DAKOTA FORMATION BEAR SPRINGS PEAK EDWARDS FORMATION CABALLOS EL RECHUELOS CERRO DEL MEDIO (VALLE OGALLALA FORMATION RHYOLITE) POTTER MEMBER CERRO TOLEDO RHYOLITE TECOVAS JASPER FORMATION CONGLOMERATE SOURCE UNKNOWN

32 Ultraviolet Light Color The only time ultraviolet light color is used is for lithics. Lithic material is examined under UV light to determine color. This information is inputted as UV followed by the color (e.g., UVPURPLE; UVORANGE). Lithic materials are examined under both long wave and short wave; both settings are recorded. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Manual entry.

Number of Objects This category pertains to the number of objects assigned to the catalog number. o A bone has been identified as a femur but is broken into 10 pieces; it is still one object (as long as those 10 pieces came from that one femur). o For unidentifiable bone scrap, an accurate determination cannot be made as to how many different possible types of bone or species are included. The total number of pieces would equal the number of objects. o Hearthstone is treated in a similar manner. For example, the excavator has one hearthstone in the ground. However, when removed, it falls into 10 pieces. It is still considered one object in 10 pieces. If 10 pieces are recovered and the excavator does not know if it is 1 hearthstone, then it is considered 10 objects. o Snail shells or clam shells from the same matrix sample are cataloged together, i.e., all snail shells together, all clam shells together. They are considered distinct objects. If 200 shells, then 200 objects and 200 pieces. o Two or more vertebrae collected together from matrix would be cataloged together if they were from the same species. (It should be noted on the catalog sheets that they were found together.) DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: This field will be auto-entered as “1”; if more than one, manually input the appropriate number.

Number of Pieces The number of pieces for each object. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: This field will be auto-entered as “1”; if more than one, manually input the appropriate number.

Dimensions Object measurements are recorded in millimeters (mm), to one place past the decimal point (e.g., 0.1). Weight is measured in grams (g). Tools and flakes are

measured for their dimensions. For bone, only bone tools are measured. For specific information on measurements, refer to the Cataloging Lithics or Cataloging Bone sections. Do not write mm or g next to the dimensions; it is understood as standard. o Length for tools, length is measured along the longitudinal axis of the implement. For flakes, the longitudinal axis parallels the point of applied force (platform, bulb of percussion). o Width is defined as the maximum distance of the object perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. o Thickness is considered to represent the maximum depth of the object. o Weight is taken for hearthstones, cores, and hammerstones. Every piece of the object is weighed. If an object with multiple pieces is cataloged as 1 object, then all pieces must be weighed together as one unit. Matrix Hearthstones are sized (less than ¼”, ¼” to ½”, ½” to 1”, and over 1”), then cataloged according to size and weighed together as one unit. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Manual entry.

34 Typology This section is reserved for the designated formal names of lithics and pottery/ceramic types. This category may be filled out during initial identification or left to be filled in after analysis. The complete name of the type is written out (e.g., Folsom; Chupadero Black-on-White). DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Drop down menu.

Aboriginal Pottery CHUPADERO BLACK-ON-WHITE EL PASO BROWN EL PASO POLYCHROME JORNADA BROWN OCHOA INDENTED PERDIDO PLAIN PLAINWARE RIO GRANDE GLAZE TIERRA BLANCA THREE RIVERS RED-ON-TERRACOTTA

Historic Pottery Ceramics BLUE-TINTED CREAMWARE (type of earthenware) EARTHENWARE IRONSTONE JASPERWARE (type of stoneware porcelain with a matte finish) MAJOLICA (tin-glazed earthenware from Italy) PEARLWARE (ceramics decorated with painted motifs, often called China glaze) PORCELAIN (type of thin, finely made earthenware) REDWARE (also known as terra cotta) REFINED (refined earthenware such as creamware and porcelain stone) STONEWARE

Lithics BULVERDE CLOVIS DALTON ELLIS ENSOR FIRSTVIEW FOLSOM FRESNO GARZA LOTT LUBBOCK MARCOS MARSHALL MIDLAND MILNESAND PERDIZ PLAINVIEW SAN PATRICE SCALLORN WASHITA

36 Technique This category refers to the technique of manufacture. It is only used for bone tools, lithic tools, and pottery/ceramics. This category may be filled out during initial identification or left to be filled in after analysis. See under Cataloging Bone for list describing techniques of bone breakage. See under Cataloging Lithics for list describing techniques for lithic flakes. See under Cataloging Pottery/Ceramics for list describing techniques used in manufacturing pottery/ceramics. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Drop down menu. BANDED GILDING MOLDED BENDING GLAZED PIERCED BENDING FLAKE HANDMOLDED PRESSED BENDING SCAR HAND-PAINTED PUNCTATED BURNISHED HAND-FINISHED REPOUSE/MOLDING CHATTERING HELICAL FRACTURE RIGHT-ANGLEBREAK COILED HELICAL FRACTURE SALT-GLAZED COMPRESSION DEBRIS SCRATCHED CONCHOIDAL HORIZONTAL SGRAFFITO DECALCOMANIA TENSION SLIP COATING EXCISED IMPRESSED SPATTERWARE FEATHERED-EDGE INCISED THROWN/WHEEL FLAKE SCAR LUSTRE TRANSFER-PRINT FLOW BLUE MOLD WEDGE FLAKE

Component Part This category is used for identifying different parts of historic objects and aboriginal pottery. Broken projectile points may be listed as the base, body, or tip. Not all objects will have a morphology description. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Drop down menu. BASE RIM BODY NECK HANDLE SHOULDER LID TIP

Makers Mark This category refers to information on the manufacturer of non-native Historic ceramics, glassware, and glass bottles. It includes maker’s marks, names, and any additional information such as dates of production. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Manual entry.

Modifier This category further describes the historic objects listed in the Object Description category. Additionally, pottery/ceramics may have a modifier as to type of vessel. For example, to identify a Ginger Beer Bottle, “Bottle” is the object and “Ginger Beer” is the modifier. See Modifier category on Cataloging Pottery/Ceramics and Cataloging Historic Material for appropriate list.

DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Drop down menu. BEER PANAL CHAMPAGNE PATENT-EXTRACT CLUB SAUCE PRESCRIPTION COFFEE SCREW CROWN SERVING EFFIGY SPRITE GINGER BEER SQUARE HOLE-IN-CAP SYRUP LISTERINE TEA MINIATURE WINDOW GLASS OIL

38 Modification A modification is something that has changed the object. This category refers to the kind of modification apparent on materials such as bone, lithics, or pottery. An object may have multiple modifications (e.g., burned, cut mark, weathered) and all can be recorded. See Cataloging Bone Material, Cataloging Lithics, and Cataloging Pottery/Ceramics for the appropriate lists. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Choose the appropriate modification by clicking on the circle beside it. If the correct choice is not there, choose “other” and manually input. To remove or de-select a modification, hold down the “shift” key and click the circle again.

Bone Element For bone, element is the actual bone (e.g., thoracic vertebra). Not all objects will have an element description.

Multiple elements from the same matrix provenience THAT REPRESENT ONE ANIMAL are cataloged with one catalog number. The data entry record has spaces to list up to 30 elements. The field “complete description” is described as partial skeleton. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Manual entry.

Element Part This entry describes a specific portion of the bone element. For example, if the bone element is a thoracic vertebra, the part could be spine, body, or epiphyseal plate. See the Element Part in Cataloging Bone Material section. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Drop down menu or manual entry. For changes such as additions or amendments, consult the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator.

Class through Species These fields refer to the Linnaean Classification system; consult the taxonomy section of the handbook for correct classification and spelling. For computer retrieval purposes, when referring an element to a species or genus, the "cf" (this is the only time small letters are used; note that a period is not used) comes after the classification, e.g., EQUUS (space) cf. The term cf means referred to and is used when the identification is most likely or the closest identification possible but the identifier cannot be absolutely sure. If the species designation is unknown, the abbreviation spp. is recorded after the genus. For example, if the identifier cannot determine which species of deer is represented, the identification would be Odocoileus spp. Subspecies also may be included at the direction of the Curator. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Drop down menu or manual entry. For changes such as additions or amendments, consult the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator.

Taxon This category is for printing cataloging tags and inventory identifications. Use the most specific identification, such as Bison bison, Ungulate, Mammalia, or Artiodactyla. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Drop down menu or manual entry. For changes such as additions or amendments, consult the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator.

Section

40 Select the best description of the area of the bone represented (e.g., distal end). If not on the list, select “Other” and write in what is appropriate. Refer to the comparative collections or the images at the back of this manual for appropriate descriptions. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Drop down menu. ANTERIOR DISTAL LATERAL MEDIAL POSTERIOR PROXIMAL

Side As appropriate, select the box, left or right. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Drop down menu. Sex As appropriate, select the box, male or female. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Drop down menu.

Fusion Select fused or unfused and enter applicable section. For example, a humerus may be fused on the distal end and unfused on the proximal end. It would be recorded as fused distal, unfused proximal. If fusion information is unknown, leave the space blank. See Cataloging Bone. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Drop down menu.

Age Select the appropriate box if information is known. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Drop down menu. ADULT DECIDUOUS EDENTULOUS FETAL JUVENILE NEONATE UNERUPTED Radiocarbon Sample #

Used only for charcoal or organic sediment that is slated as a radiocarbon sample. If selected for tree identification, the specimen is cataloged DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Manual entry.

Photo # This number links the appropriate field and studio photos with the specific object as applicable. Leave blank if no known photographs have been taken of the object. When cataloging an object that has been recovered in the field, any photographs taken of that object in the field will be noted on the object slip. Color photos are inputted into the field titled “Slide #.” Format for inputting is Croll#(1-2) with C standing for color; the roll #, and the range of exposures or photo numbers. Black and white photos are inputted under the field “Black and White #.” Format for inputting is BWroll#(1-2), with BW standing for black and white; the roll #, and the range of exposures or photo numbers. If viewing the object in a database, a link for each record connecting the object database to the photographic database will be displayed. However, this information may not be available at the time of cataloging. If not, it will be completed at a later date. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Manual entry.

42 F. Cataloging Objects Basic Lab Procedures for Cataloging a. Make sure that any information, tag, or object slip is kept with the object. b. Check with the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator for the accession number associated with the collection being cataloged. One accession number is used for all 41LU1 (Lubbock Lake Landmark) objects during a particular year. Additional accession numbers are assigned for collections from other sites recovered during a particular year.

Catalog and label each object o A full explanation of the catalog data entry layouts and how to complete them is given in the Data Entry section. o The catalog numbers to be used for each individual collection (or site/area) will be given to the cataloger at the start of the cataloging process. o Only qualified lab personnel are allowed to assign catalog numbers. Anyone cataloging must do so with the consent of the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator. Prior to assigning catalog numbers to individual objects, you must check with the Collections Manager or Lab Coordinator to be sure that the numbers have not been assigned in the control sheets. Any questions regarding the identification and care of an object should be directed to the Curator, who makes the final identification (particularly bone) of an object. o The catalog number is alphanumeric. It must be written out completely when labeling the object (e.g., TTU-A1-62347). PLEASE NOTE: The number 7 is written WITHOUT the crossbar when labeling. Please label legibly at all times.

Transfer information to field forms o Write the catalog number in pen, identification in pencil, and bone morphology in pencil where applicable, on the level and feature forms (if from a feature) on which the object is recorded as having been recovered (denoted by an “R” on field forms). o The catalog number and final identification also must be written on the object slips in the appropriate section. All identifications are written in pencil. o The catalog number is alphanumeric. It must be written out completely on the field forms (e.g., TTU-A1-62347). PLEASE NOTE: The number 7 is written WITHOUT the crossbar when writing. Please write legibly at all times.

File object slips o File the object slips according to the Museum's catalog system: site or locality, area within site or locality, and sequential catalog number.

Check all object information

o Before the end of each work session, quickly check the objects against the object slips and catalog layout in the computer system to be sure that they correspond and all appropriate information has been recorded. o This procedure is especially important if objects are to be numbered on the following day or will be done by an individual other than yourself. It is very easy to get numbers mixed up or transpose them incorrectly. o Check for duplicated numbers and overlooked objects. It is much easier to spot mistakes and correct them before the objects are put away rather than having to go back and reassemble all the materials and documents to solve the problem. o Also, make sure the catalog number is legible! When completing a site/area, or run of catalog numbers, gather and place objects and control sheets in an orderly manner.

Create a Box Inventory A box inventory is an inventory of a collection that can be used for loans, transfer location, or for accessioning. It is generated from object(s) pertaining to one specific box within a given collection.

Box Inventory Instructions 1. Open up the associated database. As an example, if the catalog # is TTU-A1- 106893, then the inventory will be created within the A1 database. 2. In the upper left side screen is a field titled “Layout.” Click under it and choose “Reports”; click on “Scanning” then follow the directions under “PLEASE FOLLOW THESE STEPS TO SCAN MULITPLE OBJECTS.” Scan 20 objects at a time to ensure that the barcodes are not duplicates and they match the information on the object slips. NOTE: While scanning, make sure object slips are present. 3. Once you have completed a scan of all the objects, make sure that the same amount “found” matches the number of objects and cross reference the information to ensure that it is correct. (If not, then ask a supervisor for assistance and further instructions) 4. Within the same scanning layout screen, click on the field “Temporary Location” and enter the temporary location. The temporary location will be the assigned box number and the room number in which it will temporarily be housed, J9. Example: 1001-J9 To replace the location for all the objects, click on the “Temporary Location” field for the first object, type in the new location then go to the toolbar, select Records, then scroll to the bottom and select Replace Field Contents, and click Replace in the window that appears. 5. Do a find for the “Temporary Location” that you assigned for the object group (BOX NUMBER-J9) to create a box inventory. 6. Complete your inventory by selecting “Box Inventory” in the drop down menu under Layout located on the upper left side of the screen. Make sure that the box inventory total number of records reflects the total number of objects that are in the box. The box inventory contains the following fields:

44 Accession number Catalog number Site name Area Feature Substratum Complete Description Description Total # of pieces Permanent location Temporary location Box Number 7. To print the Box Inventory, select File located on the toolbar then scroll down and select Page Setup and reduce the size to 80%. Go back to File and scroll down and select Print. 8. Place the box inventory on top of the objects within it’s corresponding box.

Printing of catalog records o Catalog records are printed after the box inventory has been completed on a collection. o Records are printed on a LaserJet printer on acid-free, lignin-free paper. o After the catalog records are printed by the Lab Coordinator, the collection is ready for transport to the Museum and delivered to the Collection Manager. o After checking in the collection, the Collections Manager gives the printed catalog records to the Documentation Specialist. o Collections processed at the Museum are the responsibility of the Collections Manager. After the box inventory has been completed on a collection, the Collections Manager directs the Documentation Specialist to print the catalog records.

