Who Are the Macedonians?

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Who Are the Macedonians? Who are the Macedonians? Their struggles to survive as a nation By Risto Stefov Who are the Macedonians? Their struggles to survive as a nation Published by: Risto Stefov Publications [email protected] Toronto, Canada All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written consent from the author, except for the inclusion of brief and documented quotations in a review. Copyright 2018 by Risto Stefov e-book edition *** October 19, 2018 *** 2 Table of contents Introduction........................................................................................4 Who are the Macedonians – A Macedonian perspective.................10 In the beginning ...............................................................................11 Macedonia’s rise to power ...............................................................13 Rise of Christianity ..........................................................................21 Period of Decline .............................................................................30 Revival of the Macedonian language and culture............................40 The Bogomil movement...................................................................50 Revival of the Macedonian State .....................................................51 Ottoman occupation of Macedonia ..................................................58 Dawn of the 19th Century and the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire..............................................................................................70 Life in Macedonia during the 19th century.......................................82 Forging new identities in the Balkans to replace the Macedonians.99 The Macedonian people’s bid for independence and for creating a Macedonian state............................................................................123 Why the 1903 Macedonian Ilinden Uprising failed.......................131 Divided Macedonia and the atrocities committed against the Macedonian people ........................................................................143 The great deceit - the Greek Civil War ..........................................174 Civil War in Greece – An outsider’s perspective ..........................215 Post Greek Civil War life in Greek occupied Macedonia..............219 In search of the Modern Greek ......................................................228 Revival of the Macedonian state and nation ..................................266 The Macedonians in the Diaspora..................................................300 Conclusion .....................................................................................302 3 Introduction This is not a story about battles fought and strategies applied but rather a story about the human factor and about the Macedonian people’s struggles for equality and human rights. It is a story that will reveal, perhaps for the first time to some English speakers, how the Macedonian people were treated and are still being treated by the European monarchies and by the Great Powers and their proxies Ever since the European monarchies and European Great Powers decided there was not going to be a Macedonian state in the Balkans, the Greek, Bulgarian and Serbian States and to a lesser extent the Albanian State have systematically used every means possible, including waging propaganda campaigns, to negate the existence of the Macedonian nation. They have done this not because Macedonians do not exist but purely to usurp Macedonian territories and the rich Macedonian heritage awarded to them by the European monarchies and Great Powers. Until recently there were no organized, strong Macedonian voices outside of the Republic of Macedonia, to speak for the Macedonian people and their rights as citizens of this world, so Macedonia’s adversaries, the Greeks, Bulgarians, Serbians and more recently the Albanians, spoke for them. The time has now come when Macedonians are taking matters into their own hands, especially those living in the Diaspora, and challenging old beliefs and the illegitimacy of those who have been speaking for them. Only Macedonians are the rightful heirs of the Macedonian heritage and the composers of Macedonia’s history. Unfortunately there has been much resistance to this not only from Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Albania, the occupiers of Macedonian territories, but also from their western patrons who refuse to allow the Macedonian people to take their rightful place in the world. The Macedonians are not Greeks, Bulgarians, Serbians or Albanians. Neither can they simultaneously be Greeks, Bulgarians, 4 Serbians and Albanians as their adversaries claim. The Macedonians are simply Macedonians and nothing else. The Greeks claim that “Macedonia is Greek” and has been “Greek” for four thousand years. Contrary to ancient and modern evidence, they continue to insist that the ancient Macedonians were Greek. Again contrary to evidence and without proof, the modern Greeks claim that they are the direct descendants of the ancient Greeks and as such are the rightful heirs of the ancient Macedonian heritage. Furthermore, and without a shred of evidence, they claim that “all” the ancient Macedonians were killed off during the so-called “Slav invasions” of the fifth and sixth centuries AD and there is no one left but the Greeks to claim the ancient Macedonian heritage. The Greeks, again without any evidence, claim that the modern Macedonians are “Slavs” who invaded Macedonia during the fifth and sixth centuries AD and have nothing in