The Construction of Ukrainian National Space

CEU eTD Collection Second reader: Professor Alexei Miller Yaroslav Hrytsak Professor Supervisor: BY THEINTELLECTUALS OFRUSSIAN1860S-1870S UKRAINE, THE CONSTRUCTION OF UKRAINIANCONSTRUCTION SPACETHE NATIONAL In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Central Central University European History department Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Anton Kotenko Anton Master of Arts Submitted to Submitted 2008 by 1 CEU eTD Collection with such instructions may not be made without the written permission of the Author”. the of permission written the without made be not may instructions such with madeform of inaccordance copies suchcopiesmade.Further This mustany a part page librarian. the from obtained be may Details Library. European Central in the lodged and in full part,mayor bemade in only accordance with instructionsthe by given Author the “Copyright in the text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies by any process, either Statement ofCopyright Statement 2 CEU eTD Collection of of national Ukrainian space. only inimage the mental butwere even of with image Ukraine, reinforced cartographic the beginningdiscussions started atthe only in 1870s 1860s,already of the not the they resulted vision of in Ukraine thecourse of century. nineteenth the Although firstlively the stable therewasno that During the I argue thesis character. its constructed space, underlying national Ukrainian of on creation focus my like to research map”,Iwould of a “mental ofits andexplores aconcept nature Using practices creation. the constructed its emphasizes investigation this ofnation-building for theprocess component acrucial as space” “national better to say,if itdeals historical with imagination, –space-time. Considering the notion of Imagining the nation requires addressing two basic –space components Imagining thenation requires and addressing two time, or, Abstract 3 CEU eTD Collection ilorpy...... 63 Bibliography...... 59 ...... Conclusions Chapter Ethnographical-Statistical inthe 4.Mapping Ukraine 1870s. Chapter 3. Imagining Ukraine: Ukrainian national project in national projectin 1860s. Imagining Ukrainian Ukraine: Chapter 3. Chapter 2.Space in the Romanov Empire in the First Half of the Chapter 1. Space and Nationalism: 12 basic theoretical premises...... 5 Introducing the subject...... (1874-76) in Ukrainian 49 national space creation...... role South-Western Department of Russian Geographical Society the and (1869-70) Provinces theSouthern-Western into Expedition Osnova Nineteenth 20 Century: Territorial Detachment of “Ukraine”...... asUkrainian 38 “National Geographic” (1861-2)...... Table of Contents: of Table 4 CEU eTD Collection 3 4 2 1 territory. On thenational a is which one parts, hand constitutive its of one on attention this scholar’s focuses which approach is not that a novel one, because there are books entirely not covered by only them, butalso by historians.professional tothisrelated issuein their Still, titles. subject the likestart Iwouldinvestigating to notis nationalism. OnlyCEUfrom at 2007 students1995 to defended 62MA theses’ directly an produced enormous amountof papers dealing with of concepts the nation and example still remains undiscovered, with the story of formation of Ukrainian national space national Ukrainian of formation of story the with undiscovered, remains still example hand, first of all, collections articles not all of them deal with the issue properly Steven Seegel. Steven E.g., Petronis in hisbook simply gets two concepts of “ethnos” and “nation” mixed, not making any David Hooson, ed. Petronis. Vytautas Nationalizing spatial practices: Hungarians and the Habsburg Empire, 1700-1848 EuropeanUkraine, Empire, and formerPoland-Lithuania, 1795-1917 aside. space ofnational descriptions of verbal set very important the on leaving undeservedly mainly sources, focus they cartographic Popova with Together etc. them around problems some solve to able be most significant places and territories and works with them: why are they significant, what candistinctionbe donebetween to them, whichis a mistake by default. White concentrates mainly onidentifying the Lanham, 2000. 2007. White, George. Nationalism isa hot issue in world.today’s Since 1980sintellectuals the around globe In this research I primarily want to follow a perspective on history of nationalism Blueprinting Modernity: Nation-state Cartography and Intellectual Ordering in Russia’s Geography and National Identity Constructing Lithuania: Ethnic Mapping inTsarist Russia, ca. 1800-1914 2 , andunpublished dissertations PhD Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity inSoutheastern Europe Introducing the subject “The present epoch will perhaps be above all the epoch of space… epoch the all be above perhaps will epoch present “The The anxietyThe of eraour has to do fundamentally with space, . Cambridge, 1994. 5 no doubt a great deal more than with time” with than more deal a great doubt no 3 , which employ it. On the other the On it. employ which , . Providence,Irina Popova. 2006. 4 . Secondly, the Ukrainian the Secondly, . . Budapest, 1999. (Michel Foucault) . Stockholm, 1 , . CEU eTD Collection 6 5 national Ukrainian space. the into turned each other, from a greatdistance at located sometimes territories, different very how separate, investigate like to it Iwould simply, put space.To Kappeler) Andreas to (according multiethnic of “nationalizing” Ukrainian of process the here scrutinize notion of “national space” as acrucial forcomponent nation-building, Iwould like to say,to if it deals with historical imagination, –space-time. Consequently, considering the basicbetter components –space time,addressing two and or, nation imagining the requires would like to concentrate only on one part, the notion of national space. Traditionally, of projectthis awider problem, of process the creation the modernof identity,Ukrainian I light in the Examining activity. purposeful of presence of signals gives time same the at and unites both amoment reflections“project” above or mentioned of of reactions spontaneity social their lose significance and intoor turn a solely historiographic artifact” system, established and important socially a into transform either later or sooner in of time, which limited period some present andreflections, reactions intellectual determined in Inmeansthis advance. paper a“project” “ideologically similar views, aproject been indeed has this that conclusion the to push haveto not does of “project” concept the that admit I haveto part At this project. national ideas,in birth the of Ukrainian nineteenth century history the through the of context of the being yetuntold Georgiy Kasianov. Georgiy The only example I have found is an article by IhorStebelsky, deliciously titled as “National identity of revival: a term, ideology, scientific interpretations]. Kyiv, 2006(Manuscript), p. 20. motherland: Franko and his community (1856-1886)] Kyiv,2006. Iaroslav Hrytsak. Ukrainian Studies In: 1900)”. – ca. (1861 Kaniv in Tomb Shevchenko’s and Ukrainofiles The Place: Sacred employswhich a novel approaches towardsUkrainianwork, space national is bySerhy Yekelchyk: “Creating a specific one The narrative. national of Ukrainian account standard bea to appearing much, really Ukraine” in: Therefore, the aim of my exploration is to analyse part of the Ukrainian long Ukrainian the of part analyse is to myexploration of aim the Therefore, Geography andNational Identity 5 . “Natsional’ne vidrodzhennia”: termin, ideologemy, naukovi interpretacii , 1-2(1995). Partially questions ofthe Ukrainian nationalspace are also dealt withby Prorok usvoii vitchchyzni:Franko ta ioho spilnota (1856-1886) , pp.233-248, butitdoes uponthe question not touch 6 6 . In this meaning the notion of stricto senso stricto [Aprophet in his , planned and Journal of [National CEU eTD Collection 9 8 7 combining intellectual history with geography, psychology, and literary studies. want” might one that credibility the force or the either carry may not ... role crucial a played geography that claim resultant Having inmind Valerie Kivelson’s warning that“if one studies the sources, geographical inpast the space visions of the reconstruct try to is to my here aim space, of changes real investigates theirUkrainians national about territory here nota fixed and indissoluble entity, using the concept of a “cognitive map” I will try to cover Valerie Kivelson. Reinhart Koselleck. “Prostir ta istoriia” [Space and history]. In: Generally speaking, “cognitive map” is a means with the help of which people acquire, encode, recall, and recall, encode, acquire, people of which help the with ameans is map” “cognitive speaking, Generally Ithaca, 2006,p. 211. Cognitive Mapping Robert Lloyd. and “Understanding Learning Maps”.In:and Rob Scott Kitchin – Freundschuh, eds. memory” into them encode that processes the by caused errors systematic have also but represent, psychologists, “most cognitive maps not only fail to reflect all the details of the environment they article “Cognitive maps in ratsand men”. In: perceive and study improve to the order information in of lives theirown daily imago mundi.their The in term itself wasphenomena introduces and by Edward Tolman locations in of the his data decode [Time layers. Explorations in thetheory of history]. who 2. 1. follows: areas my research of tasks the Therefore, As far as I support the thesis that anational territory, the same as anational identity, is of the intellectuals of of intellectuals Ukraine and Russian of the New Russia, Galicia, Bukovyna and Transkarpathia as a single national space? national asasingle andTranskarpathia Galicia,Bukovyna New Russia, then to treat Little unfoldingthe “Ukrainian” of national its didproject: representatives try and how Russia, the South-Western Secondly,willunderstand I to try whathas changedduring 1860-1870swith the provinces of thecentury. Russian Empire, middle from of nineteenth the idea was,starting the of space theirlearn what First of all, Iwill analyze the published 8 . And even more: a conscious attempt to influence a formation of influence visions. more:formation to such of aconscious. And a attempt even Cartographies ofTsardom: the LandandItsMeanings in Seventeenth-Century Russia . London and New York, 2003, p. 84. 9 , I tried to use here an interdisciplinary approach, interdisciplinary an here use to tried I , 7 . It means that unlike. Itmeansthat historical geography,which 7 Psychological Review Ʉ yiv,2006, p.103. ouvre how Chasovi plasty. Doslidzhennia z teorii istorii of Ukrainian intellectuals of in to order they tried to change ideaof the to tried they , No 50 (1948). As , No50(1948). stressed by . CEU eTD Collection Hromada firstthe Ukrainian program political – “ define national Ukrainian space in the 1861-1862until 1878, when itbeenhad in articulated territory from 1860s the till from 1870s,the firstthe lively and discussions attempts to the acquiring nationalists’ Ukrainian of process the on heremore precisely concentrate whole “long” of the parentheses in chronological the research this carry out to justifiable and logical more nineteenth century. Still, my chronological framework is more limited. I main question formuchmainnot that ahistorian is question terminology history about (the inwhich of the the that statement Lysiak-Rudnytsky’s Ivan opinion, in my here, And “Ukraine”. notion 4. In order to present an entire picture of Ukrainian national space creation, itbe would spacecreation, national of an topresentUkrainian picture entire In order 5. 3. One of the main issues for this paper is an understanding of the very concept of the of concept very the of understanding is an paper this for issues main the of One Fourth, work? their through revealed proponents dimension? possible opposing them? way in every contrary, on the nations or, “breeding” indeed arethey process: Fifth, but not least, modern Ukrainian territorial identity problems? I and would process this between connection any is there and lands these of likebelonging to pay Ukrainian exclusively imply attentionit Did together? nation the of parts different to the role of empire in this knowing comeTo individual downtothe level, setofmy third wouldwith questions deal invented? What ]. and how who why How were the nation’s were boundariesdefined the marked, when and tying was the most “responsible” for the stipulation of the nation’s spatial wasintentionally unintentionally or being stressed, omitted or was the identity and loyalty of creators of this space and their Perednie SlovodoHromady Perednie 8 ” [Foreword to CEU eTD Collection 12 11 10 materials. geographical and guides cartographical Naturally, since my text corpus of issources supplemented with epistolary,autobiographies andmemoirs.the deals with space this better, of reception context the understandthe to Besides, magazines. newspapers and a very important group histories,from geographies, appeal articleswhichthese and essays theirauthors to; are of sources for me wereallowing its totrace intellectual origins together with itsmyths main ideas, and symbols, a project testifyingwhich mean and consequent texts, predominantly the existence of of significantmostprinted works participantsof the discourse, nationalistanalysis arethe case of Ukraine is already more or less covered or more isalready Ukraine case of not to give my personal preference to any of projects. any national these to giveof preference my to not personal these shade of from pejorative the apart sametime standing the Russian”and any “Great as of a united perceivedthemselves or nationality a part at other project, Ukrainian the rejected who people describe those to Russians” “Little Russia” and creation (orthe in activities restoringtheir of aim main the perceived who people those label to “Ukrainian” in their rhetoric) usage. “Ukraine”andhere enthnonym useatoponym Thisis whyItry word to exactly of the Ukrainian state.needs focus One “Ukraine”,nineteenth to on century meaning the ratherthan of the the Consequently, I use “Little “nationalism”, which I regard as evaluatively neutral asevaluatively Iregard “nationalism”, which Ukraine to the Romanov empire as its main aim. The same applies to the term vision, theUkrainian competingone,theintegration and having of alternative to was which “Nationalism as a political principle that holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent” – Meaning coined by IevhenMalaniuk in “Malorosiistvo” [Little Russianism]. In: The latest account can be found in Serhii Plokhy. in Serhii be found can account latest The Ernest Gellner. Ernest of observations]. Kyiv, 1995,pp. 210-233. Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus According to the suggested aim and tasks, the object and primary sources of my of sources and primary the object tasks, aim and suggested the According to Nations and Nationalism . Cambridge, 2006,pp. 299-353. . Oxford, 1983, p. 1. The Origins oftheSlavicNations: Premodern Identities in 9 10 ), but about its content, is absolutely right. absolutely is content, its about but ), 12 , at least trying, if it is possible at all, at possible is itif trying, least at , 11 , characterizing it only as a Knyha sposterezhen’ [Book CEU eTD Collection historiography,butalso contribute nationalismto studies in makesgeneral. What this case Ukrainian contemporary of hamletism and inferiority intellectual of complex the of day not only which some allow aprocess, will andconceptions; overcoming the stereotypes engage in of asa process re-rethinkingthe established intellectual to challenge, possibility 13 relevant isstill history Rudnytsky, nineteenth the century that unexplored themost remains of period Ukrainian Lysiak Ivan scholar, émigré by Ukrainian statement long-standing a end, in the Yet, is. indeed a “nation” what on though a consensus without nation, Ukrainian existing “eternally” of the “national revival” of concept the popularizes and style narrative Hagen) national (von “lacrimogenesis” of framework dominating the within written being still is part largest century itself, the previous mainly upon historiography whole issues,other itsconcentrated express some ofmy ideas on possibilitiesthe of expanding this project. Society, which in existed Kyivin 1874-76. In the conclusion I will sum everything and and also the role of theEthnographical-Statistical South-Western Expedition into the Western provinces of the Romanov Empire Departmentin the emerge to started of the Imperial directly deals with of issuesof the 1861-62, when national discourse the space Ukrainian Russian Geographical perceived them. Ukrainian how intellectuals / Little spacearound third the The Russian part demonstrate half first to andin also Russian the nineteenth the century thetries Empireof in space with situation of offersapicture overall chapter nationalism.The second paper on the most important theoretical premises,needed to have in mind before writing / reading any Ivan Lysiak-Rudnytskyi,”Struktura Ukraiins’koii istorii v 19 stolitti” [A Structure of Ukrainian History in the 19 century]. In: Although studies of the Ukrainian national project started as early as the nineteenth The thesis is structurally divided into three parts. It commences with the summary of summary the with commences It parts. three into divided structurally is thesis The Istorychni ese 13 . Thus the topic raised is indeed interesting for me first of all as an Osnova [Historical Essays]. Kyiv, 1994, p.193. journal. The last chapter is examining the impact of the 10 CEU eTD Collection 14 nationalists dealt with was notsolely Ukrainian one very important in is of empire Russian borderlands the Western investigation of the the the study, case exemplary broader context way thestruggle into thiswere all for engaged space. Thus, inspite being ofits an just of East-Centralsimilar in a projects Jewish and Russian, Little Russian, Great Russian, Polish, Ukrainian, Europe, for the problem in by century actors: werecontested nineteenth the territories nowadays multiple the Ukrainian particularly interesting for any historian, dealing with Central Europe, is that all of its See, for instance, a “Petition to the Emperor against the Unification of Bohemia and Moravia”, where Moravia”, and of Bohemia Unification the against Emperor the to “Petition a instance, for See, 2006. Kope Michal and Trencsényi, Balázs In: nation. Czech the to belonging their denied constantly Moravians þ ek, eds. Discourses ofCollective Identityin Central and Southeast Europe (1770-1945). 