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Macedonia and the Macedonians

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Macedonia and the Macedonians MACEDONIA AND THE MACEDONIANS PAGE i STUDIES OF NATIONALITIES Wayne S. Vucinich, founding General Editor of series The Crimean Tatars Alan Fisher The Volga Tatars: A Profile in National Resilience Azade-Ays¸e Rorlich The Making of the Georgian Nation Ronald Grigor Suny (copublished with Indiana University Press) The Modern Uzbeks: From the Fourteenth Century to the Present; A Cultural History Edward A. Allworth Estonia and the Estonians, updated second edition Toivo U. Raun The Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity under Russian Rule Audrey L. Altstadt The Kazakhs, second edition Martha Brill Olcott The Latvians: A Short History Andrejs Plakans The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture Charles King Slovakia: From Samo to Dzurinda Peter A. Toma and Dusˇan Kova´cˇ The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown Hugh LeCaine Agnew Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History Andrew Rossos PAGE ii MACEDONIA AND THE MACEDONIANS AHistory Andrew Rossos HOOVER INSTITUTION PRESS Stanford University Stanford, California PAGE iii The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, founded at Stanford University in 1919 by Herbert Hoover, who went on to become the thirty-first president of the United States, is an interdisciplinary research center for advanced study on domestic and international affairs. The views expressed in its publications are entirely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the staff, officers, or Board of Overseers of the Hoover Institution. www.hoover.org Hoover Institution Press Publication No. 561 Copyright ᭧ 2008bytheBoardofTrusteesofthe Leland Stanford Junior University All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher. Maps were prepared for the author by the Cartography Office, Department of Geography, University of Toronto. All rights reserved. First printing, 2008 1514131211100908 10987654321 Manufactured in the United States of America The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48–1992. ⅜ϱ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rossos, Andrew, 1941– Macedonia and the Macedonians : a history / by Andrew Rossos. p. cm.—(Hoover Institution Press publication ; no. 561) (Studies of nationalities) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978–0-8179–4881–8 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978–0-8179–4882–5 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Macedonia–History. I. Title. II. Series: Hoover Institution Publication ; 561. III. Series. DR2185.R34 2008 949.5Ј6–dc22. 2007033666 PAGE iv To the memory of my grandparents dedo Dicˇo &babaSofa PAGE v PAGE vi Contents Abbreviations xi List of Maps xv Preface xvii 1 Land and People at the Crossroads 1 Land 1 People 3 PART ONE FROM ARGEAD KINGDOM TO OTTOMAN VILAYETS (c. 600 bc–c. ad 1800) 9 2 From Argeads to Huns (c. 600 BC–c. AD 600) 11 The Early Kingdom (c. 600–359 bc)12 Expansion and Empire (359–323 bc)14 Division and Decline (323–168 bc)15 Roman and Byzantine Rule, Goths, and Huns (168 bc–c. ad 600) 17 3 Medieval, Slavic Macedonia (c. 600–c. 1400) 19 The Byzantine Commonwealth 19 The Slavic Invasions 22 Macedonia (c. 600–c. 850) 25 Bulgarian Rule (864–971) 26 PAGE vii viii Contents Tsar Samuil’s Macedonian Empire (971–1018) 28 Macedonia: Cradle of Slav Orthodox Culture 32 Byzantine Rule and Chaos (1018–c. 1400) 35 4 Ottoman Rule (c. 1400–c. 1800) 41 The Ottoman Administration and the Orthodox Millet 43 Ottoman Expansion and Decline 45 Ottoman Decline and the Balkans (c. 1600–c. 1800) 48 Macedonia: Ethnic Transformation, Resistance, Anarchy, and Cultural Stagnation 51 PART TWO NATIONAL AWAKENING (c. 1800–1913) 59 5 Ottoman Reform and Decline (c. 1800–1908) 63 Macedonian Growth and Decline (1800–1870) 69 Propaganda War for Macedonia (1870–1900) 72 6 National Awakening and National Identity (1814–1913) 79 Historiography 79 Early Macedonian Nationalism (to 1870) 82 Paths to Nationhood (1870–1913) 87 7 The VMRO and Ilinden (1893–1903) 99 The VMRO (1893–1903) 100 Ilinden 106 PART THREE STRANGERS IN THEIR HOMELAND (1913–1940) 115 8 Decline and Partition (1903–1919) 117 The VMRO’s Decline and Split (1903–1908) 117 Intervention, Wars, and Partition (1903–1913) 121 Sequel: The Great War and the Peace Settlement 127 9 Macedonia in Three Parts (1920s and 1930s) 131 Partition and Assimilation 131 Yugoslav (Vardar) Macedonia 133 Greek (Aegean) Macedonia 141 PAGE viii Contents ix Bulgarian (Pirin) Macedonia 148 Macedonianism Survives 153 10 Macedonian Nationalism: From Right to Left (1920s and 1930s) 155 Unification Aborted (1924) 155 The VMRO and Macedonian Nationalism on the Right 160 VMRO (ob.): Macedonian