common with the ancient Macedonians and therefore have no rights to the Macedonian heritage. These however are lies and myths. This book will challenge these Greek claims, especially the claim that “Macedonia is Greek”, and prove them to be illegitimate. It will also take a step further and prove that the European monarchies and European Great Powers that artificially created Greece and the Greek identity were behind Greece’s attempts to usurp everything that is Macedonian and rob the Macedonian people of their heritage. It is well-known that a “Greek State” never existed before 1829. The ancient City States where the Greek state is located today were conquered by Philip II, King of Macedonia, in 338 BC. Before that the City States existed as independent entities consisting of monarchies and republics each with their own government and borders; they were never united into a single nation. In other words, there never was a Greek state or a Greek ethnicity before Greece was created for the first time by the European monarchies in 1829. I would also like to add that Philip II was a Macedonian King and it was he and his Macedonians who conquered the ancient City States. Therefore it is only logical and fair that the City States belong to the Macedonians and not to the artificially created modern Greeks. 5 The Great Powers created the Modern Greek Kingdom for the first time in 1829 in an attempt to partition the Ottoman Empire and prevent the formation of a single Slavic State in the Balkans. In other words, the Great Powers divided up the Ottoman occupied territories to prevent the Macedonian people from reclaiming Philip II’s Macedonia, which extended from the Adriatic Sea in the west to the Black Sea in the east and from the Mediterranean Sea in the south to the Danube River in the north. Macedonia and the Macedonian people are the key to unlocking the “mystery of the dreaded Slavs” and their connection to the ancients and, of course, the Great Powers don’t want that revealed. Outside of that, the Great Powers, Britain and France in particular, wanted modern Greece to be a western satellite, a vassal state, a proxy to protect their interests in the Mediterranean. England wanted Greece under its influence so that it could block Russian access to the Mediterranean Sea without having its own costly military presence in the region. As for the claims of purity of the Modern Greek nation there is ample evidence, both historical and scientific, that contradicts these Modern Greek claims. For example there is no modern pure Greek race that directly descended from the ancient City States. Today’s modern Greeks, like other nations in the Balkans, are made up of mixed people, mainly Macedonians, Turks, Albanians, Roma, Vlachs, etc. A Modern Greek person is only Greek by education or by assimilation and has no roots beyond 1829. The Modern Greek not only has a mythical past but sadly has abandoned and forsaken his or her own real roots and heritage. There are many examples of how the Greek State achieved nationhood at the expense of other nations and people. For example, when Greece occupied Macedonian territories for the first time in 1912 there were no Greeks living in Macedonia. Yet a few years later the Greek State produced statistics that showed that the vast majority of the Macedonian population in Greek occupied Macedonia was Greek. The Greek State achieved this by shamelessly assimilating the Macedonian population through force. It eliminated all Macedonian 6 personal names and toponyms and replaced them with Greek ones. It then banned the Macedonian language and forced the Macedonian people to speak Greek. This created the illusion that everything in Macedonia was Greek. In other words, the Greek state put a Greek veneer over Greek occupied Macedonia and the Macedonian people and told the world that everything
Recommended publications
  • “Those Were the Difficult Years…”∗
    UDC 343.261-051(=135.1)(497.11)"1916/1918"(093.3) 930.2:94(=135.1)(497)"1916/1918"(093.3) Original scientific work Panopoulou Kalliopi Aristotle University Of Thessaloniki Department of Physical Education and Sports' Science, Serres [email protected] “Those Were the Difficult Years…”∗ Oral accounts of Vlachophones from their captivity in Požarevac, Serbia Considering that the oral accounts of the people who experienced the events at a difficult period in time is the most important of all the other re- search material, I am attempting, with this article, to present a few phases of the captivity of the Vlachophones in Požarevac in 1916. The main ob- jective is to depict the climate of the era throughout the time frame from 1916 -- the commencement of their captivity outside Greece – and their re- turn in 1918, through the personal and collective experiences of ordinary people. It is an effort to highlight the value of the oral culture, incorporating the voice of the unseen protagonists into the historical data. It describes the way they reached this specific area, the two years they spent there, and the four phases of their return. Key words: Oral history, Collective memory, Vlachs, Captivity, Serres This announcement is the product of an on-the-spot study of the Vla- chophones of Serres, and more specifically refers to the Vlachophones of Irakleia (Tzoumagias), Petritsi, Vyroneia, and Poroion. It is founded mainly on oral ac- counts of first-generation individuals who witnessed the events of the captivity. The chief objective of this article is to depict the climate of the period from 1916 – the commencement of their captivity outside Greece – and their return in 1918, through the personal and collective experiences of ordinary people.