11 14 . Budapest, CEU eTD Collection 17 16 15 merely way a worldperception specific but human of facts, a notions of a man, which, as temporal ideas, have not beenwas summarizeda by kindKant, who proposed the ideaof of relativeabsolute and and empirical itmoreover, Everythingphenomenon; dependson directly surrounding the environment. is a psychological space of firstall that agreed them each of acquired character; different concepts, but atthe same time common understanding of the relativity space,of its very with their Spinoza and Leibniz own, ideas werepickedupby Newton, After himthese metaphysics. spacefrom separated traditional when Descartes century, seventeenth the existingin the‘common place’ byheavens” provided as place’ as well own‘proper its having is placebound, as awhole) earth the (including sublunarsubstance every perishable heavens asasingle whole, Mover and taken the of Unmoved forthe cases extraordinary the “Except metaphysical categories. his tenbasic and mathematicians antiquity,of which resulted in Aristotle’s detachment of place as one of explorations of such an obvious yetintangible substance were started by the philosophers JohnO’Keefe,and Lynn Nadel. Edward Casey. Edward Anne Applebaum. A question of surrounding spaces hasinterested for humanity along time. Thefirst Chapter 1.Space andNationalism: basic theoretical premises The Fate ofPlace: aPhilosophical History Between East and West: Across the Borderlands of Europe Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map pen, he proceeded to draw a great many more… many agreat draw to proceeded he pen, fought.And so on… He revelledfrontiers, in and, taking a Here he was past. the of heroes and born. place-names and folklore, and events Here his life waselaborating this point andborn. that point, recalling historical Here a battlewhich his life was devoted.He could talk for hours wasabout it, of service the to ideal living and a great to him represented He cherished this map as the darling of his heart. It A. 12 MacCullum Scott, describing a Belarusian nationalist . Berkeley,1998, p.50. 16 . His theory . Hisspace until theory survived of . Oxford, 1978, pp. 5-62. 17 . a priori . New York, 1994, p. 142. character of spatial of character 15 CEU eTD Collection be perceived andimmediatelyimagined by human the arethus senses, classified by borders, butby borders, images, ideas,the and imagination political or by cannons not were established borders whose “mindscapes”, into Löfgren, by formula the Orvar accordingto instead, turning category, beobjective justan ceased to had landscapes 1750 Hewrites since that beholders occurred. mindsof “landscapes” inthe into natural converted spaces that shift perceptual the century) (eighteenth epoch memory” into them encode environment the of details the all reflect to fail only not theymaps cognitive “most that stress represent,psychologists but also with it. ideas mental andis That abouttheir realspace,butonly maps:not why operate own have systematic errors caused by the processes that their own and phenomena in their dailylives in toimproveorder study and perceivetheinformation of locationsof data the recall, decode and encode, way helpthe which people acquire, with of medium of a behaviourist psychology conception, led in its emergence which turn tothe cognitive geography of the through map” “mental the to birth gave this century twentieth the In individual. an of experience by information,if latter spaces): former by was the concrete genetic the defined the 20 19 18 spaces typology depended on its inherited or acquired nature ( nature acquired or itsinherited spaces typology depended on which started to define two spatial types: physical and psychological.Another version of the Peter Jones. “Walter, F.Les figures paysagères de la nation: Territoire et paysage enEurope, 16-e–20-e Lloyd 2003,p. 84. Representatives of this trend in psychology considerall people to be born as equal tabula rasa, but becoming siècle. Paris: Editions EHESS, 2004”. In: one. on areal that gestalt psychology,was which concept adherents map claimed mental that the apersonto closer always more Even depends more onenvironment. itsimagined world, their of influence the under different As stated by François Walter, exactly between the Enlightenment and the Romantic andthe Enlightenment between the exactly by Walter, As stated François Later Later on such investigations shifted from topsychology,philosophy representatives of imago mundi . Therefore one might conclude that through their lives their create people might through that conclude one . Therefore 19 . 18 Journal of Modern History is a map cognitive) (or mental speaking, Generally . 13 20 . Mindscapes which,being , 2 (2006), p. 467. a priori and a posteriori too largetoo to CEU eTD Collection 23 22 21 in particular the spread of local and regional identities, though noticing that in noticing most identities,cases that though local and in spreadof regional the particular Self”, Smith calls the category of space or territory as of secondary importance, emphasising described byAnthony Smith Anderson andErnest Gellner, much attention isbe neededto paid tothenational space as modernist paradigm of nation building established by “1983the by books” Benedict definitions. Although textisthis mainly written under the inspiration influenceand of the without control over a territory of its own?” itself govern a nation for howcan territory, earth’s of the apiece over sovereignty implies however, govern Self-governance, themselves. ableto nations are all peace only when ideal is… “the belief premisedthe nation-state nations on canbefreethat world the and at shaped by spatial andprocesses have spatial On components. a banal level, Whiteit, as puts intrinsic to the very concept of identity” of a national very tothe concept intrinsic nationalism,itself andmanifest in far ways go that beyond suchsimple being explanations, ofnationsand and enterprise in ideology amuchmoreplace occupies the pervasive isitbe,if a mode nothing not of andinterpretingconstructing asocial space. …‘Theland’ may nation the else whatever land; of control for struggle a always is nationalism be, may re symbolical images–maps as themost known and universal example of spatial as psychologists Benedict Anderson. Quoted in: Alexander Motyl, ed. White 2000,p. 1. presentation of phenomena of presentation New York, c1983,New 1991;York, Ernest Gellner. Deutsch. space and territory was also widely discussed aside from them by another scholars, especially by Karl Cambridge, 1953. Consequently, an idea of a space and territory could be found in the majority of nation majority of could inthe be found territory and ideaaspace of an Consequently, As everything inourworld,nationsin spacealso exist and need aterritory. They are Nationalism and SocialCommunication: anInquiry Foundations into the ofNationality transperceptual Imagined Communities: Reflections on Originthe andSpread of Nationalism . Encyclopedia of nationalism 23 . In his description of componentsthe of “each individual , i.e. possible tobeseizedin , only reduction thethrough Nations and nationalism 14 21 . As Robert Kaiser agrees, “whatever else it else “whatever Kaiser agrees, . AsRobert 22 . . Vol. 1. San Diego, 2000, p. 316. . Oxford, 1983. Notion of national Notion 1983. Oxford, . . London- . CEU eTD Collection and symbolism of a complicated abstraction – national identity – national abstraction a complicated of and symbolism forestablish creating secondthe languagenew –to anew a framework time-space ideology, strategies landscape – history orpoetic golden useof the spacesasand first or ages as two employ will intellectuals Such world. the of maps national the construct to intellectuals require living in“its” motherland) territorial necessarily not ethnos which does to (contrary home” a territorial memories of myths and some common inconceivable theyare without possess territories… and“nations actual: is physical it latter in the symbolical, and historical only be could territory with relationship 28 27 26 25 of two types of territorial communities, “ communities, territorial of types two of 24 why depicting a new type of a community – modern, territorial nation, – Smith remarks that ordinary is regionalism unable tosustain mobilisationthe its of population Ibid, p. 78. Ibid, p. 40. Ibid, p. 9. Ibid, p. 9. Smith, Anthony. Smith, This very relationship with a territory, according to Smith, is an important difference is important Smith, an to according aterritory, with very This relationship On the same level with the emphasis on ethnicity Smith points out that other well-defined territories. People andterritory must, asitwere, belong to each territorial conception. According to this view, nations must possess compact, belong. … Western or ‘civic’ model of a nation is a predominantly spatial or territory, with which the members identify and bounded to and which they feeldemarcated well they fairly a space, social definite a suggests also it 25 National Identity . fought. Allfought. this makes the homeland unique and prayed worked, lived, heroes and saints sages, ‘our’ where a repository of historic memories and associations, the becomes place homeland “The generations. some for influence mutual exercise people and area an where is land’ ‘Historical Turks. if this landto be land,‘motherland’,‘historical’ ‘cradle’ of ourpeople, even is not a spaceone described cannot be just anordinaryof part of a land. It has pristine origin, as in the case of the . Reno, 1991, p. 4. ethnie 15 27 . Smith believes itis thus that duty the of ” and “nation”; if in the former case this 26 . 28 . It is needed to add ishere . It neededto 24 . This is exactly This . CEU eTD Collection 32 31 30 29 the unmanifested,the which exist onlyin mindthe andare not expressed anywhere from bemental maps separated have to can such manifested be of types:framework two that ruled, the geography of ruled, the its geography and domain, theof legitimacyits of ancestry” it of humanbeings nature the – the imaginedits dominion state colonial “inwhich the ways as important very factors three these Anderson characterizes Asia, of material East-Southern general appears. Basing achapter “Census, map, and museum” hisof classical theory on the in ideaof the a nation imagining after of a nation’s part spaceappearsasasecond a national exploringstarts nationalism.AccordingAnderson, anything connected to to construction of who everyone for reading required most the moment, the at his, in Anderson Benedict by explorers, surveyors, and military forces” measured boxes. The task toageometrical subjected gridwhich in seas andunexploredsquared offempty regions of, as it were, ‘filling since in’ 1761inventionthe “the of chronometer, the entire planet’s curved surface had been the boxes was to be accomplished by Anderson, quoting a Thai scholar, Thongchai Winichakul, mentions that mentions Winichakul, Thongchai scholar, Thai a quoting Anderson, had started. Ibid, pp. 173-174. Ibid, p. 173 Anderson1991, p. 164. This distinction is pointed at by Jeremy Black, Haven, 1997,p. 1. The place of a space in the process of nation-building is more interestingly explained interestingly is more The placein of of a space process nation-building the Explaining the role of Explaining role of mapping the andits territory description for thenation’s creation, military operations worked within and served and administrative both which paradigm the was mapping on discourse The administrativeprojections mechanisms concretize to instrument real a become It had … on represent. to thepurported earth’s and for surface. theIn troopsother A map was words, tonow backrelationship wasnecessary reversed. Amap anticipated spatial up this reality, a not vice described, have theirI versa.map story In the for‘there’. objectively exists was thealready claims. new a model … scientificfor, abstractionof reality. Amap merely represents somethingrather that interms of most communicationthan theories and common sense, amap is a a model of, when it Maps and History: Constructing Images of the Past 31 . In the aftermath general surveillance of space of surveillance general aftermath the In . 16 32 . 30 . He points out that out points He . 29 . . New CEU eTD Collection question of question geography’s of role in process. this the faces one Therefore, ones. new creating or maps, existing re-ordering either of way the in territories own their over control for strive to movements national of representatives 34 33 local diversitieshuman of standard representational codes, they and geography to physical the submitting By and habitat, resources. territory, of imaginativethe ‘nationalization’ Or, asGeoffrey underlines, Cubitt maps “inserving such projects, governmental facilitate by disciplines:other ethnography, topography, history. economics, demography, geology, or be a secret and well-protected property of the state; they nineteenth century the from notices, Black Jeremy As time. in – maps, and atlases historical mentioning also, consciousness formation appeared, which,inits could turn, become ofextraordinary in importance nation’s the Motyl 2000, Vol. 1, p. 318. Black 1997, p. 53. Dealing with the question which territory a nation will get inevitably leadsthe anation get territory will which thequestion Dealingwith In this way with the help of a map an absolutely new concept of the spatial reality In theirshaping nationalmaps space of for asubject afuturealso define children learned to read maps read to learned children parents, newspaper-reading their Like potency. of imaginative drained otherwise spaces in horizons of new suggestion a and colour of splash saw Children maps tins. especially products, consumer and stamps on and displayedmagazines, were at schools, more often used as a visual to centreseeing in classrooms, maps, a not least in bibles, newspapers and natural and eternal” state as a homeland of a nation in the making – as something nationalizationof school-aged childrentoward the image of the characteristics of the state in question, assisted in the territorial and regions natural and geography, physical boundaries, the on relatively descriptive geography textbooks, with their emphasis overwhelmingly localized sense of place andidentity. Even populationthatsense ina hadretainedof homeland an In particular, the subject matterof geography sought to instil a peoplekinds havewantedand differentmaps,needed of which ceased to due to the map’s ability to witness the nation’s reality in space, and 34 . 33 . 17 detailed study CEU eTD Collection 37 36 35 system” a ‘national’ of variations and relations internal asthe diversities these of interpretation imaginative the encourage the mainthe intellectuals nineteenth century Ukrainian embedded in their context determined its face. Thusin this work Iam trying toinvestigate first of all of published texts based on it. verification standard, initial text, to the return aconstant is in primarily general culture That is why the of allusions, toIuliia quotations and (according references In some Kristeva). senseany ‘text’, whichnotice that every text is a constitutive part of the wider cultural text, the same time being full the culture is reading, has for a long time time interferingsame the motherland, ideal into and holy a own their territory, national a for struggle well, becauseRussianGreat ofnation-building andJewish projects excellently thisdemonstrates point all ofRussian, Polish, themUkrainian, different still interconnected, of unfolding competingparallel the with with each other, included into this process also a were read by a particular audience, with the help of which “jihad of writers’ groups” (by groups” writers’ “jihadof of which help the by with audience, a particular were read – “a way speakingof shapes consciousness” that our indeednationalism is,amongthings, other a‘discursive Michel (after formation’ Foucault) for approaches, imply poststructuralist knowledge.I Hereby of scientific gaining interview the objects of their research. That is why they have useto cultural studies methods inquirieshistorians and surveys,of organisedifferent nineteenth century the cannot part. Eley, Geoff. “Is All the World a Text?”. In: Terrence McDonald, ed. Craig Calhoun. Geoffrey Cubitt, ed. Sciences The case I explore in particular are the Western borderlands of the Russian empire, of Russian the borderlands Western arethe in particular The caseIexplore Unlike and modern psychologists specially whousedifferent sociologists, designed . Ann Arbor, 1996, p. 208. Nationalism Lebensraum Imagining Nations. . Buckingham, 1997,p. 3. of the other turning this Other into its external constituting external its into Other this turning other the of 35 . Manchester 1998, p. 10. 18 36 . Representatives of trendthis usually The HistoricHuman Turninthe 37 . Texts that Texts . CEU eTD Collection consequently, creation of consequently, a Ukrainian “mental” creation national space. place,Gellner) took which inits led turn to nationalisationthe of spatial and, practices, 19 CEU eTD Collection 39 38 numerous the with point her demonstrates She period. indicated the from already a significant“conceived of inthe degree inspatial their role terms” to world theirinKivelson’s territories someis mainidea way. population Muscovy the that of map to started Muscovites that century seventeenth in the extensively more and sixteenth Empire was different. First of all, according toValerie Kivelson,it happened only in the late lands Habsburg Austrian in the launched before, case the was as Salzburg of Graz or territories just of not separate and maps, imperial general create to projects first century the mid-eighteenth by Finally,the metropolis. the not empire, overseas of needs the meetthe wereheavilyusedto resources here since cartographic Spanish Habsburgs, the was case different A slightly France. century mid-seventeenth the and Wales) and England of survey topographical countrywide (Saxton’s England century sixteenth in state), Papal the and Florence Milan, in existed numbers (substantial century sixteenth the of quarter which from originated sailors’ the widely weredisseminated portolans, in by Italy thirdthe by Manuel in de Souza appearedin1839 and inprint inEnglish maps,only 1843,various to a variety of professions. Although the term “cartography” in the modern sense was coined essential became sceneand the entered space of in knowledge general, revolution scientific Ptolemy’s Renaissance, influence of the space. Underthe Kivelson 2006, p. 9. p. 2006, Kivelson James underVann. “Mapping the Austrian Habsburgs”. In: Buisseret,Davided. p. 163. Maps: the Emergence ofCartography asaToolof Governmentin Early Modern Europe At the turn of the seventeenth century intensive witnessed of rethinkingof century At the turn the Europe seventeenth the From the very beginning the situation with the Muscovite tsardom and the Romanov the and tsardom Muscovite the with situation the beginning very the From Chapter 2.Space in the Romanov Empire in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century: Territorial Detachment of “Ukraine” 20 Geography Monarchs, Ministers, and in particular andthe 38 . . Chicago, 1992, 39 , starting , CEU eTD Collection 42 41 40 governance of a principle but goal, a just not became territory empire Romanov the in Willard when According wasexactly time the this to Sunderland, by I(1682-1725). Peter andmeasured points coordinates. showsmaps thatthereweresimply book no Kivelson’s mathematically inMuscovywith European wouldinadequacy imagesanalogues revealin the of Moscow; produced even of ofmaps. maps comparison these reproductions a cursory However, theirto The firstbook text of geography,in whichappeared 1710, and maps, books. charts thepublication establish for of secular Tessing, to aRussian press Jan printer, Dutch the alsocontracted but etc), (maps,globes atlases, goods cartographical conscious hisspace Holland visitinof duringjust 1696-97notintensively to bought very being who emperor, new the was improvement its for person responsible first map by KirilovIvan was published Empire’s investigations andbased surveys, on a Dutch original. In 1734 the first imperial Catherine II Russian maps were to become a legitimating device of Russian territorial of Russian device become alegitimating mapswereto IIRussian Catherine voyage. special medal after produced theEmpress’s Crimean expedition 1787 withof mapofherthe the with come popular consciousness intoto started andcartography space,geo- towards foravailable suchinterest of publicusage.Catherine the reign During II(1762-96), the domain,mostlyconsidered as state maps inherentin an internal not were kept archives, Leo Bagrow, “Ivan Kirilov, Compiler of the First Russian Atlas, 1689-1737”. In: Denis Shaw, “Geographical Practice and its Significance in Peter the Great’s Russia”. In: Russia”. Great’s the Peter in Significance its and Practice “Geographical Shaw, Denis Willard Sunderland, “Imperial Space: Territorial Thought and Practice in the Eighteenth Century”. In: Jane In: Century”. Eighteenth the in Practice and Thought Territorial Space: “Imperial Sunderland, Willard Historical Geography 78. 