1. Cataloging Bone These directions are for cataloging bone only. Bone has a specific order that must be followed in order to standardize the naming and organization of the material as well as to facilitate the inventory and locating of specific types of bone artifacts. The complete description for a bone consists of element, element part in that order and should be entered in that order into the field titled “Complete Description.” a. Aging 1. Union of Epiphyses in Modern European Bison*  Tuber scapulae, at end of first year.  Long bones (first group) l. Distal epiphysis of humerus, at beginning of fourth year (this is the epiphysis of the long bone that unites first in all animals). Its union is followed immediately and regularly by 2. 2. Epicondyle of humerus, at beginning of fourth year. 3. Distal epiphysis of tibia, at beginning of fourth year. 4. Caput of radius, epiphysis of calcaneum, epiphysis of metacarpal and metatarsal (cannon bones) all at end of fourth year. 5. Olecranon, at beginning of fifth year. 6. Head and trochanter major of femur at middle of fifth year. 7. Proximal ends of tibia, distal epiphysis of femur, in second half of fifth year. 8. Distal extremities of radius and ulna, at beginning of sixth year. 9. Head of humerus, during sixth year.  Other Bones 1. Epiphysis of sacrum, during sixth year. 2. Epiphysis of cervical, lumbar, and thoracic vertebrae, respectively, during seventh year. 3. Epiphyses of pelvis, ribs, and scapulae, at beginning of eighth year. *based on Koch (1936).

2. Union of Epiphyses in Extinct North American Bison* By 0.3 years, fusion of: -proximal metacarpal -proximal metatarsal

By 1.3 years, fusion of: -proximal radius

46 -distal 2nd phalange -distal humerus

By 2.3 years, fusion of: -distal 1st phalange

By 3.3 years, fusion of: -distal metacarpal -distal metatarsal -distal tibia

By 4.3 years, partial fusion of: -calcaneum

By 5.3 years, fusion of: -calcaneum -and all remaining long bones: -proximal tibia -proximal femur -distal femur -distal radius -proximal humerus -olecranon of the ulna *based on Bement and Basmajian (1996). b. Identifying Modified Bone This section only applies to bone modified in one form or another through either natural or cultural means. NOTE: The following categories need only to be filled in as needed. If the information is unknown, the category should be left blank. Some categories allow for more than one selection, and a comma and a space should separate the entries.

Enter under OBJECT DESCRIPTION category: AWL BEAD BUTCHERING TOOL DEBRIS FLAKE NEEDLE RASP SHAFT STRAIGHTENER

Enter under DIMENSIONS category: A bone flake should be measured similar to a lithic flake. The width, length, and depth should be recorded here with a comma and a space dividing the measurements (e.g., 1.2, 3.4, 0.5). All measurements are taken in millimeters. The mm does not need to be entered, as it is understood as standard. As with lithic flakes, the platform (striking area) is proximal and the termination is distal.

Cone flakes leave negative flake scars on the interior bone wall at the point of impact. These types of flakes may or may not exhibit a platform or bulb of percussion; they may exhibit an impact point and radial ridges from the radiating fracture fronts.

A bending (wedge) flake is a large exterior pressure flake removed on the opposite cortical side from the point of impact. This type of flake is associated with bending failure.

Enter under TECHNIQUE category: BENDING FLAKE HELICAL FRACTURE CHATTERING HORIZONTAL TENSION CONE FLAKE RIGHT -ANGLE BREAK FLAKE SCAR

Enter under MODIFICATION category: BLOW MARK POLISH BURNED PRY MARK CALCINED RETOUCHED CARNIVORE GNAWING RODENT GNAWING CARNIVORE TOOTH PUNCTURE ROOT ETCHING CALCIUM CARBONATE COATING TOOTH SCORING CRUSHED TRAMPLING CUT MARK UTILIZED DEBRIS (helical fracture debris) WATERWORN IMPACT MARK WEATHERING MANGANESE STAINING WORKING TIP - broken end of bone MANUFACTURED tool; tool bit

48 EXAMPLE: In a chipping station with many flakes (or debris) due to tool manufacturing, enter Flake as object, Bone as material, Cone Flake, Bending Scar, or Helical Fracture as technique, and Debris as modification. c. Identifying Bone This section applies to all bone. Not all of these categories may be applicable to all bone, as bone will not always have an artifact description. If the category is not applicable, then leave it blank. If a bone has an artifact description (or is modified), consult the Modified Bone section.

Enter under OBJECT GROUP category: UNIDENTIFIABLE BONE IDENTIFIABLE BONE

Unidentifiable bone is bone that is not identifiable beyond Class, such as Mammalia bone scrap. When class is uncertain or more than one class may be represented, then vertebrate bone scrap is used. Identifiable bone is bone that is identifiable to at least the family level and/or the element. A piece that is identified as Bison bison bone scrap or Rodentia bone scrap is considered identifiable bone.

Enter under MATERIAL category: BONE

Enter under # OF OBJECTS and # OF PIECES: For identifiable bone, the number of objects equals the number of elements within that catalog number. For example, a femur is broken into four pieces but all are from the same femur. The number of objects would be one, and the number of pieces would be four.

For bone scrap, the number of objects will usually be the total number of pieces of bone scrap. For example, a group of 32 pieces of bone scrap that have no obvious affiliation with each other would be recorded as 32 objects and 32 pieces. Conversely, if in a group of 3 relatable pieces of bone scrap, one piece was broken but the two remaining pieces can be conjoined, then it would be recorded as one object and two pieces.

Enter under ELEMENT category: Bones are divided between sections of the body: Skull, Axial, Appendicular, Visceral, and Post-Cranial Dermal bone. All sections are not applicable to all animals. The bone being cataloged should be identified and located in the element lists below.

Skull* Elements: ANGULAR OPERCLE

ANTLER OPERCULUM ARTICULAR OPTOLITH BASIOCCIPITAL PALATE BASISPHENOID PALATINE BEAK PARIETAL BRAIN CASE PEROITIC CRICOID PREMAXILLA DENTAL BATTERIES PREOPERCULAR DENTARY SYMPHYSIS ROSTRUM ENDOCRANIAL SKULL ROOF ETHMOID SPHENOID EXOCCIPITAL SQUAMOSAL FRONTAL STAPES GILL ARCH SUPRAETHMOID HORN CORE TEMPORAL INCUS *TOOTH JUGAL CANINE LACRIMAL INCISOR MANDIBLE MOLAR MOLAR-1 MOLAR-2 MOLAR-3 MALAR PREMOLAR PREMOLAR-1 PREMOLAR-2 PREMOLAR-3 MALLEUS TYMPANIC BULLA MANDIBULAR CONDYLE VOMER MANDIBULAR RAMUS WEBERIAN OSSICLES MAXILLA ZYGOMATIC NASALS OCCIPITAL CONDYLE OCCIPITAL PLATE (OCCIPUT)

Axial Elements: ATLAS SACRUM AXIS TRACHEAL RINGS BACULUM TRANSVERSE PROCESS CHEVRON (hemal arches) UCINATE PROCESS COSTAL CARTILAGE CAUDAL FURCULUM CERVICAL INTERCENTRUM LUMBAR MANUBRIUM SACRAL OMOSTERNUM THORACIC PROATLAS XIPHOID PROCESS RIB ZYGOPOPHYSIS VERTEBRA*

50 *If an exact identification is not known, then these general identification terms may be used to identify the object.

Appendicular Elements ACCESSORY CARPAL (pisiform) OLECRANON ASTRAGALUS PATELLA CALCANEUM PECTORAL GIRDLE* CAPITATE-TRAPEZIUM (CF 2&3) PECTORAL SPINE CARPAL* PELVIC GIRDLE* CARPOMETACARPUS PHALANGE* CLAVICLE PHALANGE-1 CLAW PHALANGE-2 CORACOID PHALANGE-3 COCCYX PTERYGOIPHORE CUBOID PUBIS CUBONAVICULAR RADIALS DORSAL SPINE RADIO-ULNA ECTOCUNEIFORM RADIUS ENTOCUNEIFORM SCAPHOID (radial carpal) FEMUR SCAPHO-LUNAR (radial plus intermediate) FIBULA SCAPULA TARSAL-4 (grand cuneiform) SCAPULO-CORACOID GLENOID FOSSA SESAMOID HUMERUS SYNSACRUM ILIUM TARSAL* INNOMINATE TARSOMETATARSUS INTERCLAVICLE TIBIA ISCHIUM TIBIOFIBULA LONG BONE* TIBIOTARSUS LUNAR TRAPEZIUM MALLEOLUS TRAPEZOID METACARPAL ULNA METAPODIAL* ULNAR CARPAL (cuneiform) METATARSAL UNCIFORM NAVICULAR UNGUAL PHALANGE (Aves) UROSTYLE

*If an exact identification is not known, then these general identification terms may be used to identify the object.

Visceral Elements: BASIHYAL HYOMANDIBULAR CERATOHYAL HYPOBRANCHIAL ELEMENTS ENTOGLOSSUM HYPOHYAL EPIHYAL PALATOQUADRATE

HYOID QUADRATE

Post-Cranial Dermal Bone Elements: CLEITHRUM HYPOPLASTRON (anteroventral turtle shell) CARAPACE (dorsal turtle shell) PLASTRON (ventral turtle shell) DENTARY PTERYGOID DENTICLES SCALE ECTOPTERYGOID SPINE FIN SUPRACLEITHRUM FIN RAY

Enter under ELEMENT PART category: An incomplete segment of a bone may be identifiable to a specific part of a larger bone. The “ELEMENT PART” should be the most detailed morphological description of the bone. For example, femur diaphysis would be cataloged as:

ELEMENT: FEMUR ELEMENT PART: DIAPHYSIS

EXCEPTIONS: Vertebrae, teeth, and phalanges.

A vertebra can be cataloged in several ways depending on the portion found. A complete vertebra may be “ELEMENT: THORACIC”. If part of the spinous process is found then “ELEMENT: VERTEBRA” and “ELEMENT PART: SPINOUS PROCESS”. Also, the bone may be identifiable to its number in a series. For example, “ELEMENT: CERVICAL-3” being the third cervical vertebra.

A tooth may be cataloged as “ELEMENT: TOOTH,” if type of tooth is unknown, or as “ELEMENT: MOLAR.” Also, a tooth may be identifiable to the number or placement in the mouth. For example, “ELEMENT: PREMOLAR 2 UPPER” is the second upper premolar tooth.

A phalange may be identified as to its order, such as “ELEMENT: PHALANGE-3”; that is, the element is the third (3rd) phalange.

ELEMENT PARTS ACETABULUM ACROMION ANCONEAL PROCESS ARTICULAR PROCESS ASCENDING RAMUS CALCANEAL TUBER CENTRUM (body) CONDYLAR PROCESS CONDYLE CORACOID PROCESS CORONOID PROCESS CORTICAL BONE COXAL TUBER DELTOID TUBEROSITY DENS DIAPHYSIS (shaft) EPICONDYLE EPIPHYSIS

52 EPIPHYSEAL PLATE GLENOID CAVITY GLENOID FOSSA HEAD INFRASPINOUS FOSSA ISCHIATIC TUBER MAJOR TROCHANTER (greater) MAJOR (lateral) TUBEROSITY MANDIBULAR FORAMEN MANDIBULAR NOTCH MEDIAL CREST MEDIAL RIDGE MINOR TROCHANTER (lesser) NECK NEURAL ARCH OLECRANON OLECRANON FOSSA POSTERIOR ARTICULAR SURFACE PROCESS PUBIC SYMPHYSIS RADIAL TUBEROSITY SACRAL TUBER SPINE SPINOUS PROCESS STYLOID PROCESS SUPRACONDYLOID FOSSA SUPRAGLENOID TUBER SUPRASPINOUS FOSSA SUSTENTACULUM SYMPHYSEAL SURFACE SYNSACRUM TERES (major) TUBERCLE TRANSVERSE PROCESS TROCHANTIC FOSSA TROCHLEA TROCHLEAR NOTCH TUBER TUBERCLE TUSK XIPHOID PROCESS ZYGOMATIC PROCESS

Enter under ELEMENT SECTION category: ANTERIOR POSTERIOR LATERAL MEDIAL DISTAL PROXIMAL If unknown, leave blank. If more than one applies, list them with a comma and a space in between them (e.g., DISTAL, POSTERIOR).

Enter under ELEMENT SIDE category: LEFT RIGHT If unknown, leave blank.

Enter under ELEMENT SEX category: FEMALE MALE If unknown, leave blank.

Enter under ELEMENT FUSION category: FUSED DISTAL PROXIMAL UNFUSED DISTAL PROXIMAL

Enter under ELEMENT AGE category: FETAL UNERUPTED NEONATE DECIDUOUS (milk teeth) JUVENILE (juvenile or fusing epiphyses) EDENTULOUS (no teeth) ADULT (fused epiphyses)

54 Enter under TAXONOMY (Class through Species) category: Choose the appropriate taxonomic description from the following list. d.Taxonomy Pelecypoda, Gastropoda, Osteichthyes Class Pelecypoda C Gastropoda Order Veneroida O Sigmurethra Family Sphaeriidae F Helicodiscidae Genus ------Fingernail Clam G Helicodiscus Species ------S parallelus Compound Coil

C Gastropoda C Gastropoda O ------O Pulmonata F ------F Zontidae G ------G Retinella S ------Snail S indentata Indented Retinella Snail

C Gastropoda C Gastropoda O Caenogastropoda O Stylommatophora F Pomatiopsidae F Zontidae G Pomatiopsis G Hawaiia S lapidaria Slender Walker S minuscula Minute Gem

C Gastropoda C Osteichthyes O Basommatophora O ------F Planorbidae F ------G Gyraulus G ------S parvus Ash Gyro S ------Bony Fish

C Gastropoda C Osteichthyes O Basommatophora O Lepidosteiformes F Planorbidae F Lepisosteidae G Promenetus G Lepisosteus S umbilicatellus Umbilicate Sprite S ------Gar

C Gastropoda C Osteichthyes O Basommatophora O Cypriniformes F Planorbidae F Cyprinidae G Gyraulus G ------S circumstriatus Disc Gyro S ------Minnow

C Gastropoda C Osteichthyes O Stylommaophora O Cypriniformes F Pupillidae F Catostomidae G Pupoides G ------S albilabris White-lip Dagger S ------Sucker Fish

C Gastropoda C Osteichthyes O Heterurethra O Cypriniformes F Succinidae F Cyprinidae G Foresyi Spotted Ambersnail G Cyprinus S ------S carpio Carp Pelecypoda, Gastropoda, Osteichthyes C Osteichthyes

O Siluriformes F Ictaluridae G Ictalurus S ------Catfish

C Osteichthyes O Percopsiformes F Percopsidae G Percopsis S ------Perch

Amphibia C Amphibia O Anura O Caudata F Hylidae F Ambystomidae G Pseudacris G Ambystoma S clarki Spotted Chorus Frog S tigrinum Tiger Salamander

C Amphibia C Amphibia O Anura O Anura F Bufonidae F Pelobatidae G Bufo G Scaphiopus S americanus American S couchi Couch’s Spadefoot Toad

C Amphibia C Amphibia O Anura O Anura F Pelobatidae F Bufonidae G Spea G Bufo S bombifrons Plains Spadefoot S cognatus Great Plains Toad

C Amphibia C Amphibia O Anura O Anura F Pelobatidae F Bufonidae G Spea New Mexico G Bufo S multiplicata Spadefoot S debilis Green Toad

C Amphibia C Amphibia O Anura O Anura F Hylidae F Bufonidae G Acris Cricket Frog G Bufo S crepitans S speciosus Texas Toad

C Amphibia C Amphibia O Anura O Anura F Hylidae F Bufonidae G Hyla G Bufo S versicolor Gray Tree Frog S valliceps Gulf Coast Toad C Amphibia Amphibia F Bufonidae C Amphibia G Bufo O Anura S woodhousii Woodhouse’s Toad