    [Show full text]
  • 1000-1100 Years Ago… Hungary in the Carpathian Basin
    1000-1100 years ago… Hungary in the Carpathian Basin 1000-1100 years ago… Hungary in the Carpathian Basin Edited by Lajos Gubcsi PhD Budapest, 2011 Published by MoD Zrínyi Média Ltd, Budapest The MoD Zrínyi Média Ltd is a company wholly owned ontents by the Hungarian Ministry of Defence. C Edited by Lajos Gubcsi PhD The text draws on a historical analysis by Lajos Négyesi and László Veszprémy. Árpád, Father of all the Hungarians. The Hungarian Conquest in 896 9 The conquest in 895–896 16 Translated by Alan Campbell The Battle at Pressburg in 907 33 Typeset by Katalin Gáspár The Military and Political Background to the Battle 35 Designed by Attila László Dani The Battle of Pressburg and the Hungarian military 43 The war of 907: a textbook example of early Hungarian warfare 48 The outcome on the Hungarian side 59 European Expeditions of Hungarian Army in Tenth Century 63 St Stephen 79 Wars of consolidation 83 German–Hungarian war 86 ISBN 978-963-327-515-3 © MoD Zrínyi Média Ltd, 2011 General manager: Lajos Gubcsi PhD © Alan Campbell, 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. The jacket illustration shows Sándor Györfi’s bronze equestrian statue of Attila, King of the Huns – Etele page 3: Sword of Attila – Hungarian metalwork, 11th century, Museum of Fine Arts, Vienna page 4: The Seven Tribal Chiefs, Viennese Illuminated Chronicle here are few European states which have been in existence and constantly Tmaintained their statehood for 1100 years.
    [Show full text]
  • The Statistical Battle for the Population of Greek Macedonia
    XII. The Statistical Battle for the Population of Greek Macedonia by Iakovos D. Michailidis Most of the reports on Greece published by international organisations in the early 1990s spoke of the existence of 200,000 “Macedonians” in the northern part of the country. This “reasonable number”, in the words of the Greek section of the Minority Rights Group, heightened the confusion regarding the Macedonian Question and fuelled insecurity in Greece’s northern provinces.1 This in itself would be of minor importance if the authors of these reports had not insisted on citing statistics from the turn of the century to prove their points: mustering historical ethnological arguments inevitably strengthened the force of their own case and excited the interest of the historians. Tak- ing these reports as its starting-point, this present study will attempt an historical retrospective of the historiography of the early years of the century and a scientific tour d’horizon of the statistics – Greek, Slav and Western European – of that period, and thus endeavour to assess the accuracy of the arguments drawn from them. For Greece, the first three decades of the 20th century were a long period of tur- moil and change. Greek Macedonia at the end of the 1920s presented a totally different picture to that of the immediate post-Liberation period, just after the Balkan Wars. This was due on the one hand to the profound economic and social changes that followed its incorporation into Greece and on the other to the continual and extensive population shifts that marked that period. As has been noted, no fewer than 17 major population movements took place in Macedonia between 1913 and 1925.2 Of these, the most sig- nificant were the Greek-Bulgarian and the Greek-Turkish exchanges of population under the terms, respectively, of the 1919 Treaty of Neuilly and the 1923 Lausanne Convention.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lacus Pelso in the Roman Age the Lake Balaton and the Hydrography of the Balaton-Highland
    The Lacus Pelso in the Roman Age The Lake Balaton and the Hydrography of the Balaton-Highland Anett Firnigl Corvinus University of Budapest, Department of Garden Art 29-43 Villányi Street H-1118 Hungary [email protected] Abstract. The protection of the monuments of the Roman Age is the object of the safeguarding of the highest importance, after all they could be account the first ancient civilization, which enroached consciously to the central european landscape, and basically changed that. They built cities, villages, villas, stone-houses, road network, and in several places high-leaded water-conduits, and they also felled forests, and drained moorlands for example at the Lake Balaton. The Roman villa The Roman legions appeared in the Hungarian Transdanubia at the beginning of the 1st century A.D. They organized Pannonia Province, which became a very important borderland of the Roman Empire. They built cities, villages, villas, roads, and in several places high- leaded