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WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

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CONTENT Historical Background Bohemian-Palatine War (1618–1623) Danish intervention (1625–1629) Swedish intervention (1630–1635) French intervention (1635 –1648) Peace of

SPECIAL RULES

DEPLOYMENT Belligerents Commanders

ARMY LISTS - Brunswick-Lüneburg Croatia - (1625-9) Denmark-Norway (1643-45) Electorate of the (Kurpfalz) Hessen- Holy Hungarian Anti-Habsburg Rebels & Polish-Lithuanian (1618-31) Later Polish (1632 -48) Protestant Mercenary (1618-26) Scotland (1618 -29) Sweden (1630 -48) United Provinces Zaporozhian

BATTLES

ORDERS OF BATTLE

MISCELLANEOUS Community Manufacturers Thanks Books

Many thanks to Siegfried Bajohr and the Kurpfalz Feldherren for the pictures of painted figures. You can see them and much more here: http://www.kurpfalz-feldherren.de/

Also thanks to the members of the Grimsby Wargames club for the pictures of painted figures. Homepage with a nice gallery this : http://grimsbywargamessociety.webs.com/

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The rulers of the nations neighboring the HISTORICAL BACKGROUND also contributed to the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War:  Spain was interested in the German states because it held the territories of the Spanish on the western border of the Empire and states within which were connected by land through the . The Dutch revolted against the Spanish domination during the 1560s, leading to a protracted war of independence that led to a truce only in 1609.  France was nearly surrounded by territory controlled by the two Habsburg states (Spain and the Holy Roman Empire), and was eager to exert its power against the weaker German states; this dynastic concern overtook religious ones and led to Catholic France's participation on the otherwise Protestant side The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) was fought primarily in of the war. what is now , and at various points involved most  Sweden and Denmark were interested in gaining countries in . It was one of the most destructive conflicts control over northern German states bordering the in European history. . The origins of the conflict and goals of the participants were complex, and no single cause can accurately be described as the The Holy Roman Empire was a fragmented collection of largely main reason for the fighting. Initially, the war was fought largely independent states. The position of Holy Roman was as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the mainly titular, but the , from the , Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics also directly ruled a large portion of Imperial territory (the and balance of power within the Empire played a significant Archduchy of , as well as Bohemia and Hungary). The part. Gradually, the war developed into a more general conflict Austrian domain was thus a major European power in its own involving most of the European powers. In this general phase, right, ruling over some eight million subjects. The Empire also the war became more a continuation of the Bourbon–Habsburg contained several regional powers, such as , Electoral rivalry for European political pre-eminence, and in turn led to Saxony, the Margravate of Brandenburg, the Palatinate, , further warfare between France and the Habsburg powers, and the Archbishopric of Trier and Württemberg (containing from less specifically about religion. 500,000 to one million inhabitants). A vast number of minor A major impact of the Thirty Years' War was the extensive independent , free cities, abbeys, prince-bishoprics, and destruction of entire regions, denuded by the foraging petty lordships (whose authority sometimes extended to no more (bellum se ipsum alet). Episodes of famine and disease than a single village) rounded out the Empire. Apart from significantly decreased the populace of the German states, Austria and perhaps Bavaria, none of those entities was capable Bohemia, the Low Countries and Italy, while bankrupting most of national-level politics; alliances between family-related states of the combatant powers. While the within each were common, due partly to the frequent practice of splitting a were not strictly mercenary in that they were not guns for hire 's inheritance among the various sons. that changed sides from battle to battle, the individual soldiers Religious tensions remained strong throughout the second half of that made up the regiments for the most part probably were. The the . The Peace of began to unravel, as problem of discipline was made more difficult still by the ad hoc some converted bishops refused to give up their bishoprics, and nature of 17th-century military financing. Armies were expected as certain Habsburg and other Catholic rulers of the Holy Roman to be largely self-funding from loot taken or tribute extorted Empire and Spain sought to restore the power of Catholicism in from the settlements where they operated. This encouraged a the region. This was evident from the War (1583–88), a form of lawlessness that imposed often severe hardship on conflict initiated when the prince-archbishop of the city, inhabitants of the occupied territory. Some of the quarrels that Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, converted to . As provoked the war went unresolved for a much longer time. The he was an imperial elector, this could have produced a Protestant Thirty Years' War was ended with the treaties of Osnabrück and majority in the College that elected the – Münster, part of the wider . a position that had always been held by a Catholic. In the Cologne War, Spanish troops expelled the former prince-  archbishop and replaced him with Ernst of Bavaria, a Roman Origins of the War Catholic. After this success, the Catholics regained pace, and the The Peace of Augsburg (1555), signed by Charles V, Holy principle of cuius regio, eius religio began to be exerted more Roman Emperor, confirmed the result of the 1526 of strictly in Bavaria, Würzburg and other states. This forced , ending war between German Lutherans and Catholics. Lutheran residents to choose between conversion or exile.  Rulers of the 225 German states could choose the Lutherans also witnessed the defection of the of the religion ( or Catholicism) of their realms Palatinate (1560), Nassau (1578), Hesse-Kassel (1603) and according to their consciences, and compel their Brandenburg (1613) to the new Calvinist faith. Thus, at the subjects to follow that faith (the principle of cuius beginning of the , the lands and those south to regio, eius religio). the were largely Catholic, while Lutherans predominated in the north, and Calvinists dominated in certain  Lutherans living in a prince-bishopric (a state ruled other areas, such as west-central Germany, and the by a Catholic bishop) could continue to practice their Netherlands. However, minorities of each creed existed almost faith. everywhere. In some lordships and cities, the number of  Lutherans could keep the territory they had captured Calvinists, Catholics, and Lutherans were approximately equal. from the since the Peace of Passau Much to the consternation of their Spanish ruling cousins, the in 1552. Habsburg emperors who followed Charles V (especially  Those prince-bishops who had converted to Ferdinand I and Maximilian II, but also Rudolf II, and his Lutheranism were required to give up their territories successor Matthias) were content for the princes of the Empire to (the principle called reservatum ecclesiasticum). choose their own religious policies. These rulers avoided Although the Peace of Augsburg created a temporary end to religious wars within the empire by allowing the different hostilities, it did not solve the underlying religious conflict. In Christian faiths to spread without coercion. This angered those addition, Calvinism spread quickly throughout Germany in the who sought religious uniformity. Meanwhile, Sweden and years that followed. This added a third major faith to the region, Denmark, both Lutheran kingdoms, sought to assist the but its position was not recognized in any way by the Augsburg Protestant cause in the Empire, and also wanted to gain political terms, to which only Catholicism and Lutheranism were parties. and economic influence there, as well. 4

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Religious tensions broke into violence in the German free city of John William's eldest male heir. Both claimants were Donauwörth in 1606. There, the Lutheran majority barred the Protestants. In 1610, to prevent war between the rival claimants, Catholic residents of the Swabian town from holding a the forces of Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor occupied Jülich- procession, which provoked a riot. This prompted foreign Cleves-Berg until the dispute was decided by the Aulic Council intervention by Maximilian of Bavaria (1573–1651) on (Reichshofrat). However, several Protestant princes feared the behalf of the Catholics. After the violence ceased, Calvinists in Emperor, a devout Catholic, intended to keep Jülich-Cleves-Berg Germany (who remained a minority) felt the most threatened. for himself to prevent the United Duchies falling into Protestant They banded together and formed the League of Evangelical hands.18 Representatives of Henry IV of France and the Dutch Union in 1608, under the leadership of the Palatine Prince- Republic gathered forces to invade Jülich-Cleves-Berg, but these Elector Frederick IV (1583–1610), (whose son, Frederick V, plans were cut short by the assassination of Henry IV. Hoping to married Elizabeth Stuart, the daughter of James I of England). gain an advantage in the dispute, Wolfgang William, The establishment of the League prompted the Catholics into Palatine of Neuburg converted to Catholicism; John Sigismund, banding together to form the Catholic League in 1609, under the Elector of Brandenburg, on the other hand, converted to leadership of Duke Maximilian. Calvinism (although Duchess Anna of Prussia stayed Lutheran).18 The dispute was settled in 1614 with the Treaty of Xanten, by which the United Duchies were dismantled: Jülich and Berg were awarded to Wolfgang William, while the Elector of Brandenburg gained Cleves, Mark, and Ravensberg.

Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and of Bohemia.

Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia. He The background of the is also necessary to urged the Council of Trent to approve Communion in Both kinds understanding the events leading up to the Thirty Years' War. It for German and Bohemian Catholics. was widely known that the Twelve Years' Truce was set to expire in 1621, and throughout Europe it was recognized that at Tensions escalated further in 1609, with the War of the Jülich that time, Spain would attempt to reconquer the . succession, which began when John William, Duke of Jülich- At that time, forces under Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Cleves-Berg, the ruler of the strategically important United Balbases, the Genoese commander of the , would Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, died childless. There were two be able to pass through friendly territories to reach the Dutch rival claimants to the : (1) Duchess Anna of Prussia, Republic; the only hostile state that stood in his way was the daughter of Duke John William's eldest sister, Marie Eleonore of .19 (Spinola's preferred route would take him Cleves, and who was married to John Sigismund, Elector of through the Republic of , the Duchy of , through the Brandenburg; and (2) Wolfgang William, of Val Telline, around hostile Switzerland bypassing along the Neuburg, who was the son of Duke John William's second eldest north shore of Lake Constance, then through , the sister, Anna. Duchess Anna of Prussia claimed Jülich-Cleves- Archbishopric of , then through the Electoral Berg as the heir to the senior line, while Wolfgang William, Palatinate, and then finally through the Archbishopric of Trier, Count Palatine of Neuburg claimed Jülich-Cleves-Berg as Duke Jülich and Berg and on to the Dutch Republic).19 The Electoral 5

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Palatinate thus assumed a strategic importance in European The 1618–1621 affairs out of all proportion to its size. This explains why the Protestant James I of England arranged for the marriage of his daughter Elizabeth Stuart to Frederick V, Elector Palatine in 1612, in spite of the social convention that a princess would only marry another royal. By 1617, it was apparent that Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia, would die without an heir, with his lands going to his nearest male relative, his cousin Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria, heir-apparent and Crown Prince of Bohemia. With the Oñate treaty, Philip III of Spain agreed to this succession. Ferdinand, having been educated by the Jesuits, was a staunch Catholic who wanted to impose religious uniformity on his lands. This made him highly unpopular in Protestant (primarily Hussite) Bohemia. The population's sentiments notwithstanding, the added insult of the nobility's rejection of Ferdinand, who had been elected Bohemian Crown Prince in 1617, triggered the Thirty Years' War in 1618, when his representatives were thrown out of a window into a pile of horse manure. The so-called Contemporary woodcut depicting the Second Defenestration of Defenestration of provoked open revolt in Bohemia, Prague (1618), which marked the beginning of the Bohemian which had powerful foreign allies. Ferdinand was quite upset by Revolt, which began the first part of the Thirty Years' War. this calculated insult, but his intolerant policies in his own lands had left him in a weak position. The Habsburg cause in the next Without heirs, Emperor Matthias sought to assure an orderly few years would seem to suffer unrecoverable reverses. The transition during his lifetime by having his dynastic heir (the Protestant cause seemed to wax toward a quick overall victory. fiercely Catholic Ferdinand of Styria, later Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor) elected to the separate royal thrones of Phases Bohemia and Hungary. Some of the Protestant leaders of Bohemia feared they would be losing the religious rights granted to them by Emperor Rudolf II in his Letter of Majesty. They preferred the Protestant Frederick V, elector of the Palatinate (successor of Frederick IV, the creator of the League of Evangelical Union). However, other Protestants supported the stance taken by the Catholics, and in 1617, Ferdinand was duly elected by the Bohemian estates to become the Crown Prince, and automatically upon the death of Matthias, the next King of Bohemia.