C Amphibia O Anura F Microhylidae G Gastrophryne Great Plains S olivacea Narrowmouth Frog

C Amphibia O Anura F Ranidae G Rana S blairi Plains Leopard Frog

C Amphibia O Anura F Ranidae G Rana S catesbeiana Bull Frog

REPTILIA C Reptilia O Testudines F Chelydridae G Chelydra C Reptilia S serpentina Snapping O Testudines Turtle F Emyidae G Pseudemys S scripta Slider Turtle C Reptilia O Testudines F Kinosternidae C Reptilia G Kinosternon O Testudines S flavescens Yellow Mud Turtle F Testudinidae G Geochelone C Reptilia S wilsoni Wilson’s Extinct Tortoise O Testudines F Emyidae G Terrapene C Reptilia S carolina O Testudinata S puttnami Carolina Box Turtle F Trionychidae (extinct) G Apalone S muticus Smooth Softshell

C Reptilia O Testudines F Emyidae C Reptilia G Terrapene O Testudinata S ornata Ornate or Western Box Turtle F Trionychidae G Apalone S spinifera Spiny Softshell

REPTILIA

C Reptilia S ------Serpentes (snake) O Squamata Lizard or Snake F ------Suborder: G ------Lacertila (lizard) C Reptilia

O Squamata F Leptotyphlopidae G Leptotyphlops C Reptilia S dulcis Texas Blind Snake O Squamata F Colubridae G Heterodon C Reptilia S platirhinos Eastern Hognose O Squamata Snake F Colubridae G Arizona S elegans Eastern Glossy Snake C Reptilia O Squamata F Colubridae C Reptilia G Hypsiglena O Squamata S torquata Night Snake F Colubridae G Coluber S constrictor Eastern Racer C Reptilia O Squamata F Colubridae C Reptilia G Lampropeltis O Squamata S getulus Common Kingsnake F Colubridae G Diadophis S punctatus Ringneck Snake C Reptilia O Squamata F Colubridae C Reptilia G Masticophis O Squamata S flagellum Coach Whip F Colubridae G Elaphe S emoryi Great Plains Rat Snake C Reptilia O Squamata F Colubridae C Reptilia G Nerodia O Squamata S erythrogaster Plainbelly Water Snake F Colubridae G Elaphe S guttata Corn Snake C Reptilia O Squamata F Colubridae C Reptilia G Nerodia O Squamata S rhombifer Diamondback Water Snake F Colubridae G Elaphe S obsoleta Eastern Ratsnake C Reptilia C Reptilia O Squamata O Squamata F Colubridae F Colubridae G Pitiophis G Heterodon S melanoleucus Bullsnake/Gopher Snake S nasicus Western Hognose Snake

REPTILIA C Reptilia O Squamata C Reptilia F Colubridae O Squamata G Rhinocheilus F Colubridae S lecontei Longnose Snake G Sonora S semiannulata Ground Snake

C Reptilia C Reptilia O Squamata O Squamata F Phrynodomatidae F Colubridae G Phrynosoma G Tantilla S modestum Roundtail Horned Lizard S nigriceps Plains Blackhead Snake

C Reptilia C Reptilia O Squamata O Squamata F Phrynodomatidae F Colubridae G Sceloporus G Thamnophis S olivaceus Texas Spiny Lizard S marcianus Checkered Garter Snake

C Reptilia C Reptilia O Squamata O Squamata F Phyrnodomatidae F Viperidae G Sceloporus G Crotalus Western Diamondback S undulatus Prairie Lizard S atrox Rattlesnake

C Reptilia C Reptilia O Squamata O Squamata F Scincidae F Viperidae G Eumeces G Crotalus S multivirgatus S viridis Prairie Rattlesnake S epipleurotus Variable Skink

C Reptilia C Reptilia O Squamata O Squamata F Phrynodomatidae F Scincidae G Cophosaurus G Eumeces S texanus Greater Earless Lizard S obsoletus Great Plains Skink

C Reptilia C Reptilia O Squamata O Squamata F Phrynodomatidae F Teiidae G Holbrookia G Cnemidophorus Six-lined Whiptail Lizard S maculata Lesser Earless Lizard S sexlineatus (Racerunner)

C Reptilia C Reptilia O Squamata O Squamata F Phrynodomatidae F Crotaphytidae G Phrynosoma G Crotaphytus S cornutum Texas Horned Lizard S collaris Collared Lizard

Aves C Aves O Anseriformes C Aves F Anatidae O Anseriformes G Anser F Anatidae S albifrons G Chen S frontalis Greater White-fronted Goose S caerulescens Snow Goose

C Aves C Aves O Anseriformes O Anseriformes F Anatidae F Anatidae G Chen G Anas S rossii Ross’s S cyanoptera Cinnamon Goose Teal

C Aves C Aves O Anseriformes O Anseriformes F Anatidae F Anatidae G Branta G Anas S canadensis Canada Goose S clypeata Shoveler Duck C Aves O Anseriformes F Anatidae C Aves G Anas O Anseriformes S ------Puddle F Anatidae Duck G Anas S acuta Pintail

C Aves C Aves O Anseriformes O Anseriformes F Anatidae F Anatidae G Anas G Anas S crecca S strepera Gadwall S carolinensis Green-winged Teal

C Aves C Aves O Anseriformes O Anseriformes F Anatidae F Anatidae G Anas G Aythya S americana American Widgeon S valisineria Canvasback

C Aves C Aves O Anseriformes O Anseriformes F Anatidae F Anatidae G Anas G Aythya S platyrhynchos Mallard S americana Redhead C Aves O Anseriformes F Anatidae C Aves G Anas O Anseriformes S discors Blue-winged Teal F Anatidae G Aythya S collaris Ring-necked Duck

C Aves O Anseriformes AVES F Anatidae C Aves G Aythya O Anseriformes S affinis Lesser Scaup F Anatidae G Aythya S marila Greater Scaup C Aves O Anseriformes

60 F Anatidae G Phasianus G Bucephala S colchicus Ring-neck S albeola Bufflehead Pheasant

C Aves C Aves O Anseriformes O Galliformes F Anatidae F Ondontophoridae G Bucephala G Callipepla S clangula Common Goldeneye S squamata Scaled Quail

C Aves O Anseriformes C Aves F Anatidae O Galliformes G Lophodytes F Ondontophoridae S cucullatus Hooded Merganser G Callipepla S gambelii Gambel’s (Blue) Quail

C Aves O Anseriformes C Aves F Anatidae O Galliformes G Mergus F Ondontophoridae S merganser Common Merganser G Colinus S virginianus Bobwhite Quail

C Aves O Anseriformes C Aves F Anatidae O Passeriformes G Oxyura F Parulidae S jamaicensis Ruddy Duck G Vermivora S celata Orange-crowned Warbler

C Aves

O Galliformes C Aves F Tetraonidae O Passeriformes G Tympanuchus F Parulidae S pallidicinctus Lesser Prairie Chicken G Vermivora

S ruficapilla Nashville Warbler C Aves

O Galliformes

F Phasianidae

G Meleagris C Aves S gallopavo Turkey O Passeriformes

F Parulidae

G Vermivora C Aves S virginiae Virginia’s Warbler O Galliformes F Phasianidae

C Aves O Passeriformes F Parulidae AVES G Dendroica C Aves S caerulescens Black-throated Blue Warbler O Passeriformes F Parulidae G Dendroica C Aves S petechia Yellow Warbler O Passeriformes F Parulidae

G Dendroica F Parulidae S coronata Yellow-rumped Warbler G Seiurus S aurocapillus Ovenbird

C Aves O Passeriformes C Aves F Parulidae O Passeriformes G Dendroica F Parulidae S pinus Pine Warbler G Oporornis S tolmiei MacGillivray’s Warbler

C Aves O Passeriformes C Aves F Parulidae O Passeriformes G Dendroica F Parulidae S striata Blackpoll Warbler G Geothlypic S trichas Common Yellowthroat

C Aves O Passeriformes C Aves F Parulidae O Passeriformes G Mniotilta F Parulidae S varia Black and White Warbler G Wilsonia S pusilla Wilson’s Warbler

C Aves O Passeriformes C Aves F Parulidae O Passeriformes G Setophaga F Icteridae S ruticilla American Redstart G Agelaius S phoeniceus Red-winged Blackbird C Aves O Passeriformes F Parulidae C Aves G Protonotaria O Passeriformes S citrea Prothonotaria warbler F Icteridae G Sturnella C Aves S magna Eastern Meadowlark O Passeriformes F Parulidae G Seiurus C Aves S noveboracensis Northern Waterthrush O Passeriformes F Icteridae G Sturnella C Aves S neglecta Western O Passeriformes Meadowlark

C Aves O Passeriformes F Icteridae G Euphagus AVES S cyanocephalus Brewer’s Blackbird C Aves O Passeriformes F Icteridae C Aves G Xanthocephalus O Passeriformes S xanthocephalus Yellow-headed Blackbird F Icteridae G Molothrus S ater Brown-headed Cowbird

62 F Emberizidae C Aves G Aimophila O Passeriformes S cassinii Cassin’s Sparrow F Icteridae G Icterus S bullocki Bullock’s Oriole C Aves O Passeriformes F Emberizidae G Spizella C Aves S arborea American Tree Sparrow O Passeriformes F Icteridae G Icterus C Aves S galbula Baltimore Oriole O Passeriformes F Emberizidae G Spizella C Aves S passerina Chipping Sparrow O Passeriformes F Emberizidae G Pipilo C Aves S chlorurus Green-tailed Towhee O Passeriformes F Emberizidae G Spizella C Aves S pallida Clay-colored Sparrow O Passeriformes F Emberizidae G Pipilo C Aves S maculates Spotted Towhee O Passeriformes F Emberizidae G Spizella C Aves S breweri Brewer’s Sparrow O Passeriformes F Emberizidae G Pipilo C Aves S fuscus Canyon Towhee O Passeriformes F Emberizidae G Spizella C Aves S pusilla Field Sparrow O Passeriformes F Emberizidae G Aimophila C Aves S ruficeps Rufous-crowned Sparrow O Passeriformes F Emberizidae G Pooecetes C Aves S gramineus Vesper Sparrow O Passeriformes

F Emberizidae G Passerculus S sandwichensis Savannah Sparrow

AVES C Aves C Aves O Passeriformes O Passeriformes F Emberizidae F Emberizidae G Chondestes G Ammodramus S grammacus Lark Sparrow S leconteii Le Conte’s Sparrow

C Aves C Aves O Passeriformes O Passeriformes F Emberizidae

G Ammodramus S albicollis White-throated Sparrow S savannarum Grasshopper Sparrow

C Aves C Aves O Passeriformes O Passeriformes F Emberizidae F Emberizidae G Zonotrichia G Passerella S querula Harris’s Sparrow S iliaca Fox Sparrow

C Aves C Aves O Passeriformes O Passeriformes F Emberizidae F Fringillidae G Junco G Melospiza S hyemalis Dark-eyed Junco S lincolnii Lincoln’s Sparrow

C Aves C Aves O Passeriformes O Passeriformes F Emberizidae F Emberizidae G Calcarius G melospiza S mccownii McCown’s Longspur S melodia Song Sparrow

C Aves C Aves O Passeriformes O Passeriformes F Emberizidae F Emberizidae G Calcarius G Melospiza S lapponicus Lapland Longspur S georgiana Swamp Sparrow

C Aves O Passeriformes C Aves F Emberizidae O Passeriformes G Calcarius F Emberizidae S ornatus Chestnut-collared Longspur G Zonotrichia S leucophrys White-crowned Sparrow C Aves O Passeriformes C Aves F Thraupidae O Passeriformes G Piranga F Emberizidae S ludoviciana Western Tanager G Zonotrichia

S sinuatus Pyrrhuloxia

C Aves AVES O Passeriformes C Aves F Cardinalidae O Passeriformes G Passerina F Cardinalidae S amoena Lazuli bunting G Cardinalis S cardinalis Northern Cardinal C Aves O Passeriformes C Aves F Cardinalidae O Passeriformes G Passerina F Cardinalidae S cyanea Indigo Bunting G Cardinalis

64 C Aves O Passeriformes F Cardinalidae C Aves G Passerina O Passeriformes S ciris Painted Bunting F Motacillidae G Anthus S rubescens American Pipit C Aves O Passeriformes F Cardinalidae C Aves G Spiza O Passeriformes S americana Dickcissel F Motacillidae G Anthus S spragueii Sprague’s Pipit C Aves O Passeriformes C Aves F Fringillidae O Passeriformes G Carpodacus F Passeridae S mexicanus House Finch G Passer S domesticus House Sparrow

C Aves O Passeriformes C Aves F Fringillidae O Passeriformes G Carduelis F Sittidae S tristis American Goldfinch G Sitta S carolinensis White-breasted Nuthatch

C Aves C Aves O Passeriformes O Passeriformes F Fringillidae F Certhiidae G Carduelis G Certhia S psaltria Lesser Goldfinch S americana Brown Creeper

C Aves C Aves O Passeriformes O Passeriformes F Fringillidae F Troglodytidae G Carduelis G Salpinctes S pinus Pine Siskin S obsoletus Rock Wren

C Aves O Passeriformes F Troglodytidae G Thryomanes AVES S bewickii Bewick’s Wren C Aves O Passeriformes F Troglodytidae C Aves G Catherpes O Passeriformes S mexicanus Canyon Wren F Troglodytidae G Thryothorus S ludovicianus Carolina Wren C Aves O Passeriformes F Troglodytidae C Aves G Campylorhynchus O Passeriformes S brunneicapillus Cactus Wren F Troglodytidae G Troglodytes S aedon House Wren

F Ptilogonatidae C Aves G Phainopepla O Passeriformes S nitens Phainopepla F Troglodytidae G Troglodytes S troglodytes Winter Wren C Aves O Passeriformes F Turdidae C Aves G Turdus O Passeriformes S migratorius American Robin F Troglodytidae G Cistothorus S palustris Marsh Wren C Aves O Passeriformes F Turdidae C Aves G Catharus O Passeriformes S guttatus Hermit Thrush F Troglodytidae G Cistothorus S platensis Sedge Wren C Aves O Passeriformes F Turdidae C Aves G Catharus O Passeriformes S ustulatus Swainson’s Thrush F Polioptilidae G Polioptila S caerulea Blue-gray Gnatcatcher C Aves O Passeriformes F Turdidae C Aves G Sialia O Passeriformes S sialis Eastern Bluebird F Bombycillidae G Bombycilla S cedrorum Cedar Waxwing C Aves O Passeriformes F Turdidae C Aves G Sialia O Passeriformes S mexicana Western Bluebird

G Mimus S polyglottis Northern Mockingbird

AVES C Aves C Aves O Passeriformes O Passeriformes F Mimidae F Turdidae G Dumetella G Sialia S carolinensis Gray Catbird S currucoides Mountain Bluebird

C Aves C Aves O Passeriformes O Passeriformes F Mimidae F Sturnidae G Oreoscoptes G Sturnus S montanus Sage Thrasher S vulgaris Common Starling

C Aves C Aves O Passeriformes O Passeriformes F Mimidae F Mimidae G Toxostoma S rufum Brown Thrasher