1930 Burbank,Mark vonHagen, andAnatolii Remnev, eds. Cartographic modernity Muscovy modernity Cartographic came to epoch the in only reforms initiated of great In accordance with the ideology of the “well-ordered police state”, from Peter I and I from Peter policestate”, “well-ordered of ideology the the with In accordance . Bloomington,2007, pp. 33-66. , 2(1996),p. 166. 42 . As in the rest of Europe cartography. Asin of the rest Europe was totally 21 Russian Empire: Space,People, Power, 1700- 41 was a direct outcome of the Imago Mundi , 2(1937),p. Journal of 40 . The . CEU eTD Collection 44 43 commenced the situation with geographical knowledge in very knowledge poor situation the with Empirecommenced the remained geographical space imperial of the exploration active whenthe Nevertheless, racial characteristics. theirbe had population classified to according religion, presumed to language, or spoken be madeand legible, wereto Theseareas borders. on the activity territorial-cartographic Empire started, when the central authorities started to pay intensive Romanov the of attention provinces Western to the the towards politics new absolutely an geography (Western Siberian, Khabarovsk 1877), (1894),Tashkent(1897), and (1913) Iakutsk 1851), Orenburg Vilno (1867-8), 1868);Kiev(Southwestern, 1872),Omsk(Northwestern, institution with branchesregional in Tiflis Irkutsk (Caucasian department, 1851), (Siberian, Berlin(1821), imperialIt wasatypical London administrative (1828),and (1830). IRGO)wasfounded,Geographical in (hereafter resemblingSociety institutions similar Paris Topographers joined previous foundations. Finally,in 1845the Imperial Russian maps,of plans, topographic andstatistical In1822 descriptions. Corps the of Military facilitate thefollowed storage to Depot Military-Topographical inand 1812the established School in inMathematicsof andNavigation was founded 1701, Map1797 the Depot Moscow the activity, state Asthis of aresult resources. natural its andexploiting state the also butacquisitions, hadtoserve needofincreasing material the the military of capacity In 1876 the 1876 the authorof In Russian historical reviewworld ofthe and geography schoolbooksconsidered himself Astory IRGO’sof the creation, which added“Imperial” to its fromname 1849,is nicely described by po 1876god (1710-1876) Vesin. become a highscience of all school courses is notschool inthe same abnormal situation as geography, which overall simply The did not schoolbooks... scienceconditionfrom of our geographyreceived as a topic data of a schoolthose course beyond is extremelygo not bad”, and altogetherdoes cases “neithermost in does education, not play as having afull rightany to state that “the geographical knowledgeeminent evenof those people,who gained high role even in gymnasiumRansel, editors. David and Burbank Jane In: courses” Society”. Geographical Russian the in “Ethnography Knight, Nathaniel – Leonid he did not notice any scientific progress, and Russian geography heavily needs scientific arrangement. scientific needs heavily geography Russian and progress, scientific any notice did not he Criticizing those authors and their schoolbooks published fromVesin times the of Peter Greatthe till the1876 the (1710-1876)] wrote that throughout the whole nineteenth century IRGO’s nationalisation follows inpages 112-116. During this mid-nineteenth century, as a resultof institutionalthe building of Russian Istoricheskii obzor uchebnikov obshcheirusskoi i geografii, izdannykh so vremen Petra Velikogo i ImperialRussia: New EmpireHistories forthe [A Historical review of textbooksthe of world andRussianthe geography, 22 . Bloomington, 1998, p. 108. His story of story His 108. p. 1998, Bloomington, . . St. Petersburg, 1876,pp. 1-2. 43 . was 44 . CEU eTD Collection 48 47 Russia (Vitebsk, Vilno, Grodno, Mogilev, Minsk, Podolia, Volhynia gubernias and Belostok Western and gubernias), Tavria and Kherson, (Katerinoslav, Russia Southern distinguishing 46 45 “ here as Kiev, Poltava, and Chernigov gubernias Chernigov and Kiev,Poltava, here as geography” “without time tothe period of 1835-87 as refer tothe madewhich contemporaries to list, from course the totally excluded itwas of statute the 1835, According to statistics. from history, endof the 1820sitthe from in disappeared schedules universities’ favour of University of statute 1804 geography had be to taughtby of professors Russian and world There existed nogeography Although atRussianchairs universities. tothe according pay any attention to the ethnic component of the territories described territories of the component ethnic the to attention any pay 1830s, nor didKonstantin Arseniev, whose book endured 20editions from 1818 till 1850, the until schools in prevailed books whose Zyablovskii, Evdokim Neither names. different Empire inhabiteddifferent timepeople,its all into who vast parts; the terrains,received the divided authors different Their begins. motherland the where citizens, its teaching authorities of the Romanov Empire were not yet convinced the century of the uniformnineteenth the necessity of half second of the until that think to is reasonable it schoolbooks, way” Russian “wasbased geography hundreddots,sometimes solely on two localized in awrong Altogetherit onlyof in Semenovstate allowed Moscow 1885. Petr thethat pre-1840s to Ruchnaia Kniga Ibid, p. 228. for him for were remarkable Tyrolians specification. made he where Arseniev, in places two only found I Petr Semenov, Petr Natalia Sukhova. Arseniev. – Konstantin character Jewish totally their for of Brody citizens and fatherland, the towards love their 171. 1845-1895 Russia]. Leningrad, 1990, pp. 106, 113. 46 Since there existed no established idea of how to present the whole country idea how noestablished topresentin of Since whole there the existed country . 45 Kratkaia vseobzhaia geografiia . Therefore the first independent chair of geography emerged at the University atthe emerged chairof independent geography first the . Therefore [History of half of the century’s activity of the IRGO] Istoriia poluvekovoi deiatelnosti Imperatorskogo Russkogo geograficheskogo obzhestva, ” [Handbook], although” [Handbook], he addedKhar’kovLittle gubernia to Russia,also Karl Ritterigeograficheskaia naukavRossii [A Short Universal Geography]. Saint Petersburg, 1827, p. 23 48 . The same was the case in Bulgarin’s in case the was same . The [Karl Ritter and geographical science in science geographical and Ritter [Karl . Vol. 1.Saint Petersburg, 1896, p.32 47 . Little Russia existed CEU eTD Collection 52 51 50 49 could find a standard definition of couldfindit definition astandard as “three andof Dnieper Kiev, gubernias, Chernigov the RomanovEmpire statistical dictionaryof geographical nineteenth Russian the century, Semenov’s outcome of say Belohaspeak in Hungary”, dialect, didnot Little who Russian on Bukovyna anything expanding Little Russiawhen mentioning that there are“3,150,000 Slavs in Galicia and and hardly could assist in formation of regional self-consciousness among the pupils” mirrored a vague perception of geography endof inat the the – beginning many of nineteenth twentieth the century respects regional peculiarities of the Similar is “School by and conclusion given Marinatextbooks Loskutova: manualsfrom individual parts of the Empire asRutneniansor populationthe gubernias and Podolia Volhynia of marking time same the Russians, Little for gubernias Kherson and Katerinoslav, Voronezh, intoonly Slavs and reserving non-Slavs, Chernigov, Poltava, Kiev,Kharkov, parts Kursk,of mostfamous schoolbook of the 1870s, by Porfirii Beloha, divided population of the Empire region) gubernias, partly in Bessarabia in Black inthe and gubernias, Cossacks’” partly Bessarabia of Land Sea the Podolia quarter), one its (in Voronezh Kherson, Katerinoslav, Kharkov, Poltava, Chernigov, although “Littlerecognizing that is Russiandialect” in spread throughout Volhynia, Kiev, gubernias, Chernigovit Poltava and limited to author the Here Russia. of notion Little the Marina Loskutova. “Where Does Motherland Begin? Teaching Geography in Russian Pre-Revolutionary Russian in Geography Teaching Begin? Motherland Does “Where Loskutova. Marina Porfirii Beloha, Arsenii Obodovskii, Fadei Bulgarin. School Regional and Identity Latein the 19th -Early 20th Century”.In: Saint Saint Petersburg, 1864. and Literaryand Terms. A HandbookAll for Estates]. Saint Petersburg., 1852. Ruchnaiasoslovii knigadlia vsekh HandbookAll for Estates]. Saint Petersburg., 1837, p. 47. Besides schoolbooks and maps, Ukraine was “splintered” in the most systematic most in the was“splintered” maps, and Ukraine schoolbooks Besides 49 . The nextpopular by schoolbook Obodovsky,Arsenii wasmore specific towards Uchebnikgeografii Rossiiskoi imperii Rossiiav istoricheskom, statisticheskom, geograficheskom literaturnom i otnosheniiakh. Vseobzhei geografiiuchebnaia kniga [Russia inHistorical, Statistical, Geographical and Literary Terms. A 24 of 1866. In the article “Little Russia” one [A Texbook forGeography RussianEmpire].of the [RussiaHistorical, in Statistical, Geographical Ab Imperio Rusnyaks , 3(2003). Geographical- 50 . Finally, the Finally, . . Although 52 . 51 . CEU eTD Collection 59 58 53 together with a small part of Chernigov and Poltava and Chernigov of part small a with together gubernia Kiev of part southern-eastern meansthe Boh”, which and Dnieper valleys of the rather old-fashioned,but ‘Podolia’, or ‘Volhynia’ as one agovernmental been never has which name, historical which was givenKingdom ofPolandand other Slavonic regions to the steppes of the Southern Rus’, that is in the 57 55 54 which means Kiev, Chernigov, Kharkov, and Poltava gubernias” designating from Rzechpospolita whichwereby territories, “torn Khmelnitskii, Bohdan dictionary line”was only a “Ukrainian 56 Poltava, which constitute a central and basic place of living for Little Russian people” easternnorthern- and Poland of part Kingdom of part southern-eastern of Russia, European of theterritories Habsburg Empirealthough authorrecognizedthe thatLittle Russians themselves much largeroccupy tendency could be traced from the eighteenth century, when in when century, eighteenth the from be traced could tendency appropriated although“Siberian” Ukraine”, thatthename“Ukraine” initself etc., is acknowledging by the Little Thushe “Polish defined underpopulated”. mostly of tsardom, “frontier Muscovite the zones Russian marking allthis territory. Forhim“Ukraine”areas was an name old-fashioned for reserved on the Left Bank of the Dnieper Petr Semenov, Petr Afanasii Zhekatov. Afanasii Semenov, Petr Semenov 1866, p. 155. 6á Geograficheskii leksikon Rossiiskogo gosudarstva ili slovar' 6á ownikGeograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów s ownik Geograficzny KrólestwaPolskiego iinnych krajów s 779. Russian State]. Moscow, 1808. of the of the Russian Empire]. Vol. 3,Saint Petersburg, 1866, p. 152. of the of the Russian Empire]. Vol. 5,Saint Petersburg, 1885, p. 310. A Dictionary]. 57 . Quite the contrary bias was present in the present biaswas contrary the . Quite Geografichesko-statisticheskii slovar’ RossiiskoiImperii Geografichesko-statisticheskii slovar’ RossiiskoiImperii Ɇ oscow, 1773,pp. 416-417. Slovar’ geograficheskiiSlovar’ Rossiiskogo gosudarstva 56 ; in such a wayitin present also was Zhekatov’s geographical 54 . Naturally Semenov refused to use for “Ukraine” . Naturally Semenov to refused 25 . It also stipulated that “Ukraine is not a á owia [Geographical Lexicon of the Russian State orState Russian of the Lexicon [Geographical á owia Ĕ 58 skich Ĕ Geographical Dictionary of the Geographical Dictionaryof , reserving “Little Russia” for skich [Geographical-Statistical Dictionary [Geographical-Statistical Dictionary . T. 10. Warszawa, 1889, s. 19. [Geographical Dictionary of the Geographical Lexicon . T. 12. Warszawa,. T.12. 1892,773- s. 59 . 55 . The same The . there 53 , CEU eTD Collection 61 60 she gaveuptothe Russian Sovereigns], LittleGrounds Russia Polish the was under republic andAccordingwhich to Agreements i nakakikhdogovorakh otdalas’RossiiskimGdriam...) ( Poletyka Hryhorii by writings in the same the Russia], Little and Russia Great Between “their”where and what on territory conformity any demonstrating not therefore writings, intellectual their in indeed was. As much issues spatial the pay to any not attention precise did bureaucracy, imperial the whoentered as in elite former Hetmanate the of representatives the theother, on state, aseparate restoring anylarger extrapolations. local without one, senseit for with was substituted “provincialism orempire”. Their wasindeed patriotism a vital Muscovy”,from “colleagues” oftheirhave a question century, eighteenth the not did “Ukraine or lands. of Ukrainian elite current the for “littlerussian” was nineteenth century order new administrative of by imposition Empirethe into integrated Bankterritories –Right byUkrainians Both territories, inhabited were Ukraine. of Poland the 1793-95 divisions resultof the powderedwig,the imperial uniform” and the provincial rapier, for the garb Cossack andcolourful swords heavy their exchanged resistance apparent no “with functionaries former its Empire; Russian the into absorbed finally were Hetmanate Istoricheskoe izvestienakakomRossiiabyla osnovaniiMalaia podrespublikoiuPol’skoiu, This story of administrative division ofKohut, the Zenon former Cossack territories, which I do not touch upon here, can [Western Borderlands of Russian the Empire]. Moscow,2006, p.59. part of the imperial core – Mikhail Dolbilov andAlexei Miller,eds. Russiageneral-governorship was eliminated in 1856) they turned from contested the borderland the into be very interesting by itself, for, asAlexei Miller points out, closerto the mid-nineteenthcentury (Little 1830s Meanwhile, in the late eighteenth century, Ukrainian in eighteenth century, late the Meanwhile, In this situation of In situation thethis onehand,hopes forof overall fordisregard space,on and without . Cambridge, 1988, p. 218. Russian Centralism and Ukrainian Autonomy: Imperial Absorption oftheHetmanate, 1760s- Rech’ ‘ the Romanov Empire also Empire Romanov the 26 Razgovor VelikorossiiMalorossiei s Razgovor ɨ popravlenii sostoianiia’ [A Historical Information on what 60 . Besides the Hetmanate, the . Besides Zapadnye okrainy Rossiiskoi imperii 61 territories of former the territories . This beginning. This ofthe acquired Malorossii additional [A Talk [A or his as a CEU eTD Collection 65 64 63 62 limited to the three gubernias of former Hetmanate of the gubernias three tothe limited is authors’ 1767-68 the speeches during theLegislativespaceof concern of Commission history, Ukrainian of when?” “what? where? known the best sametime the and at Skurativskii) dealtwith in anonymous mentioning of Galiciastate” as a “southern morelike“which looks states aborder between betweenthan two provinces two of one areas, Kiev Chernigov and between established borderline the of irrationality the about part of greeted administrativethe into division Little Russia of threethe gubernias and complained Little Russia” of Polish claims for the territory of Little Russia it a part “Ukraine”, considering toponym the criticised usageof the author surprisingly, the “[I]t must be said with regret that certain absurdities and calumnies unfortunatelyhave beenintroduced into “Zamechaniia do Maloi Rossii prinadlezhashchie” [Observations onLittle Russia]. In: “RazgovorVelikorossii s Malorossiei (literaturnyi pamiatnik vtoroi poloviny 18 veka)” [A Talk Between Istoriia Rusiv Mogilev, RashkovDnieperRiver,on Chigirin Tiasmin, the Uman’ on theRos’, Ladyzhin andChagarlyk Bug,onthe and least mucholder that Polishhis kings,Dubossary namely: Cherkassy,Krylov,Mishurin and old Kodak on the except his school,on and in the land that he callsthe Ukraine he has not seenDniester,Rus’ towns, the oldestRus’. ones – or at But itKamennyi isCossacks; until thenland the and was allegedly empty uninhabited,apparentand andthere were noCossacks in Zaton thatorpresent-day Little Russia, andin itPolish kings theestablishand new settlements and organise gentleman UkrainianBelozerskvignette, some new land by the Dnieper, writer here called Ukraine, atis brought onto thefollowedthe stageof the shameless from Ancient and malicious carelessly Rus’ have suchwho Polish and Lithuanian headRus’ians, born fabulists. native Thus, forcreators, example, inonea their by textbook timid themselves ofchronicles Russian Little the little story has never been anywhere Polishkings. simply conquered by the Poles, butwas overtaken as a result of a successful matrimonial policy of the p. 3. (1882), pp. 119-125. on the Improvement of the Condition of Little Russia]. In: Russia]. of Little Condition of the Improvement the on Collectionof 147-161. VUAN], 1(1928).], pp. “Rech’ o‘popravlenii sostoianiia’ Malorossii” [ASpeech the RussianSovereigns]. Ukraiins’kyi In: arkheografichnyi zbirnyk VUANArcheographic [Ukrainian Grounds Little Russia was under the Pol’skoiu,Polish inakakikhdogovorakh otdalas’ republic Rossiiskim Gdriam...” [A Historicaland InformationAccordingon what to Rossiiskimwhich Gdriam...” Agreements [Istoricheskoe izvestie kakomna osnovanii she Malaia Rossiiagave byla pod respublikoiuup to kakom osnovanii Malaia Rossiia byla pod respublikoiu Pol’skoiu, inakakikhdogovorakh otdalas’ Little Russia]. In: “Dopolnenie ‘Razgovora Velikorossii s Malorossiei’” [An Addition to A Talk Between Great Russia and Great Russia Littleand Russia]. In: 63 . Any questions of space were also not raised by the “fairy tale” (after Vasyl Istoriia Rusiv Istoriia [History of the Rus’]. Kyiv, 1991, p. 44. Here the author emphasises that Galicia was not Kievskaia starina . Themomentunderline important only to is here author’s the Zamechaniia do Maloi Rossii prinadlezhashchieZamechaniia doMaloi [KievanAntiquity], 7(1882),pp. 137-148. “Istoricheskoe izvestie na Kievskaia starina 27 65 . [KievanAntiquity], 2(1882),pp. 313-365. 