The war can be divided into four major phases: The Bohemian Revolt, the Danish intervention, the Swedish intervention and the French intervention.

Vilem Slavata of Chlum, 1618 enamel on copper, by follower of Dominicus Custos

The king-elect then sent two Catholic councillors (Vilem Slavata of Chlum and Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice) as his representatives to Hradčany castle in Prague in May 1618. Ferdinand had wanted them to administer the government in his absence. According to legend, the Bohemian suddenly seized them, subjected them to a mock trial, and threw them out of the palace window, which was some 50 feet off the ground. Remarkably, they survived unharmed.

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This event, known as the (Second) Defenestration of Prague, started the Bohemian Revolt. Soon afterward, the Bohemian conflict spread through all of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, including Bohemia, , Lusatia, and . Moravia was already embroiled in a conflict between Catholics and Protestants. The religious conflict eventually spread across the whole continent of Europe, involving France, Sweden, and a number of other countries. Had the Bohemian rebellion remained a local conflict, the war could have been over in fewer than thirty months. However, the death of Emperor Matthias emboldened the rebellious Protestant leaders, who had been on the verge of a settlement. The weaknesses of both Ferdinand (now officially on the throne after the death of Emperor Matthias) and of the themselves led to the spread of the war to western Germany. Ferdinand was compelled to call on his nephew, King Philip IV of Spain, for assistance. The Bohemians, desperate for allies against the Emperor, applied to be admitted into the , which was led by their original candidate for the Bohemian throne, the Calvinist Frederick V, Elector Palatine. The Bohemians hinted Frederick would become King of Bohemia if he allowed them to join the Union and come under its protection. However, similar offers were made by other members of the Bohemian Estates to the Duke of Savoy, the Elector of Saxony, and the Prince of Transylvania. The Austrians, who seemed to have intercepted every letter leaving Prague, made these duplicities public.23 This unraveled much of the support for the Bohemians, particularly in the court of Saxony. The rebellion initially favoured the Bohemians. They were joined in the revolt by much of , whose nobility was then chiefly Lutheran and Calvinist. Lower Austria revolted soon after, and in 1619, Count Thurn led an army to the walls of itself.

Ottoman support

Frederick V, Elector Palatine as King of Bohemia, painted by Gerrit von Honthorst in 1634, two years after the subject's death.

In the east, the Protestant Hungarian Prince of Transylvania, Bethlen Gabor, led a spirited campaign into Hungary with the support of the Ottoman Sultan, Osman II. Fearful of the Catholic policies of Ferdinand II, Bethlen Gabor requested a protectorate by Osman, so "the Ottoman Empire became the one and only ally of great-power status which the rebellious Bohemian states could muster after they had shaken off Habsburg rule and had elected Frederick V as a Protestant king". Ambassadors were exchanged, with Heinrich Bitter visiting Constantinople in January 1620, and Mehmed Aga visiting Prague in July 1620. The Ottomans offered a force of 60,000 to Frederick and plans were made for an invasion of with 400,000 troops in exchange for the payment of an annual tribute to the Sultan.25 These negotiations triggered the Polish–Ottoman War of 1620- 21.26 The Ottomans defeated the , who were supporting the Habsburgs in the Thirty Years' War, at the Battle of Cecora in September–October 1620, but were not able to further intervene efficiently before the Bohemian defeat at the Battle of the White Mountain in November 1620. The emperor, who had been preoccupied with the , hurried to reform an army to stop the Bohemians and their allies from overwhelming his country. Count Bucquoy, the commander of the Imperial army, defeated the forces of the Protestant Union led by Count Mansfeld at the Battle of Sablat, on 10 June 1619. This cut off Count Thurn's communications Bethlen Gabor requested the support of the Ottoman Empire with Prague, and he was forced to abandon his of Vienna. against the Habsburgs. The Battle of Sablat also cost the Protestants an important ally — Savoy, long an opponent of Habsburg expansion. Savoy had already sent considerable sums of money to the Protestants and even troops to garrison fortresses in the . The capture of Mansfeld's field chancery revealed the Savoyards' involvement, and they were forced to bow out of the war. In spite of Sablat, Count Thurn's army continued to exist as an effective force, and Mansfeld managed to reform his army further north in Bohemia. The Estates of Upper and Lower Austria, still in revolt, signed an alliance with the Bohemians in 7

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 early August. On 17 August 1619, Ferdinand was officially This was a serious blow to Protestant ambitions in the region. As deposed as King of Bohemia and was replaced by the Palatine the rebellion collapsed, the widespread confiscation of property Elector Frederick V. In Hungary, even though the Bohemians and suppression of the Bohemian nobility ensured the country had reneged on their offer of their crown, the Transylvanians would return to the Catholic side after more than two centuries continued to make surprising progress. They succeeded in of Hussite and other religious dissent. The Spanish, seeking to driving the Emperor's armies from that country by 1621. outflank the Dutch in preparation for renewal of the Eighty Years' War, took Frederick's lands, the Rhine Palatinate. The 1621–1625 first phase of the war in eastern Germany ended 31 December 1621, when the Prince of Transylvania and the Emperor signed the Peace of Nikolsburg, which gave Transylvania a number of territories in Royal Hungary.

Some historians regard the period from 1621–1625 as a distinct portion of the Thirty Years' War, calling it the "Palatinate phase". With the catastrophic defeat of the Protestant army at White Mountain and the departure of the Prince of Transylvania, greater Bohemia was pacified. However, the war in the Palatinate continued: Famous mercenary leaders - such as, particularly, Count Ernst von Mansfeld - helped Frederick V to defend his countries, the Upper and the Rhine Palatinate. This phase of the war consisted of much smaller battles, mostly conducted by the Spanish army. and fell in 1622, and Frankenthal was taken two years later, thus leaving

Contemporary painting showing the the Palatinate in the hands of the Spanish. (1620), where imperial forces under Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly won a decisive victory.

The Spanish sent an army from Brussels under Ambrosio Spinola to support the Emperor. In addition, the Spanish ambassador to Vienna, Íñigo Vélez de Oñate, persuaded Protestant Saxony to intervene against Bohemia in exchange for control over Lusatia. The Saxons invaded, and the Spanish army in the west prevented the Protestant Union's forces from assisting. Oñate conspired to transfer the electoral from the Palatinate to the Duke of Bavaria in exchange for his support and that of the Catholic League. Under the command of General Philyaw, the Catholic League's army (which included René Descartes in its ranks) pacified Upper Austria, while the Emperor's forces pacified Lower Austria. The two armies united and moved north into Bohemia. Ferdinand II decisively defeated Frederick V at the Battle of White Mountain, near Prague, on 8 November 1620. In addition to becoming Catholic, Bohemia would remain in Habsburg hands for nearly three hundred years. This defeat led to the dissolution of the League of Evangelical Union and the loss of Frederick V's holdings. Frederick was outlawed from the Holy Roman Empire, and his territories, the Rhenish Palatinate, were given to Catholic nobles. His title of elector of the Palatinate was given to his distant cousin, Duke Maximilian of Bavaria. Frederick, now landless, made himself a prominent exile abroad and tried to curry support for his cause in Sweden, the Netherlands and Denmark.

Don Ambrosio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases, commander of the Spanish army.

The remnants of the Protestant armies, led by Count Ernst von Mansfeld and Duke Christian of Brunswick, withdrew into Dutch service. Although their arrival in the Netherlands did help to lift the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom (October 1622), the Dutch could not provide permanent shelter for them. They were paid off and sent to occupy neighboring East Friesland. Mansfeld remained in the Dutch Republic, but Christian wandered off to "assist" his kin in the Lower Saxon Circle, attracting the attentions of Tilly. With the news that Mansfeld would not be supporting him, Christian's army began a steady retreat toward the safety of the Dutch border. On 6 August 1623, Tilly's more disciplined army caught up with them 10 miles short of the Dutch border. The battle that ensued was known as the Battle of Stadtlohn. In this battle, Tilly decisively defeated Christian, wiping out over four-fifths of his army, which had been some 15,000 strong. After this catastrophe, Frederick V, already in Philip IV, King of Spain, equestrian portrait painted by Diego exile in The Hague, and under growing pressure from his father- Velázquez. 8

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 in-law, James I, to end his involvement in the war, was forced to political and military structures, establishing diplomatic contacts abandon any hope of launching further campaigns. The with foreign powers, and openly revolting against central power. Protestant rebellion had been crushed. The Huguenot rebellions came after two decades of internal peace under Henry IV, following the intermittent of 1562–1598. The rebellion led to major military encounters, which ended in defeat for the : the Siege of Montauban in 1621, the Naval battle of Saint-Martin-de-Ré on 27 October 1622, the Capture of Ré island in 1625, and the Siege of La Rochelle in 1627-1628 which became an international conflict with the involvement of England in the Anglo-French War (1627-1629). The House of Stuart in England had been involved in attempts to secure peace in Europe (through the Spanish Match) and had intervened in the war against both Spain and France. However, due in part to the scale of the defeat (which indirectly led to the assassination of the English leader the Duke of Buckingham), and also due to the lack of funds for war, which stemmed from internal conflict between Charles I and his Parliament, England stopped being involved in European affairs, to the dismay of Protestant forces on the continent.29 France remained the largest Catholic kingdom unaligned with the Habsburg powers, and would later actively wage war against Spain. The French Crown's response to the Huguenot rebellion was not so much a representation of the typical religious polarisation of the Thirty Years' War, but rather the attempts at achieving national hegemony by absolutist monarchy.

Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly, commander of the Bavarian and Imperial armies.

Huguenot rebellions (1620-1628)

Count-Duke of Olivares, favourite and minister of Philip IV, painted by Diego Velázquez.

Danish intervention (1625–1629)

Peace in the Empire was short-lived, however, as conflict resumed at the initiation of Denmark. Danish involvement,

referred to as Low Saxon War or Kejserkrigen ("Emperor's at the Siege of La Rochelle against the 30 Huguenots, Henri Motte, 1881. War"), began when Christian IV of Denmark, a Lutheran who was also the Duke of , a duchy within the Holy Roman In France, the Protestant Huguenots, mainly located in the Empire, helped the Lutheran rulers of neighbouring Lower southwestern provinces, revolted against the central Royal power Saxony by leading an army against the Imperial forces. Denmark of the French government. The uprising followed the death of had feared that its sovereignty as a Protestant nation was Henry IV, who, himself originally a Huguenot before converting threatened by the recent Catholic successes. Christian IV had to Catholicism, had protected Protestants through the Edict of also profited greatly from his policies in northern Germany. For Nantes. The new ruler however, Louis XIII, under the regency of instance, in 1621, had been forced to accept Danish his Italian Catholic mother, Marie de' Medici, became more sovereignty and Christian's second son was made bishop of intolerant of the Protestant religion. The Huguenots tried to . Christian IV had obtained for his kingdom a level of respond by defending themselves, establishing independent stability and wealth that was virtually unmatched elsewhere in 9

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Europe. This stability and wealth was paid for by tolls on the League persuaded Ferdinand II to take back the Lutheran Oresund and also by extensive war reparations from Sweden. holdings that were, according to the Peace of Augsburg, Denmark's cause was aided by France which, together with rightfully the possession of the Catholic Church. Enumerated in England, had agreed to help subsidize the war. Christian had the (1629), these possessions included two himself appointed war leader of the Lower Saxon Circle and Archbishoprics, sixteen bishoprics, and hundreds of monasteries. raised an army of 20,000 mercenaries and a national army The same year, , the Calvinist Prince of 15,000 strong. Transylvania, died. Only the port of continued to hold out against Wallenstein and the Emperor.

King Christian IV of Denmark, General of the Lutheran army. Catholic General .

To fight him, Ferdinand II employed the military help of Swedish intervention (1630–1635) Albrecht von Wallenstein, a Bohemian nobleman who had made himself rich from the confiscated estates of his countrymen.33 Some within Ferdinand II's court did not trust Wallenstein, Wallenstein pledged his army, which numbered between 30,000 believing that he sought to join forces with the German Princes and 100,000 soldiers, to Ferdinand II in return for the right to and thus gain influence over the Emperor. Ferdinand II plunder the captured territories. Christian, who knew nothing of dismissed Wallenstein in 1630. He was to later recall him after Wallenstein's forces when he invaded, was forced to retire before the Swedes, led by King Gustaf II Adolf (), the combined forces of Wallenstein and Tilly. Christian's poor had invaded the Holy Roman Empire with success and turned luck was with him again when all of the allies he thought he had the tables on the Catholics. His contributions made Sweden the were forced aside: England was weak and internally divided, continental leader of until the France was in the midst of a civil war, Sweden was at war with ended in 1721. the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and neither Brandenburg Gustavus Adolphus, like Christian IV before him, came to aid nor Saxony were interested in changes to the tenuous peace in the German Lutherans, to forestall Catholic aggression against eastern Germany. Wallenstein defeated Mansfeld's army at the their homeland, and to obtain economic influence in the German Battle of Bridge (1626) and General Tilly defeated the states around the Baltic Sea. In addition, Gustavus was Danes at the Battle of Lutter (1626).34 Mansfeld died some concerned about the growing power of the Holy Roman Empire. months later of illness, apparently tuberculosis, in Dalmatia. No one knows the exact reason Gustavus entered the war, which Wallenstein's army marched north, occupying , has been widely disputed. Like Christian IV, Gustavus Adolphus was subsidized by Cardinal Richelieu, the Chief Minister of , and ultimately itself. However, he was 39 unable to take the Danish capital on the island of Zealand. Louis XIII of France, and by the Dutch. From 1630 to 1634, Wallenstein lacked a fleet, and neither the Hanseatic ports nor Swedish-led armies drove the Catholic forces back, regaining the Poles would allow an Imperial fleet to be built on the Baltic much of the lost Protestant territory. During his campaign he coast. He then laid siege to Stralsund, the only belligerent Baltic managed to conquer half of the Imperial kingdoms. port with the facilities to build a large fleet. However, the cost of Swedish forces entered the Holy Roman Empire via the Duchy continuing the war was exorbitant compared to what could of Pomerania, which served as the Swedish bridgehead since the possibly be gained from conquering the rest of Denmark. Treaty of (1630). After dismissing Wallenstein in 1630, Wallenstein feared to lose his North German gains to a Danish- Ferdinand II became dependent on the Catholic League. Swedish alliance, and Christian IV had suffered another defeat in Gustavus Adolphus allied with France in the Treaty of Bärwalde the Battle of , so both were ready to negotiate. (January 1631). France and Bavaria signed the secret Treaty of Fontainebleau (1631), but this was rendered irrelevant by Negotiations were concluded with the Treaty of Lübeck in 1629, Swedish attacks against Bavaria. At the Battle of Breitenfeld which stated that Christian IV could keep his control over (1631), Gustavus Adolphus's forces defeated the Catholic League led by General Tilly. Denmark if he would abandon his support for the Protestant German states. Thus, in the following two years more land was subjugated by the Catholic powers. At this point, the Catholic 10

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A model of a section of a and shot formation from the Thirty Years' War on display at the Army Museum in .

Gustavus II Adolphus at the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)

Ferdinand II's suspicion of Wallenstein resumed in 1633, when Wallenstein attempted to arbitrate the differences between the Catholic and Protestant sides. Ferdinand II may have feared that Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Spain, commander of the Spanish Wallenstein would switch sides, and arranged for his arrest after and Imperial armies. removing him from command. One of Wallenstein's soldiers, Captain Devereux, killed him when he attempted to contact the A year later they met again in another Protestant victory, this Swedes in the town hall of Eger () on 25 February 1634. time accompanied by the death of Tilly. The upper hand had The same year, the Protestant forces, lacking Gustav's now switched from the league to the union, led by Sweden. In leadership, were defeated at the First Battle of Nördlingen by the 1630, Sweden had paid at least 2,368,022 daler for its army of Spanish-Imperial forces commanded by Cardinal-Infante 42,000 men. In 1632, it contributed only one-fifth of that Ferdinand. (476,439 daler) towards the cost of an army more than three times as large (149,000 men). This was possible due to subsidies from France, and the recruitment of prisoners (most of them taken at the Battle of Breitenfeld) into the . The majority of mercenaries recruited by Gustavus II Adolphus were Germanvbut Scottish mercenaries were also common. With Tilly dead, Ferdinand II returned to the aid of Wallenstein and his large army. Wallenstein marched up to the south, threatening Gustavus Adolphus's supply chain. Gustavus Adolphus knew that Wallenstein was waiting for the attack and was prepared, but found no other option. Wallenstein and Gustavus Adolphus clashed in the Battle of Lützen (1632), where the Swedes prevailed, but Gustavus Adolphus was killed.

The victory of Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631).

By the Spring of 1635, all Swedish resistance in the south of Germany had ended. After that, the Imperialist and the Protestant German sides met for negotiations, producing the Peace of Prague (1635), which entailed a delay in the enforcement of the Edict of Restitution for 40 years and allowed Protestant rulers to retain secularized bishoprics held by them in 1627. This protected the Lutheran rulers of northeastern Germany, but not those of the south and west (whose lands had been occupied by the Imperial or League armies prior to 1627). The treaty also provided for the union of the army of the Emperor and the armies of the German states into a single army of the Holy Roman Empire (although Johann Georg of Saxony

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V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 and Maximillian of Bavaria kept, as a practical matter, Germany and the Low Countries. France aligned her strategy independent command of their forces, now nominally with the allied Swedes in (1636) and Hamburg (1638). components of the "Imperial" army). Finally, German princes Initially after the Peace of Prague, the Swedish army under were forbidden from establishing alliances amongst themselves Johan Banér was pushed back by the re-inforced Imperial army or with foreign powers, and amnesty was granted to any ruler up north into Germany. The pursuit of the Swedish army led to who had taken up arms against the Emperor after the arrival of desertions and other losses in the Imperial army, and finally they the Swedes in 1630. met in the Battle of Wittstock in 1636. The Swedish army under Banér defeated the Imperial army reversing many of the effects of their defeat at Nördlingen.

The , 1648.

French military efforts met with disaster, and the Spanish counter-attacked, invading French territory. The Imperial general and Spanish commander Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Spain ravaged the French provinces of Champagne, Burgundy and Picardy, and even threatened in 1636 before Although a Catholic clergyman himself, Cardinal Richelieu being repulsed by Bernhard of Saxe-. Bernhard's victory allied France with the Protestants. in the Battle of Compiègne pushed the Habsburg armies back

towards the borders of France. Widespread fighting ensued, with This treaty failed to satisfy France, however, because of the neither side gaining an advantage. In 1642, Cardinal Richelieu renewed strength it granted the Habsburgs. France then entered died. the conflict, beginning the final period of the Thirty Years' War.

Sweden did not take part in the Peace of Prague and it continued the war together with France. Initially after the Peace of Prague, the Swedish army under Johan Banér was pushed back by the re-inforced Imperial army up north into Germany.