C Aves C Aves O Passeriformes O Passeriformes F Mimidae F Remizidae G Toxostoma G Auriparus S curvirostre Curve billed Thrasher S flaviceps Verdin

C Aves C Aves O Passeriformes O Passeiformes F Alaudidae F Regulidae G Eremophila G Regulus S alpestris Horned Lark S satrapa Golden-crowned Kinglet

C Aves C Aves O Passeriformes O Passeriformes F Hirundinidae F Regulidae G Riparia G Regulus S riparia Bank Swallow S calendula Ruby-crowned Kinglet

C Aves C Aves O Passeriformes O Passeriformes F Hirundinidae F Paridae G Tachycineta G Baeolophus S bicolor Tree Swallow S atricristatus Black-crested Titmouse

C Aves C Aves O Passeriformes O Passeriformes F Hirundinidae F Paridae G Progne G Poecile S subis Purple Martin S carolinensis Carolina Chickadee

AVES C Aves O Passeriformes C Aves F Hirundinidae O Passeriformes G Stelgidopteryx Northern Rough-winged F Aegithalidae S serripennis Swallow G Psaltriparus S minimus Bushtit

C Aves O Passeriformes C Aves F Hirundinidae O Passeriformes G Hirundo F Laniidae S rustica G Lanius S erythrogaster Barn Swallow S ludovicianus Loggerhead Shrike

C Aves C Aves O Passeriformes O Passeriformes F Hirundinidae F Laniidae G Petrochelidon G Lanius S pyrrhonota Cliff Swallow S excubitor Northern Shrike

O Passeriformes C Aves F Tyrannidae O Passiformes G Empidonax F Corvidae S traillii Willow Flycatcher G Cyanocitta S cristata Blue Jay C Aves O Passeriformes C Aves F Tyrannidae O Passiformes G Empidonax F Corvidae S minimus Least Flycatcher G Corvus S corax Common Raven Aves C Aves O Passeriformes C Aves F Tyrannidae O Passeriformes G Sayornis F Corvidae S phoebe Eastern Phoebe G Corvus S cryptoleucus Chihuahuan Raven C Aves O Passeriformes F Tyrannidae C Aves G Sayornis O Passeriformes S nigricans Black Phoebe F Corvidae G Aphelocoma S californica Western Scrub-jay C Aves O Passeriformes F Tyrannidae G Sayornis C Aves S saya Say’s Phoebe O Passeriformes F Vireonidae G Vireo C Aves S gilvus Warbling Vireo O Passeriformes F Tyrannidae G Pyrocephalus C Aves S rubinus Vermilion Flycatcher O Passeriformes F Vireonidae G Vireo C Aves S philadelphicus Philadelphia Vireo O Passeriformes F Tyrannidae G Myiarchus C Aves S cinerascens Ash-throated Flycatcher O Passeriformes F Tyrannidae G Contopus C Aves S cooperi Olive-sided O Passeriformes Flycatcher F Tyrannidae G Myiarchus S crinitus Great Crested Flycatcher C Aves O Passeriformes F Tyrannidae C Aves G Contopus O Passeriformes S sordidulus Western Wood-pewee F Tyrannidae G Tyrannus S verticalis Western Kingbird C Aves

68 F Picidae C Aves G Picoides O Passeriformes S scalaris Ladder-backed F Tyrannidae Woodpecker G Tyrannus S vociferans Cassin’s Kingbird

Aves C Aves O Piciformes C Aves F Picidae O Passeriformes G Picoides F Tyrannidae S pubescens Downy Woodpecker G Tyrannus S tyrannus Eastern Kingbird C Aves O Piciformes C Aves F Picidae O Passeriformes G Picoides F Tyrannidae S villosus Hairy Woodpecker G Tyrannus S forficatus Scissor-tailed Flycatcher C Aves O Piciformes C Aves F Picidae O Piciformes G Colaptes F Picidae S auratus Redshafted/Northern Flicker G Melanerpes S erythrocephalus Red-headed Woodpecker C Aves O Piciformes C Aves F Picidae O Piciformes G Colaptes F Picidae S auratus Redshafted/Northern Flicker G Melanerpes S aurifrons Golden-fronted Woodpecker C Aves O Coraciiformes C Aves F Cerylidae O Piciformes G Megaceryle F Picidae S alcyon Belted Kingfisher G Melanerpes S carolinus Red-bellied Woodpecker C Aves O Apodiformes C Aves F Trochilidae O Piciformes G Archilochus F Picidae S colubris Ruby-throated Hummingbird G Sphyrapicus S nuchalis Red-naped Sapsucker C Aves O Apodiformes C Aves F Trochilidae O Piciformes G Archilochus F Picidae S alexandri Black-chinned Hummingbird G Sphyrapicus S varius Yellow-bellied Sapsucker C Aves O Apodiformes C Aves F Trochilidae O Piciformes G Calypte

S anna Anna’s Hummingbird

Aves C Aves O Columbiformes F Columbidae C Aves G Scardafella O Apodiformes S squammata Scaled Dove F Trochilidae G Stellula S calliope Calliope Hummingbird C Aves O Apodiformes F Apodidae C Aves G Chaetura O Apodiformes S pelagica Chimney Swift F Trochilidae G Selasphorus S platycercus Broad-tailed Hummingbird C Aves O Caprimulgiformes F Caprimulgidae C Aves G Chordeiles O Apodiformes S minor Nighthawk F Trochilidae G Selasphorus S rufus Rufous Hummingbird C Aves O Caprimulgiformes F Caprimulgidae C Aves G Phalaenoptilus O Cuculiformes S nuttallii Common Poorwill F Cucculidae G Coccyzus S americanus Yellow-billed Cuckoo C Aves O Strigiformes F Strigidae C Aves G Otus O Cuculiformes S asio Eastern Screech-Owl F Cuculidae G Geococcyx S californianus Greater Roadrunner C Aves O Strigiformes F Strigidae C Aves G Bubo O Columbiformes S virginianus Great Horned Owl F Columbidae G Zenaida S asiatica White-winged Dove C Aves O Strigiformes F Strigidae C Aves G Strix O Columbiformes S varia Barred Owl F Columbidae G Zenaida S macroura Mourning Dove C Aves O Strigiformes F Strigidae C Aves G Athene O Columbiformes S cunicularia Burrowing Owl F Columbidae G Scardafella S inca Inca Dove

70 C Aves G Grus O Strigiformes S canadensis Sandhill Crane F Strigidae G Aegolius S acadicus Northern Saw-whet Owl C Aves O Ciconiiformes F Ardeidae C Aves G Botaurus O Strigiformes S lentiginosus American Bittern F Strigidae G Asio S otus Long-eared Owl C Aves O Ciconiiformes F Ardeidae C Aves G Butorides O Strigiformes S virescens Green Heron F Strigidae G Asio S flammeus Short-eared Owl C Aves O Ciconiiformes F Ardeidea C Aves G Nyctanassa O Strigiformes S violacea Yellow Crowned Night F Tytonidae Heron G Tyto S alba Barn Owl C Aves O Ciconiiformes C Aves F Ardeidae O Gruiformes G Ardea F Rallidae S herodias Great Blue Heron G Rallus S limicola Virginia Rail C Aves O Ciconiiformes C Aves F Ardeidea O Gruiformes G Ardea F Rallidae S alba Great Egret G Porzana S carolina Sora C Aves O Ciconiiformes C Aves F Ardeidea O Gruiformes G Egretta F Rallidae S thula Snowy Egret G Gallinula S chloropus Common Moorhen C Aves O Ciconiiformes C Aves F Ardeidae O Gruiformes G Bubulcus F Rallidae S ibis Cattle Egret G Fulica S americana American Coot

C Aves Aves O Ciconiiformes C Aves F Threshkiornithidae O Gruiformes G Plegadis F Gruidae S chihi White-faced Ibis

C Aves O Falconiformes C Aves F Accipitridae O Ciconiiformes G Buteo F Cathartidae S swainsoni Swainson’s Hawk G Cathartes S aura Turkey Vulture C Aves O Falconiformes C Aves F Accipitridae O Pelecaniformes G Aquila F Pelecanidae S chrysaetos Golden Eagle G Pelecanus S erythrorhynchos American White Pelican C Aves O Falconiformes C Aves F Accipitridae O Pelecaniformes G Haliaeetus F Phalacrocoracidae S leucocephalus Bald Eagle G Phalacrocorax S auritus Double- crested Cormorant C Aves O Falconiformes F Accipitridae C Aves G Circus O Falconiformes S cyaneus Northern Harrier/Marsh F Accipitridae Hawk G Elanus S leucurus White-tailed Kite C Aves O Falconiformes C Aves F Accipitridae O Falconiformes G Ictinia F Accipitridae S mississippiensis Mississippi Kite G Buteo S buteo Common Buzzard C Aves O Falconiformes C Aves F Accipitridae O Falconiformes G Accipiter F Accipitridae S gentiles Northern Goshawk G Buteo S jamaicensis Red-tailed Hawk C Aves O Falconiformes C Aves F Accipitridae O Falconiformes G Accipiter F Accipitridae S striatus Sharp-shinned Hawk G Buteo S lagopus Rough-legged Hawk

C Aves Aves O Falconiformes C Aves F Accipitridae O Falconiformes G Accipiter F Accipitridae S cooperii Cooper’s Hawk G Buteo S regalis Ferruginous Hawk C Aves O Falconiformes

72 F Pandionidae G Pandion S haliaetus Osprey C Aves O Charadriiformes F Scolopacidae C Aves G Calidris O Falconiformes S minutilla Least Sandpiper F Falconidae G Falco S sparverius American Kestrel C Aves O Charadriiformes F Scolopacidae C Aves G Calidris O Falconiformes S fuscicollis White-rumped F Falconidae Sandpiper G Falco S columbarius Merlin C Aves O Charadriiformes C Aves F Scolopacidae O Falconiformes G Calidris F Falconidae S bairdii Baird’s Sandpiper G Falco S mexicanus Prairie Falcon C Aves O Charadriiformes C Aves F Scolopacidae O Falconiformes G Calidris F Falconidae S alpina Dunlin G Falco S peregrinus Penegrine Falcon C Aves O Charadriiformes C Aves F Scolopacidae O Charadriiformes G Calidris F Scolopacidae S melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper G Actitis S macularia Spotted Sandpiper C Aves O Charadriiformes C Aves F Scolopacidae O Charadriiformes G Calidris F Scolopacidae S alba Sanderling G Arenaria S interpres Ruddy Turnstone

C Aves Aves O Charadriiformes C Aves F Scolopacidae O Charadriiformes G Calidris F Scolopacidae S mauri Western Sandpiper G Bartramia S longicauda Upland Sandpiper C Aves O Charadriiformes C Aves F Scolopacidae O Charadriiformes G Gallinago F Scolopacidae S delicata Wilson’s Snipe G Calidris S pusilla Semipalmated Sandpiper

C Aves G Tringa O Charadriiformes S flavipes Lesser Yellowlegs F Scolopacidae G Limnodromus S scolopaceus Long-billed Dowitcher C Aves O Charadriiformes F Laridae C Aves G Larus O Charadriiformes S delawarensis Ring-billed Gull F Scolopacidae G Limosa S fedoa Marbled Godwit C Aves O Charadriiformes F Laridae C Aves G Larus O Charadriiformes S marinus Great Black-backed Gull F Scolopacidae G Micropalama S himantopus Stilt Sandpiper C Aves O Charadriiformes F Laridae C Aves G Larus O Charadriiformes S argentatus Herring Gull F Scolopacidae G Numenius S phaeopus Whimbrel C Aves O Charadriiformes F Laridae C Aves G Larus O Charadriiformes S philadelphia Bonaparte’s Gull F Scolopacidae G Nomenius S americanus Long-billed Curlew C Aves O Charadriiformes F Laridae C Aves G Larus O Charadriiformes S pipixcan Franklin’s Gull F Scolopacidae G Phalaropus S tricolor Wilson’s Phalarope

C Aves O Charadriiformes Aves F Laridae C Aves G Xema O Charadriiformes S sabini Sabine’s Gull F Scolopacidae G Tringa S solitaria Solitary Sandpiper C Aves O Charadriiformes F Sternidae C Aves G Sternula O Charadriiformes S antillarum Least Tern F Scolopacidae G Tringa S melanoleuca Greater Yellowlegs C Aves O Charadriiformes F Sternidae C Aves G Chlidonias O Charadriiformes S niger Black Tern F Scolopacidae

74 F Podicipedidae C Aves G Aechmophorus O Charadriiformes S occidentalis Western grebe F Sternidae G Sterna S forsteri Forster’s Tern C Aves O Podicipediformes F Podicipedidae C Aves G Podiceps O Charadriiformes S auritus Horned grebe F Stercorariidae G Stercorarius S parasiticus Parasitic Jaeger C Aves O Podicipediformes F Podicipedidae C Aves G Podiceps O Charadriiformes S nigricollis Eared grebe F Recurvirostridae G Recurvirostra S americanus American Avocet C Aves O Gaviiformes F Gaviidae C Aves G Gavia O Charadriiformes S immer Common Loon F Recurvirostridae G Himantopus S mexicanus Black-necked Stilt C Aves O Gaviiformes F Gaviidae C Aves G Gavia O Charadriiformes S pacifica Pacific Loon F Charadriidae G Charadrius S vociferus Killdeer

C Aves O Gaviiformes Aves F Gaviidae C Aves G Gavia O Charadriiformes S stellata Red-throated Loon F Charadriidae G Charadrius S melodus Piping Plover

C Aves O Charadriiformes F Charadriidae G Charadrius S alexandrinus Snowy Plover

C Aves O Charadriiformes F Charadriidae G Charadrius S montanus Mountain Plover

C Aves O Podicipediformes

S velifer Cave Myotis

C Mammalia O Chiroptera F Vespertilionidae G Lasionycteris S noctivagans Silver-haired Bat

C Mammalia O Chiroptera F Vespertilionidae G Pipistrellus S subflavus Eastern Pipistrelle

C Mammalia O Chiroptera F Vespertilionidae G Eptesicus S fuscus Big Brown Bat

C Mammalia O Chiroptera F Vespertilionidae G Lasiurus S borealis Eastern Red Bat

C Mammalia Mammalia O Chiroptera F Vespertilionidae C Mammalia G Lasiurus O Didelphimorphia S cinereus Hoary Bat F Didelphidae

G Didelphis

S virginiana Virginia Oppossum C Mammalia

O Chiroptera F Vespertilionidae C Mammalia G Plecotus O Insectivora S townsendii Townsend’s Big-eared Bat F Soricidae G Cryptotis S parva Least Shrew C Mammalia O Chiroptera F Vespertilionidae C Mammalia G Antrozous O Insectivora S pallidus Pallid Bat F Soricidae G Notiosorex S crawfordi Desert Shrew C Mammalia O Chiroptera F Vespertilionidae C Mammalia G Tadarida O Chiroptera S brasiliensis Brazilian Free-tailed Bat F Vespertilionidae G Myotis

76 C Mammalia O Rodentia O Chiroptera F Sciuridae F Vespertilionidae G Spermophilus G Nyctinomops S mexicanus Mexican Ground Squirrel S macrotis Big Free-tailed Bat

C Mammalia C Mammalia O Rodentia O Edentata F Sciuridae F Pampatheriidae G Spermophilus G Holmesina S spilosoma Spotted Ground Squirrel S septentrionalis Pampathere (extinct)