62 . The same Left Bank gubernias are Kievskaia starina 64 . On the other hand, other the On . [KievanAntiquity], 10 CHOIDR , whose author , 1(1848), CEU eTD Collection 68 67 66 states that in the case of Ukraine to define its name was a very difficult task because of because task difficult very a name was its define to Ukraine of in case the that states name”, a common –with people concerns what and territory, aparticular with identifying Westwas theelite’s in building the of a national characteristics “important that Marc Bloch by thesis the supporting Kohut, Zenon century. nineteenth the of half first in the preserved tendency useof to the variouspointed names ambiguous denoting for territories various when visiting Hetman when visiting Hetman Mazepa’s Oleksa whosoon disappear, in doomingly similarly Martos, they noted thought to 1812, wouldlastto theEmpire.debris as of Seeing the society and themselves country, which loyal remaining them, over rule to right tsar’s the doubt to try not did rights and privileges century became century abearerideas of nationalist and aguide apeasant for nation yore!” ruled ourselves, / But weitwas, we /Once, recall. /itpassed beyond wasaHetmanate, “Oncethere Shevchenko’s: shall no more! / Yet we shall never forget the Cossack fame of Roman Szporluk. “Ukraine: From an Imperial Periphery to a SovereignState”. In: “Tarasova In: nich”. Taras Shevchenko. Kohut 1988, p. 275. I found it interesting that even after the seventeen years of the partitions of Poland Martos still does not conceive Little Russia as something larger than those three gubernias. three those than larger something as Russia Little conceive not does still Martos an Early Nineteenth-Century Debate”. In: Debate”. Nineteenth-Century Early an [Dnieper] Estuary”35-36 –Ibid,pp. –Quoted from SerhiiPlokhy. or “Ukraine Little Russia? Revisiting Such intellectuals of noble origin being predominantly melancholic about their former their about melancholic predominantly being origin noble of intellectuals Such The new generation of Ukrainians stepped into a new age with a mood similar to amood new into aagewith stepped Ukrainians The newof generation Even despite the new intellectual estate emerging, which since the middle of the middle of sincethe emerging, which estate intellectual new the Even despite nations the commondestiny of states and republics, we cansee from histories of other constitution. Now richLittle Russia is reduced to two orthree provinces. That this is nations who, although small inof numbers, list the from are yet famous disappeared for have their way Cossacks brave of its lifeand andtheir Russia Little name the and had defended expulsionfromfor Little Russia, its inhabitantsso his lost After theirsacred defended… he long rights, which independence Mazepawhose country, his from away far died withMazepa great enthusiasm and patriotic ardor. He is no more, 67 . 66 . grave Kobzar inMoldavia: Canadian Slavonic Papers . Kyiv, 1974, p. 36. 28 . 3-4. (2006), pp.340-341. Daedalus , 3(1997). 68 , the above the , CEU eTD Collection 73 72 71 70 69 demonstrated already by the name of the only song collection of the first half of the century, Kaniv and BlackSeaCossacks, the of territories folk songs”, wasmuch wider, encompassingRight Dnieper’sboth and LeftBanks, because gathered its all authors theirsongs there Podilia” and Volhynia from Ukraine distinguishes clearly and 1649 of treaty Zboriv of the any borders the outside to inreference ‘Ukraine’ territory “neverits author uses Ukrainians’ vast usageof variety self-identifying”of namesa for Poltava) in down was gatheredand written (it means the Hetmanate Russia Little his understanding in that states directly historians, by launched is traditionally revival national Ukrainian of century. in nineteenth the preserved inclination same The elite. Cossack the among one permanent a not image was this that assert to possible Hrabianka, assigns which the subject of their writings “on both sides of the and Velychko Hryhorii by Samiyloin chronicles the places Although aresome there in already instance, For centuries. sixteenth-seventeenth late the of chronicles Cossack the from already started limits, territorial sameastheir the “Ukraine”, and “Little Russia”, “Rus’”, usage of Amvrosii Metlinskii, Amvrosii Metlinskii, Nikolai Tsertelev. Serhii Plokhy, ZenonKohut, Rozvytok malorosiis’koii svidomosti [Development of a Little RussianConsciousness]. In: L’viv-New 2000,York, pp. 247-275. Panteleimon Kulish. Materialy doslidzhennia ta [Characterising Relationship of Kulish andMetlynskyy.Two letters of Metlynskyy to Kulish].Fedoruk, In: Oles’ – perfoming “Do kharakterystyky vzaemynP. KulishataA.Metlynskogoof their (dvaMetlynskogo lysty places do Kulisha)” wrong the putting in also but collections, Maksymovych’s places.of these location geographical exact the doubt can one Kulish, and Maksymovych of epistolary the on In one of their letters Maksymovych accused A. Metlinskii not just in stealing songs from Russian songs]. Saint Petersburg., 1819, pp. 1,43. Ibid. – forgotten but Hetmanate” ofthe all was elite Cossack by the ofPoland Kingdom the of palatinates border the all to reference with term the of use ZenonKohut, For instance, Nikolai Tseretelev in his song collection of 1819, from which phase “A” phase which from 1819, of collection song his in Tseretelev Nikolai instance, For 71 . The first song collection by Amvrosii Metlynskii was from the Kharkiv Ukraine, Kharkiv the from was Metlynskii Amvrosii by collection song first . The The origins ofthe Slavic nations Korinniia identychnosti Opyt sobraniia starinnykh malorossiiskikh pesnei Iuzhnyi Russkii sbornik Narodnyeiuzhnorusskie pesni Khronika Samovydtsia . [Roots of Identity], Kyiv, 2004,p. 84. [Southern Russian Collection].Khar’kov, 1848. , p.324., This work “leaves impressionthat the pre-1648 the [Eyewitnessin Chronicle],written 1670s-1702, 29 [Southern Russian Folk Songs]. Kiev, 1854. But, basing [PanteleimonKulish. Materials and Explorations]. 72 . His second collection, “Southern-Russia collection, second His . 73 . The same difference and contrast is contrast and same. The difference [Anattempt at collecting ancient Little 69 . Overall confusion in confusion . Overall Dnipro ” it is 70 . CEU eTD Collection wrote: sbornik one – “monumental” was amore 76 75 74 back came depart for recently theMykolaiivka.ready Mummy we get “now to he readthat where in Kherson gubernia, living from his family aletter received case,Hulak In another Vesnik of Kharkov boresuchnames publishedbetween romantics 1830s-1840s the as 77 mybestdarling andsincereregards” with Ukraine Mister Izmail Ivanovich itfromin only e.g. there: from his letter Rivne in May of he“my1843 wrote to beloved, dear an old Ukrainian Cossack localised Kostomarov his addressee resided. where wasKharkiv region, his understanding, from in the which, “Ukraine”, remote to Sreznevsky Izmail to letters his sent VolhyniaKostomarov Mykola example, to the For units. asdifferent wereconceived century the of middle till the Western gubernias Platon Lukashevych Platon under title the which comprised songsfrom itinGalicia – by Saintpublished in was 1836 Petersburg Taras Koznarsky, Taras In: Sreznevs’ky. to letters Kostomarovs Lukashevych, Platon Kyrylo-Mefodiivs’ke tovarystvo Vol.3. Kharkiv, 1930, p. 333. Cambridge, MA, 2001, p. 73. A few yearslater, As itis judge possible from to epistolary,the “Ukraine”, “Little Russia”, and South- town,but muchbetter than ours more thanback home, inLittle Russia. Come to see Elisavetgrad –althoughit is a small are lots of gorgeousthere that admit to I have woman present. were ladies and here, Many girls garden. the even in fireworks and if not in the full sense of the word, I livebut as earlier still in Elisavetgrad... much Not too long ago we’ve had fun here; there were dances [Ukrainian Collection] [Ukrainian [Ukrainian [Ukrainian Herald], Kharkiv Literary Almanacsof 1830s: the the ShapingUkrainian of Cultural Identity Malorossiiskie i Chervonoruskie narodnye dumy ipesni in his letter in Ashanin,hisletter hisof Mykola cousin, Petr Hulak, 1846 to [The Brotherhood of Cyril and Methodius]. Vol. 1. Kyiv, 1990,p.98. Ukrainskii almanach 76 77 . . Malorossiiskie Malorossiiskie i Chervono-ruskie dumyipesni Ukrainskii pamiatnik Kharkivs’ka shkola romantykiv 30 [Ukrainian Almanac] (its first pilot name pilot first (its Almanac] [Ukrainian 75 . Notsurprisingly “Ukrainian” almanacs [Ukrainian Diary]), or [The Kharkiv school of romantics]. of school Kharkiv [The . Saint Petersburg., 1836. Ukrainskii Ukrainskii 74 . . CEU eTD Collection 81 80 78 inof estates Red inRussia, Volhynia, andin Ukraine. Lubny,Romny, Pryluky Lokhvytsia, Caucasus” isgrowing: it that land why the best possesses Lublin from far from as asSaratov, Putivl to inlovegrain times were with stating people ancientthe from author, “ourUkrainian that Kharkiv, Odessa. The same situation is observed in Kulish’s Rus” Southern or Little Russia of experience acloser towards Russianpeople of Northern interest anincreased exists there because facts on people,the who speakin forRussian language,Southern Russian the man – …., Southern Rus’]in his expressed 1856, Kulish an as aim create “to encyclopaedia ofvarious Russia”here.his assynonyms Having published the Right Bank“Ukrainian folk stories” by was published Kulish. Panteleimon he Here constantly refers to Ukraine as his Kyiv, 1830s.the and gubernias Chernigov collection of In1847on basisthe of Poltava to “”Polish for theIzmail Sreznevsky’s or “Western” this PoltavaRussia hisfather time gubernia meant Little – under cure Sonyascrofula” to of forleave Odessa had to andI Russia from Little 79 Panteleimon Kulish. PanteleimonKulish. Panteleimon Kulish. Kyrylo-Mefodiivs’ke tovarystvo, “Who are these are “Who [ Russians? “Little – it). reject they and word anabusive is (Khokhol come? “How – “We are just anation [ gubernia”; but the questionof “Who are you? Of what nation?”such will way “from notthe findin any other youfrom?” answer are “Where except question the as answer will people common Russian Little Russians. name the as same the ofCherkasy, name this themselves acquired never has Russia from that time on this thought established on the north; but it is noteworthy that illiterate people of Little call themselves as people and do not appropriate any personal name” – Ibid, p. 235. p. –Ibid, name” personal any appropriate donot and people as themselves call don’t know it). In other words, our countrymen, allowing to call them as Rus’, Cherkasy or whatever else behind whichancient Great Russians called all their author interestingly writes on the peasants self-identification: “Finally I arrived to Cherkasy – atown, Poltava gubernia, therefore in their understanding Little Russia isused to denote latter. the The same Kharkiv, Poltava and Katerynoslav gathering for served The sources gubernias andKaterynoslav same Kharkiv, Poltava 81 , he goes on and further differentiates: “this werewolf Yarema had a great deal had agreat Yarema “this werewolf further differentiates: and, hegoes on Marosiiany Khmelnychchyna Ukrainskie narodnye predaniia Zapiskio Iuznoi Rusi Liude tak sobi narod ? It is even hard to pronounce it”. (Little Russian is a bookish word and they Vol. 1, p. 196. Until their move to the Kherson gubernia Hulaks lived in Zaporozhskaia Starina Zaporozhskaia . Saint Petersburg., 1861, p. 7. [Notes onSouthernRus’]. Kiev, 1994,p. V-V ] and this is it”. – “Are you Russians?” – “No”. – “Khokhly?” 31 [Ukrainian folk legends]. Moscow, 1847,p. 10. 80 ; among its towns the author lists Kyiv, lists author the towns its ; among 78 Zapiski oIuznoiRusi soplemenniks . [Zaporozhian Antiquity],in published 79 , using “South , using“South Rus” “Little and as Cherkasy. It remains unknown, Khmelnychchyna [Proceedings on the on [Proceedings Malorosiiany ȱ . Inthis text the . When the ]” – CEU eTD Collection 87 86 85 84 83 82 (freedom belief,of Markevych protection etc), explained: “History”; confidently lack national-patrioticexpressed his of any in sentiments theend of same the enumeratingcompletely unitethe – all three people:reasons Little Russians, RussiansMarkevych and Poles” why pointed Little out Dniester and Buh Western andPrypiat, Desna, Slovechna that “I Russialike to think visitedhadher,that is one of themost beautiful countries in the world” thereto willjoin be a timetheGalicias to Siverskii Donets,when by the recognition of all Russiantravellerswe and natural scientists,all who would Orelboth andfrom from Kleven’ to Dniester, from to Slovechno earth Russia, an areaon Empire “Little Little Markevych: Russia,Mykola of History of by neatly author a popular the not know his ownlanguage and Walterin Scott Edinburgh, notin [highland] Scotland” Kobzar Starodub Nizhyn, Novgorod-Siverski and Mglyn,Koselets, Pereiaslav, Oster, Pogar, Chernigiv, townsthe of UkraineasBratslav,this Tchetkasy,Kyiv, Vinnytsia, Vasylkiv, Ovruch, in defining occured “Disaster Ukraine”, with his words: the starts Zamostiachapter Kulish – everything washis property” Evdokiia Kosachesvkaia. Ibid, p. 4. Nikolai Markevych. Nikolai Ralph Lindheim and George Luckyj. George and Lindheim Ralph Ibid, pp. 68, 119. Ibid, p. 59. Ukrainian Thought from 1710 to 1945. The borders of his own “Little Russia” of mid-nineteenth century were described very were described mid-nineteenth century of his The borders “Little Russia”of own north, Turks and Tatars from the south.case with Polubotok?There Poland wouldwould tickle Little Russia notfrom the west,be Moscow any from east and quiet day in ourKotchubeionours? daughter Being poorwhen life.old, because hetman would wealth, in like our as And what What wouldwe wonhave thisin change of adynasty? Would experiencing risk the fate of or Pivtorakozhukh? Let us assume that we would be a separate state. – Mazepa wouldunder be the Hetmanate;a tsar... but did we have this freedomwith the Poles under Nalyvaiko, Kosynskii, After joining Moscow we had to expect that we would not be given freedom, which we had , written by innot inLittlestated: “…Gogol him, Nizhyn,, written anddoes grew up Russia, 83 . Even Taras Shevchenko in. Even inTaras Shevchenko 1847 preface unpublished the a to of edition Istoriia Malorossii N. A. N. Markevych (1804-1860) 82 . Narrating the story of Khmelnytskii’s campaign to Lviv, to campaign Khmelnytskii’s of story the Narrating . . Moscow, 1842, vol. 1, p. 3. Towards anIntellectual HistoryUkraine: of an Anthology of Toronto,1996, p. 193. 32 . Leningrad, 1987, pp. 109-110. 86 . At the same time, in. Atthesametime, 1837, 85 . Its rivers are Dnipro, Sula, 87 . In five years he years five In . 84 . CEU eTD Collection wouldfound many to“Ukraine”,references butnot “Ukrainianto nation” writing in terms of a “territorial motherland”, not a “national” one, for in his poetry one it,duringAsHrytsak still evenShevchenko thefirsthalf nineteenth the puts century. of was nationalised being was former the is that idea His a nation). for istypical (which there living people not meantterritory, fatherland century of nineteenth middle the “nation”:the till nineteenth century,in that one has distinguishto between the notions of a “fatherland” and a 91 Brattiia Ukraintsi appeal an documents, program their of one In Methodius. and Cyril Saints of Brotherhood 90 89 88 soul lacks ahomeland” for whose the one, canbenofatherlandbut there ( hisepigraph to beliefs,cuisine and fatherland “Customs, beverages of Russians [that] Little Nevertheless, that native of Chernigiv thought of himself as localof patriot, indicating in the would: century nineteenth halfof the second the at others the than tone a different in but “Ukraine”, word the he used text his of end the At otchizna Hrytsak 2006, pp. 105-125, 470. Nikolai Markevych. Nikolai Ibid, p. 673. Markevych1842, vol.2, p. 584. The explanation might lie, as Yaroslav Hrytsak stipulates, when speaking of the The situation started to change in the late 1840s after the emergence of of emergence The change 1840safterthe late to in started the The situation ended a separate life of Little Russia ZaporozhianSich again together, merged butunder not the sceptre of In way Sigizmund. this whole Podolia region, half of Volhynia and tenKievan districts. BothUkraines and the square miles, 410 cities and towns, 10,081village and 3,011,688 citizens. We obtained the A year of 1793 has come, bringing in the end the second partition of Poland. Russia got 4,553 to take away his property, daughter or wife –hewould suffer verythe undesirable fate equal rights; and if a Muscovite would has jeer everyone atabelief and of someoneall for from one is Simferopol, Tsar more... ifwould nothing like and hetman a be to hope A lost? we have ) is more important than the homeland ( homeland the than important more is ) [To brothers [To Ukrainians] Obychai, pover’ia, kuhnia i napitki malorossiian 89 . 33 , Kostomarov not merely stipulated a united rodina ), for the latter is only its small part; . Ʉ iev,1991, p.174. 90 91 . . 