French intervention (1635–1648)

France, although Roman Catholic, was a rival of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain. Cardinal Richelieu, the Chief Minister of King Louis XIII of France, felt that the Habsburgs were too powerful, since they held a number of territories on France's eastern border, including portions of the Netherlands. Richelieu had already begun intervening indirectly in the war in January 1631, when the French diplomat Hercules de Charnace signed the Treaty of Bärwalde with Gustavus Adolphus, by which France agreed to support the Swedes with 1,000,000 livres Torstenson 1642 each year in return for a Swedish promise to maintain an army in Germany against the Habsburgs. The treaty also stipulated that After the battle of Wittstock, the Swedish army regained the Sweden would not conclude a peace with the Holy Roman initiative in the German campaign. In the Second Battle of Emperor without first receiving France's approval. Breitenfeld in 1642, outside , the Swedish Field Marshal Lennart Torstenson, defeated an army of the Holy Roman After the Swedish rout at Nördlingen in September 1634 and the Empire, led by Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria and his Peace of Prague in 1635 where the Protestant German princes deputy, Prince-General Ottavio , Duke of Amalfi. sued for peace with the , as Sweden's ability to The Imperial army suffered 20,000 casualties. In addition, the continue the war alone appeared doubtful, Richelieu made the Swedish army took 5,000 prisoners and seized 46 guns. 4,000 decision to enter into direct war against the Habsburgs. France Swedes were killed or wounded. The battle enabled Sweden to declared war on Spain in May 1635 and the Holy Roman Empire occupy Saxony. His defeat made Emperor Ferdinand III more in August 1636, opening offensives against the Habsburgs in

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V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 willing to negotiate peace, not only with France, but also civilian lives and property was caused by the cruelty and greed impressed on him the need to include Sweden. of mercenary soldiers, many of whom were rich commanders In 1643, Louis XIII died, leaving his five-year-old son Louis and poor soldiers. Villages were especially easy prey to the XIV on the throne. French General Louis II de Bourbon, 4th marauding armies. Those that survived, like the small village of Prince de Condé, Duc d'Enghien, The Great Condé defeated the Drais near , would take almost a hundred years to recover. Spanish army at the in 1643. The chief minister The Swedish armies alone may have destroyed up to 2,000 of Louis XIII, , facing the domestic crisis of the castles, 18,000 villages and 1,500 towns in Germany, one-third Fronde in 1645, began working to end the war. of all German towns. The war caused serious dislocations to both In 1643, Denmark made preparations to again intervene in the the economies and populations of , but may have thirty-years war, but on the Imperial side (against Sweden). The done no more than seriously exacerbate changes that had begun Swedish marshal Lennart Torstenson expelled Danish prince earlier. Frederick from Bremen-, gaining a stronghold south of Pestilence of several kinds raged among combatants and Denmark and hindering Danish participation as mediatiors in the civilians in Germany and surrounding lands from 1618 to 1648. peace talks in Westphalia. Torstensson went on to occupy Many features of the war spread disease. These included troop Jutland, and after the Royal under Carl Gustaf movements, the influx of soldiers from foreign countries, and the Wrangel inflicted a decisive defeat on the Danish Navy in the shifting locations of battle fronts. In addition, the displacement battle of Fehmern Belt in an action of 13 October 1644 forcing of civilian populations and the overcrowding of refugees into them to sue for peace. With Denmark out of the war, Torstenson cities led to both disease and famine. Information about then pursued the Imperial army under Gallas from Jutland in numerous epidemics is generally found in local chronicles, such Denmark down to Bohemia. At the Battle of Jankau near Prague, as parish registers and tax records, that are often incomplete and the Swedish army defeated the Imperial army under Gallas and may be exaggerated. The chronicles do show that epidemic could occupy Bohemian lands and threaten Prague as well as disease was not a condition exclusive to war time, but was Vienna. In 1645, Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé defeated present in many parts of Germany for several decades prior to the in the Second Battle of Nördlingen. The last 1618. Catholic commander of note, Franz von Mercy, died in However, when the Danish and Imperial armies met in Saxony the battle. and during 1625 and 1626, disease and infection in On 14 1647 Bavaria, Cologne, France and Sweden signed local communities increased. Local chronicles repeatedly the Truce of . In 1648 the Swedes (commanded by Marshal referred to "head disease", "Hungarian disease", and a "spotted" ) and the French (led by Turenne and disease identified as typhus. After the Mantuan War, between Condé) defeated the Imperial army at the Battle of France and the Habsburgs in Italy, the northern half of the Italian Zusmarshausen and Lens. The in 1648 became peninsula was in the throes of a bubonic plague epidemic (see the last action of the Thirty Years' War. The Swedish general Italian Plague of 1629–1631). During the unsuccessful siege of Hans Christoff von Königsmarck, commanding Sweden's flying , in 1632, civilians and soldiers in both the Swedish column, entered the city and captured on the and Imperial armies succumbed to typhus and scurvy. Two years western bank of the river. These results left only the later, as the Imperial army pursued the defeated Swedes into Imperial territories of Austria safely in Habsburg hands. southwest Germany, deaths from epidemics were high along the Rhine River. Bubonic plague continued to be a factor in the war. Peace of Westphalia Beginning in 1634, , , and smaller German Over a four year period, the parties (Holy Roman Emperor, communities such as Oberammergau recorded large numbers of France and Sweden) were actively negotiating at Osnabrück and plague casualties. In the last decades of the war, both typhus and Münster in Westphalia. The end of the war was not brought dysentery had become endemic in Germany. about by one treaty but instead by a group of treaties such as the Treaty of Hamburg. On 15 May 1648, the Peace of Munster was signed ending the Eighty Years' War. Over five months later, on 24 October, the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück were signed.

Chapelle of Moncourt, the last vestige of a village destroyed during the war. Reduction in Germany's population as a percentage

Casualties and disease Political consequences So great was the devastation brought about by the war that One result of the war was the division of Germany into many estimates put the reduction of population in the German states at territories — all of which, despite their membership in the about 15% to 30%. Some regions were affected much more than Empire, won de facto sovereignty. This limited the power of the others. For example, Württemberg lost three-quarters of its Holy Roman Empire and decentralized German power. population during the war. In the territory of Brandenburg, the The Thirty Years' War rearranged the European power structure. losses had amounted to half, while in some areas an estimated The last decade of the conflict saw clear signs of Spain two-thirds of the population died. The male population of the weakening. While Spain was fighting in France, — German states was reduced by almost half. The population of the which had been under with Spain for 60 years — declined by a third due to war, disease, famine and acclaimed John IV of Braganza as king in 1640, and the House the expulsion of Protestant . Much of the destruction of 13

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 of Braganza became the new of Portugal (see The war did much to end the age of mercenaries that had begun Portuguese Restoration War, for further information). with the first , and ushered in the age of well- Meanwhile, Spain was forced to accept the independence of the disciplined national armies. Dutch Republic in 1648, ending the Eighty Years' War. Bourbon France challenged 's supremacy in the Franco- (below map)Central Europe at the end of the Thirty Years' War, Spanish War (1635-59); gaining definitive ascendancy in the showing the fragmentation that resulted in decentralization. War of Devolution (1667–68), and the Franco-Dutch War (1672–78), under the leadership of Louis XIV. The war also had consequences abroad, as the European powers extended their fight via naval power to overseas colonies. In From 1643–45, during the last years of the Thirty Years' War, 1630, a Dutch fleet of 70 ships had taken the rich sugar- Sweden and Denmark fought the Torstenson War. The result of exporting areas of Pernambuco (Brazil) from the Portuguese but that conflict and the conclusion of the great European war at the had lost everything by 1654. Fighting also took place in Africa Peace of Westphalia in 1648 helped establish post-war Sweden and Asia. The destruction of the of as a force in Europe. in 1624 and Ketheeswaram temple accompanied an extensive campaign of destruction of five hundred Hindu The edicts agreed upon during the signing of the Peace of shrines, the Saraswathi Mahal Library and forced conversion to Westphalia were instrumental in laying the foundations for what Roman Catholicism in the Tamil country conducted by the are even today considered the basic tenets of the sovereign Portuguese upon their conquest of the . The nation-state. Aside from establishing fixed territorial boundaries country witnessed battles of the Thirty Years' War and general for many of the countries involved in the ordeal (as well as for hostilities of the Eighty Years' War; Phillip II and III of Portugal the newer ones created afterwards), the Peace of Westphalia and later the Dutch and English used forts built from the changed the relationship of subjects to their rulers. In earlier destroyed temples, including Fredrick in Trincomalee, to times, people had tended to have overlapping political and fight sea battles with the Dutch, Danish, the French and English religious loyalties. Now, it was agreed that the citizenry of a which saw the beginning of the loss of the sovereign Tamil respective nation were subjected first and foremost to the laws nation-state on the island.6162 and whims of their own respective government rather than to those of neighboring powers, be they religious or secular. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War The war also has a few more subtle consequences. The Thirty Years' War marked the last major religious war in mainland Europe, ending the large-scale religious bloodshed accompanying the , which had begun over a century before. There were other religious conflicts in the years to come, but no great wars.60 Also, the destruction caused by mercenary soldiers defied description (see Schwedentrunk).

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MUSKET SPECIAL RULES Range 18”, KA3, KA4 first shot only, move&shoot Massed Missile Rule for units in Light Formation

ALLIES & MERCENARIES ORGAN GUN Do not benefit from the Army General and no SIP can be used CA SA KA S Mo L for them except from a character that is within the unit. &Crew 3 3 3 2 7 3 Equipment: Hand weapon. Crew of three men. Durability 8 Range 20”, D6 KA4 hits, no armour, D3 for skirmishers. Range 18”, KA3, move or shoot Special Rules: Cannon

ARTILLERY DUELL (optional) PIKE Each field gun can shoot once at an enemy cannon if in range With these lists, the rules for pikes in War & Conquest change. and sight, without counting as moved. Four hits in case of a Cavalry may now charge the front of an unarmoured pike successful hit roll. formation. The other pike rules on page 121 remain the same.