C Mammalia C Mammalia O Rodentia O Xenarthra F Sciuridae F Dasypodidae G Cynomys G Dasypus S ludovicianus Black-tailed Prairie Dog S novemcinctus Nine-banded Armadillo

C Mammalia C Mammalia O Rodentia O Xenarthra F Sciuridae F Glossotherium G Sciurus S harlani Giant Sloth (extinct) S niger Eastern Fox Squirrel

C Mammalia Mammalia O Rodentia C Mammalia F Sciuridae O Lagomorpha G Sciurus F Laporidae S carolinensis Eastern Gray Squirrel G Sylvilagus

S auduboni Desert (or Audubon) Cottontail

C Mammalia

O Rodentia C Mammalia F Geomyidae O Lagomorpha G Thomomys F Laporidae S bottae Botta’s Pocket Gopher G Sylvilagus

S floridanus Eastern Cottontail

C Mammalia

O Rodentia C Mammalia F Geomyidae O Lagomorpha G Geomys F Leporidae S bursarius Plains Pocket Gopher G Lepus

S californicus Black-tail Jackrabbit

C Mammalia

O Rodentia C Mammalia F Geomyidae O Rodentia G Cratogeomys F Sciuridae S castanops Yellow-faced Pocket Gopher G Spermophilus

S tridecemlineatus 13-lined Ground

Squirrel C Mammalia

O Rodentia

F Heteromyidae C Mammalia G Perognathus

S flavescens Plains Pocket Mouse C Mammalia O Rodentia F Muridae C Mammalia G Peromyscus O Rodentia S boylii Brush Mouse F Heteromyidae G Chaetodipus S hispidus Hispid Pocket Mouse C Mammalia O Rodentia F Muridae C Mammalia G Peromyscus O Rodentia S leucopus White-footed Mouse F Heteromyidae G Dipodomys S merriami Merriam’s Kangaroo Rat C Mammalia O Rodentia F Muridae C Mammalia G Peromyscus O Rodentia S maniculatus Deer Mouse F Heteromyidae G Dipodomys S ordi Ord’s Kangaroo Rat

C Mammalia O Rodentia Mammalia F Muridae C Mammalia G Baiomys O Rodentia S taylori Northern Pygmy Mouse F Heteromyidae G Dipodomys S spectabilis Banner-tailed Kangaroo Rat C Mammalia O Rodentia F Muridae C Mammalia G Onychomys O Rodentia S leucogaster Northern Grasshopper Mouse F Castoridae G Castor S canadensis Beaver C Mammalia O Rodentia F Muridae C Mammalia G Sigmodon O Rodentia S hispidus Hispid Cotton Rat F Muridae G Reithrodontomys S fulvescens Fulvous Harvest Mouse C Mammalia O Rodentia F Muridae C Mammalia G Neotoma O Rodentia S albigula White-throated Woodrat F Muridae G Reithrodontomys S montanus Plains Harvest Mouse C Mammalia O Rodentia F Muridae C Mammalia G Neotoma O Rodentia S micropus Southern Plains Woodrat F Muridae G Peromyscus S attwateri Texas Mouse C Mammalia O Rodentia F Muridae

78 G Microtus S ochrogaster Prairie Vole C Mammalia O Carnivora C Mammalia F Felidae O Rodentia G Felis F Muridae S sylvestris G Microtus S catus Domestic Cat S pennsylvanicus Meadow Vole

C Mammalia C Mammalia O Carnivora O Rodentia F Felidae F Muridae G Puma G Synaptomys S concolor Cougar S cooperi Southern Bog Lemming

C Mammalia O Carnivora Mammalia F Felidae C Mammalia G Lynx O Rodentia S rufus Bobcat F Muridae G Ondatra S zibethicus Muskrat C Mammalia S holdenensis (stratum 1) O Carnivora F Canidae G Canis C Mammalia S latrans Coyote O Rodentia F Muridae G Ondatra Muskrat C Mammalia S erringtonensis (stratum 2) O Carnivora F Canidae G Canis C Mammalia S dirus Dire Wolf (extinct) O Rodentia F Muridae G Rattus C Mammalia S norvegicus Norway Rat O Carnivora F Canidae G Canis C Mammalia S lupus Gray Wolf O Rodentia F Muridae G Rattus C Mammalia S rattus Roof Rat O Carnivora F Canidae G Canis C Mammalia S Lupus O Rodentia S familiaris Domestic Dog F Muridae G Mus S musculus House Mouse C Mammalia O Carnivora F Canidae C Mammalia G Vulpes O Rodentia S vulpes Red Fox F Erethezontidae G Erethezion S dorsatum Porcupine C Mammalia

O Carnivora G Tayassu F Canidae S tajacu Collared Peccary (Javelina) G Urocyon S cinereoargenteus Gray Fox C Mammalia O Artiodactyla C Mammalia F Cervidae O Carnivora G Odocoileus F Ursidae S virginianus White-tailed Deer G Arctodus S simus Short-faced Bear (extinct)

C Mammmalia O Artiodactyla Mammalia F Cervidae C Mammalia G Odocoileus O Carnivora S hemionus Mule Deer F Procyonidae G Procyon S lotor Raccoon C Mammalia O Artiodactyla F Antilocapridae C Mammalia G Antilocapra O Carnivora S americana Pronghorn Antelope F Mustelidae G Mustela S frenata Long-tailed Weasel C Mammalia O Artiodactyla F Bovidae C Mammalia G Bos O Carnivora S taurus Domestic Cow F Mustelidae G Taxidea S taxus American Badger C Mammalia O Artiodactyla F Bovidae C Mammalia G Bison O Carnivora S bison Modern Bison F Mephitidae G Mephitis S mephitis Striped Skunk C Mammalia O Artiodactyla F Bovidae C Mammalia G Bison O Artiodactyla S antiquus Ancient Bison (extinct) F Suidae G Sus S scrofa S domestica Domestic Pig C Mammalia O Artiodactyla F Bovidae C Mammalia G Ovis O Artiodactyla S aries Domestic Sheep F Suidae G Sus S scrofa Feral Pig/Wild Boar C Mammalia O Artiodactyla F Bovidae C Mammalia G Capra O Artiodactyla S hircus Domestic Goat F Tayassuidae

C Mammalia C Mammalia O Artiodactyla O Perissodactyla F Camelidae G Camelops S hesternus Camel (extinct)

Mammalia C Mammalia O Proboscidea F Elephantidae G Mammuthus S columbi Columbian Mammoth

C Mammalia O Proboscidea F Mastodontidae G Mammuthus S americanus Mastodon

C Mammalia O Perissodactyla F Equidae G Equus S mexicanus Mexican Horse (extinct)

C Mammalia O Perissodactyla F Equidae G Equus S francisci Stilt-legged Horse (extinct)

F Equidae G Equus S Caballus Domestic Horse

2. Cataloging Lithic and Hearthstone Material Lithic material is a broad category that includes flaked objects, ground stone, and hearthstones. Basically, the category covers any object made from a rock or mineral or transported by people. Flaked-lithics are viewed as tools and debitage. Debitage consists of flakes and debris. For cataloging purposes, these two general categories are not used. Instead, the more specific terms are assigned (e.g., flake, biface, debris, core). Flakes exhibit the striking area [proximal end] usually identified by the presence of a platform and/or bulb of percussion. Debris, on the other hand, is lacking the striking area (i.e., platform or bulb of percussion). Samples of the different types of lithic artifacts that may be found in this region are listed in the OBJECT DESCRIPTION list and should be checked. The complete description field for a lithic consists of the object description, material type, and material source in that order and should be entered in that order into the field titled “Complete Description.” If questions arise as to the identification of artifacts, seek help from the Curator, Collections Manager, or Lab Coordinator.

Enter under OBJECT GROUP category: LITHIC (includes flake and groundstone) HEARTHSTONE

Enter under OBJECT DESCRIPTION category: BEAD PAINTSTONE BIFACE PESTLE CORE PIPE DEBRIS PROJECTILE POINT FLAKE RETOUCHED DEBRIS GROUND STONE RETOUCHED FLAKE HAMMERSTONE SHAFT STRAIGHTENER HEARTHSTONE SPLIT COBBLE MANO UNIFACE MANUPORT UTILIZED DEBRIS METATE UTILIZED FLAKE MORTAR

Enter under MATERIAL category: AGATE LIMESTONE BASALT LIMONITE (yellow ochre) CALICHE OBSIDIAN CHALCEDONY OPALIZED CALICHE CHERT PETRIFIED WOOD COPPER QUARTZ DOLOMITE QUARTZITE GRANITE SANDSTONE HEMATITE (red ochre) SILICIFIED CALICHE JASPER SILTSTONE

82 SILCRETE TURQUOISE

Enter under MATERIAL SOURCE category: Types of chert: ALIBATES (dolomite) EDWARDS (Formation) OGALLALA (Formation) POTTER (member) TECOVAS (Formation) SOURCE UNKNOWN

Types of quartzite: POTTER (member) TECOVAS (Formation) SOURCE UNKNOWN OGALLALA (Formation)

Types of chalcedony: OGALLALA (Formation) SOURCE UNKNOWN

Types of caliche: OGALLALA (Formation) BLANCO (Formation)

Types of siltstone OGALLALA (Formation) SOURCE UNKNOWN

Types of silcrete MACY

Enter under DIMENSION category: Take measurements of the length, width, and thickness of FLAKES and TOOLS ONLY. The six broad categories for cataloging lithics are: projectile point, biface, uniface, flake, debris, and core. o A projectile point is measured for length, width, and thickness. o A biface is measured for length, width, and thickness. o Uniface is measured for length, width, and thickness. o A flake is measure for length, width, and thickness. Length is measured from the platform along the longitudinal axis. The width is measured perpendicular to the longitudinal axis at the widest point (see diagram). The thickness is measured perpendicular to the previous two measurements at the thickest point. o Debris is measured only for length. o Cores are weighed not measured. Measurements are written out in mm to the nearest hundredth (e.g., 2.4, 1.6, 0.7). Weight is taken for cores and hearthstones and is measured in grams to one place past the decimal point. Every hearthstone is weighed. If the hearthstone is in pieces that have broken but belong together (fit together) and are getting the same catalog number, they should be weighed together.

a. Diagram of a Lithic Core and a Flake from that Core

b. Diagram and Measuring of the Length of a Lithic Flake On this diagram, the dotted line represents where the length measurement for a flake is taken. The same applies to a projectile point, biface, or debris. Length is measured from highest point on the top to the farthermost point on the bottom.

c. Diagram and Measuring of the Width of a Lithic Flake On this diagram, the dotted line on the interior view of the flake represents where the width should be measured. The same applies to a projectile point or biface. Width is measured from side to side at the greatest distance. The dotted line on the side view of the flake represents where the thickness is measured, that also can be applied to a projectile point or biface.

Enter under TYPOLOGY category: This category is used for the exact type of lithic, if known. All names are written out in full. The following is a list of common types found on the Southern High Plains.

Types of projectile points: BULVERDE LUBBOCK CLOVIS MARCOS ELLIS MARSHALL ENSOR MIDLAND FIRSTVIEW MILNESAND FOLSOM PERDIZ FRESNO PLAINVIEW GARZA SCALLORN HARRELL WASHITA LOTT ARCHAIC

Enter under COMPONENT PART category: BASE BODY TIP

Enter under TECHNIQUE category: Under this category, three major techniques are recorded for lithic flakes; other technique categories for lithics have not been instituted. These techniques are filled in only after analysis has been completed.

CONCHOIDAL - has a distinctive bulb of force and prominent concentric undulations (usually produced by hard-hammer percussion); eraillure scars (secondary detachments) are common.

BENDING - has either a diffuse bulb of percussion or no bulb at all (usually produced during soft-hammer percussion or during use); a lip beneath the platform is common. Usually no secondary detachments occur such as eraillure scars.

COMPRESSION - has no bulb of percussion and many secondary detachments on the ventral surface. They frequently are chunky, and occur more commonly in coarser materials such as quartzite

Enter under MODIFICATION category: (These are examples of modifications. This category will not be filled-in for all lithics. If questions arise, see Curator, Collections Manager, or Lab Coordinator.) CALCIUM CARBONATE COATING HEAT-TREATED POT-LID

86 3. Cataloging Charcoal for Tree Identification

Enter under OBJECT GROUP category: CHARCOAL FOR TREE ID

Enter under OBJECT DESCRIPTION category: OBJECT DESCRIPTION NEEDED

Enter under MATERIAL category: CHARCOAL

Enter under MATERIAL SOURCE category: TREE

Enter under MODIFICATION category if applicable: BURNED

4. Cataloging Aboriginal and Historic Pottery Ceramics

These directions are for use in identifying and cataloging ONLY those pottery and ceramic artifacts associated with tableware and utilitarian household vessels. Examples of such artifacts include bowls, plates, crocks, and cooking vessels.

Enter under OBJECT GROUP category: ABORIGINAL POTTERY HISTORIC POTTERY Ceramics

Historic Ceramics is used for Anglo-European pottery. Aboriginal Pottery is used for pottery produced by native peoples.

Enter under Object DESCRIPTION category: A distinction has been made between aboriginal pottery and European or American pottery ceramics to help in identification during museum procedures, e.g., accessioning, inventory, research.

BEAD MUG BOTTLE PIPE BOWL PITCHER POTSHERD PLATE POTTERY VESSEL CUP CROCK FIGURINE SAUCER FLATWARE TILE JUG WORKED POTSHERD JAR CERAMIC SHERD

Enter under MATERIAL category: Clay is used for the material type since all pottery is made of a combination of materials that make up clay.

CLAY

However, temper may be added to the clay mixture to help in the firing process. If the temper is known, this information is added to the material category. Examples of temper include:

Types of clay temper BONE SAND GRASS SHELL GRIT GROG Example: Material = CLAY, BONE Enter under TYPOLOGY category:

88 This category should be used to designate the exact type of historic ceramics or aboriginal pottery.

The following is a listing of common types of pottery/ceramics found at historical sites relating to Anglo-European and Anglo-American peoples:

1. BLUE-TINTED EARTHENWARE- earthenware that has either a blue tint in the glaze or in the body to help portray a whiter appearance. Used if cannot distinguish between ironstone or pearlware as both used this technique.

2. BLUE-TINTED IRONSTONE – a semi-vitrified body with a blue tint. Unlike blue- tinted earthenwares, the tint is in the body not the glaze. Generally exhibits little crazing in the glaze.

3. CREAMWARE – earthenware body with a butter-colored lead glaze; body is very porous. Body can also be a cream color. Also known as Queensware.

4. DECORATED WARE – used with wares that have a decoration applied to one of the surfaces but cannot be identified as to technique or defined type of ware.

5. EARTHENWARE – white or off-white body generally, but also can be yellow, buff, grey, red, or brown; heavy porous, highly grained body that is opaque.

6. IRONSTONE - stoneware body, with a white to slightly blue glaze. Very durable.

7. JASPERWARE - a fine bodied earthenware developed in the early 1800s. Used especially for cameos and other designs. Can be dyed easily and found commonly in blues, purples, and reds.

8. MAJOLICA - tin-glazed wares usually with polychrome decoration.

9. PEARLWARE - earthenware body, though more durable glaze. Has a hint of cobalt imparting a blue tint in glaze and body. Sometimes has a greenish tint to the glaze when compared to blue-tinted ironstones.