88 . CEU eTD Collection 95 94 93 92 subject Ukrainian its readerswith andinterested Rus” “Southern from the over all material the contained hiswas Mykhailo of songs, renowned1827 collection Maksymovych. Besides which firstthe half for formation the of map nineteenth century of the mental of the Ukraine united Russian – Ukraine instance,for Kyiv ismentioned 100 times the of towns the with incomparison striking is difference the works; inhis Transcarpathia one would only find one mentioning ofLviv and noneof Galicia /Bukovyna / isboth subject Ukraine sides in limited to of (mainlylocated Dnieper Poltavathe gubernia): main its and Pochaiiv, was poetry Shevchenko’s of part Western most the that emphasized and beperfected” how itshould achieved ponder on leteveryone carefully and your for consideration.Readit Ukrainians both sides of Dnieper,weoffer the brothers on national havingelement here, inmind farwideraudience his “This,than predecessors: our vision Dnieper Ukraine,of vaguely expressedin Cossack chronicles, butalso tried toadda distributed to the wider audience – in widerpoetry” – Shevchenko’s to the distributed audience policewidely archive andwerenot Buttheirmain disseminated. theses andvalues were remainedinthe secret main wouldimpact texts doubtful: pragmatic way seem really their “in that a receptive- wrote Grabowycz George Brotherhood, of the importance of the Gryhorii Grabowycz, “Do pytanniia pro krytychne samousvidomlennia v ukrains’kii dumci 19 st.: Slovnyk movy Shevchenka Kyrylo-Mefodiivs’ke tovarystvo Ukrainskipisni vydani Mykhailom Maksymovychem Gogol' and Sevcenko: polarity in theliterary Europe 1798-1847 Maksymovych],On Kyiv,hisinfluence 1962. onKulishand Kostomarov see Luckyj,George of reading careful Malorossii Shevchenko’s of indication an just is Don” to Dniester “from formula Bukovynian river, but also forits big part flows also in Podolia. More likely seems that Shevchenko’s Galicia and Bukovyna included into his mentalShevchenko image that of Ukraine.argument an as Firstserve can of all, this Dniester that is notunconvinced solely I remain a GalicianStill, / Carpathians. the in lies river Ukrainian of this head the – 183) p. (Ibid, “Dniester” to times four referred also Shevchenko his description of Little Russia – see footnote 87. Shevchenko, Kulish, Dragomanov”. In: Dragomanov”. Kulish, Shevchenko, Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius, 1845-1847 Retrospectively and surprisingly it seems that the most important of all intellectuals of intellectuals all of important most the that seems it surprisingly and Retrospectively by Nikolai Markevych’s, who did not include any solely Galicianor Bukovynian rivers into 95 , the , Kievlianin [A Dictionary of Shevchenko’s Language]. Vol.1. Kyiv, pp. 388,322. 1964, . Vol. 1, p. 171.. Vol.1, p. Quoted from:George Luckyj. [Kievan Citizen] almanac, which he edited, was the first Suchasnist 34 , 12 (1996), p. 91. . Ottawa,1991, p.100. [Ukrainiansongs published by Mykhailo . München, 1971, pp.32-33. 94 . 93 . Although it is to be is to it Although . Young Ukraine: the 92 . Speaking . Between Istoriia CEU eTD Collection 99 98 97 96 kingdom”. mountainsvalleysCarpathian ofthe Hungarian seven capitals andtheir (komitats) through Moldavian-Transilvanianthe border, inhabited Walachians, with Ruthenians extend with dialects” Galician and Russian Little between some are peculiarities inits there dialect people, although language of TranscarpathianKievlianin” people clearlyin published Ruthenians,which was wrote his on Transcarpathian Mr. Deshko article shows that it is a branch lateplaces, Mykhailo a programme,following the short which composed Oleksandrovych of Southern-Russian whose existence before. nobody suspected even in Having Kiev met onenative of those himowe –AK)firstinformation (Maksymovych the Ruthenianslive on who inHungary, “We by Levchenko: Mykhailo Society Russian Geographical of South-Western department before (1844 an byAlexanderarticle “a natural Deshko, Carpathian movedRus’, who toRussia six years interesting inby issue material was published the third Maksymovych of heardin the Carpathians andin Ukrainian steppes and Black Sea shores” sounds beyond as Dnister, Dniper;around samethe is language inused the song is which unity: the native peopleasserted of the thatRed “itRus’ (Redis Kievlianin’s theRus’ same – AK) as isin closeKiev; totheto introduce UkrainiansKiev outside of the Romanovsame Empire itsto readersin Kiev.For example,because Rus’ language of the people and their blood Kievlianin ZapiskiIugo-Zapadnogo OtdelaImperatorskogo Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva Kievlianin Kievlianin 36-37. Western-Russianthe Department of Imperialthe Russian Geographical Society].Vol.1 (For 1873), pp. father offather Ukrainianthe nationalist irredenta. offsprings of the Orthodox / To know the past story of the native land”. native the of story past the know / To Orthodox ofthe offsprings . Book 3. Moscow, 1850, p. 19. . Book26. ThusMaksymovych 3,p. deliberatelywortha title of is unconsciousthe founding [KievanCitizen]. Book book2. Kiev,p. 121.Asitsepigraphthe Pushkin’s: “Let 1841, has the 98 second issue contained an article on “Red Rus’ verses”, where its author where on “Red Rus’verses”, an article secondissuecontained . Ruthenian language was the main criterion for their identification (“the identification their for criterion main the was language Ruthenian . ɪ . – 99 ȺɄ ). However, the author also pointed to the area of theirsettlement: “From )” 97 . This article was mentioned in1875 during the meeting of the 35 Kievlianin 96 [Proceedings of . Even more Even . . It was . It CEU eTD Collection 100 either and was defined in a variousdifferentideas of fatherlands – Little Russia, Rus’, Ukraine; each of them hadways. vague borders In most several existed there hand, one Onthe ways. in different of was answered century nineteenth the cases, it meant some distinct region – the Polish scholar Joachim Lelewel, who would carry out a systematic work collecting a systematic work carry out would who Lelewel, Joachim scholar Polish the intensifying these contacts. Mykhailoafter visits in with Dragomanov’s 1871-73, boom only the Kulish;started later Konyskycan namePanteleimon and only Olexander have until not frequent 1870s didAmong acharacter. peoplethose visited who Galicia, one part Habsburg the Romanov and of between Ukrainians the contacts –physical crystallised be Ukrainecould of concept where space,the nocommon public was Russian. There other, from lessons;their school moreover, “Ukrainian” gubernias were constantly with united get region any idea did of a separate not anduniversities, in gymnasiums studied schools, geography in educational littlesystem,very who paidto the attention Russian people, these histories” different was anareaof that this people thought borders” “cultural all the contrary,the across To people. same inhabited by the and are history a common beginning of centuries, nineteenth the notmany people would all agree that areashave these Russia, “Polish” Volhynia New “Zaporozhian and Tatar” Russia, “Cossack” Little asUkraine.which we today know and Podolia, aspace, thus creating Austrian“Little Russia”, a Empire andOttoman Rzechpospolita former the Galicia – at theintelligentsia turn of the eighteenthwere to born newly decade the During nexttransfer the banks”. of two “Ukraine sometimes or Hetmanate, – this image into a larger territory, making these territories of Oleksii Tolochko, “Kyievo-Rus’ka spadshchyna vistorychnii dumci Ukraiiny pochatku 19 stolittia” 275-276. Rosiia vistorychnii retrospektyvi [KyivanRus’Ukrainian legacyin historical thought atthe beginning of 19century] the Thus, to sum up, the question of “Ukraine, but which?” until the middle of the Slobozhanshchyna [Slobidska Ukraine], or three Left Bank gubernias of the former In general there were also no people in Ukraine in those times like times in those in Ukraine no people also were there general In [Ukraine and Russia in historical retrospective]. Vol. 1.Kyiv, 2004, pp. 36 the latter’s personal responsibility for responsibility personal latter’s the . In: 100 . Having Ukraiina i CEU eTD Collection 101 memorialized commodity memorialized itamongspread in although times awiderreceptive public, itthose existed only asa to way,andlater material bein a preserved to deserved ideathe Ukraine of that foreseeing cartographic images havingof Ukraine, and, afuturist, perhaps,logic, unconscious, StevenSeegel, “Cartography and the Collected Nation in Joahim Lelewel’s Geographical Imagination: a from Hrytsak 2006,p. 114). By Centuries Deeds andValues. The Intelligentsias inRussiaand Poland during the Nineteeth andTwentieth quoted from Andrzej Walicki, “PolishConceptions of the Intelligentsia and its Calling”. In: bród / Mnie w Nowogródku, mnie w Mi Adam Mickiewicz (“Bo od Ponarskich gór i bli thousand maps –StefanKanevich, lifetime Lelewel managed to collect more 300than thousand volumes, whichcontained more thanten them he turned Polishgeography cartographyand from the antiquarian activity into science. During his represented the PolishGeographical Society. Due to systematichis collecting of maps and publishing Poland during the Nineteeth and Twentieth Centuries. RevisedApproach to Intelligentsia”. In: á em tu i tam; / Od Beskidów do Pomorza, / Z Litwy a . Lund, 2005) or Wincenty Pol (“By 101 . Lelewel Ĕ Words, and Deeds Values. TheIntelligentsias inRussiaand sku czytuje m . Ɇ á em w Litwie w i Koronie, / By oscow,verbal1970, p.96.In hisideaswere reinforced by 37 Ĩ nich Kowna wód / Szersz Lund, 2005, p. 29. In a way Lelewel personally á od Ī do Zaporo Ĩ / I nie lieniwa est przepisa Ī a / Ca Ċ si á em w tej w i owej stronie, / áą Ċ Polsk s á aw ą Ċ m znam”. – quoted ü ą wiele-króc” – a Ī za Prypeci Words, CEU eTD Collection 102 Kostomarov situation,described that Kostomarov when activity. of Ukrainian became a centre immediately itAs aresult activities. their carry out to amnestied and allowed tosettle in the capital, St. Petersburg, which offered vast possibilities were Cyril-Methodianthe in the of members former Brotherhood the 1860s,when happened firsttransformations tochange.The started Borderlands Romanov of the Empire Kostomarov, Mykola. Kostomarov, Chapter 3. Imagining Ukraine: Ukrainian national project in national projectin 1860s. Imagining Ukrainian Ukraine: Chapter 3. But, after such a peaceful start he continued with notes: more he radical after continuedwith suchapeaceful start But, In the second half of the nineteenth century the overall situation in Western the situation overall the century of nineteenth In thesecondhalf the people, subjectsthe nativeto betaughtin are inthe language language, understoodby the for becreated to are announced, already ithas as which, schools, in that directive development of our language, but also will show some support for it. It should issue a We desire that the government not only convictions wouldother type of freedom is incomprehensiblenot for Ukraine, which clings to her old hindername only,but that they enjoy before the law the same rights the nobility enjoy. Any Emperorus, Ukrainians,Alexanderhave fought for with determination andself-sacrifice all their lives. We are grateful to II,peasants givenus has hope forpoor,oursubjugated people,deprived of they everything andof the liberation of the] [prospect we The appeared. language Ukrainian the ask in works fine in only the thatfrosts), the reignof AleksandrII the has also awakened Little Russia. Suddenly, some very liberation the beneficent influence spring (evenof the inconstantthough interrupted and by severe of the peasants be not in Osnova 102 . A Letter to the Editor of Kolokol as Ukrainian “National Geographic” (1861-2) Geographic” asUkrainian “National (from The Books of the Genesis of the Ukrainian people by Mykola Kostomarov). Mykola by people Ukrainian of the Genesis the of Books The (from the stone that the builders rejected has become the cornerstone” the become has rejected builders the that stone the “....then all the peoples, pointing to that place on the map, the on place that to pointing peoples, the all “....then 38 . In: Lindheim 1996, 144. where Ukraine will be delineated, will say: behold, CEU eTD Collection with and first claims about Ukrainian national territory were heard / read from. 106 105 104 103 itRus’ land”, was exactly from pages the of of a naiveepigraph Vladimirafter “Iwantgood to you Monomakh and brothers all to the spread anyideas be to Therefore amongpublished. them hadto one acrucialits of leisure element madeto readand literature of salons, started their The appearance of the special journal was significant, because in 1820-30s the elite went out character” national the of on problems history,the and of interpretation the language, on for idea,the typical suchnationalist independentthe status Ukrainian of of discourse, the attention was the task of defining the Little Russian or Ukrainian identity, with an accentlanguage journal on of all, a as resultappearance inof 1861ontheinitiative ofKulish Ukrainian-Russian the first in Empire, Romanov the continued started identity Ukrainian of creation of the process the result, As a side. government the on repressions severe by marked not was Ukrainians for atmosphere whichexistedpost-Cyril-Methodian Ukrainophiles: among phase nor thePoles call the their own inhabitedterritory,by people!” our As one of the contemporaries stated, “in Lomonosov’s time reading was an intensive activity. Under activity. intensive an was reading time Lomonosov’s “in stated, contemporaries the of one As Alexei Miller. Ibid, p. 145. Kostomarov. Mykola Koznarsky Koznarsky 2001, p. 16. of enlightenment, and during Zhukovsky’s Pushkin’s and the necessity of society” quotedattribute – from obligatory an was it time Karamzin’s In educated. the of luxury a became it Great the Catherine Budapest,2003, p. 77-78. These appeal about “the territory, inhabited by our people” nicely reflect the nicely inhabited “the people”reflect by territory, our Theseabout appeal In the context of the question of the construction of Ukrainian national space, in spite space, national Ukrainian of construction the of question the of context the In Kostomarov finished the article with a persistent call: “Let neither the Great Russians, Great the “Let neither call: persistent a with finished article the Kostomarov peoplewould only learn words, without developing their own concepts Ukrainian the Otherwise, language. Russian Great official the in not and people the The Ukrainian question: the Russian Empire andNationalism in theNineteenth Century. Osnova A Letter to the Editor of Kolokol [The Basis]. As Alexei Miller writes, “at the centre of centre “at the writes, Miller Alexei As Basis]. [The 39 Osnova , p.144. that this issue was started to bedealt that issuethis wasstarted 104 103 . . Osnova’s 106 105 . . CEU eTD Collection 108 111 110 109 107 that wrote they Defining their audience, of a public goodunprejudiced investigation of Southern-Rus’ country, understanding its needs, achievement and alsoitem a critical of the journal’s view on ourselvesprogram. The in editorsthe past defined and nowadays” their main aim as “a thorough and completely known” completely not also they manner, decent in a out worked are population Southern-Rus’ of history the or life everyday internal nor nature, external Neither interesting. most the and investigated least the to belongs Empire the of areas “Southern the that wrote Delianov censor chiefPetersburg to the inhis letter who for byVasyl’Bilozerskii, wasasked permission publish for permission to aperiodical topics main its of by journal was carriedKulishmoreover, out as as hadbecome geography early 1844; to one Mykhailo Bernshtein, Ibid, p. 1. Bernshtein 1959, p. 17. He itinmentioned hisletters to M. Iuzefovych(September10, 1844)and Osnova Karl Ritter’s of asense “Physical (in geography” for geography…”.for – Kulish 2005,pp. 41-42. of the letterKulish end adds thatthe At “in …”. the next yearchurches I personally ancient of the will go to Littledescription Russia4) and gather times; materials contemporary and ancient in Russia Little of in the next volumes we have to publish: 2)collection ofLittle Russian laws and its history; 3) geography volumes everything, where the Little Russians’ life revealeditself. ...Immediately afterthe chronicles ... to study our past and to know ourselves,we need to start such apublication that would embrace by its 349. In letter to his Iuzefovych(September 10, 1844)Kulish declared that “...to give ourselves achance 41, 61 and 124. He also wrote on it to G. Galagan – Kulish referred to Kiev,Odessa andKharkov as to centresthe of RussiaLittle or Southern Rus’. [Journal 1845 and November1845 and 8, 1846)–Kulish, Panteleimon. Although its firstnumber appeared 12,1861,the on January idea offounding the , 1(1861), p.7. and commercial junction with another lands of Southern Rus’ havenot do they theirbecause ownjust not periodicalsinvestigation, our into yet, provinces but these also include do because they are in a direct industrial Donthe Cossack predominant the population isnot a SouthernRus’ one, we Southern-Russianpeople. AlthoughBessarabia, in Crimea, territories and of which area, an Osnova 107 and Ukrainian literary process atthe end of the 1850s – 1860s]. Kyiv, 1959, p. 13. There 109 . From 1858 he constantly addressed the Ministry he addressededucation . From of Ministry 1858 constantly asking the Zhurnal Osnovaiukraiisn’kyi literaturnyiprocess kincia 50-h– 60-hrokiv19st . Hewas allowedpublishing tostart ajournal. Osnova will investigate, ispredominantly inhabited withthe 108 . After Kulish was forbidden to do it, the same 40 Lysty Kievskaia starina [Letters]. Vol.1: 1841-1850. Erdkunde 111 . ) was chosen as a separate [KievanAntiquity], p. 9(1899), ȱ . Sreznevskii (December10, Ʉ yiv,pp. 2005, 110 . . CEU eTD Collection made herewas that Tyverian, Volhynian, Tyverian, 114 the pattern of Ukrainian- years: of Taleof the Bygone pattern the people[ 113 112 origins of the Ancient Rus” Ancient the of origins Chernigov, Kiev, Kherson, Podolia, Katerynoslav, Tavria and Kharkov gubernias Kharkov and Tavria Katerynoslav, Podolia, Kherson, Kiev, Chernigov, “News”( a section Galicia and from the South in general” in South the from and Galicia forthcoming yearamodern including chronicle,Southern-Rus’ news from Ruthenianthe isno there that in print assert to started havealready Poles and Germans the before that crushed so itwas where Galicia, revivedispeopleattention people Rus’ intelligent turning ( nowto the of the editors’ new aims for a new year, with a noticeable pleasure admitted that “the particular E.g. Osnova,1 (1862), pp. 3-4. Kostomarov promotedlater this idea to write on Galicia by factthe that during Osnova One in yearlater, issue firstthe of speaking broadened the borders: 1862, Bilozersky of (1862),p. 6-7. – Galychimmediately sent its help”. – Nikolai Kostomarov. “Cherty iuzhnorusskoi istorii”. In: hand with Kiev and Volhynia. When something touched theappeared some impulses to interestallthe Southern conquer Rus’, including the Red one,acted handin Galych of the whole Southern Rus’ian land “untilRus’; they Southern did notjoined want to branch obey to Galycian Kiev,Red century Rus’ians twelfth joined ofthe Suzdal’. half first But ofthe when in the quarrels Suzdal land there inter-princes the But the firstissue with 1861 started of Kostomarov’s “Thoughts federativethe on Osnova narodnost’ , 1(1861), pp.121-158. understanding of their internal relationship and indivisibility. Rus’Thus of Volhynia,country. parts, Its Ukraine (i. e.Rus’ together with Podolia), Polissia, withPoland as a single body,and different from the White Russia and RedSouthern Rus’, dueto its ethnographic peculiarities, againcame into union Rus’,Rus’, being aware of its people’s integrity. Finally, in Southern the whole sixteenththe over century, control the for quarrelled states these Both haveLithuania. alwaysthe last subordination ofthe destiny of GalychSouthern Rus’ branches has always been to indissoluble, shownPoland, even till and Volhynia, Podolia a and Rus’common to gravitation and , 1,3, 4, and 7 (1862). ], although dividing it into the separate parts; historian he parts; into dividingseparate after it], although as a did the visti Dregovian ), where during all its existence appeared news from its appearednewsfrom all existence ), whereduring Poltava, 114 , in particular emphasizing the existence of in Rus’ Southern particularemphasizing existencethe of , , Croatian and Croatian , Rus’ 112 in there at all”; he promised “to present in the present “to promised he all”; at inthere . Correspondingly to the program of 41 Podolian polianian . One of the decisive statements he statements . Oneof decisive the , Polishchuk-Drevlianian Kryvychian narodnost’ Osnova 113 . Osnova ithad ) of , 7 , CEU eTD Collection 119 118 117 116 115 in Empire Habsburg the with “brothers” theirreaders in my is thatin opinion his he description over stepped border state the and acquainted the Cossacks” BlackSea the Landsof the with together gubernias, Podolia and Volhynia, Kiev, Kharkov, “Poltava, is in Russia living their of area “Southern Rus’,Little Rus’, orrather Ruthenians”. According toLevchenko, the continuous footnote, Ruthenians inourtimes”, by was written MykhailoLevchenko “Ruthenians compose the majority of population inGalicia to the east of SianRiver; inHungary they are a Ibid.