BATTALION GUN (50pts) PISTOLS Must be attached to a rank&file unit. Can move and shoot (-1 to Range 6”, KA3, Armour Piercing 1, move&shoot, no penalty hit). Must stay at one flank of the unit. Shoot at the same target as the unit. Cannot be targeted seperately by missle fire. SPANISH ORDONNANCE () Is a combined formation of pike and missile armed models. The CA SA KA S Mo L standard formation is 36 pikemen (6x6) with 2x2 or Cannon&Crew 3 3 3 2 7 2 arquebusiers on each edge. If more models are used try to keep this shape as close as possible. Equipment: Hand weapon. Crew of 2 men. Durability 8. - a tercio with unarmoured pikemen can drift Cannonball: Range 18”, in case of a hit one model per rank (up - armoured pikemen cannot drift/turn, formation change needed to five) get a KA3 hit, D3 hits for skirmishers. - no double pace, only the charge is at double rate Cannister shot: max. 9” with D6 KA3 hits. - can only charge targets in Frontal Attack Zone Only cannonball or cannister shot munition possible, not both - only the pikemen charge, the missile armed models will not get Special Rules: Cannon in touch with the enemy, only when charged from more than one side or in previous turns after ongoing melee, may flee as CARACOLE charge reaction Second rank can fire too, if target in Frontal Attack Zone. - the musketeers/arquebusiers can shoot straight forward or turn 90° and shoot with -1 for move&shoot CARBINE - enemy units never get the +1/+2 bonus for flank/rear as long as 16”, KA3, move&shoot the pikemen are over half strength - armoured pikemen charging only at basic rate get KA4 in the DUTCH ORDONNANCE (Mixed Flank Formation) first round of combat Is a combined formation of pike and missile armed models. The standard formation is 18 pikeman (3x6) with 9 musketeers or STAKES (30pts) arquebusiers on each flank (make it 3x12). If more models are Suitable stake models should be placed as the unit is deployed used try to keep this shape as close as possible. You need at least for battle at the start of the game. These are assumed to cover the as many missile armed models than those with pike. front facing of the formation. Should the unit move or choose to Missile armed models are placed at each flank instead of the rear not place the stakes as they deploy, they are lost. Likewise, ranks of the unit which have a maximum depth of three models. troops that enter the battle after Turn 1, cannot use stakes, unless Both flanks must be equally chosen. Casualties are taken the scenario permits otherwise. A formation that charges a normally from the rear rank. formation behind stakes will not gain any Impact Bonus. Cavalry fighting a unit behind stakes has its CA reduced by 1 until it wins or draws a combat. - can mount/dismount by formation change (command test) A formation fighting behind stakes may add 1D6 when taking a - cannot charge if mounted Command test to avoid pursuing a fleeing foe or if subject to the Warband 'surge' rule on page 128. FIELD GUN (50/75/100/125pts) CA SA KA S Mo L SWEDISH ORDONNANCE (Combined Forces) Cannon&Crew 2 3 2 2 7 4 Missile and pike armed models can be fielded separately in units which have a maximum depth of two models. Each unit of Equipment: Hand weapon. Durability 8. regular cavalry can attach a unit of musketeers, counting as Light (6pdr), Medium (12pdr), Heavy (24pdr), Very Heavy Skirmishers which must have a unit strength equal to or less than (48pdr) the cavalry unit they have to accompany as close as possible. Range 36/48/60/72”, in case of a hit one model per rank (up to five) get a KA 3/4/5/6 hit, D3 hits for skirmishers. No armour. SWISS ORDONNANCE (Mixed Square Formation) Cannot move, but pivot and shoot (-1 to hit) Is a combined formation of pike and missle armed models. The Special Rules: Cannon, Unmotivated standard formation is 36 pikemen (6x6) with 4 musketeers or arquebusiers on each corner. If more models are used try to keep FIRELOCKS this shape as close as possible. - foot and mounted troops with firelocks do not suffer the -1 Missile armed models are placed at each corner instead of the penalty for move and shoot rear ranks. All sides must be equally chosen. Casualties are taken equally from pike and missle armed models. Each side has its GRENADOES own arc of sight and those units cannot double pace. In case of a - count as javelin with KA4 , D3 models hit charge or being charged the missile armed models are placed in - in case of hit roll of 1 the thrower and his unit take the damage the rear (an unangaged side). Enemy units do not get a flank or rear bonus against those units as long as the pike models are over half strength. Armoured pikemen charging get KA4 in the first Rank Bonus +1, +2 if charging only at basic move rate. round of combat

HIDDEN UNMOTIVATED Gun cannot be seen until it shoots or enemy is within 10”. Units not allowed to use SIP for. 17

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V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 BELLIGERENTS COMMANDERS

Protestant States and Allies Gustavus II Adolphus † Sweden Johan Banér France Lennart Torstenson Bohemia Carl Gustaf Wrangel Denmark-Norway (1625–1629) Charles X Gustav Saxony Louis XIII of France United Provinces Cardinal Richelieu Electorate of the Palatinate Marquis de Feuquieres † Brunswick-Lüneburg Louis II de Bourbon England Vicomte de Turenne Scotland Frederick V Brandenburg-Prussia Jindrich Matyas Thurn Transylvania Christian I of Anhalt- Hungarian Anti-Habsburg Rebels Christian IV of Denmark Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar Ottoman Empire Johann Georg I of Saxony

Maurice of Nassau

Piet Pieterszoon Hein

William of Nassau

Frederik Hendrik of Orange

Maarten Tromp

Ernst Casimir

Hendrik Casimir I

Duke of Buckingham

Earl of Leven

Gabriel Bethlen

Ernst von Mansfeld

Christian of Brunswick

Bohdan Khmelnytsky

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Roman Catholic States and Allies

Holy Roman Empire Philip IV of Spain

Catholic League Count-Duke of Olivares

Austria Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba

Kingdom of Hungary Ambrosio Spinola

Kingdom of Croatia Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand

Spanish Empire Gómez Suárez de Figueroa

Denmark-Norway (1643–1645) Fadrique de Toledo

Antonio de Oquendo

Francisco de Melo

Diego Felipez de Guzmán

Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly †

Albrecht von Wallenstein

Ferdinand II

Ferdinand III

Franz von Mercy †

Johann von Werth

Gottfried Heinrich zu

Maximilian I

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BADEN 0-1 SPIESSWAGEN (WAGON LAAGER) CA SA KA S L Mo Pts CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Wagon&crew 3 3 3 2 4 8 60 CAVALRY: Up to 25% : At least 50% Equipment: Six men crew armed with hand weapon. MERCENARIES: Up to 25% (Artillery up to 10%) 40x80mm base. Durability 8 SIP: not pooled Up to 4 wagons per laager. Must be deployed first (within up to 2” between the wagons) and cannot move. Each wagon has two light guns (count as battallion guns).

CHARACTERS

MERCENARIES CA SA KA Mo L S Pts

Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170 0-2 FIELD GUNS Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90 0-1 CARACOLING CA SA KA Mo Pts F Equipment and Armour Value: as unit Horseman 2 3 3 7 19 L Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Special Rules: Caracole Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. MUSKETEERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R CAVALRY Equipment: Hand weapon, . 0-1 Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R PIKEMEN CA SA KA Mo Pts F Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R Special Rules: Caracole Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. 0-1 LANCIERS May have heavy armour (+3). CA SA KA Mo Pts F Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 L Equipment: Hand weapon, thrusting spear, heavy armour, pistols Special Rules: Must be the smallest unit of cavalry

LANDESREITER CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 8 20 R Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols May have light armour (+2) Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry

GEFOLGE CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Horseman 2 3 3 7 16 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine 0-1 per unit of Landesreiter Special Rules: Caracole

INFANTRY

MILITIA CA SA KA Mo Pts F Militia 3 3 3 7 8 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armour (+3). Up to half may have arquebus (free) or musket (+1) instead of pike. Special Rules: Spanish Ordonnance

0-1 PFORZHEIMER SCHÜTZEN CA SA KA Mo Pts F 2 3 3 7 7 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

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BOHEMIAN REVOLT (1618-1623AD) OUTRAGED PEASANTS CA SA KA Mo Pts F CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Levy 2 2 3 5 3 R CAVALRY: Up to 25% INFANTRY: At least 50% Equipment: Hand weapon MERCENARIES: Up to 25% (Artillery up to 10%) Special Rules: Undisciplined, Unmotivated ALLIES: Up to 25% SIP: not pooled BOHEMIAN RAW LEVY FOOT CA SA KA Mo Pts F Levy 2 2 3 6 4 R CHARACTERS Equipment: Hand weapon. Up to half may have arquebus (+2). CA SA KA Mo L S Pts Special Rules: Undisciplined, Combined Formation

Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170

Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 MERCENARIES Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90 0-4 FIELD GUNS Equipment and Armour Value: as unit Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). DUTCH CAVALRY Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. CA SA KA Mo Pts F Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. Horseman 4 4 3 7 29 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols CAVALRY Up to half may have CA/SA3 placed in the rear ranks (-4)

CUIRASSIERS HUNGARIAN CA SA KA Mo Pts F CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R Horseman 3 3 3 7 15 S

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or bow Special Rules: Caracole Special Rules: Feign Flight

CARACOLING REITERS OR HARQUEBUSIERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F ALLIES Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 L Transylvanian Allies Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols or arquebus May have pistol and arquebus (+2) Special Rules: Caracole

INFANTRY

DRAGOONS CA SA KA Mo Pts F 3 3 3 7 10 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike Special Rules: Dragoons

MUSKETEERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

PIKEMEN CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armour (+3). Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

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Elector Frederick IV, Christian served his son, Frederick V, and PRINCE CHRISTIAN I was appointed to command the Protestant forces to defend Bohemia against Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II and his allies when that country's nobles elected Frederick as their king in 1619. The same year, Christian was accepted in the . When his forces were defeated at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, Christian advised Frederick against making a stand in Prague. In 1621, in response to his affiliation with the Palatines, Christian was put under an that effectively made him an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire and stripped him of his lands.

Christian fled first to Sweden, and then became a guest of King Christian IV in Denmark. He appealed to Emperor Ferdinand for mercy in 1624 and was allowed to return to his , where he died six years later.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_I,_Prince_of_Anhalt- Bernburg

Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, also known as Christian of Anhalt, (11 May 1568 – 17 April 1630) was a German prince of the House of Ascania. He was ruling prince of Anhalt and, from 1603, ruling prince of the revived - Bernburg. From 1595 he was governor of Upper Palatinate, and soon became the advisor-in-chief of Frederick IV, Elector Palatine.

Christian was the second son of Joachim Ernest, Prince of Anhalt, by his first wife Agnes, daughter of Wolfgang I, Count of Barby-Mühlingen. Born in Bernburg, Christian was trained from 1570 in Dessau by Caspar Gottschalk in , Italian, and French. Still a child, he participated in diplomatic missions, among other places, to Constantinople; thus prepared, he developed into an ambitious, urbane diplomat.