water-conduits (so-called aquaeductus), and they also felled forests, and drained moorlands. The Production of the Roman villas gave the great mass of the agricultural and commercial background of the Province. The Roman villa was a cultivation and stock-raising adapted farm unit: it was a collection of farming- and dwelling-houses, which included the several farm buildings, the houses of the land-livings and the owner’s house often as comfortable as an urban one. Estates (named fundus) always belonged to the villas. The traces of the villa are hardly visible on the surface, but then under the surface bears not only small finds, but also the tarces of so a new agricultural technologies, which were established from the Roman Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • Royal Power, Law and Justice in Ancient Macedonia Joseph Roisman
    Royal Power, Law and Justice in Ancient Macedonia Joseph Roisman In his speech On the Crown Demosthenes often lionizes himself by suggesting that his actions and policy required him to overcome insurmountable obstacles. Thus he contrasts Athens’ weakness around 346 B.C.E. with Macedonia’s strength, and Philip’s II unlimited power with the more constrained and cumbersome decision-making process at home, before asserting that in spite of these difficulties he succeeded in forging later a large Greek coalition to confront Philip in the battle of Chaeronea (Dem.18.234–37). [F]irst, he (Philip) ruled in his own person as full sovereign over subservient people, which is the most important factor of all in waging war . he was flush with money, and he did whatever he wished. He did not announce his intentions in official decrees, did not deliberate in public, was not hauled into the courts by sycophants, was not prosecuted for moving illegal proposals, was not accountable to anyone. In short, he was ruler, commander, in control of everything.1 For his depiction of Philip’s authority Demosthenes looks less to Macedonia than to Athens, because what makes the king powerful in his speech is his freedom from democratic checks. Nevertheless, his observations on the Macedonian royal power is more informative and helpful than Aristotle’s references to it in his Politics, though modern historians tend to privilege the philosopher for what he says or even does not say on the subject. Aristotle’s seldom mentions Macedonian kings, and when he does it is for limited, exemplary purposes, lumping them with other kings who came to power through benefaction and public service, or who were assassinated by men they had insulted.2 Moreover, according to Aristotle, the extreme of tyranny is distinguished from ideal kingship (pambasilea) by the fact that tyranny is a government that is not called to account.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Operations Executive - Wikipedia
    12/23/2018 Special Operations Executive - Wikipedia Special Operations Executive The Special Operations Executive (SOE) was a British World War II Special Operations Executive organisation. It was officially formed on 22 July 1940 under Minister of Economic Warfare Hugh Dalton, from the amalgamation of three existing Active 22 July 1940 – 15 secret organisations. Its purpose was to conduct espionage, sabotage and January 1946 reconnaissance in occupied Europe (and later, also in occupied Southeast Asia) Country United against the Axis powers, and to aid local resistance movements. Kingdom Allegiance Allies One of the organisations from which SOE was created was also involved in the formation of the Auxiliary Units, a top secret "stay-behind" resistance Role Espionage; organisation, which would have been activated in the event of a German irregular warfare invasion of Britain. (especially sabotage and Few people were aware of SOE's existence. Those who were part of it or liaised raiding operations); with it are sometimes referred to as the "Baker Street Irregulars", after the special location of its London headquarters. It was also known as "Churchill's Secret reconnaissance. Army" or the "Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare". Its various branches, and Size Approximately sometimes the organisation as a whole, were concealed for security purposes 13,000 behind names such as the "Joint Technical Board" or the "Inter-Service Nickname(s) The Baker Street Research Bureau", or fictitious branches of the Air Ministry, Admiralty or War Irregulars Office. Churchill's Secret SOE operated in all territories occupied or attacked by the Axis forces, except Army where demarcation lines were agreed with Britain's principal Allies (the United Ministry of States and the Soviet Union).