10. PLAINWARE (utilityware) – used with aboriginal pottery, generally no decoration of any kind.

11. PORCELAIN - highly vitrified, translucent ware. Hard Glaze. Cannot see much difference between the glaze and body.

12. REDWARE - red-bodied pottery, can be glazed or unglazed. Examples include flowerpots, terracotta, and some types of brick.

13. REFINED EARTHENWARE - used to identify pottery that is semi-vitrified and has a white body. No indication of any added color tint to the body or glaze. Used if cannot identify a sherd to one of the other categories.

14. STONEWARE (Crockery) - nonporous pottery body made of unprocessed clays, or of clay and flux additives, fired at elevated temperatures.

The following is a list of common aboriginal pottery types found on the Southern High Plains:

CHUPADERO BLACK-ON-WHITE EL PASO BROWN EL PASO POLYCHROME JORNADO BROWN PERDIDO PLAIN OCHOA INDENTED PLAINWARE (utilityware) REDWARE RIO GRANDE GLAZE I TO IV THREE RIVERS RED-ON-TERRACOTTA TIERRA BLANCA

Enter under TECHNIQUE category: (corresponding to the manufacturing technique of the vessel or sherds) BANDED BURNISHED LUSTRE COILED MOLDED DECALCOMANIA PIERCED EXCISED PRESSED FEATHERED-EDGED SALT-GLAZED FLOW BLUE SCRATCHED GILDING SGRAFFITO GLAZED SLIP COATING HANDMOLDED SPATTERWARE HAND-PAINTED THROWN/WHEEL HAND-FINISHED TRANSFER-PRINTED IMPRESSED REPOUSE/MOLDING INCISED

90 Enter under MAKERS MARK category: The manufacturer of Anglo-European and Anglo-American pottery ceramics is noted here, including maker’s marks and dates of production. Names are written out in full.

Enter under COMPONENT PART category: These are examples of possible morphologies associated with pottery and ceramics:

BASE NECK BODY RIM HANDLE SHOULDER LID

Enter under MODIFICATION category: MANUFACTURED BURNED

Enter under MODIFIER category: This category is used to give a better understanding of the type of cup, bottle, or plate outlined in the morphology.

BEER EFFIGY GINGER BEER MINIATURE OIL PATENT-EXTRACT PRESCRIPTION SERVING TEA

Enter under FINISHING TECHNIQUE category: (Corresponding to the kind of exterior surface decoration used on Anglo-European and Anglo-American pottery ceramics)

1. BANDED - a decoration of bands around the outside surface of a vessel. Many times, bands are “raised” above the surface and can be felt.

2. BURNISHED - surface created by smoothing or polishing the leather-hard surface of the vessel with a hard, smooth instrument before vessel is fired.

3. DECALCOMANIA (or decal) - design-bearing sheet used in dinnerware decoration. Sheet is first applied to a piece of ware. Paper is removed resulting in the transfer of the decoration to the ware. Firing makes it permanent.

4. REPOUSSE (molded) - a raised or molded decoration produced either in the mold or formed separately and applied before firing.

5. EXCISED – freehand decoration in which clay is removed

6. FEATHER-EDGED - scalloped or slightly patterned edge, usually of a plate. Can also be filled in with hand painting along the edge.

7. FLOW BLUE - blue patterning on pottery that has “run” outside the pattern lines to create a softer effect. Can be either a dense flow beyond the point of pattern recognition or slightly less “run” so the pattern lines can still be seen.

8. GLAZED - a glass or pigment covering that has been baked until the coating is hard and permanent.

9. GILDING - generally a gold line painted on the edge of a pottery vessel. Usually is either hand-painted or a decal. Sometimes can be other colors, e.g. blue or silver.

10. HAND-PAINTED - decoration that has been applied to the surface by hand. Can usually tell by the raised appearance of the paint under the clear glaze.

11. IMPRESSED (Stamped) - mechanical method by which a variety of textures and patterns can be produced that generally exhibit a lack of continuity between successive impressions.

12. INCISED – freehand decoration in which clay is redistributed, but not removed.

13. LUSTRE - ceramic glaze coating, metallic in nature, that gives the finished piece an iridescent effect.

14. PUNCTATED - decoration consisting of deep impressions without penetration of vessel wall.

15. PIERCED - similar to punctuated but with complete penetration of vessel wall.

16. SALT-GLAZED - during the firing process, regular table salt is thrown into the kiln and melts to form a glaze upon the surface of the wares. Has an orange-peel look to it.

17. SCRATCHED - freehand decoration by cutting lines into fired clay.

18. SGRAFFITO - decorative devices have been cut or scratched through an overlaying slip to reveal the body underneath.

19. SLIP-COATING - a layer of slip (clay mixed with water to a creamy consistency) applied to a clayware body for decorative effect.

20. SPATTERWARE (sponged) – Designs are made to look like a splattering of color, such as would be accomplished with a sponge.

21. TRANSFER PRINT - designs are engraved first on a copper plate and then transferred to a special paper, one color at a time. Patterns then are laid on the ware and rubbed with a soft flannel until adheres evenly and firmly.

5. Cataloging Historic Material1

These instructions are for cataloging only non-ceramic historic materials. The Lab Coordinator, Collections Manager, or Curator should be contacted if the appropriate artifact description does not appear in the list below.

Enter under OBJECT GROUP category: HISTORIC

Enter under OBJECT DESCRIPTION category: BAG DOORKNOB PENCIL BARB DRESS PENDANT BARBED WIRE DRINKING GLASS PIN BARETTE EAR PLUG PIPE BASKET EARRING PITCHER BEAD FIGURINE PLATE BELT FISH HOOK POCKET KNIFE BLADE FLATWARE PUNCH BLANK FORK RAZOR BLADE BLANKET GLASS SHARD RIFLE BALL BLOUSE GUN FLINT RING BOLT HAIR PIN RIVET BOTTLE HAT ROD BOW HINGE SAFETY PIN BOWL HOE SANDAL BRACELET HORSESHOE SAUCER BRACKET INSULATOR SAW BRUSH JAR SCISSORS BUCKLE JUG SCREW BURIN KEY SCULPTURE BUTTON KNOT SHIRT BULLET LABEL SHUTTLE BUTTON HOOK LABRET SKIRT CAN LAMP SPIKE CAP LEATHER SCRAP SPINDLE WHORL CARTRIDGE LEGGINGS SPOON CELT LIGHT BULB SPRING POTSHERD LOIN CLOTH STAKE POTTERY VESSEL MAT STAPLE CINCH RING METAL SCRAP STOPPER CLOTH MIRROR STOVE PART COIN MOCCASIN TACK COMB MUG TEXTILE

1 Historic artifacts are less straightforward than aboriginal objects because the variety of things that are found is somewhat ambiguous. This list reflects things that have been found and exist in the collection.

94 CORDAGE MULESHOE TIE ROD CORK NAIL TINKLER COTTER PIN NAIL FILE TOOTHBRUSH CROCK NEEDLE TOY CROWN CAP NET TUBE CUFF LINK NUTCRACKER VIAL CUP ORNAMENT WASHER DAUB PALLETTE WIRE DISH PELLET WORKED SHELL DOOR PEN WORKED WOOD UNIDENTIFIED HARDWARE2 NAIL, SQUARE (CUT) NAIL, WIRE

Enter under MATERIAL category: CEMENT PLASTER COAL PLASTIC GLASS RUBBER METAL SHELL PORCELANITE WOOD

Types of metal (examples of types of metal) Metal, ALUMINUM Metal, LEAD Metal, BRASS Metal, NICKEL Metal, CAST IRON Metal, SILVER Metal, COPPER Metal, STEEL Metal, IRON Metal, TIN

Types of glass (examples of types of glass) AMBER CLEAR AMETHYST COBALT (Blue) AQUA MILK BROWN PINK Glass, Light Blue Glass, Amber (Light/Dark) Glass, Amethyst Glass, Aqua Glass, Clear Glass, Cobalt Glass, Milk Glass, Pink

Types of plastic BLACK WHITE

(Example: Material = GLASS, CLEAR Material = METAL, TIN)

2 This is a blanket term for any unidentified hardware

Enter under TECHNIQUE category: Examples of techniques for manufacturing glass and metals:

COILED HAND-PAINTED EXCISED SALT-GLAZED INCISED HAND-FINISHED HANDMOLDED MOLD PUNCTATED PRESSED DOUBLE SIDE SEAM MACHINE SOLDERED SIDE SEAM

Enter under COMPONENT PART category: (shown as MORPHOLOGY in database) These are examples of possible morphologies associated with historic, ceramic, glass, and metal objects:

BASE BODY HANDLE LID CLOSURE RIM NECK SHOULDER FINISH

Enter under TYPOLOGY category:

HOLE-IN-CAP CAN SANITARY CAN

Enter under MODIFICATION category: This category is used to explain something that has changed the artifact.

BURNED MANUFACTURED MELTED OXIDATION

Enter under MODIFIER category: This category is used to give a better understanding of the type of artifact outlined in the morphology.

BEER PANEL CHAMPAGNE PATENT-EXTRACT CLUB SAUCE PRESCRIPTION CROWN SCREW HOLE-IN-CAP (can) SERVING OIL SODA

96 SQUARE WINDOW TEA PHARMACEUTICAL SERUM BOTTLE

Enter under MAKER’S MARK category:

This category is for analysis in which any and all Maker’s Marks are recorded as well as any other manufacturer information or company/maker history.

6. Cataloging Seeds

Enter under OBJECT GROUP category: SEED

Enter under OBJECT DESCRIPTION category: NO OBJECT DESCRIPTION NEEDED

Enter under MATERIAL category: SEED

Enter under MATERIAL SOURCE category: FLOWER GRASS TREE

Enter under MODIFICATION category if applicable: CARBONIZED

7. Cataloging Shell a. Biological Snails and Clams Enter under OBJECT GROUP category: SHELL

Enter under OBJECT DESCRIPTION category: NO OBJECT DESCRIPTION NEEDED

Enter under MATERIAL category: SHELL

Enter under MATERIAL SOURCE category: SHELL b. Culturally Modified Shell Enter under OBJECT GROUP category: SHELL

Enter under OBJECT DESCRIPTION category: WORKED SHELL

Enter under MATERIAL category: SHELL Enter under MATERIAL SOURCE category:

98 SHELL

Enter under MODIFICATION category if applicable: INCISED UTILIZED

8. Cataloging Plant Materials a. Biological Plant Material Enter under OBJECT GROUP category: PLANT

Enter under OBJECT DESCRIPTION category: NO OBJECT DESCRIPTION NEEDED

Enter under MATERIAL category: WOOD

Enter under MATERIAL SOURCE category (PLANT TYPE): GRASS TREE b. Culturally Modified Plant Material Enter under OBJECT GROUP category: PLANT

Enter under OBJECT DESCRIPTION category: WORKED

Utilitarian, decorative, and ceremonial objects of known descriptions should be cataloged according to the historic materials section.

Enter under MATERIAL category: WOOD

Enter under MATERIAL SOURCE category (PLANT TYPE): GRASS TREE REED YUCCA FIBER SUCCULENT

Enter under TECHNIQUE category: WOVEN KNOTTED

TIED PLATTED

100 Enter under TAXONOMY category: Choose the appropriate taxonomic description from the following list. C Pteridopsida F Nymphaeaceae O Pteridales G Nymphaea F Pteridaceae S odorata American White G Notholaena Waterlily S sinuata Jimmy Fern

C Magnoliopsida C Liliopsida O Ranunculales O Asparagales F Ranunculaceae F Alliaceae G Ranunculus Buttercup Family G Allium spp. Wild Onion Family

C Magnoliopsida C Liliopsida O Ranunculales O Poales F Ranunculaceae F Poaceae G Delphinium Larkspur Family G Bromus S texensis Texas Brome

C Magnoliopsida C Liliopsida O Ranunculales O Poales F Fumariaceae F Poaceae G Corydalis G Bouteloua S aurea Scrambled Eggs S gracilis Blue Grama Grass

C Magnoliopsida C Liliopsida O Caryophyllales O Poales F Amaranthaceae F Poaceae G Amanranthus G Buchloe S albus Pigweed Amaranth S dactyloides Buffalograss

C Magnoliopsida C Liliopsida O Caryophyllales O Poales F Amaranthaceae F Typhaceae G Amaranthus G Typha S albus Tumbleweed S latifolia Cattail

C Magnoliopsida C Liliopsida O Caryophyllales O Cyperales F Polygonaceae F Cyperaceae G Rumex Dock G Scirpus S cyperinus Woolgrass C Magnoliopsida O Caryophyllales C Liliopsida F Polygonaceae O Cyperales G Eriogonum F Cyperaceae S wrightii Wright’s Buckwheat G Scirpus Bulrush S ------

C Magnoliopsida C Magnoliopsida O Fabales O Nymphaeales F Fabaceae

101

G Astragalus S wootonii Rattleweed C Magnoliopsida O Fabales F Fabaceae C Magnoliopsida G Cercis O Fabales S canadensis F Fabaceae S mexicanus Mexican Redbud G Astragalus S mollissimus Woolly Loco C Magnoliopsida O Fagales C Magnoliopsida F Fagaceae O Fabales G Quercus F Fabaceae S buckleyi Texas Red Oak G Oxytropis S lambertii Loco C Magnoliopsida O Fagales C Magnoliopsida F Fagaceae O Fabales G Quercus F Fabaceae S sinuata G Prosopis S breviloba Shin Oak S glandulosa Honey Mesquite

C Magnoliopsida C Magnoliopsida O Fagales O Fabales F Juglandaceae F Fabaceae G Carya G Melilotus S illinoinensis Pecan Tree S albus Sweet Clover

C Magnoliopsida C Magnoliopsida O Fagales O Fabales F Juglandaceae F Fabaceae G Juglans G Senna S microcarpa Texas Black Walnut S roemeriana Twinleaf Senna

C Magnoliopsida O Fagales C Magnoliopsida F Juglandaceae O Fabales G Carya F Fabaceae S texana Texas Hickory G Acacia S greggii Acacia Catclaw C Magnoliopsida O Malpighiales F Euphorbiaceae C Magnoliopsida G Stillingia O Fabales S texana Trecul Stillingia F Fabaceae G Albizia S julibrissin Mimosa C Magnoliopsida O Malpighiales F Salicaceae C Magnoliopsida G Populus O Fabales S deltoids Plains Cottonwood F Fabaceae G Cercis S canadensis C Magnoliopsida S texensis Texas Redbud O Malpighiales

102 F Salicaceae S gordonii Spreading Bladderpod G Salix S nigra Southwestern Black Willow C Magnoliopsida O Brassicales F Brassicaceae C Magnoliopsida G Descurainia O Rosales S pinnata Tansy Mustard F Rhamnaceae G Colubrina S texensis Hog Plum C Magnoliopsida O Sapindales F Anacardiacea C Magnoliopsida G Rhus O Rosales S copallina Upland Sumac F Rosaceae G Cercocarpus S montanus Mountain Mahogany C Magnoliopsida O Ericales F Ebenaceae C Magnoliopsida G Diospyros O Rosales S texana Texas Persimmon F Rosaceae G Crataegus S reverchonii Reverchonii Hawthorne C Magnoliopsida O Gentialnales F Apocynaceae C Magnoliopsida G Asclepias O Rosales S subverticillata Horsetail Milkweed F Rosaceae G Crataegus S tracyi Tracy Hawthorne C Magnoliopsida O Gentialnales F Apocynaceae C Magnoliopsida G Asclepias O Rosales S Asperula Antelopehorn Milkweed F Rosaceae G Prunus S munsoniana Wild Plum C Magnoliopsida O Gentialnales F Apocynaceae C Magnoliopsida G Asclepias O Rosales S latifolia Common Milkweed F Ulmacea G Celtis S reticulata Netleaf Hackberry