Nationalism on the Left 165 PART FOUR STATEHOOD AND INDEPENDENCE (DURING AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR) 179 11 War and Revolution (1940–1949) 183 A New Partition (1941–1944) 183 Hostile Neutrality and Beyond (1941–1944) 186 Toward a Yugoslav Republic (1941–1944) 189 Greek and Bulgarian Macedonia (1941–1944) 197 Macedonians in a New Balkans (1944–1949) 202 12 Yugoslav Macedonia: Politics and Government (1944–1991) 213 Yugoslavia’s New Dispensation (1944–1948) 214 Macedonia: Putting Dreams on Ice (1945–1948) 220 Yugoslav Communism (1948–1991) 226 Macedonia: A Junior Partner (1943–1991) 235 13 Economics, Culture, Minorities (1944–1991) 243 The Economy: Agriculture and Industry 243 Culture: Language, Education, and the Arts 249 National Minorities 256 14 Independent Republic (1991–2004) 261 Setting Up an Independent Republic 262 Seeking Foreign Recognition (1991–1995) 267 Politics in the 1990s: From Left to Right 273 Economic Problems 276 Macedonian–Albanian Relations 278 PAGE ix x Contents Epilogue 283 Notes 287 Bibliography 323 Index 349 PAGE x Abbreviations ARM Army of the Republic of Macedonia ASNOM Anti-Fascist Assembly of National Liberation of Macedonia AVNOJ Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia BAN Bulgarian Academy of Sciences BKF Balkan Communist Federation BKP Bulgarian Communist Party DA Democratic Alternative DPA Democratic Party of Albanians DPT Democratic Party of Turks DSE Democratic Army of Greece DUI Democratic Union for Integration EAM National Liberation Front (Greece) EC European Community EKS Emigrant Communist Union ELAS National Popular Liberation Army (Greece) EU European Union FYROM Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia PAGE xi xii Abbreviations ICG International Crisis Group INI Institute of National History JNA Yugoslav National Army KKE Communist Party of Greece KPJ Communist Party of Yugoslavia KPM Communist Party of Macedonia LP Liberal Party MAAK Movement for All-Macedonian Action MANU Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts MEFO Macedonian E´ migre´ Federalist Organization MFRO Macedonian Federalist Revolutionary Organization MLK Macedonian Literary Circle MNK Macedonian National Committee of the Macedonian Brotherhoods MPC Macedonian Orthodox Church MPD Macedonian Progressive Movement MPO Macedonian Political, Patriotic, after the Second World War, Organization of the United States and Canada NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NDP People’s Democratic Party NF Popular Front NFRJ People’s Federal Republic of Yugoslavia NOB National Liberation War NOF National Liberation Front NOV i POM National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Macedonia NRM People’s Republic of Macedonia OF Fatherland Front OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe OZNa Department for the Protection of the People PASOK Panhellenic Socialist Movement PDP Party for Democratic Prosperity PK na KPJM Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia for Macedonia PP or PPBOVMRO Provisional Representation of the Former United Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization PAGE xii Abbreviations xiii RM Republic of Macedonia SDSM Social Democratic Union of Macedonia SFRJ Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia SKJ League of Communists of Yugoslavia SKM League of Communists of Macedonia SKZ Serbian Literary Society SNOF Slav-Macedonian National Liberation Front SNOV Slav-Macedonian National Liberation Army SPC Serbian Orthodox Church SRM Socialist Republic of Macedonia SSRNJ Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia UDBa Administration of State Security UN United Nations VMRO Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization VMRO (ob.[edineta]) Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (United) VMRO-DPMNE Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization–Democratic Party of Macedonian National Unity PAGE xiii PAGE xiv Maps 1. Macedonia in East Central Europe 4 2. Geographic Macedonia 6 3. Medieval Political Boundaries in Macedonia 21 4. Macedonia in the Ottoman Empire in Europe 50 5. Partitioned Macedonia 119 6. The Republic of Macedonia in Federal Yugoslavia (1944–91) 215 7. The Republic of Macedonia in East Central Europe, 2007 263 PAGE xv PAGE xvi Preface Macedonia is an ancient land in the central part, the heart, of the Balkan Peninsula. It controls the great north–south corridor route from central Europe to the Mediterranean along the Morava-Vardar valleys. It also possesses fertile agricultural lands in its many river valleys and plains, as well as the great port of Salonika (Thessaloniki). Both its strategic function and its economic value help account for its turbulent history. Throughout the centuries, every power that aspired
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