    [Show full text]
  • Textile and Clothing in Croatia
    TEXTILE AND CLOTHING IN CROATIA FLANDERS INVESTMENT & TRADE MARKET SURVEY Textile and clothing in Croatia Written and compiled by: Concetta Civello, Kristina Bartolčič, Valentina Bartolčič Tihana Jelača, (October 2012) Adapted by: Tim Ostyn (June 2015) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Belgian Trade Office [email protected] Belgian Embassy T: +385 1 457 74 44 Pantovcak 125b1 F: +385 1 457 74 45 HR – 10000 Zagreb (Croatia) The Croatian textile market | June 2015 1 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................... 3 2. General overview of Croatia .................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1. General facts and figures ................................................................................ 5 2.2. Economy ....................................................................................................... 6 3. Situation on the Croatian textile market ......................................................................................................... 7 3.1. General situation ............................................................................................ 7 3.2. Association and institution ............................................................................. 7 3.3. Competition
    [Show full text]
  • The Little Metropolis at Athens 15
    Bucknell University Bucknell Digital Commons Honors Theses Student Theses 2011 The Littleetr M opolis: Religion, Politics, & Spolia Paul Brazinski Bucknell University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/honors_theses Part of the Classics Commons Recommended Citation Brazinski, Paul, "The Little eM tropolis: Religion, Politics, & Spolia" (2011). Honors Theses. 12. https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/honors_theses/12 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses at Bucknell Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Bucknell Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Paul A. Brazinski iv Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge and thank Professor Larson for her patience and thoughtful insight throughout the writing process. She was a tremendous help in editing as well, however, all errors are mine alone. This endeavor could not have been done without you. I would also like to thank Professor Sanders for showing me the fruitful possibilities in the field of Frankish archaeology. I wish to thank Professor Daly for lighting the initial spark for my classical and byzantine interests as well as serving as my archaeological role model. Lastly, I would also like to thank Professor Ulmer, Professor Jones, and all the other Professors who have influenced me and made my stay at Bucknell University one that I will never forget. This thesis is dedicated to my Mom, Dad, Brian, Mark, and yes, even Andrea. Paul A. Brazinski v Table of Contents Abstract viii Introduction 1 History 3 Byzantine Architecture 4 The Little Metropolis at Athens 15 Merbaka 24 Agioi Theodoroi 27 Hagiography: The Saints Theodores 29 Iconography & Cultural Perspectives 35 Conclusions 57 Work Cited 60 Appendix & Figures 65 Paul A.