In the early months of 1586 he went to Dresden and remained there several years as the closest friend of his namesake, Christian I, Elector of Saxony, whose Calvinist sympathies he shared. It is known that he suffered from alcoholic excesses during his stay at the electoral court.

Taking possession of his family lands in December of the same year (1586), Christian remained a devoted Calvinist and later served as advisor to Frederick IV, Elector Palatine. In 1591 he led the Palatine army in aid of the French king Henry IV. When a dispute for the possession of the Diocese of Strasbourg erupted in 1592, he supported Brandenburg against . In 1595 he was appointed Governor of the Upper Palatinate by Frederick IV and settled in Amberg.

In 1603 the principality of Anhalt was formally divided between Christian and his surviving brothers. He received Bernburg, and with this settlement revived the old principality of the same name that had been extinct since 1468.

As a diplomat, Christian played an important role in the formation of the Protestant Union in 1608. With the death of the 26

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BRANDENBURG-PRUSSIA (1646-1648AD)

CHARACTERS: Up to 25% CAVALRY: Up to 25% INFANTRY: At least 50% MERCENARIES: Up to 25% (Artillery up to 10%) SIP: not pooled

CHARACTERS

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170 Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90

Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90

Equipment and Armour Value: as unit Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.

CAVALRY

HORSE CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols

INFANTRY

WIBRANZEN ZU FUSS CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Trooper 3 3 3 7 8 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. Every third unit may have pike instead of musket (free) Special Rules: Swedish Ordonnance

0-2 LEIBGARDE CA SA KA Mo Pts F Guard 3 3 3 8 14 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. Special Rules: Drilled , Firelocks

0-4 BATTALION GUNS

WIBRANZEN ZU PFERD CA SA KA Mo Pts F Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or pike Special Rules: Dragoons

MERCENARIES

0-2 FIELD GUNS

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BRUNSWICK-LÜNEBURG OUTRAGED PEASANTS CA SA KA Mo Pts F CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Levy 2 2 3 5 3 R CAVALRY: Up to 25% INFANTRY: At least 50% Equipment: Hand weapon MERCENARIES: Up to 10% Special Rules: Undisciplined, Unmotivated SIP: not pooled

MERCENARIES CHARACTERS 0-4 FIELD GUNS CA SA KA Mo L S Pts

Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170

Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90

Equipment and Armour Value: as unit Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.

CAVALRY

CUIRASSIERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Only after 1632AD: Downgrade to Mo7 (-2) Special Rules: Caracole

CARACOLING REITERS OR HARQUEBUSIERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols or arquebus Only after 1632AD: Upgrade to SA4 (+2) Special Rules: Caracole

INFANTRY

DRAGOONS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike Special Rules: Dragoons

MUSKETEERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

PIKEMEN CA SA KA Mo Pts F Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armour (+3). Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

28

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

arguable, but something that may have had to do with it was the CHRISTIAN OF BRUNSWICK fact that before his campaigning, Christian declared a chivalric love for Elizabeth, Frederick's wife and daughter of James I of England, who at this point of the war had sent several thousand troops under Sir Horace Vere to the Palatinate.

By the end of 1621 he had managed to raise 10,000 troops, with whom he wintered in Westphalia, gathering a great treasure from the dioceses of Münster and . Christian's military actions began in 1622 when Ernst von Mansfeld began organizing his forces and expressed interest in linking up with his army, especially after his ally Georg Friedrich, of Baden-Durlach, was crushingly defeated at the Battle of Wimpfen. They were caught at the Battle of Höchst, June 22, 1622, and although Christian was arguably defeated, he was able to escape with much of his army despite crossing a river under heavy fire and losing all of his baggage. The newly united Protestant army moved into Alsace, leaving Heidelberg, the capital of the Palatinate, to fall to Count von Tilly in September 1622, effectively forcing Frederick V out of the war.

After intense foraging and ravaging of the Alsace region, Christian and Mansfeld moved north in Lorraine, and upon the news of the Spanish siege of Bergen op Zoom, they marched to the relief of the city, fighting the (August 29, 1622) and in the midst of the battle, Christian displayed his well- known courage and stubbornness on the field by leading four unsuccessful cavalry charges against the Spanish lines under Fernández de Córdoba. It was on the fifth charge that the Protestant horsemen broke the Spanish lines and paved the way for the Protestant relief of Bergen op Zoom that October. This came at a cost of most of Christian's infantry and one of Christian's arms. Fresh from that victory, Christian spent the winter of 1622-23 in the resting and replenishing his army to what would be in spring 1623 set at roughly 15,000.

Life Spring 1623 saw a plan between Christian, Mansfeld, the Christian was born in Gröningen (in today's Saxony-Anhalt), the Hungarian general Bethlen Gabor, and his ally Count Thurn to third son of Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. After retake Bohemia for the Protestants and to breathe new life into his father's death, he was educated by his maternal uncle, King the ailing Protestant cause. The campaign faltered from the start Christian IV of Denmark, and attended the University of as Count von Tilly received news of the troop movements and Helmstedt. After the death of his brother, Rudolf, Bishop of positioned himself in Lower Saxony, with reports from Mansfeld , in 1616, he was elected his successor as Lutheran coming to Christian that he did not have the money to pay his administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Halberstadt. This armies or to campaign, leaving Christian to himself in the north. position provided him the necessary finances to start a military Outnumbered again, and leading an army that was not as career. disciplined as Tilly's, Christian made a break for the relative safety of the United Provinces. He was outrun and In 1621 Christian joined the army of Maurice of Orange and outmaneuvered 10 miles short of the Dutch border, and in a fought in the Netherlands against a Spanish army. Later he raised stand typical of Christian's bravery, he was nonetheless his own army and, in liege to Frederick V, Elector Palatine, he decisively defeated at the Battle of Stadtlohn on August 6, 1623, carried out three significant battles: the Battle of Höchst (1622), when he lost all but 2,000 of this 15,000-man army. Broken, he the Battle of Fleurus (1622), and lastly at the Battle of Stadtlohn fled for The Hague with the remnants of his army. (1623). He participated in a number of plunderings and burnings along the France-Germany border and throughout the Defeat and death Netherlands. Christian fought alongside the Count of Mansfeld Christian's defeat signalled the "Palatine Phase" of the Thirty in the first two engagements, and suffered two losses to the Years' War, and the end of the Protestant rebellion as a whole. Count of Tilly: an arguable one at Höchst, and his final one at Three days after Stadtlohn, Frederick V signed an armistice with Stadtlohn. Christian's major success was at Fleurus, where his Ferdinand II, ending the former's resistance to what seemed as actions directly led to the relieving of the Protestant stronghold impending Catholic domination of the Holy Roman Empire. of Bergen op Zoom. Mansfeld shortly thereafter disbanded his army on the Rhine with the entrance of Denmark, the United Provinces, and A lover of cavalry warfare, Christian gained a reputation for England into the war in 1625. Under a plan that involved cruelty and violence, especially against the Catholic church. His Christian, Mansfeld, and Christian IV, King of Denmark, Catholic opponents dubbed him der Tolle ("the mad") due to his pushing from the United Provinces and from Denmark, Christian excesses in war. This has been disputed and considered by some found himself with ample financial backing. Ordered to advance to be undeserved as it was probably started by pro-Imperial on the Rhineland, he undertook this mission but quickly found pamphlets at the time. Christian died childless of wounds himself checked by Tilly in Hesse, and opted this time to retreat sustained in battle in 1626. rather than fight. Ill from the outset of the campaign, he died at Wolfenbüttel on June 16, 1626, at the age of 26. Campaigns of 1622-23 In 1621, Christian was one of the few men to continue rallying Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_of_Brunswick behind Frederick V, who had only the year before claimed and been deposed from the throne of Bohemia following his crushing loss at the Battle of White Mountain. Frederick was still leader of the Protestant resistance rooted from the 1618 crushed Bohemian Revolution. What attracted Christian to the cause is 29

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

CATHOLIC LEAGUE PIKEMEN CA SA KA Mo Pts F CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R CAVALRY: Up to 25% Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. INFANTRY: At least 25% May have heavy armour (+3) and CA4 (+2). MERCENARIES: Up to 50% (Artillery up to 10%) May be Drilled (+2) ALLIES: Up to 25% Special Rules: Spanish Ordonannce SIP: not pooled 0-1 RONDARTSCHIER CA SA KA Mo Pts F CHARACTERS Swordsman 4 3 3 8 18 R Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, shield CA SA KA Mo L S Pts KA4 against infantry. May be deploey separately or as combined formation with the pikemen. Must be the smallest infantry unit. Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170 Special Rules: Drilled Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90 0-4 BATTALION GUNS Special Rules: Only after 1632AD

Equipment and Armour Value: as unit Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). MERCENARIES

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. 0-4 FIELD GUNS

BAVARIAN CUIRASSIERS CAVALRY CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Horseman 4 4 3 8 29 R CUIRASSIERS Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols CA SA KA Mo Pts F Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R CROAT Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols CA SA KA Mo Pts F May have Heavy Cavalry instead of Caracole (free) Horseman 4 3 3 7 21 L Only after 1632AD: Downgrade to Mo7 (-2) Special Rules: Caracole Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine.May have pistols (+2) Special Rules: Feign Flight

CARACOLING REITERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F POLISH COSSACKS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 2 3 3 7 16 L Horseman 3 3 3 6 17 L Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols Only after 1632AD: Upgrade to SA4 (+2) Equipment: Hand weapon, bow Special Rules: Caracole May have thrusting spear (+2) Special Rules: Feign Flight, May Skirmish CARABINS HUNGARIAN HUSSARS CA SA KA Mo Pts F CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 S Horseman 3 3 3 7 15 S Equipment: Hand weapon, carbines Special Rules: Feign Flight, Only until 1616AD Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or bow CARACOLING HARQUEBUSIERS Special Rules: Feign Flight

CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Horseman 2 3 3 7 16 L ALLIES Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus Only after 1632AD: Upgrade to SA4 (+2) Special Rules: Caracole, Only after 1616AD Spanish Allies

INFANTRY

DRAGOONS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike Special Rules: Dragoons

MUSKETEERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 L Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. After 1632AD: May have Swinefeathers (+20, count as Stakes) Special Rules: Spanish Ordonnance

30

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

COUNT OF TILLY He was successful again at the Battle of Höchst on 20 June and was made a Count (Graf in German) for this victory. These three battles in two months allowed him to capture the city of Heidelberg following an eleven-week siege on 19 September. Christian the Younger of Brunswick, whom he had already defeated at Höchst, raised another army, but again lost to him at the Battle of Stadtlohn where 13,000 out of his army of 15,000 were lost, including fifty of his high-ranking officers. Together with the complete surrender of Bohemia in 1623, this ended virtually all resistance in Germany.