“Besides, occupy Ruthenians Chernigovplaces in guberniia, to southfromthe Kursk Desna, in Ibid,pp. 263-266. article This will be toby referred Pavlo Chubynskii whenpointing outsources the of his Osnova Osnova Further on the author as meticulously as possible described the whole habitat of of habitatthe whole the described possible asmeticulously as author the on Further Another crucial article to appear already in the first issue was “Places and local local of issuenames appear already “Places and in first was the to crucial article Another in Sukmar,in Sabolch, andZenlyns’k togetherSharyns’kwith komitats.Bukovyna In tribe Ruthenian continuous population inthe Marmaros, Berech,Ugoch andUngvar komitats, and constitute the majority (Pinchuks)”. –Ibid. populationbelong(all tothe Unionchurch).Grodno In theygubernia Pinskthe in live district Khotyn the inhabit they Bessarabia district;in in Lublin guberniaof Perekop; of the Kingdom north of the Polandto they constitute gubernia the two thirds ofTavria wholein the gradonachal’stvo; Azov guberniia; in Katerinoslav and Kherson they constitute the majority of the population; Azov Cossacks in guerniia to the south from 1872, p. 454. Seim and snariazhennoikrai, Imperatorskimthe Russkim geograficheskim obshchestvom wholeExpedition the end of 1860s at the – Sudzhan’ district; to the west from Don in Voronezh , 1(1861), p.263. , 1(1861), p.135. ethnographic ( ethnographic peoples of a production the for be sybserviant could turn its in which of data, processing careful a reach we could way that a such in this, like articles other of appearance the stimulate to was pursuing I was aim only The people. on the basis of my own observations; I had to ask more or less experienced little on the indicated subject in our press,the thus articleI, I suggest here is, so to say, the first of the genre. One can find too Suzdal of the Great Russia its parts are tied much more firmly, than people of all where land, Southern-Rus’ian one as beconsidered to worth is peculiarities, ofparts Southern-Rus’ the lands and Southern Rus’ people, with alltheir Polians , the same as Polissia, and Volhynia, and Podolia, and RedRus’, allthe narodopisnoi 115 ) map ofRuthenians ) map Trudy etnografichesko-statisticheskoiZapadno-Russkii ekspeditsii v . 42 117 118 volens-nolens . 119 . But the main author’s achievement . Moreover, he mentioned that all Viatychi 116 , had to write it , Riasan’ and . As the author put in the put author As the . . Vol.7. Saint Petersburg, Saint Vol.7. . CEU eTD Collection Its author again thoroughly described the habitat of author considerable again of Ukrainians, habitat Its devoted the described thoroughly of country the inhabited (Ukrainian by the LittleSouthern-Russian or people” Russian) geographical description name “Ashort of the under of series articles a whole with tendency buildings as his main markers main his as buildings observations, on the basis of personal tothe anddue will personal was mademen’sthe because of account thisthat travel and women’s clothes (especially hats) and the type of boiky frequency the valleys, language;of “lysh” dueto usageof the and“lym”intheir particles 123 122 121 120 Gutsuls “Ruthenians or as known also are in Galicia, live who Those, Ruthenians. name ancient their preserved theLublingubernia, who people gubernia; of districtRus’ of Southern Grodno the Ruthenians constitute a single family, in spite of names: a different in of singlespite their family, constitute Ruthenians Bukovyna name(whose from derives longtheir customary hair); Volhynia andKiev gubernia); he makes pointinga footnote, outin that NewRussiathe people also often use Polandfor which is called Ukraine; Lytvyns are living– inpart thenorthern those in exactly itspart southern or gubernia, Tchernigov “Kratkoe geograficheskoe kraia, obozrenie naselennogo iuzhnorusskim(ukrainskim ilimalorossiiskim) Ibid. Ibid, p. 265. Ibid, p. 264. In May, July and November-Decemberof 1861 narodom”. In: narodom”. already since the activity of the Ruthenian triad and the 1848 revolution in L’viv. in revolution 1848 the and triad Ruthenian ofthe activity the since already Butkols. – as themselves call who peasants, of Ruthenian and reign, II’s Katherin the during Turkey to escaped who Zaporozhians, the of descendants last the are These Dobrudzha. so called in Turkey, in Baikal, the constitute the third of population. Little Russians also live in some places onVolga and inSiberia, behind are the people of the southern-eastern Galicia southern-eastern the of people arethe 120 ; Steppe people; in and Poltava Steppe ofKiev Katerinoslav gubernia; Ukrainians gubernia, . Hungarianarecalled Ruthenians Osnova Osnova Rusniaks , 1(1861), p. 264. The same statements of their Russian brothers were made in Galicia , 5 (1861), pp. 39-58; 7 (1861), pp. 120-138; 11-12 (1861), pp. 12-25. Pol’shchaky ”, and those Ruthenians, who live Ruthenians,”, andin who are those Carpathians, the 122 . Polishchuks of Podolia, which in vernacular is inwhich of (here called Poland vernacular Podolia, from Polissia; from 43 lyshaky 121 in the mountains and mountains in the . Levchenko finishes with admitting with finishes Levchenko . Osnova Patlachi continued its geographical Pinchuks from Bessarabia and from the Pinsk the from lymaky Hetmantsi inthe in 123 . CEU eTD Collection ShevchenkoscholarshipsKiev, at and Kharkov Odessa universities 127 126 125 124 requiems were served...” requiems cocades it a misfortune,public anational was loss. Lviv’syouth wasin mourning ( news of Shevchenko’s death reached Ukraine and Galician Rus’ everyone immediately saw Galicia, New Russia, and Crimea 1857-60”, which contained among other on alist books the of peasants’ lifein everyday from area in Southernrussian the landlords’ peasants life theeveryday of improvement assigned a special section of the journal to the “Bibliography of the question on 128 journal the in travellinginside topromote inthey described country scholarship of the establish order a named”around places, beingthe informing editors arranged an announcement about the beginning of beginning the about arrangedanannouncement editors issueof in every the almost articles as smaller in this article, in most of its part, are not popular ( popular arenot inits article,in most of part, this areas the of “the names stating: footnote, was a there article May attheendof the process: forests, minerals and number of mountainspages fordescribing its and plains, andvalleys,soils and rivers . It is notable that the editors tried to involve their readers into this “Znachenie Shevchenka dlia Ukrainy. Provody ego tela v Ukrainu iz Peterburga”. In: Peterburga”. iz Ukrainu v tela ego Provody Ukrainy. dlia Shevchenka “Znachenie Osnova,(1862), 4 p.94. Ibid, p. 14. Osnova Osnova Besides these pronounced claims to acquire appearedafterwards ideas claimsaterritory, pronounced Besides these to such 13. , as they wrote, on their Cossack hats). In Kiev, Kharkov, Chernigov and Poltava and Chernigov Kharkov, Kiev, In hats). Cossack their on wrote, they as , , 4(1861), p.81-84. , 5(1861), p.58. 125 Osnova . about local names of these place; we expect it from those people, living 127 . T ogether with the article author suggested to establish to some suggested withogether author article the 124 126 . In 1862 Kulish, as one of the editors, even suggested to . In the next issue next the In . 44 Osnova narodnye Osnova . Forinstance, inApril 1861 the Slovo informed that “when the bitter the “when that informed ). We would be grateful for publishing inLviv, also and 128 . Osnova , 6(1861), p. mournful CEU eTD Collection but of the people, who themselves do not know what they are” they what know not do themselves who people, the of but in reality Rus’ is not the same as Russia, but as Poland, and Russia is nota country of Slavs, Polish author stipulating that “the Rus’ian people ( Kostomarov, whowrote a reply, land”.and This because of article Slavonic irritated the is a Rus’ian becausethat part, on the Russian theRedRus’ for claims contains mentioned, 131 130 129 Western provinces. Western in the politics imperial Empire’s Romanov the of spirit in the reasonably, absolutely indifferentincluded national things held, space, aninterest these discussions which were Among – aPolish one. firstat “Other”, the of creating such into process the itissue entered exist due to their separation between the people with thepeoplemarkers between with helpthe due totheirexist of particular separation always becausethey identities, collective nonon-exclusive are Hence,there ‘Others’. the layers of whole the with and areclarified components have external Theyalso to. compared which they isbut left are composed bywhat also by whatof, they implicitly – outside are material, imaginative the by only not constituted are identities collective it, formulates for “theimageAs self-affirmation. Other”, whichcould of beuseful IverNeumann dealing with cognitive maps, is that they actually present afalse image of reality creating an IverNeumann. Osnova Osnova The Important aspect of creating one’s identity, as is often pointed out by scholars those out pointed is often identity, as one’s aspect of creating Important These ideas sound very interesting in the caseof inthe interesting very ideas sound These Czas , 2(1861), p.121. , 2(1861), p.121. engage us into the polemics against antihistorical Polish views onRus’ ofand ‘Revue Contemporaine’ No. December 210fromthe again 31that retractionof Padalitsa’sMr. article, we issue found newspaperof the ‘Czas’ As soon as (in the last issue of article reviewed a book, “ book, a reviewed article Uses of the Other: “The East” in European Identity Formation La RussieRouge Sovremennik) 45 Rus’ki we managed to write a Osnova ”, which, as “the above newspaper above as “the ”, which, – AK) do not know what is Rus’; – as early as in its second 131 . Besides Kostomarov’s, . Minneapolis, 1999. 130 . 129 . CEU eTD Collection is ready startto killing or expulsion of Jews” allowfateto the peculiar remainindifferentnation; anyone of thisthat Ukrainian the nation Russia wasinhabited by peopleany other exceptLittle that Russians; ... aspirations of aspirations andnot understandhow did“could (in issue theyconclude tenth of the With a pretended national egoism. of from accusations 134 Kostomarov came backto this polemics Octoberin 1861, when heended his article “Pravda poliakam o Rusi 133 132 for always has been a Polish one” aPolish been has always for and Dnieper Vepr,Pripiat andrivers the Carpathians between landthe that unproven, e.g. 1861 thatPoles by us,“inhabitantsoffending ofUkraine”,“prove aretrying whatis to of June in wrote who Antonovych, Volodymyr by Kiev” from editor the to letter A it? about until region Dnieper” of “Russian the character Polish denied the Commission thefor same issuethe alsoStudy included of an articleAncient “An explanation Documents” came from the Headby ofMykhailo the Kiev Iusefovych, who also Osnova,7 (1861), p.He 9. continued these thoughts in hiscelebrated text “Moiaspovid’”. In: governing for population ofthe percent of 11 claims reasonable are whether asks rhetorically author Its Osnova In September of In journal September1861 Jewish of be thought to is “What article renowned in the found were statements harsher Much Poznan’, Kovno, Minsk, Zhytomyr. In: Zhytomyr. Minsk, Kovno, Poznan’, Polishness ukrains’koiu ofmovoiu”,pidruchnikiv where vydannia he stops a at criticizing dlia cities zasoby Polishpro i Elementarzy,osvitu which authors narodnu “Pro were still writing ofonPogarskii, by a S. article Vistula, Sian,understand it as well. Ibid, p. 112.will To Poles finishNimanthe for now that with this hope Let’s anti-polish ofit. expressionsaware absolutely I would We are like withone. an and ahopeless is Contemporaine, Dnipro, whichthe aresame Warsaw, fruitsPoles chooseVil’no,as thiswe of direct mass a as do.of us way think to for not Krakow, our and But people,people, strength, thespiritual instead our of of waydevelopment who, theirL’viv, twistedindependent an offor according and thoseinclination erroneous paths, dreamers, tothey thewill enjoyauthor, forrights our’s Southern-Rus’ian territory. time Its to behave yourselfus asequal, with to respect ourwho is onlybuilt to all yourserve ancienttheir rumours (pogudki), itstime to becomeas aware of anabsolute absencea paperboardraw of Polishpeople’s material(po povodu novoi statii v Revue Contemporaine)” for with acall: houses“It is time fortheus, brothers Poles, to Polishleave in Revuenationality … If over the whole territory. – on the nobles of the Right Bank of the Dnieper”. In: Dnieper”. ofthe Bank Right the of nobles the on (1862), p.83-96. The same anti-Polishtonality revealed itself inT. Ryl’skii’s article “A couple ofwords , 9(1861), pp.134-135. Osnova are purely national; ... that “ that ... national; purely are Osnova , 2 (1861), p. 8. 133 . Osnova Zion , 7 (1862), p. 13-18. 134 46 joined the discussions; . Osnova Osnova , 11-12 (1861), p. 90-99. naiveté in no way tolerate that Little Kulish expressedhis surprise 132 . Osnova Osnova Zion had to defend to had ), that the that ), does not does Osnova , 1 CEU eTD Collection 137 136 between them. historical differenced andalso of andUkrainians features uncovered national Russians the determined and typological data and religious psychological, historical, ethnographical, Nationalities], publishedin 135 asif languages, exist could Frenchthere two languages!” nationalities and Russianbe Russian scandalous nationalities can thatthere two sophism and andabsurd two the Russian nationalist side, when Mikhail Katkov called Kostomarov’sfrom answer an conception receive to “afirst the was article This forever”. same the remain will maybe and one, abookish is still recently, invented Russian’, ‘Southern of name The history. their of meant but people, of embracedthe one local only wholespectre the and temporal events orthe third second the nor first, neither the because archaisms, became them automatically –“all Hetmanate of names: Little Russia, different Ukraine, they neighbours, appropriated andeastern northern from the themselves differentiate to in that, order pointed Kostomarov language.self-name Southern the Rus’ of intheir Speaking customs theof andessence are Russian” they Nevertheless, two of them, and, maybe, the one, who studies them thoroughly, will uncover even more. important textsforimportant Ukrainian the national project Quoted from: Miller 2003, p. 106. Kostomarov, Nikolai. “ Twenty Twenty years later(1888) Antonovych Kostomarovexpanded his own “Try in national’ni typy natodni”. Kostomarov asserted that “the Russian nationality is not something unified; there are there unified; something not is nationality Russian “the that asserted Kostomarov All these ideas of the first issues were synthesized by Kostomarov in of one byKostomarov most the issues synthesized were first the All theseideasof by Kostomarov’s he simply added Poles. In: Volodymyr Antonovych. Volodymyr In: Dve Russkie narodnosti” Tvory Osnova 136 [Works]. Vol.1. Kyiv,pp. 1932, 196-210:to the previous two people . He saw their main difference, first of all, in clothes, in March 1861 [Two Russian Nationalities]. In: 47 Dve Russkie narodnosti 135 . There the author on the basis of Osnova 137 . [Two Russian 3(1861), p.33. CEU eTD Collection softened itsPoles policy towards and Ukrainians. itscould at movement activity end resume the only government of the 1860s,when the 139 public” educated of Cyril-Methodius Society or high state officialsas in 1848, but by broader segments of the by circle not ofmembers innationalistic categories narrow the the timefirst “comprehended it,puts itwas in 1862-63, whenthe conflictbetween andforUkrainians Russians was the 140 138 ( intellectual Ukrainian with words, In other such ajournal helpof the we could majority reconcilethe of the language. dependence on without autonomy literary nation, a separate asa us, give “would for whichin all becomeRussians”, which its could “necessary readers”, southern turn Ukrainian journal” asthe previous was, tothe “journal for orSouthern Ukrainians “essentially the from reformatting its to due influential more be could which journal after the that It isinteresting history accomplished an outline of the territory, which should have belonged totheir nation. authors Russians), and Poles, Jews Great the (language, customs, traditions, anthropology, veryoften comparingwhile and opposing to features objective ethnolinguistic allegedly setof the concrete nation through the Describing 1861 IevhenNakhlik. “Natsia –literatura –derzhavnist’” [Nation– Literature – State]. In: Miller 2003, p, 109. Viktor Dudko, Viktor “Audytoriia zhurnalu Osnova: vymir kil’kisnyy (1861-1862)” [Audience ofJournal the Therefore, even though even Therefore, Journal was closed because of lack of money subsequentfor publishing. 1995, p. 72-73. natsionalneukrainske vidrodzhenniia Osnova 138 By articles By its ), it made rather a large impact on construction of nationalspace. of Ukrainian construction a largeimpacton made), it rather : quantitative survey (1861-1862)]. In: 140 . Its immediate . Its resultJuly 18,1863.Ukrainianwas Valuev’scircular of Osnova mysliachykh evoked the response from the Russian side. As Alexei Miller Osnova Osnova ) people” had alimited circulation (ca. 1,400subscribers in [Panteleimon Kulish Ukrainian and national revival].Kharkov, bankruptcy bankruptcy Kulish thought of seriously publishing a 139 Kyivska starovyna 48 . of Osnova for the first time in Ukrainian time first the for [KyivanAntiquity],p. 79. 