    [Show full text]
  • Tom Barnes' Greek Archive, 1942–45
    Archived at the Flinders Academic Commons: http://dspace.flinders.edu.au/dspace/ This is the published version of the following article: Barnes, K 2019, 'Gorgopotamos and after: Tom Barnes' Greek archive 1942-45', Journal of Modern Greek Studies (Australia and New Zealand) — Special Issue, pp. 163-185. Reproduced with permission of the publisher. © 2019 the author. Gorgopotamos and After: Tom Barnes’ Gree Are, 42–45 Katherine Barnes Cecil dward (Tom) arnes took part in the famous sabotage operation of the Gorgopotamos Bridge in November 1942 as leader of the demolition party. Remaining in Greece after the attack, he rose to become one of two Area Commanders for the Allied Military Mission in Greece. The archive he left behind at his death in 1952 includes over 1000 photos, war diaries, letters and reports, mainly relating to his experiences in Greece. This study demonstrates how these eye-witness records illuminate important aspects of these critical years in modern Greek history including the Gorgopotamos operation itself and the trek across Greece which followed, the “Animals” operation which was conducted to convince Hitler that the Allied landings would take place in Greece and distract his attention from Sicily, surrender overtures from the German commander in pirus General Hubert von Lanz), and the so-called first two rounds of Civil War in 1943 and 1944. ntrodton When Captain later Lieutenant-Colonel) “Tom” arnes was parachuted into Greece in late 194 at the age of 35 as one of three engineers for a Special Operations xecutive (SO mission against the German and Italian occupying forces, he had with him several small notebooks.
    [Show full text]
  • Very Short History of the Macedonian People from Prehistory to the Present
    Very Short History of the Macedonian People From Prehistory to the Present By Risto Stefov 1 Very Short History of the Macedonian People From Pre-History to the Present Published by: Risto Stefov Publications [email protected] Toronto, Canada All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written consent from the author, except for the inclusion of brief and documented quotations in a review. Copyright 2008 by Risto Stefov e-book edition 2 Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................4 Pre-Historic Macedonia...............................................................................6 Ancient Macedonia......................................................................................8 Roman Macedonia.....................................................................................12 The Macedonians in India and Pakistan....................................................14 Rise of Christianity....................................................................................15 Byzantine Macedonia................................................................................17 Kiril and Metodi ........................................................................................19 Medieval Macedonia .................................................................................21
    [Show full text]
  • A Church Apart: Southern Moravianism and Denominational Identity, 1865-1903
    A CHURCH APART: SOUTHERN MORAVIANISM AND DENOMINATIONAL IDENTITY, 1865-1903 Benjamin Antes Peterson A Thesis Submitted to the University of North Carolina Wilmington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of History University of North Carolina Wilmington 2008 Approved by Advisory Committee Glen A. Harris Walter H. Conser William D. Moore Chair Accepted by Dean, Graduate School TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iv DEDICATION .....................................................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi INTODUCTION ..................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER ONE – “TO CARE FOR OURSELVES”: A MORAVIAN SCHISM ...........13 CHAPTER TWO – “REVIVALISM AND KINDRED SUBJECTS”: A CHALLENGE TO LITURGICAL WORSHIP ..............................................................................34 CHAPTER THREE – “BLESSED AND EXTENDED”: MORAVIAN DENOMINATIONAL SUNDAY SCHOOLS ......................................................53 CHAPTER FOUR – “PATRIOTIC COMMUNICANTS”: THE MATURE SOUTHERN CHURCH .........................................................................................74
    [Show full text]
  • Byzantium and France: the Twelfth Century Renaissance and the Birth of the Medieval Romance
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-1992 Byzantium and France: the Twelfth Century Renaissance and the Birth of the Medieval Romance Leon Stratikis University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Modern Languages Commons Recommended Citation Stratikis, Leon, "Byzantium and France: the Twelfth Century Renaissance and the Birth of the Medieval Romance. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 1992. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2521 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Leon Stratikis entitled "Byzantium and France: the Twelfth Century Renaissance and the Birth of the Medieval Romance." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Modern Foreign Languages. Paul Barrette, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: James E. Shelton, Patrick Brady, Bryant Creel, Thomas Heffernan Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation by Leon Stratikis entitled Byzantium and France: the Twelfth Century Renaissance and the Birth of the Medieval Romance.
    [Show full text]