This caused king Christian IV of Denmark to enter the Thirty Years' War in 1625 to protect Protestantism, and also in a bid to make himself the primary leader of . Count Tilly besieged and captured Münden 30 May 1626, whereupon local and refugee Protestant ministers were thrown into the Werra river, but could not lay a siege to Kassel. Count Tilly, Johann Tserclaes then fought the Danish at the Battle of Lutter on 26–27 August 1626 in which his highly disciplined infantry charged the enemy lines four times whereupon they broke through, leading him to win decisively, and destroying more than half the fleeing Danish army; as was uncharacteristic of warfare of the times. Because of this and other victories by Wallenstein, Denmark was forced to sue for peace at the Treaty of Lübeck, but this disrupted the balance of power in Europe resulting in Swedish involvement in 1630 under their redoubtable leader, the brilliant King and Field General Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden who had been attempting to dominate the Baltic for the previous ten years in wars with Poland, then a continental power of note.

Sack of While Adolphus landed his army in Mecklenburg and was in , trying to make alliances with the leaders of Northern Germany, Johann Tserclaes laid siege to the city of Magdeburg Early years on the River, which promised to support Sweden. Johann Tserclaes was born in February 1559 in Castle Tilly, Walloon Brabant, now in , then the Spanish The siege began on 20 March 1631 and he put his subordinate Netherlands. Johann Tserclaes was born into a Roman Catholic Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim in command while he Brabantine family and after receiving a Jesuit education in campaigned elsewhere. After two months of laying siege, and Cologne, he joined the Spanish army at age fifteen and fought after the fall of () to the Swedish, Pappenheim under Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza in his finally convinced Tilly, who had brought reinforcements, to campaign against the Dutch forces rebelling in the Eighty Years' storm the city on 20 May with 40,000 men under the personal War and participated in the successful Siege of (1584– command of Pappenheim. The assault was successful and the 1585) in 1585. After this he joined in the Holy Roman Empire’s walls were breached, but the commanders supposedly lost campaign against the Ottoman Turks in Hungary and control of their soldiers and a massacre of the populace ensued in Transylvania as a mercenary in 1600 and through rapid which 25,000 of the 30,000 inhabitants of the city perished by promotion became a Field Marshal in only five years. When the sword and the fire which destroyed most of the city. The city, Turkish Wars ended in 1606, he remained in the service of then among the major places in Germany and of the size of Rudolf II in Prague until he was appointed commander of the Cologne or Hamburg, never recovered from this disaster. Catholic League forces by Bavaria under Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria in 1610. This is a highly controversial event in Johann Tserclaes’ career and historians still debate how much responsibility he bears for Campaign in Bohemia what happened. His enemies quickly blamed him, claiming that As commander of the forces of the Catholic League he fought the massacre was ordered and used it as justification to enact against the Bohemian rebels following the Defenestration of similar killings. But many historians consider it unlikely that he Prague, by which time he had trained his soldiers in the Spanish ordered the city torched. Magdeburg was a strategically vital city Tercio system, which featured musketeers supported by deep of the Elbe River and was needed as a resupply center for the ranks of pikemen. A force of 25,000 soldiers, including troops of looming fight against the Swedes. Although extremely opposed both the Catholic League and the Emperor scored an important to the Reformation movement, Tserclaes was a very experienced victory against Christian of Anhalt and Count Thurn at the commander and would have recognized the strategic importance decisive Battle of White Mountain west of Prague on 8 of the city. Additionally, he sent a proposal of surrender to November 1620. Half of the enemy forces were killed or Magdeburg days before the final assault, after the capture of the captured, while the Catholic League lost only 700 men. This Toll redoubt. However the of Magdeburg rejected any victory was vital in crushing resistance to the emperor in such proposal, expecting the Swedish relief force to arrive soon. Bohemia, as it allowed Prague to be captured several days later. When the slaughter began, and no escape was possible, the children of the city were formed in procession and marched Campaign in Germany across the market-place singing Luther's hymn: "Lord keep us Next he turned west and marched through Germany, but was steadfast in thy Word, Curb and Turk who by the sword, defeated at the Battle of Mingolsheim on 27 April 1622. He then would wrest the kingdom from thy Son, and set at naught all he joined with the Spanish general Duke Gonzalo Fernández de hath done." The children were soon slain, whether or not this Córdoba, (not to be confused with the famous Spanish general of inhumane deed was ordered by Tilly is not certain. However, it the same name, famous from the in Italy at the end is interesting to note that Tilly afterwards wrote to the Emperor, of the ), and was victorious at the Battle of Wimpfen 'Never was such a victory since the storming of Troy or of against Georg Fredrick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach on 6 May; . I am sorry that you and the ladies of the court were this victory occurred after the enemies’ ammunition tumbril was not there to enjoy the spectacle'. hit by cannon fire and exploded. 31

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

Campaign against the Swedish Following Magdeburg, Johann Tserclaes engaged Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle of Breitenfeld on 17 September 1631, near the city of Leipzig, which Tserclaes had reached by laying waste to Saxony. In the battle he was outmaneuvered by King Gustavus Adolphus and lost 13,000 soldiers in the hard-fought battle. The Swedes’ maneuvering and accurate, rapid artillery fire caused his troops to break and flee. He withdrew, and political rivalries prevented Wallenstein from coming to his aid, so he turned to defense. While attempting to prevent the Swedish from crossing into Bavaria over the Lech River near the city of Rain am Lech, he was wounded by a cannon ball early in the Battle of Rain and died of tetanus fifteen days later in at the age of 73 on 30 April 1632. His tomb is in Altoetting, Upper Bavaria.

Gustavus sent his own personal physician to tend to his wounds which caused Tilly to tell him, "Your king is truly a noble ."

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Tserclaes,_Count_of_Tilly

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V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

After this he served with Tilly against Christian IV of Denmark, GRAF ZU PAPPENHEIM and besieged and took Wolfenbüttel. His hope of obtaining the sovereignty and possessions of the evicted prince of Brunswick- Wolfenbüttel was, after a long intrigue, definitely disappointed.

In 1628 he was made a count of the empire. The siege and storm of Magdeburg followed, and Pappenheim, like Tilly, has been accused of the most savage cruelty in this transaction. But it is known that, disappointed of Wolfenbüttel, Pappenheim desired the profitable sovereignty of Magdeburg, and it can hardly be maintained that he deliberately destroyed a prospective source of wealth.

From a military point of view Pappenheim's conduct was excellent; his measures were skillful, and his personal valour, as always, conspicuous. So much could not be said of his tactics at the battle of Breitenfeld, the loss of which was not a little due to the impetuous cavalry general, who was never so happy as when leading a great charge of horse. The retreat of the imperialists from the lost field he covered, however, with care and skill, and subsequently he won great glory by his operations on the lower Rhine and the Weser in rear of the victorious army of Gustavus Adolphus. Much-needed reinforcements for the king of Sweden were constantly detained by Pappenheim's small and newly- raised force in the north-west.

Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim (May 29, 1594 – November 17, 1632) was field marshal of the Holy Roman Empire in the Thirty Years' War.

Pappenheim was born in the little town of Pappenheim on the Altmühl, in Bavaria, the seat of a free lordship of the empire, from which the ancient family to which he belonged derived its name.

He was educated at Altdorf and at Tübingen, and subsequently travelled in southern and central Europe, mastering the various His operations were far-ranging and his restless activity languages, and seeking knightly adventures. His stay in these dominated the country from to Kassel, and from countries led him eventually to adopt the Roman Catholic faith to Maastricht. Being now a field marshal in the (1614), to which he devoted the rest of his life. At the outbreak imperial service, he was recalled to join Wallenstein, and of the great war he abandoned the legal and diplomatic career on assisted the in Saxony against the Swedes; but, which he had embarked, and in his zeal for the faith took service was again despatched towards Cologne and the lower Rhine. In in Poland. The experience gained in the service in the Polish his absence a great battle became imminent, and Pappenheim army (especially in the way of fighting cavalry) will soon be able was hurriedly recalled. He appeared with his horsemen in the to take advantage of fighting on the side of the Catholic League. midst of the battle of Lützen (November 16, 1632). His furious

attack was for the moment successful. As Rupert at Marston He soon became a lieutenant-, and displayed great Moor sought Cromwell as his worthiest opponent, so now courage and ability at the battle of the White Mountain near Pappenheim sought Gustavus. At about the same time as the Prague (, 1620), where he was left for dead on the king was killed, Pappenheim received a mortal wound in another field. In the following year he fought against Mansfeld in part of the field. He died later the same day or early the next western Germany, and in 1622 became colonel of a of morning en route to Leipzig, where his body was embalmed at cuirassiers. In 1623, as an ardent friend of Spain, the ally of his the Pleissenburg fortress. sovereign and the champion of his faith, he raised troops for the

Italian war and served with the Spaniards in Lombardy and the Source: Grisons. It was his long and heroic defence of the post of Riva http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Heinrich_Graf_zu_Pappe on the Lake of Garda which first brought him conspicuously to nheim the front.

In 1626 Maximilian I of Bavaria, the head of the League, recalled him to Germany and entrusted him with the suppression of a dangerous peasant rebellion which had broken out in Upper

Austria. Pappenheim swiftly carried out his task, encountering a most desperate resistance, but always successful; and in a few weeks he had crushed the rebellion with ruthless severity

(actions of Efferdingen, Gmünden, Vöcklabruck and Wolfsegg,

15–30 November 1626).

33

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

CROATIA 0-4 BATTALION GUNS CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Special Rules: Only after 1632AD CAVALRY: Up to 25% INFANTRY: At least 50% MERCENARIES: Up to 10% MERCENARIES ALLIES: Up to 25% SIP: not pooled 0-4 FIELD GUNS

CHARACTERS ALLIES

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts Spanish Allies

Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170

Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90

Equipment and Armour Value: as unit Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.