C Magnoliopsida O Gentianales F Gentianaceae C Magnoliopsida G Centaurium O Rosales S beyrichii Quinine Weed F Urticaceae G Urtica S gracilenta Mountain Nettle C Magnoliopsida O Gentianales F Rubiaceae C Magnoliopsida G Cephalanthus O Brassicales S occidentalis Buttonbush F Brassicaceae G Lesquerella

103

C Magnoliopsida G Solanum O Lamiales S carolinense Horse Nettle F Lamiaceae G Salvia S reflexa Rocky Mountain Sage C Magnoliopsida O Solanales F Solanaceae C Magnoliopsida G Datura O Lamiales S stramonium Stink Weed F Bignoniaceae G Chilopsis S linearis Desert Willow C Magnoliopsida O Asterales F Asteraceae C Magnoliopsida G Helenium O Lamiales S amarum Bitter F Oleaceae Sneezeweed G Fraxinus S texensis Texas Ash C Magnoliopsida O Asterales C Magnoliopsida F Asteraceae O Solanales G Symphyotrichum F Solanaceae S eulae Texas Aster G Solanum S ptycanthum Black Nightshade C Magnoliopsida O Asterales C Magnoliopsida F Asteraceae O Solanales G Psilostrophe F Solanaceae S tagetina Woolly Paperflower G Solanum S elaeagnifolium Silverleaf Nightshade C Magnoliopsida O Asterales C Magnoliopsida F Asteraceae O Solanales G Psilostrophe F Solanaceae S gnaphaloides Cudweed Paperflower G Solanum S dimidiatum Western Horse Nettle

C Magnoliopsida O Asterales C Magnoliopsida F Asteraceae O Solanales G isocoma F Solanaceae S wrightii Goldenrod G Nicotiana S trigonophylla Desert Tobacco C Magnoliopsida O Asterales C Magnoliopsida F Asteraceae O Solanales G Hymenoxys F Solanaceae S odorata Western Bitterweed G Solanum S rostratum Buffalobur C Magnoliopsida O Asterales C Magnoliopsida F Asteraceae O Solanales G Senecio F Solanaceae S riddellii Riddell Groundsel

104 G Euphorbia Spurge S ------C Magnoliopsida O Asterales F Asteraceae C Magnoliopsida G Senecio O Euphorbiales S douglasii Threadleaf Groundsel F Euphorbiaceae G Euphorbia S marginata Snow-on-the-Mountain C Magnoliopsida O Asterales F Asteraceae G Helenium S microcephalum Smallhead Sneezeweed C Magnoliopsida O Urticales F Ulmacea C Magnoliopsida G Ulmus O Asterales S americana American Elm F Asteraceae G Xanthium S strumarium Common Cocklebur C Magnoliopsida O Scrophulariales F Pedaliaceae C Magnoliopsida G Proboscidea Devil’s Claw O Asterales S louisianica F Asteraceae G Conyza S canadensis Horsetail Conyza C Pinopsida O Pinales F Cupressaceae C Magnoliopsida G Juniperus O Poygonales S ashei Ashe Juniper/Cedar F Polygonacea G Polygonum Knotweed S ------C Pinopsida O Pinales F Cupressaceae C Magnoliopsida G Juniperus O Euphorbiales S monosperma West Texas Juniper F Euphorbiaceae

105

9. Cataloging Mineral

Enter under OBJECT GROUP category: MINERAL

Enter under OBJECT DESCRIPTION category: NO OBJECT DESCRIPTION NEEDED

Enter under MATERIAL category: HEMATITE LIMONITE MICA

Enter under MATERIAL SOURCE category: NO MATERIAL SOURCE NEEDED

Enter under MODIFICATION category if applicable: WORKED

10. Cataloging Insect

Enter under OBJECT GROUP category: INSECT

Enter under COMPONENT PART category: THORAX WING COVER

106 G. Labeling Objects with a Catalog Number

The catalog number should be written on the object immediately after cataloging. A basecoat measuring no longer than 1inch of 15% PVAC solution is first put onto the object. India ink is used to write the catalog number on the basecoat. The number then is covered with another coat of 15% PVAC solution. A basecoat measuring no longer than 1inch of 20% PVAC is used for pottery/ceramics with a topcoat of 15% PVAC. White India ink is used to write on dark-colored objects. This procedure is entirely reversible. PVAC and ink can be removed using acetone. If a mistake is made while writing the catalog number and the topcoat has not been placed, the ink can be removed using distilled water and a brush.

The catalog number consists of TTU-A plus a sequential number (e.g., TTU-A56743) or TTU-A plus a number unit with a hyphen (-) and a sequential number (TTU-A1-36794). The number should be written legibly but also in as small and inconspicuous a way as possible. However, it should not be hidden so that it will be very difficult to find. For similiar objects, standardize the location of the number, as far as possible. However, the number should not be written near edges of tools, on flake scars, on cut marks on bone, on the decorated side of ceramics, or on any other important features. If you are unsure as to where to write the number, consult the Collections Manager, Lab Coordinator, or Curator. Be sure that adequate time is given between the base and topcoats and application of the ink to ensure drying is complete.

If an object is too small to label, it is placed into an appropriately sized gelcap or microcentrifuge tube or both, depending on the size of the gelcap. The largest gelcap will not fit into the microcentrifuge tube. The catalog number is written directly on the gelcap with a pigma micron pen or quil. The frosted rectangle on the microcentrifuge tube is labeled only with a quil. The gelcap is placed in a microcentrifuge tube or in a 2” x 2” self-locking polypropylene zipper bag. Depending on the size of the small fragile bone, small fragile bone should be placed in an appropriately sized gelcap or should be placed in appropriately sized polystyrene box. Microcentrifuge tubes are placed in color-coded polypropylene trays made especially for them. Light and dark blue trays are for bone material, purple and red trays are for lithics and hearthstones, and green trays are for charcoal for tree id, seeds, shell, and insects.

107

ONLY the Division’s catalog number is written on the object. Any previous numbers (e.g., field numbers) are removed from the object and recorded on the catalog sheet. DO NOT PUT A CROSSBAR ON THE NUMBER 7.

Historics - Objects should not be labeled on Landmark features (e.g. mold seam, finish, rim, solder, etc.). Historic ceramics and glass shards can be labeled using PVAC, India ink, and a quill on surfaces free of landmark features. Whenever possible, catalog numbers should be on lignen free, acid-free card stock tags if catalog number is not placed directly on object. This is preferable to labeling if attachment of the tag is possible without compromising the structural integrity of the object. Labeling directly on metal should be avoided if possible.

108 H. Packaging Objects for Transport to the Museum

Proper packaging of collections depends greatly on the types of materials being considered. Care must be taken to ensure that appropriate packaging materials are used to maximize their effectiveness. All packaging includes a small label of acid-free, lignin-free buffered Permalife paper with the catalog number, accession number, site or locality and area numbers, stratigraphic unit and feature, identification, and bar code. These data are generated from the computerized catalog record. All labeling conforms to this standard, e.g.:

TTU-A65000 TTU-A85001 TTU-A43009 Accession #: TTU2000-001 Accession #: TTU2000-001 Accession #: TTU1996-001 Site 41LU1 Area 1 Site 41LU1 Area 10 Site 41LU1 Area 13B Substratum: 5mwLB1 Substratum: M Substratum: 5B Feature: FA13B-1 Feature: FA10-1 Feature: FA1-3 Taxon: BISON BISON Taxon: Taxon: RIB FLAKE, CHERT, TECOVAS HEARTHSTONE Bar code Bar code Bar code

The Museum’s Anthropology Collections are housed based on an object’s provenience that includes: region, site or locality, area, stratum, feature. Thus, the tags written for each object indicate this information.

Bones and other proteinaceous materials Use only acid-free neutral tissue paper for wrapping (bone paper).

After wrapping, place small pieces inside self-locking polypropylene bags of appropriate size with a label containing the catalog number facing outward for easy identification and verification of the object’s information.

Extremely small bone should be placed in an appropriately sized gel cap with the catalog number written on the outside. These capsules are placed within microcentrifuge tubes with the catalog number written on the frosted rectangular area within a self-locking polyethylene bag with a label containing the catalog number facing outward for easy identification and verification of the object’s information. Small fragile bone too large for a gel cap should be placed in 1” x 1” or appropriately sized polystyrene box with the label within the box.

Lithics Use only acid-free alkaline-buffered tissue paper for wrapping (rock paper).

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All lithics are wrapped individually and placed in individual self-locking polypropylene bags of appropriate size with a label containing the catalog number facing outward for easy identification and verification of the object’s information. Extremely small lithics first are placed in appropriately sized gel cap with the catalog number written on the outside. These capsules are placed within microcentrifuge tubes with the catalog number written on the frosted rectangular area within self-locking polypropylene bags with a label.

Charcoal for tree identification Based on size, these samples are packaged in an unused, uncontaminated microcentrifuge tube labeled with the catalog number, then placed in a polypropylene self-locking bag or wrapped in acid free neutral paper in a polystyrene box corresponding to the sample’s size. Each sample is assigned a catalog number. If placed in a box, a barcoded label is applied to the box. If placed in a self-locking bag, a barcoded label is placed inside the bag facing forward.

Pottery and Ceramics Potsherds are wrapped in acid-free alkaline-buffered tissue paper (rock paper) and placed within self-locking polypropylene bags of corresponding size with a label containing the catalog number facing outward for easy identification and verification of the object’s information.

Seed These materials are placed in gelatin capsules within microcentrifuge tubes labeled with the catalog number, then self-locking polypropylene bags or polystyrene boxes to protect them from crushing. A label containing the catalog number is placed within the container or bag facing outward for easy identification and verification of the object’s information.

Plant material Plant material should be wrapped in buffered paper then placed in polystyrene box appropriately sized.

Sediment samples These samples are either voucher samples or archived for analysis purposes such as snail or phytoliths. A double bag system is used consisting of strong self-locking polypropylene bags of appropriate size for the sample volume. The sediment samples must be dried before being closed in an airtight container. The sample is placed in the inner bag and sealed. A barcoded provenience tag (acid-free, lignin-free on buffered Permalife paper) is placed between the inner and outer bag. Both bags are sealed.

Sorted Matrix Packaging Small matrix objects are placed within gelatin capsules written on the outside. These capsules are placed within microcentrifuge tubes labeled with the catalog number, and then self-locking polypropylene bags with a label containing the catalog number facing outward for easy identification and verification of the object’s information.

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Radiocarbon Charcoal Samples These samples are packaged in unused, uncontaminated polystyrene boxes corresponding to the sample’s size. A barcoded acid-free label is printed from the radiocarbon database and bagged with the box.

Radiocarbon Organic Sediments These samples are packaged using the double bag system consisting of two strong, 8X10 self-locking polypropylene bags. The sediment samples must be dry before being closed in an airtight container. A barcoded provenience label is placed between the inner bag and the outer bag. Both bags are sealed.

Historics Glass shards and ceramic sherds should be packaged in acid-free alkaline-buffered tissue paper, self-locking polyethylene bags, and/or polystyrene boxes (where appropriate). Larger ceramics and bottles must be stored and recessed in appropriately sized boxes in order to protect them. Non-glass and ceramic objects should be labeled using lignen free, acid-free card stock tags when appropriate.

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III. PREPARING COLLECTIONS for TRANSPORT

In transporting objects from the QRC to the Museum, acid-free corrugated cardboard boxes are used. Padding may be of any soft archival material (e.g., microfoam or acid- free tissue paper) depending on the materials being packed. Bone, bone tools, and very fragile bones or other fragile items are packed very carefully, with microfoam padding in between objects. Do not overfill boxes or pack them in such a way that they become heavy. Objects may be damaged by placing many heavy items together or by placing heavy items on top of lighter ones. Also, boxes that are too heavy are at risk of being dropped and the objects damaged. Boxes containing very fragile items are so marked on the outside. Bone, lithic, pottery/ceramics, microfaunal and floral material, and other types of material are boxed separately.

As objects are packed, an inventory is made for the collection as a whole and for each individual box by scanning the object’s bar code. Each box is numbered and the objects in that box listed on an inventory for that numbered box. All objects within a box should be organized (heavier objects on bottom; lighter/smaller ones on top) and specifically labeled as to their site or locality, area, object type, substratum, and feature. This procedure will facilitate the organization and the ease of finding the objects after they have been packed if necessary, as well as the unpacking and installation at the Museum. Create a Box Inventory A box inventory is an inventory of a collection that can be used for loans, transfer location, or for accessioning. It is generated from object(s) pertaining to one specific box within a given collection.

112 4. Within the same scanning layout screen, click on the field “Temporary Location” and enter the temporary location. The temporary location will be the assigned box number and the room number in which it will temporally be housed, J9. Example: 1001-J9 To replace the location for all the objects, click on the “Temporary Location” field for the first object, type in the new location then go to the toolbar, select Records, then scroll to the bottom and select Replace Field Contents, and click Replace in the window that appears. 5. Do a find for the “Temporary Location” that you assigned for the object group (BOX NUMBER-J9) to create a box inventory. 6. Complete your inventory by selecting “Box Inventory” in the drop down menu under Layout located on the upper left side of the screen. Make sure that the box inventory total number of records reflects the total number of objects that are in the box. The box inventory contains the following fields. Accession number Catalog number Site name Area Feature Substratum Complete Description Description Total # of pieces Permanent location Temporary location Box Number 7. To print the Box Inventory, select File located on the toolbar then scroll down and select Page Setup and reduce the size to 80%. Go back to File and scroll down and select Print. 8. Place the box inventory on top of the objects within it’s corresponding box.

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Make sure the data entry has been checked by the Lab Coordinator or Collections Manager before printing any reports.

Printing the Object Label

-Perform a find for the object/group of objects for which you want to print tags.

-Check the information entered in the computer.

-Click on the REPORTS button at the top of the DATA ENTRY layout.

-Select the LABELS button on the REPORTS layout.

-Check to make sure that the printer is filled with acid-free, lignin-free paper.

-Click on the PRINT button at the bottom of the LABELS layout.

-Make sure that the printer is set to print RECORDS BEING BROWSED.

-Print the labels.

-On the first record of the found set, mark the BAR CODE TAG PRINTED field on the Collections Management Information page. Then go to the RECORDS menu and select REPLACE. Select the option that says REPLACE ALL RECORD WITH YES. Selecting this option will mark all of the records in the set as having their bar code tags printed.

-Cut the labels apart making sure that the bar code is at the BOTTOM of the tag.

Printing the Catalog Sheet

-Perform a find for the object/group of objects for which you want to print catalog sheets.

-Check the information entered in the computer.

-Click on the REPORTS button at the top of the DATA ENTRY layout.