6(2001), Panteleimon Kulishi CEU eTD Collection 141 (firsttime published in1651) seventeenth century maps of Ukraine made by the French engineer Guillaume de Beauplan mostfor popularthe travellers in of provinces reference Southern Empirethe the remained century eighteenth the of half second the in even mentions, Wolff Larry As undersurveyed. started to pay intensive attention to its territorial policy. government Russian the century mid-nineteenth the from when politics, new absolutely towards itshalf own of thespace. century, One one ofneeds the to mainexamine differences the general attitude compared of the Romanov to previous Empire years was the Kiev educational district” Kieveducational the activity “Commission for of description and statistical natural-historical a permanent of the As a of of region. massthe investigations the result his began of “Russianness” territories with South-Western Geographical South-Western ofDepartment Society (1874-76)in Russian Larry Wolff, Larry Expedition into the Southern-Western Expedition into the Southern-Western Provinces (1869-70)andthe role Chapter Ethnographical-Statistical inthe 4.Mapping Ukraine 1870s. Stanford, 1994, pp. 147-148. Dmitrii Bibikov, the Kiev general-governor ( general-governor Kiev the Bibikov, Dmitrii Ukrainian territory initself the presented case ofbeing understudied and To understand the “spatial” unfolding of in To understand “spatial” Ukrainiannational the the unfoldingproject second of the Inventing Eastern Europe:of the Map CivilizationMind onthe oftheEnlightenment Ukrainian nationalUkrainian space creation 141 , established in byBibikov, 1852 a“Statistical description of . Initial official administrative mapping projects started here started projects mapping administrative official Initial . was, in essence, a general headquarters of a political ukrainofilism. of apolitical headquarters a general essence, in was, Department, bearing a signof the scientific establishment, 49 1837-52 ), who in order to prove the prove to in order who ), (S. Shchegolev, 1914) . CEU eTD Collection 144 143 142 century” eighteenth the of end the at states German of the andsocially-popular) administrative (state accounts literary and statistical qualitycentral reach didnot Russia that historical, cartographical, geographical, as descriptions and explorations in themiddle nineteenththe of century,“descriptions of various expeditions, numberlarge of the evenwith it,perspective in puts a comparative markingPoland, the bigger partof Polandinhabited as byRussians. Still, Keppenlimited theirhabitatsmall in north-western islands to of is the part nowadays what inhisdepiction Poles, of and Moreover, withone colour. markedall one singlegroup them united (Ukrainians), White (Belarusians)and Little GreatRussiansinto Russians European Russia Map of Gubernias Neighbouring Areas and an Erkert, Rodrich German, another commissionedit,As IRGO into from to picture. the aresponse strokes adding national the January of uprising 1863, whichmade theissue“knowing of wholived where” crucial, changed only the 1860s.after Themain incatalyst Russian cartography was Polish the investigations”ethnographical numerous with hand in hand expeditions, archaeologically-cultural and philological of series their investigations, own and inthefirst half nineteenthof the century organized “the whole time, in the context of the “war for the Right Bank Polish explorers and scientists began Kiev guberniia” was published was guberniia” Kiev Oksana WalterSperling. “Building a Railway, Creating Imperial Space: ‘Locality’, ‘Russia’, ‘Region’, ‘Empire’ as Ivan Funduklei. the 19 centuries] 19 the in the formation of the language situationPravoberezhnoi Ukraine v kontse 18 – pervoi 19 veka” polovine in the Right Bank Ukraine at the end of the 18 – beginning of [Regions and Borders of Ukraine in Historical Perspective] in Historical ofUkraine Borders and [Regions Political Arguments inPost-Reform Russia”. In: 1. Saint Petersburg, 1852. T he situation in terms of geographical description of inheof western provinces Empire’s description of situation the terms geographical Ostapchuk.“Izmenenie gosudarstvennykhgranits formirovaniia kak faktor iazykovoi na situatsii Statisticheskoe opisanie Kievskoi gubernii . In: Leonid Gorizontov, ed. Gorizontov, Leonid In: . by Petr Keppen (1793-1864), printed in 1851. Here its printed in1851.Hereits author Keppen byPetr (1793-1864), 144 142 . . Another outcome of this activity was an was activity this of outcome Another . (Erkert 1863). There he meticulously marked areas 1863). Therehemeticulously the (Erkert Ethnographical Atlasof theWestern Russian 143 Regiony i granitsy Ukrainy v istoricheskoi perspective 50 Ab Imperio . It is curious that approximately at the same the at approximately that curious is It . [Statistical descriptionof Kiev Vol.gubernia]. . , 2(2006). Moscow, 2005,p. 80. [Change of imperial borders as a factor as Walteras Sperling Ethnographical CEU eTD Collection 147 145 146 engagement of Chubynskii the expeditions’ borders were broadened and now were not were now and broadened were borders expeditions’ the Chubynskii of engagement personal the Under Don rivers”. the to Sian the “from stretched in itUkraine space: national (Kiev, Volhynia and Podolia) and Volhynia (Kiev, and KovnoandMogilev Ukrainian Lithuanian Grodno) and Minskgubernias), (Vilno, was determined asnine gubernias, divided into three White groups: Russian (Vitebsk, research the areaof The activity. economic everyday and religion the to according division boundaries” ethnographical languages, in expressed whichare “tribal i.e. the people,investigate differences their were to tempers, aims The expedition’s Western the intoprovinces. expedition ethnographical-statistical customs andreligion and “gave” them a much larger area histhan predecessor. also anda relativeGermans.dominating people:Russians (meaning Little Russians Whiteand Russians),Poles, Jews In contrast quantitylived who mapsin with of together of separate region the ethnic all the groups to Keppen’s of map, the Erkert people, defined Poles their on the basismain of their Ukrainian variant of the of variant Ukrainian customs in Little Russia of grain the intrade Northern-Dvinathe basin hisand highly praised folk’sessay legal on investigation in Society the his after the participation to known Pavlo already Chubynskii, to “Ukrainian” areawascommissioned inthe and statistical of explorations ethnographical IRGO received permission from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to start it. The organisation Semenov 1896, p. 388. Trudy etnografichesko-statisticheskoi ekspeditsii Trudy etnografichesko-statisticheskoi ekspeditsiiZapadno-Russkii v krai,snariazhennoi Imperatorskim Russkim geograficheskim obshchestvom Approximately at the same time, around 1862, IRGO started topreparean IRGO started 1862, around sametime, at the Approximately The Polish uprising of 1863 delayedthe expedition. Itwas only in 1866,when the Marseillaise, 147 145 . On the other hand, he was known to Ukrainians after his 146 . Expedition participants alsohad to explore the population’s . . Saint Petersburg, 1872, vol. 1, p. III. which among other things raised the question of a ... Vol. 1, p. 51 ȱ V. CEU eTD Collection 150 149 districts of Minsk at all, and also very few on Volhynia and Podillia and Volhynia on few very also and all, at Minsk of districts available on the Cholm Rus’, materials no simply were there – before habitat their of idea atleast some constitute explained, wasnothingsimilar tohis there investigation complex of to people Ukrainian 148 transform transform into expedition this one which would embracethewhole Ukrainecome didnot developed into a seven volume a seven into developed most prevalent activities, harvests, commerce, production of tobacco, silk and wine. customs, near customs, 1,000desisionsfrom 300tales, the Bessarabia” also and Lublin, Poltavagubernias, and Sedlec Minsk,Grodno, Podolia partially gubernias, the Volhynia, Kiev, here including south-east, in the Dnieper the south, in the Russia New in south-west, Prut river andthe border Austrian the in thewest, river Vepr the north, the in river Pripiat the on border “which territories, the through travelled personally Chubynskii they stumbled on Whitethe Russians, Poles and Moldavians where Russians, Little with inhabited areas, i.e.those of Bessarabia, part northern-eastern andGrodno Minsk gubernias, western the of parts Lublin and Sedlecgubernias, and alsoa includedalso Westernof theSouth limitedparts gubernias,butthe the southern only to Ibid, p. Trudy etnografichesko-statisticheskoi ekspeditsii Trudy etnografichesko-statisticheskoiTrudy ekspeditsii Volkov. “P. P. Chubinskii, Otryvki iz lichnykh vospominanii”. In: replaced the phrase “Ukrainiangubernias” whichwas used initial inthe planof expedition program – Fedorthe the to according which – aterm region Southern-Western socalled ofthe gubernias three its just not and Ukraine, whole the of interests the in possible, as extensively as expedition the use to necessity actively his right to ask forsupport from the local authorities. But first of all, he was stipulating the of 1869 andpreparationof expedition: the “P. P.(Chubynskii –AK) spoke alot of plans to his use Chubynskii’s “tireless activity”, which was all timePetersburg,the praised in St. The inexpedition started springthe of 1869.Inthreevoyagesfrom May 1869 till 1870 ɏȱȱ . 149 , having written , having near written down baptising, 4,000songs, weddingand funeral Pidliashshia Trudy Ekspeditsii , Sedlec andGrodnogubernias, Pinsk andMozyr ... Vol. 1,p. ...Vol. 1, p. 52 [Works of the Expedition]. As he later volost ɏȱȱȱ ɏȱ . FedirVovk later recollected summer this courts books, data on salaries, the salaries, on data books, courts . Ukrainskaia zhizn’ Ukrainskaia 148 . 150 . Despite his plans to , 1 , (1914),p. 45. CEU eTD Collection 151 As Volkov confirmed later, “P. P. managed to include to his research transformation into a political tool a political into transformation message Magyar same astheHungarian elites’language attitude (the towards andits kept toUkrainianif earlier Surely, customs. no created thismap have political would inhabited bythe people whospoke differentthe variants of Ukrainianthe language andalso Academy Sciences). of Petersburg the authorities, therefore in the end Chubynskii received a prestigious Uvarov’s prize of the of suspicion provoke to not important very “language” was not anddialects”, “vernaculars with limitation conscious (these anddialects” vernaculars Rus’ “Southern map of seventh volume devoted to the description of Jews, Poles and Little Russians ended with the Its view. of point nationalist the from importance utmost of was publication this songs, with six volumes on legends, riddles, proverbs, sorcery, fairy tales, folk calendar, and folk 152 true language that binds particular its nation possesses a nation,each of thedefinition Herderian nineteenth-century souls of the membersbeing asaccording Ukrainian-speaking considered themselves Ukrainians. But the to of the nation and allows their communion. In “Govirky, In pidgovirky i govory Pivdennoi Rosii v govirkamyzviazku iz Galychyny”,whichstarted with White 2000,pp. 67-68. 151 that “although the area of vernaculars ( of vernaculars area the “although that Katkov’s epigraph(“Many lingual families are still left little knownoreven not knownat all”) he stated start describing displaysits various – describing start to then and firstly, language Southern-Russian of the branch whole the examine to but scope, indicated repetitions and to give constant to make ourto description not Thus, asystematiclanguage. character, we Southern-Russian decided single not ofone to limit parts ourselves with constitutive as to connected organically are they which research, ofour outside areas the to references constant requires area this from vernaculars of features and influences essential of the description only the of Bessarabia, district Khotyn of Grodno, corner beltsouthern of Sedlets, andeasternpartofgubernias, Lublin togetherwith southern-western the northern part of the Minsk, of part southern Podolia, Volhynia, of Kiev, territories little onbuildings, clothes etc, with no mentioning of Ukrainianclothes at all – VolkovUkraine 1914, p. 58. is present in the “Works” verylittle accidentally, as some marriages,eventhat a bit tooP. muchP.for offelt songs andvery toothe uncomfortablePoltava,Kharkiv southernand gubernias, they were out of Southern-Westernthe Right regionsuchinextent an to go there.Bankevenif they were not listedAnd in the program, theyalso stillUkraine, did not come out of thethere. But as for Chernigiv, overall sum of money,thus 3,000 rubles,he had was too to spend some of his money as well. Left Bank In his map, Chubynskii for first the time in Russian the the depicted Ukraine territory , in spite of the fact that the major part of the publication was devoted to ethnography, to wasdevoted publication of the major part the that fact in the , of spite 152 Trudy etnografichesko-statisticheskoi ekspeditsii ). Moreover, not all). Moreover, not peoplethose from mapwhile the govoriv 53 ) that belong to our investigation, is limited to the Kholmzhynu, pinchukiv ... Vol. 7, p.453. 7, Vol. ... , etc, because etc, , CEU eTD Collection Amvrosii Amvrosii Metlynskii wrote: letter end appeared atthe toKostomarov his 28, 1847) of department(March 1840s.In Western Department of IRGO in Kiev. As in As in Kiev. IRGO of Department Western paper, it is on map, so it must have been real nation, nationalists could merely point to the map. From now on “not only is the nation on existencethe anyonefrom moment of on,Mark Monmonier,shouldUkrainian doubt this 156 155 154 153 expectations map in entity wasaUkrainian his sketched byChubynskii the Therefore, most criterion appropriate for defining German servedterritories, asexamplesfor them a nation of experience a collective of be embodiment the to considered beingRather than canbemastered, languagewas of that amereinstrument communication like Ernst Arndt’s “ like ErnstArndt’s Herder into their writings (the most famous example would be the famous Gogol). Verses intellectuals were fond of German excessively romantics, passages from adding whole Mark Monmonier. This map was indeed used in future. For example / klingt it Zunge was deutsche die So weit / Land! a das mir basis endlich So nenne / Vaterland? for Teutschen des Hryhorii ist “Was Velychko’s “Map Motyl 2000, Vol.describing 2, p. 282. map ofmap Ukrainianpeople]. In: ‘Narodoopysnoiikarty ukraiins’ko-rus’kogo narodu’ 1896”in [Factors and sources of Velychko’s 1896 the the Ukrainian-Rus’ people” of 1896 from:Hrytsak 2006, pp. 109-110. Und Gott im Himmel Liedersingt, / Das soll es sein! /Das, wackrer Teutscher, nenne dein!“ – quoted L’viv-New 2000,York, pp. 109-118. In 1872 this Ukrainian nationalist activity continued in the framework of the Southern- the of framework in the continued activity nationalist Ukrainian this 1872 In and hopes of Ukrainian nationalists werenowreinforced visually of Geographical Society etc (as you understand we have toleave wehave you understand (as etc Society Geographical of connected to Orthodoxy Autocracy,and following the example soil ofourpeople; also onsomething people, inseparably and counteract theand matter, which are to contributespread to learning ourown, native of a foreign,which haveRus’ Southern astheir subject its through language unusual to the spirit and How to Lie with Maps. Des Teutschen Vaterland Des Teutschen We gathermoney to assist inpublishing those works, Kartografiia ta istoriia Ukraiiny ɪ . –IvanRovenchak. “Faktory dzherelata vydanniia G.Velychkom Chicago, 1992, p.88. 156 54 ”, where the author employs language as the as language employs author the where ”, . Osnova case, plans to establish such a [Cartography and history of Ukraine]. of history and [Cartography 153 155 Lebensraum; . Ukrainian . . Restating 154 . CEU eTD Collection 161 160 159 158 157 IRGO, asking for help in this case in this help for asking IRGO, the Crown Prince from the Romanov family, whom at the time was a honourable head to of the letters wrote personally who Dondukov-Korsakov, Alexander general-governor, imperial as itsmember Department’smembers1873 the a elected representative from Fedkovych, Iurii Bukovyna, from the point of viewon the ofgrain national trade of thespace Littlevolume there are articles on Kiev’s climate, on constructionthe plantsRussian of the Southern-Western region, or and the northern that,to description guberniasfirst of all, of on theSeptember spatial 23, limits of authorities). the nation. In the [ “Proceedings” geographical in its activity two-volume Department’s resulted the expedition, ethnographical section of the firstgubernias, the itssphere of investigations was again far wider. Asin the case with the five to only limited and narrow pretty were activity Department’s the of frames official the Besides, during organizedby in the archaeological congress, Department Kievthe in August livethere” only meantthat Ruthenians “which in theway published selected and occupied by Bukovynian folkthe songs, collected by Hryhorii Kupchanko; these songs were Ibid, pp. 36-37 Semenovp. 487.Although 1896, vol.2, thework by Savchenko Fedir– Zaborona Ukraiinstva 1876roku Kyrylo-Mefodiivs’ke tovarystvo Zapiski Iugo-Zapadnogo Otdela Imperatorskogo Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva Zapiski Iugo-Zapadnogo Otdela Imperatorskogo Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva Still, it does not seem reasonable to assertmuch notfind seem thatonewould it paid Still, does there to reasonable attention Mykhailo Dragomanov, Mykhailo 199-233. of the Department, here I will try not to repeat it. [Prohibitionof Ukrainians 1876].in Kyiv-Kharkiv, 1930 – remains unmatchedan source for the history This institution foundedmuch laterwas and onlyowing lobbying tothe of Kiev the 160 Zapiski official norms, not just national) something to aboutthink ourand to keep readers also to some . Secondly, the most part of the “Proceedings’” second volume was ] (the volumethird was already in but suppressedby print the Avstro-Ruski spogady . Vol.. 1, pp.288-289. 158 . An important point here is that in spite of the fact that fact the of in spite is that here point An important . , Lviv, 1889, p. 73. 157 55 . 159 . What isinteresting . What . 1(1873), pp. , 2(1874). 