-Select the CATALOG SHEET button on the REPORTS layout.

-Check to make sure that the printer is filled with acid-free lignin-free paper.

-Click on the PRINT button at the side of the CATALOG SHEET layout.

-Make sure that the printer is set to print RECORDS BEING BROWSED.

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-Print the catalog sheets.

-On the first record of the found set, mark the CATALOG SHEET PRINTED field on the Collections Management Information page. Then go to the RECORDS menu and select REPLACE. Select the option that says REPLACE ALL RECORDS WITH YES. Selecting this option will mark all of the records in the found set as having their catalog sheets printed.

Printing an Inventory

-Perform a find for the object/group of objects for which you want to print inventory sheets.

-Check the information entered in the computer

-Click on the REPORTS button at the top of the DATA ENTRY layout.

-Select the INVENTORY PRINTING button on the REPORTS layout.

-Check to make sure the printer is filled with acid free, lignin free paper.

-Click on the PRINT button at the top of the INVENTORY layout.

-Make sure that the printer is set to print RECORD BEING BROWSED.

-Print the inventory sheets.

Printing an Analysis Record The Analysis Record is a database linked to the data entry database. Analysis records can be generated as hard copies. o Type of Analysis, Analysis By, and Date of Analysis If the object has been analyzed, write what kind of analysis was performed, the name of the person who performed the analysis, and the date that the analysis was completed. DATA-ENTRY INSTRUCTIONS: Manual entry.

V. Museum Installation

All objects are arranged in drawers within closed, lockable cabinets of the compacting system in hierarchal order according to geographical region, site, substratum or level, and type. All drawers and specimen trays are padded with ¼” polypropylene foam.

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Trays and boxes may be used to organize objects according to provenience and type within a drawer. All trays and boxes are acid-free lignin-free. Objects arriving from the QRC are evaluated for proper packaging. Oversized objects are placed on open shelving padded with 4” Zotefoam planking; pottery/ceramic vessels are laid out individually, on Zotefoam padded shelving within closed cabinetry.

Bone All drawers containing bone require an additional layer of 100% polyester batting covered with acid-free neutral tissue. These bones are not wrapped and barcoded labels are tied to the bone with 100% cotton thread and laid out in a drawer. Fragile bones or those that are prone to movement are recessed within individual trays that are placed in the drawers. Smaller bones that have been wrapped in acid-free neutral tissue paper or are in (large size 00) gelatin capsules are placed in self-locking polypropylene bags that are grouped according to type and laid out in trays. Bone in smaller gel caps (sizes 0 and 1) is placed in barcoded microcentrifuge tube. The tubes are placed in barcoded polypropylene dark or light blue tube trays specifically designed for microcentrifuge tubes and placed in a drawer.

Lithics Packaged lithics are arranged according to type and laid out in a drawer or labeled trays/boxes within a drawer. All diagnostics and lithic tools are recessed in clear polystyrene boxes. Lithics in barcoded microcentrifuge tubes are placed in barcoded polypropylene purple tube trays specifically designed for microcentrifuge tubes and placed in a drawer. Large, oversized groundstone objects are placed on padded open shelving individually.

Hearthstones Very large oversized hearthstones are placed in padded barcoded acid free, lignin free boxes on open shelving in the Collections Room. Packaged hearthstones are laid in a drawer or labeled trays/boxes within a drawer. Hearthstones in barcoded microcentrifuge tubes are placed in barcoded polypropylene purple tube trays specifically designed for microcentrifuge tubes and placed in a drawer.

116 Pottery, Ceramics, and Glass Whole pottery/ceramic and glass vessels have individual supports made to help stabilize the vessels. These supports are made of polypropylene microfoam or similar materials and should keep the vessels from sitting on their bases. Supported vessels are housed in the cabinets. Vessels are housed together because of their stability needs (shelves rather than drawers to minimize movement) and generally large size. Packaged glass shards, pottery sherds and ceramic sherds are placed within a drawer. Oversized pottery, ceramic, and glass pieces are recessed in clear polystyrene boxes or custom blue-board boxes and placed within a drawer.

Metallic Objects Metal objects are stored separately when installed in order to maintain necessary conditions to prevent rusting. Cans should be stored in polystyrene or custom made blue board boxes and should be recessed to protect from crushing. Cans which were found in the field flattened should have a custom made muslin bag and be stored in self- locking polyethylene bags, in order to save space when installing the objects. Placing cans in the muslin and self-locking polyethylene bags creates a microenvironment for the object.

Shell, Seed, and Insects These objects in barcoded microcentrifuge tubes are placed in barcoded polypropylene lime green tube trays specifically designed for microcentrifuge tubes and placed in a drawer.

Plant materials Packaged plant materials are placed in labeled trays/boxes according to type in a drawer. Polyester padding is not used next to the plant material as the fibers become embedded in the plant material.

Charcoal for tree identification Packaged charcoal samples are placed in labeled trays/boxes within a drawer. Those samples in barcoded microcentrifuge tubes are placed in barcoded polypropylene lime green tube trays.

Sediment Samples Packaged sediment samples include voucher, phytolith, and snail. They are placed in acid-free, lignin-free barcoded heavy-duty boxes and placed on designated open shelving by provenience in the Collections Room.

Radiocarbon Samples Packaged radiocarbon samples are placed by provenience in acid-free, lignin-free barcoded boxes (heavy duty for organic sediment samples; standard weight for charcoal) and placed on designated open shelving in the Collections Room.

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VI. Matrix Processing

A. Guidelines for Matrix Washing

1. Remove tag from outside of matrix bag and put it in the plastic bag with the one from inside the bag. Make sure to keep these tags with the matrix at all times.

2. Make sure both screens are in place. Empty the sediment onto the screen. If the bag is heavy, ask someone to help you, or scoop out material onto screen. If the bag is very large, it may be easier to wash only half a bag at a time. Do not place more dirt on the screen than reasonably can be washed without causing water overflow.

3. Wash sediments through the screens, with water pressure only. Do not crush dirt clods through the screens. Do not use trowels or hand brooms to scrape material on the screens. If the material has a high percentage of clay, gently break the clods with your hands. Keep a constant watch on the lower screen and do not allow water to fill the screen and flow over the edge, as snails and other materials that float will be lost.

4. When you have finished washing material through the top screen, examine the remaining items on the screen. Roots, leaves, unburned caliche rocks, and other items may be disposed of in the designated bucket. Artifacts and paleobiological materials from the top screen are kept separated to dry with one of the tags. Top screen objects go to the Lab Coordinator to be culled and cataloged.

5. When washing the bottom screen material, do not let the water flow over the top of the screen.

6. Wash the material very thoroughly. Check the water coming out of the screen to see if it is clean. If it is still dirty, continue washing. When the material is washed thoroughly, use water to direct all material into one pile near the center of the screen.

7. Prepare a plastic tray lining it completely with paper towel covering the bottom of the tray. Empty the matrix concentrate from the bottom screen onto the tray in one quick motion. Place the remaining tag under one edge of the paper towel.

8. Place the plastic tray to dry in the designated area.

9. When the bottom-screen material is completely dry, fold the paper towel so as to direct the material into the center and pour it into a plastic bag, along with the tag. Make sure all the matrix concentrate is poured into the plastic bag and that none is left in the tray. Once the matrix concentrate is poured into the plastic bag, the bag is left open and set out overnight to ensure contents are completely dry before being sealed.

10. Complete one line of the Matrix Inventory sheet to record the sample and then place the bag into the appropriate box.

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11. Anyone found “salting” (contaminating with materials designed to fool or to indicate that it comes from the site or sample) will be fired. This type of activity damages the integrity of the site being researched.

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B. Guidelines for Matrix Concentrate Sorting

* All matrix concentrate from the previous year must be sorted and processed prior to the beginning of the new field season.

1. Choose a plastic bag of unsorted bottom-screen matrix concentrate and pour it into a tray; if the bag is very full, only pour a portion at a time.

2. Put all the matrix concentrate in a pile on one side of the tray.

3. Using a brush or tweezers, spread a little bit of the matrix concentrate so you can see the materials more easily.

4. Examples of materials for which you are looking: LITHIC FLAKES and DEBRIS - Small pieces of stone. They usually have straight or round ridges on them. Most are a shade of gray or are nearly transparent. HEARTHSTONE BITS - Gray rock. It is usually porous and has little holes in it. BONE SEGMENTS - Usually a light yellow or orange in color -- usually not white. The pieces found in matrix concentrates can be interior bone that are very porous; looks something like a honeycomb. Most bone is scrap or tiny bone such as is found in birds or lizards. Burned bone is black in color; calcined bone is white, gray, or blue in color. BONE FLAKES and DEBRIS WHOLE BONES and TEETH SHELLS - Save only whole shells or those with a complete aperture (mouth). OSTROCODS - These are small elliptical-shaped shells of a small freshwater bivalve. They can be mistaken easily for an unidentifiable fragment of snail shell. SEEDS - The most common seeds are bullrush (Scirpus spp.) that look like mini- watermelon seeds. Hackberry (Celtis reticulatus) seeds usually are found only as halves and are generally a white or light tan color with a dimpled surface like a golf ball. INSECT PARTS – Thorax and wing cover. POTSHERD PIECES BEADS TOOL SEGMENTS CHARCOAL for TREE IDENTIFICATION

5. After the bag is sorted, separate the materials into groups. Put all the hearthstone bits together, all the bone together, etc. Put each group into its own gelatin capsule, microcentrifuge capsule, or self-locking polypropylene bag. Use as many containers as you need. Place all containers into the larger plastic bag with the matrix tags.

REMINDERS 1. Keep track of the matrix tags--don't lose them. 2. Finish any bag that you start.

120 VII. Other Lab Procedures

A. Processing Radiocarbon Samples 1. CHARCOAL SAMPLE All charcoal is collected using methods and techniques that protect the integrity of the sample. The Director of Lubbock Lake Landmark or Curator determines what samples are to be sent for radiocarbon dating, tree identification, or archived.

CHARCOAL SAMPLE PROCEDURE  All charcoal samples collected in the field are given to the Crew Chief, who gives the samples to the Lab Coordinator. The samples are not archived until their status is determined and are dealt with by a designated individual.  DO NOT TOUCH THE CHARCOAL with your hands or anything organic.  Metal tools (dental picks, tweezers, trowel) and synthetic materials only (NO WOOD TOOLS or HORSE HAIR BRUSHES!); collect the sample with as little sediment as possible.

2. ORGANIC SEDIMENT SAMPLE Sediment samples are taken using methods and techniques that protect the integrity of the sample. The Director of Lubbock Lake Landmark or Curator determines what organic sediment samples are to be taken for radiocarbon dating and which samples are to be sent for radiocarbon dating or archived.

ORGANIC SEDIMENT SAMPLE PROCEDURE  Standard sample size is three 8x10 self-locking polypropylene bags.  Use 6 clean 8x10 self-locking polypropylene bags, 3 for sample and 3 to double bag the sample.  Place the barcoded label in between the two bags.

B. Pedestal Processing 1. Lab Procedures  Record the name of the lab excavator and date the pedestal is completed.  Record any radiocarbon samples taken from within the pedestal.  Describe any preservation measures performed on the bones in the pedestal while in the lab.  Record any additional objects recovered within the pedestal during excavation in the lab. Do not assign field numbers to the additional objects.  Assign object catalog numbers and record them in the space provided on the form.  Record object catalog numbers on level and feature forms.  Record any discovered in-situ objects (i.e., those not exposed by the field excavator) on level and feature forms with their catalog numbers.

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C. Jacket Processing 1. Lab Procedures  Record the name of the lab excavator and date the jacket is completed.  Record any radiocarbon samples taken from within the jacket.  Describe any preservation measures performed on the bones within the jacket while in the lab.  Record any additional objects recovered within the jacket during excavation in the lab. Do not assign field numbers to the additional objects.  Objects found in a jacket should have elevations and coordinates. A level line should be set up in order to take elevations for objects within the jacket in the following section (see instructions for excavating a plaster jacket).  Assign object catalog numbers and record them in the space provided on the form.  Record object catalog numbers on level and feature forms.  Record any discovered in-situ objects (i.e., those not exposed by the field excavator) on level and feature forms with their catalog numbers.

D. Excavating Plaster Jackets Determine the unit(s) from which the jacket was excavated, year excavated, and jacket number (if any). Assemble appropriate paper work (consult the Documentation Specialist for access and photocopies)-- Feature and Level Forms and Matrix Washing Sheet. Crew Chief notes for that year may help.

Check information on jacket surface and record anything that will not be visible once the jacket is turned over. Make sure the drawn lines indicating unit designation extend onto the sides of the jacket. If not, extend them so they will be visible after the jacket is turned over. If not already done, turn over jacket, or, if too big to turn over, cut off the top carefully. Using elevations marked on jacket and measuring off table surface, level the jacket so all parts of the jacket are at proper elevation with respect to each other. Use boards, sand bags, etc. to prop up jacket where necessary. Set up nails and string to designate coordinates from which you can measure. Set up nail or other marker with longer string attached to it. Set string so elevations can be measured from it. Usually, it is easiest to set up the string at an interval of 10cm. Remember that if the jacket is turned over, you will be measuring up instead of down. Attach line level to the string so the string can be held level when taking elevations. Leave other end free so it can be moved around where ever you are measuring in the jacket.

Draw the outline of the jacket and record some initial elevations "on top" (actually bottom) of jacket. Remember when you draw, that the jacket is turned over so you will have to draw backwards (the right side on the left, etc.). For the first level, excavate down to an elevation even with where the level of the unit began. Excavate to the first 2.5cm elevation (e.g., 96800, 96802.5, 96805). Continue in 2.5cm levels. If a new stratum or substratum is encountered, the level should stop there, the level form completed, and a new one begun for the new stratum or substratum. Then, finish the level. For example, if you go down 2cm and encounter a new stratum or substratum, stop. That level form will cover only those 2cm. Resume

122 excavation using a new level form. The stratigraphic break probably will not be perfectly horizontal. You should follow the stratigraphic break.

As you excavate, use a spray bottle to wet the dirt. When an object is discovered, it should be mapped in place and its coordinates and elevation recorded just as when excavating in the field. Remember, again, if the jacket is turned over, the drawing will be backwards from the way the object appears. If you map it according to measurements though, it should not be difficult to map in. Before removing, check to see if a photo needs to be taken of the object. An object slip is completed just as in the field. Bone is treated as in the field. As a plaster jacket was made, the bone likely is very fragile. It is usually best to expose small sections of the bone at a time, cleaning that section with acetone, and consolidating when dry before proceeding to expose another section.

The Matrix Sample Washing Record form will give the last number used for that unit. Succeeding numbers are used and the samples recorded on the sheet; be sure to note that the sample is from a jacket. IF THE JACKET CROSSES INTO MORE THAN ONE UNIT, KEEP THE MATRIX SAMPLES FROM THE DIFFERENT UNITS AS WELL AS THE DIFFERENT LEVELS SEPARATE. The matrix samples are put into self-closing polypropylene bags. Write the matrix number on a matrix tag and place it in a self- closing polypropylene bag before putting it into the larger bag containing the matrix sample. Check with the Curator when bone is encountered and particularly before removing the bone. Bones are jacketed due to poor condition and any bones encountered will need some stabilization. Before attempting to remove the bone from a jacket, consult the Curator for proper protocol and techniques.

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