161 . CEU eTD Collection Our Northern bordergoes behind Pavlovske, through Korotoian’ in Kursk guberniia, tothe middle betweenin Ukraine’s eastern border spins to the east and to the west near Novocherkassk in the Don Cossacks territory, of capital the Chernivtsi, to Kirlibaby from moves It starts. Ukraine of our’s border southern the Here 164 163 162 in a created formal topography of map” formal ina of acreated topography in population, bythe organized Department Austrian Ukrainians geographicalthe of mainlydescription to read apaperdevoted Iakiv even Holovatsky, andone of from andGalicia them,1874 thereweresome present, Bukovyna representatives afterwards meticulously outlining its borders in his text his in borders its outlining meticulously afterwards ukraines”, ours of all from known one best the times ancient the from is which Dnieper, in the fourth year of its existence, being considered as a source of Ukrainian as asource of separatism. yearUkrainian its considered being existence, in fourth of the is the one where the same peasants ( samepeasants the is where one the Hromada Mykhailo Dragomanov. “Perednie slovo do Hromady” [Foreword to Hromada]. In: Mykhailo Dragomanov, Mykhailo In: Hromada]. to [Foreword Hromady” do slovo “Perednie Dragomanov. Mykhailo Anderson1991, p. 215. Dragomanov 1889, p. 268. See a funny story of Ukrainian-Polish encounterduring the congress, described the Staryy Oskol and Oboian’, moving from there to Korocha, around Sudzha, beyond Novgorod- Sivers’kyi beyond Sudzha, around and gorodnia Korocha, to there from in Chernigivzhyna, moving Oboian’, and Oskol to Staryy Loevthe on Dnieper in Mohyliv guberniia, then by Dnieper to in Pavlovsk and Boguchary to guberniia. close Voronezh east, the to farther then and Katerynoslavzhyna, in Slovianoserbsk Cossacks’ southern border. Feodosiamiddle and ofKerch, Bessarabia,the thenwest and to theaboveacross steppingsouth back abit to the west tillthe Dnieper from estuarythe and to the sea, to Bilgorod Akerman (Akerman),seathe and then to Bessarabia, then throughSoroky a goodwithuntil stepupto straitBeltsi inBessarabia, and thenalong Dniester,to Perekop the byto DunaiBukovyna, the Taman’,sea, andbeginnings and by fromArabat andthere spit againfrom underwith comesSedmygoroddia (Transilvania). theresa backlong to thetonarrow comeRussian togetherNovorossiisk to the Hungarian, and from there onEmpire, to Kirlibabastripe on the border of Hungary, Bukovyna ChornogorkaHust, Segitand corner, inthe moving state where and the (kasenni) borders of Bukovynaand Galicia from to the byAkerman south mountains (Carpathians)the almostPriashev until Hungary, in Beskyd from and thereto Uzhgorod, the Mukachevo,across of on there from and KubanKhotyn Sandech, Staryi to into almost there from moving inSianok, and Dubenko the Ianiv, Krasnostav, through Kreshiv border the in themarking samethus Kingdom,of Poland, and Kingdom the thenin in theSedlets from Monarchy east the to (v Tsisarshyni) through Iaroslav to the west of the west alittle bit to the south from Bilostok, inGrodno gubernia, in the Russianempire, and a little bit reader is capable of markingVybrane by himself using the places we are going to list further. Let themselves their and him appetite withPoland in its ethnographicalstart borders – Ibid, pp. 274-278. from expressed by the delegate from Poznan, sea”, the seato count the Dzialynskiy, from of “Poland, with a requestmanifestation towards Polish the to Poles answer to limithis especially by Dragomanov, That is exactly inwhy 1878in his“ ] Dragomanov could be absolutely certain when claiming that “the Ukrainian land Ukrainian “the that claiming when certain absolutely be could Dragomanov ] [Selected Writings]. Kyiv,pp. 276-277:“So, 1991, these the which muzhyksborders liveour in 162 . Also it is worth mentioning here a one-day census of the Kiev muzhyky 163 1874, which as important1874, an was fillattempt“to . 56 ) live, as in the former Cossack Ukraine on the on Ukraine Cossack former in the as live, ) This Kiev indepartment 1876, wasliquidated Perednie slovodo Hromady 164 . ” [Foreword to CEU eTD Collection 166 astonishment of astonishment of of it littlethe knowledge amongUkraine theTranscarpathia; Ruthenians of 165 in as Galicia on much so and frequently literary life in Galicia, so that neither before it, nor after it nobody in Ukraine wrote so personally insisted that “ of period nationalists’Ukrainian editing the Russia” back to coming bymyfriends,who were done totry providing of first all talks wedecided After these butliterature, when possibleitiseven for notis needed, –it … from everything Moscow. Kostomarov. In nor responseGogol, neither knew they thus Russian; in written to Ukraine on books our of speaking even surprise they only answered thathistory, geography, customs, and evenUkrainianliterature wereunknown for them, not it is not easy to get such furtherour talks it outturned Ukraine our that initself is… for them meeting impressions in thefirst “During occurred Galicians in on with which Vienna 1871: his summarisedhappenedinhis Europe Empire, trip to 1871-73.Dragomanov during what first person to Galyckyi get in touch withmovement a large for a numbernumber of of otherUkrainians reasons. Beingoutside called of by thefriends Romanov from Kiev as Ibid, p. 333-334 Dragomanov 62-65.1889, pp. Dragomanov’s views were only not the one spreaded among Ukrainophiles. In 1875-76 Dragomanov also visited Hungarian Rus’ and again expressed his visited Rus’and againexpressed also Hungarian In 1875-76 Dragomanov Personally Dragomanov stands as a key figure in the “spatial” development of Ukrainian of development “spatial” in the figure key a as stands Dragomanov Personally Dnieper; (tatare) there were words: ‘ words: were there individualiste et libérale drawnone wallon ofmapping nation’s idea –Frantiszek Duchinski’s theory:“Duchinskii’s theory wasfiguratively theonthedrawn Rappersville 297. During storyhis of Ukrainians in Vienna Dragomanov onementions more interestingmeridian example of E.g. in1871 Zhytecky was on insisting theimpossibility of enlightening of - Galicians see Ibid,pp. 296- museum. There of,was a geographical say, mapKaluga. of Eastern Europe, To withits a line west it has written: ‘ Bilostok”. beginningsthe of Pripiat toPinsk in Minsk guberniia, and thenthrough Pruzhany Grodnoin guberniia to [Mykhail from Galicia] for his constant preoccupation with Galicia, he was the was he Galicia, with preoccupation constant his for Galicia] from [Mykhail constitution despotique Pologne Russie race finnique (finnoise),constitution communiste ’; eastern half was divided along the parallel of, say, Orel, to the northofwhich on this half and Kievskii Telegraf ’. The western half also has also half western The ’. Muscovie Kievskii Telegraf a critical intoturned newspaperof public and 57 on the eastern” – Ibid, p. 94. Kievskii Telegraf Kievskii Sich Polianes 165 in the . Backin Kievduring short the with a library, which was to be ’ and to the south ‘ on the Wistula, the on beginning of 1875” the newspaper Dragomanov racearienne, constitution terra incognita Polianes race turque, Mykhail on the 166 . Its . or CEU eTD Collection 169 168 167 gymnasium students recalled afterwards gymnasium students instance,for himself badvery Dragomanov, being on terms with hisgeography as compatriots, but also tobring Ukrainian issue tothe wider, European audience. That is why, is 1870s andpersuade in only usednot particular thatgeography was Dragomanov theirto race… ” Little-Russian inhabited exactly bythe regions with the namescorrespond geographical these of None divisions. administrative the with even and history, of vicissitudes Ukrania, Ruthenia, have never had any limits,constantly definite shifting with the here he absolutely in the spirit of his Ukrainofile generation wrote: “The terms Little Russia, inRussiaisRecluse’s fundamental Elise important geography.world symbolical It that and to visitHungarian Rus’” all my plans.And I couldn’t find anyonebe to ready startto such work, anyone willing even something ruinedbestate that my butan started to doneaftercompatriot efforts, awkward wall ... I gave myself from with a Chinese Galicia separated “was Rus’ him Transcarpathian the seemed to that a Hannibal oath: to make something for a Hungarian Rus’… I can Reclus, Élisée. Reclus, Oleksandr Rusov was Dragomanov’s student1850s in and wrote later thattheir teacher “knew ofnames Dragomanov 1889, pp. 420-429, 386, 430-431. LaterDragomanov metaphorically went muchfurther, Last but not least I would like to mention when speaking of Ukrainian nationalists of the of nationalists Ukrainian of speaking when mention to like would I least not but Last Dragomanov‘s map “Historical Dispacements of Ukrania” followed the story on page 289. page on story the followed ofUkrania” Dispacements “Historical map Dragomanov‘s [Mykhailo Dragomanov: Documents Materials].and Lviv, 2001, pp. 444-445. towns andrivers much worse than his students” – comparing Ukraine and separationits from Galicia withAustralia’s separation from Europe. 169 . The Earth and ItsInhabitants. Europe 167 . 168 , wrote the larger part of the chapter onEuropean largerpart of chapter wrote the the , 58 Mykhailo Dragomanov: dokumenty i materialy . Vol.5. New 1890,pp.York, 289-290. CEU eTD Collection 170 Russian educational system,studied these people, who inschools, gymnasiums and ingeography very Having little the to attention preference of one to paid projects. the salary, personal ofbirth, for place couldbecome giving or travel determinant experience factors inhabitedhistory such by modestof and are people. education, Thus one’s same the haveacommon areas all these that agree would many people not century mid-nineteenth former Cossack state, or to add some territories from outside of the Romanov Empire. In the the of gubernias three the Kharkiv, around Ukraine Eastern banks, Dnieper two of Ukraine from Russian couldthe nationalists choose acting as Ukrainian 1860s-1870seven the those Rzechpospolita theformer or Russia, Russia, “Cossack” Little a a Rus’, Holy of find options could easily One them. of one only as nationalistic Ukrainian with “Ukraine” of ideas competing and different several Moreover, thereexisted borders. defined limitedclearly with stable one, the seconduntil that show halfto tried I space. national their of ofvision constant the any have not did Ukraine nineteenth century the image of Ukraine / Little Russia was not a still being written in being written perfect clause. still past effect) concerning Crimea reminds of Hans-Georg Gadamer’s of Hans-Georg reminds Crimea concerning holidays keeping inBudapest, or an recentUkrainian-Russianeye on controversies national freely during the which aresold Hungary,mapsa Great of space.national Seeing Gadamer, Hans Georg. This has begun from thesis assertionthe thatuntil 1860sintellectualsthe Russian of A inUkrainian mightHungary easily the specificity grasp dealing with of topicthe of 170 . The story in in which Ukrainian case hasstarted mid-nineteenththe iscentury on the shelf filled with the intellectual output of the nineteenth century. Till century. nineteenth the of output intellectual the with filled shelf the on Truth and Method . London,. 1993, pp. 298-304. Conclusions 59 Wirkungsgeschichte (history of CEU eTD Collection of by of it vastthe territory bloc, asa oremphasized its geographical coherent presenting scientific activity.Maps were used asinstruments of statecraft; they either stressed the unity science. Since the modernfriends-anarchists. scientific his be helpof doneto the byDragomanov with European whichwasstarted audience, developmenta wideritto spread how to task the faced Now they image appeared. cartographic first started notion formed Finally in national its of the1870s,wheneven the Ukrainian only space was geographyin time first the for starting opinions, and was notUkrainian national for itspace, providedmeans them different with toexpressviews their merely participantsgive Ukraine toto.Its engagedvery into actively creation preference the of a commodity. memorialized itamongspread in although times awiderreceptive public, itthose existed only asa to way,andlater material bein a preserved to deserved ideathe Ukraine of that foreseeing cartographic images havingof Ukraine, and, afuturist, perhaps,logic, unconscious, collecting work a systematic out carry would who Lelewel, Joachim scholar Polish the like timespeopleno inthose in Ukraine Ingeneral also were there contacts. these intensifying MykhailoDragomanov’s visits in 1871-73,with latter’s the personal for responsibility name only Olexander Konysky,Among can one have visited Galicia, who thosepeople not 1870s didcharacter. a frequent or Panteleimon Kulish; the boom started later,“Ukrainian” were gubernias constantly Russian Great with other, united and White Russian. only after universities, did not get any idea of a separate region from their lessons; moreover, Only the emergence of a public space allowed to start discussions on which concept of discussions onwhich concept start Only theemergenceof a publicspaceallowed to until part Habsburg the and Romanov of Ukrainians the between contacts physical Even The topic which I raised can also be investigated from the perspective of the history of Osnova 60 magazinein the beginning of 1860s. the CEU eTD Collection Modigliani’s. As Mykhailo noticed Dragomanov it manyyears ago, marksits ownspace andtries toreplaceinto Kokoshka’s its depiction of territory the nationalism how simply, it put to memory; national of places of network a establish which etc, holidays museums, churches, monuments, places, national holy the of help the with a nation whichconnect landscapes, of practicing sacredgeography – creation symbolical various while organisationof important, commemorativeand events developmenturban of most the as railroads with systems transportation ofvarious construction travels, censuses, of conducting arethe a single These whole. into werejoined together parts separate It has to be followed by the study of concrete complex practices, with the help of which territory to present their claims and demands in an intelligible and clear way. clear and intelligible in an demands and claims their present to territory strategy was employed nationalists, by Ukrainian whoused their cartographic image of their same the Meanwhile, movements. nationalist combat to inorder territory the map to desire byits tothe mapping of definedwas still Empirethe attitude government’s the general Little White Russianpeople, and show the unity Great, and of geography was employed to tooccur, started changes uprising of1863,when Russia Even Polish the after 1851). thehomogenous underline population the country firstthe mapethnographic of (e.g. of firstwere usedto maps at Empire, of the nationalization slow the and nineteenth century inhabitedvarious people. tothe in parts bydifferent nationalism Due spreadof the Such investigation mental mapsof iscreation the firstinonly step their deconstruction. embroidery pattern can’t be the same as in Poltava and so on. Now the roads from roads the Now on. so and Poltava in as same be the can’t pattern embroidery on Volhynia, was very serious in persuading my sister thatthe Volhynian Volhynia live the same people as inPoltava; Stets’kyi, the authorof Polishbooks liveHungary; in Imetlots ofeducatedwho people, were surprised to in know that of “The History of Little Russia”, was not sure, whether the same Little Russians author the Bantysh, example, for it, before And better. other each know to chance a nation our of people the give they for important very are reasons, strategic railways, for commoninstance, with nationality whichwe Austriahave and even to andare admitnotRussia born from thatare the building nation’s the things ownnow desire, from aswhichthe pure at first glance do not have anything in 61 CEU eTD Collection 171 in itstasks was more limited and did not touch upon issue.this and chronologically my research moment the At differences. external reinforcing with hand in hand of differences, elimination and standardization internal toattain inorder influence scheme isidentifications,of but into purposefully by aninstrumentactors turned of political Mykhailo Dragomanov. Mykhailo 1894, p. 27. In of this theideaof period national time, bejustmental space ceased map a to a and books to get Ukrainians together than more much made Hungary and Galicia to then and Right, the to Bank Left the Lysty naNaddniprians’ku Ukraiinu 171 . 62 [Letters to the Dnipro Ukraine]. Kolomyia, Ukraine]. Dnipro the to [Letters CEU eTD Collection Funduklei, Ivan. Erkert, Rodrich, Dragomanov, Mykhailo. Dragomanov, Mykhailo. Fadei. Bulgarin, Porfirii. Beloha, Konstantin. Arseniev, Dragomanov, Mykhailo. “Perednie slovo do Hromady” [Foreword to Hromada]. In: A Addition to Velikorossii [An Talk Between s Malorossiei’” ‘Razgovora “Dopolnenie Volodymyr. Antonovych, Primary sources gubernia].Vol.1852. 1.SaintPetersburg, Petersburg,1863. [Ethnographical atlas of Westernthe Russian gubernias and neighbouring areas].Saint Saint Petersburg,Saint1827. Russian Empire]. Saint Petersburg, 1864. Mykhailo Dragomanov, Ukraine]. Kolomyia, 1894. Great Russia and Little Russia]. In: 1837. SaintPetersburg., All for Estates]. A Handbook Terms. andLiterary Geographical otnosheniiakh. Ruchnaiaknigadliavsekh soslovii Etnograficheskii atlaszakhodno-rossiiskikhEtnograficheskii guberniiisosednykh oblastei Statisticheskoe opisanie Kievskoi gubernii Uchebnik geografii Rossiiskoi imperii Uchebnik geografii Rossiia vistoricheskom, statisticheskom, geograficheskom iliteraturnom Kratkaia vseobzhaia geografiia Avstro-Ruski spogady Tvory Lysty naNaddniprians’ku Ukraiinu Vybrane [Works]. Vol.[Works]. 1. Kyiv, 1932. Bibliography [Selected Writings]. Kyiv,[Selected 1991. Kievskaia starina 63 [Austro-Hungarian [Austro-Hungarian Memoirs], Lviv, 1889. [A Short Universal Geography]. [A Texbook for Geography of the [Russia in Historical, Statistical, in Historical, [Russia [Statistical description of Kiev of description [Statistical [Kievan Antiquity],7 (1882). [Letters totheDnipro [Letters CEU eTD Collection Lindheim, Luckyj, andGeorge Ralph eds. Kuznetsov, Iakov. Kuznetsov, Kyrylo-Mefodiivs’ke tovarystvo Kyrylo-Mefodiivs’ke Kulish, Panteleimon. Panteleimon. Kulish, Kulish, Panteleimon. Kulish, Panteleimon. Kievlianin Keppen, Petr. Istoriia Rusiv “Istoricheskoe izvestie nakakom osnovanii Malaia Rossiia byla respublikoiu pod Pol’skoiu, Geograficheskii leksikon Rossiiskogo gosudarstvailislovar' anthology ofUkrainianthought 1710 to 1945 from Kyiv, 1990. Russia].Petersburg, Saint1851. Saint Petersburg,Saint1866. 1847. (1928). arkheografichnyi zbirnykVUAN Agreements shegaveup Russian Sovereigns].to the In: whatGrounds Little Russia wasunder Polish the republic andAccording which to i na kakikh dogovorakh otdalas’ Rossiiskim Gdriam...” [A Historical Information on Russian State or A Dictionary]. [Kievan Book 2 Citizen]. (Kiev, 3 Book 1841); (Moscow, 1850). [History of the Rus’]. Kyiv, 1991. 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