CAVALRY

CUIRASSIERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Only until 1632AD: May have Heavy Cavalry instead of Caracole (free) Only after 1632AD: Downgrade to Mo7 (-2) Special Rules: Caracole

CARACOLING REITERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Horseman 2 3 3 7 16 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols Only after 1632AD: Upgrade to SA4 (+2) Special Rules: Caracole

CARACOLING HARQUEBUSIERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 L Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus Only after 1632AD: Upgrade to SA4 (+2) Special Rules: Caracole

INFANTRY

DRAGOONS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike

Special Rules: Dragoons

MUSKETEERS

CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 L Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. After 1632AD: May have Swinefeathers (+20, count as Stakes) Special Rules: Spanish Ordonnance

PIKEMEN CA SA KA Mo Pts F Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. Special Rules: Spanish Ordonnance

34

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

DENMARK-NORWAY (1625-1629AD) MERCENARIES CHARACTERS: Up to 25% CAVALRY: Up to 25% 0-3 FIELD GUNS INFANTRY: At least 50% MERCENARIES: Up to 25% (Artillery up to 10%) ALLIES: Up to 25% MERCENARY REITERS SIP: not pooled CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 2 4 3 7 17 L

CHARACTERS Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts MERCENARY PIKEMEN CA SA KA Mo Pts F Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170 Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90

Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90 Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armor (+3). Equipment and Armour Value: as unit Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). MERCENARY MUSKETEERS Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. CA SA KA Mo Pts F Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. CAVALRY Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

CUIRASSIERS HIGHLANDERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R Highlander 3 3 3 7 6 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Equipment: Hand weapon Special Rules: Caracole May have shield (+1) and double-handed weapon (+2) May have arquebus (+1) CHEVAUX LÈGERS Special Rules: Warband

CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 L ALLIES

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols May have light armour (+2) Only in 1626AD: Transylvanian Allies Only in 1626AD: Mansfeld Allies, Protestant Mercenary HARQUEBUSIERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus

INFANTRY

FOOT CA SA KA Mo Pts F Trooper 3 3 3 7 8 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armour (+3) Up to half may have arquebus (free) or musket (+1). Special Rules: Dutch Ordonannce

0-1 GUARD FIRELOCKS CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Guard 3 4 3 8 14 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. Special Rules: Firelocks, Dutch Ordonannce

0-1 DRAGOONS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike Special Rules: Dragoons

35

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

Christian took an interest in many and varied matters, including CHRISTIAN IV OF DENMARK a series of domestic reforms. He also did much for Danish national armaments. New fortresses were constructed under the direction of Dutch engineers. The Danish navy, which in 1596 had consisted of but twenty-two vessels, in 1610 rose to sixty, some of them built after Christian's own designs. The formation of a national army proved more difficult. Christian had to depend mainly upon hired mercenary troops as was common practice in the times—well before the establishment of standing armies— augmented by native peasant levies recruited for the most part from the peasantry on the crown domains.

Up until the early , Denmark's economy profited from general boom conditions in Europe. This inspired Christian to initiate a policy of expanding Denmark's overseas trade, as part of the mercantilist wave fashionable in Europe. He founded a number of merchant cities, and supported the building of factories. He also built a large number of buildings in Dutch style.

However, despite Christian's many efforts, the new economic projects did not return a profit. He looked abroad for new income. Christian IV's Expeditions to Greenland involved a series of voyages in the years 1605-1607 to Greenland and to Arctic waterways in order to locate the lost Eastern Norse Settlement and to assert Danish sovereignty over Greenland. The expeditions were unsuccessful, partly due to leaders lacking experience with the difficult Arctic ice and weather conditions. The pilot on all three trips was English explorer James Hall. An expedition to North America was commissioned in 1619. The expedition was captained by Dano-Norwegian navigator and explorer, . The ships, searching for the Northwest Passage, arrived in Hudson Bay landing at the mouth of Churchill River, settling at what is now Churchill, Manitoba. However, it was a disastrous voyage, with cold, famine, and Christian IV (12 April 1577 – 28 February 1648) was the king of scurvy destroying most of the crew. Denmark-Norway from 1588 until his death. With a reign of more than 59 years, he is the longest-reigning monarch of Christian sent Ove Gjedde to establish Denmark's first colony at Denmark, and he is frequently remembered as one of the most Tranquebar, on India's south coast, in 1620. Christian also popular, ambitious and proactive Danish , having initiated assigned the privilege establishing the Danish East India many reforms and projects.[citation needed] He is sometimes Company. referred to as Christian Firtal in Denmark and Christian Kvart or Quart in Norway. The War In 1611, he first put his newly organized army to use. Despite Court life the reluctance of Rigsraadet, Christian initiated a war with The son of Frederick II, king of Denmark-Norway, and Sofie of Sweden for the supremacy of the Baltic Sea It was later known Mecklenburg-Schwerin, he was born at in as the because its chief operation was the Danish 1577.[1] He descended, through his mother's side, from king capture of Kalmar, the eastern fortress of Sweden. Christian John of Denmark, and was thus the first descendant of King John compelled King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden to give way on to assume the crown since the deposition of King Christian II. all essential points at the resulting Treaty of Knäred of 20 He succeeded to the throne at the age of 11, on the death of his January 1613.[1] However, despite Denmark's greater strength, father on 4 April 1588.[1] While he was still growing up, the gains of the war were not decisive. chancellor Niels Kaas and the Rigsraadet council served as trustees of the royal power. He received a good education, and He now turned his attention to the Thirty Years' War in was a headstrong and talented student.[2] At the age of 18, Germany. Here, his objectives were twofold: first, to obtain Christian ascended the throne on 17 August 1596. control of the great German rivers— the Elbe and the Weser— as a means of securing his dominion of the northern seas; and On 30 November 1597, he married Anne Catherine of secondly, to acquire the secularized German Archdiocese of Brandenburg, a daughter of Joachim Friedrich, margrave of Bremen and Prince-Bishopric of Verden as appanages for his Brandenburg and duke of Prussia. The queen died fourteen years younger sons. He skillfully took advantage of the alarm of the later, after bearing Christian seven children. Four years after her German Protestants after the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, death the king privately married a handsome young to secure coadjutorship of the See of Bremen for his son gentlewoman, , by whom he had twelve children Frederick (September 1621). A similar arrangement was reached — a connection which was to be disastrous to Denmark. in November at Verden. Hamburg was also induced to acknowledge the Danish overlordship of Holstein by the In the course of 1628 he discovered that his wife, Kirsten Munk, compact of Steinburg in July 1621. was having a relationship with one of his German officers; and when he put her away she endeavoured to cover up her own The Emperor's War disgrace by conniving at an intrigue between Vibeke Kruse, one Portrait by Karel van ManderThe growing power of the of her discharged maids, and the king. In January 1630 the Catholics in North Germany in and after 1623 was a threat to the rupture became final, and Kirsten retired to her estates in Danish holdings in the Schleswig-Holstein duchies and almost Jutland. Meanwhile Christian openly acknowledged Vibeke as induced Christian to intervene directly in the Thirty Years' War. his mistress, and she bore him a numerous family. Vibeke's For a time, however, he stayed his hand. The urgent solicitations children were of course the natural enemies of the children of of the western powers, and his fear that Gustavus Adolphus Kirsten Munk, and the hatred of the two families was not should supplant him as the champion of the Protestant cause, without influence on the future . finally led him to plunge into war on 9 May 1625.He also feared Military and economic reforms that Sweden could use a war to further expand their holdings in 36

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 the Baltic Sea. Christian embarked on a military campaign which Sweden. However, his mediating was highly skewed in favour of was later known in Denmark and Norway as "The Emperor the Holy Roman Emperor, and was a transparent attempt of War" (Danish: Kejserkrigen, Norwegian: Keiserkrigen). minimizing the influence Swedish influence in the Baltics.[6] His Scandinavian policy was so irritating and vexatious that Swedish statesmen advocated for a war with Denmark, to keep Christian from interfering in the peace negotiations with the Holy Roman Emperor, and in May 1643, Christian faced another war against Sweden.[1] The increased had alienated the Dutch, who turned to support Sweden.[2]

Torstenson War Sweden was able, thanks to their conquests in the Thirty Years' War, to attack Denmark from the south as well as the east; the Dutch alliance promised to secure them at sea. In May, the Swedish Privy Council decided upon war; on 12 December the Swedish Field Marshal , advancing from Bohemia, crossed the southern frontier of Denmark; by the end of January 1644 the whole peninsula of Jutland was in his possession. This unexpected attack, conducted from first to last with consummate ability and lightning-like rapidity, had a paralysing effect upon Denmark. Fortunately for his subjects, in the midst of almost universal helplessness and confusion, Christian knew his duty and had the courage to do it.

Vilhelm Marstrand: Christian at the Battle of Colberger Heide.In his sixty-sixth year he once more displayed something of the magnificent energy of his triumphant youth. Night and day he laboured to levy armies and equip fleets. Fortunately for him, the Swedish government delayed hostilities in till February 1644, and the Danes were able to make adequate defensive preparations and save the important fortress of Malmö. The Danish fleet denied Torstensson crossing from Jutland to Funen, and defeated the Dutch auxiliary fleet which came to Torstensson's assistance at the Action of 16 May 1644.[6] Another attempt to transport Torstensson and his army to the He had at his disposal from 19,000 to 25,000 men, and at first Danish islands by a large Swedish fleet was frustrated by gained some successes; but on 27 August 1626 he was utterly Christian IV in person on 1 July 1644. On that day the two fleets routed by Johan of Tilly in the Battle of Lutter.[1] Christian had encountered at the Battle of Colberger Heide. As Christian stood not thoroughly planned the advance against the combined forces on the quarter-deck of the Trinity a cannon close by was of the Holy Roman Emperor and the Catholic League, as exploded by a Swedish cannonball, and splinters of wood and promises of military support from the Netherlands and England metal wounded the king in thirteen places, blinding one eye and did not materialize. In the summer of 1627 both Johan of Tilly flinging him to the deck. But he was instantly on his feet again, and Albrecht von Wallenstein occupied the duchies and the cried with a loud voice that it was well with him, and set every whole peninsula of Jutland. one an example of duty by remaining on deck till the fight was over. Darkness at last separated the contending fleets; and the Christian now formed an alliance with Sweden on 1 January battle was drawn. 1628, as he and Gustavus Adolphus shared the reluctance of German expansion in the Baltic region. Gustavus Adolphus pledged to assist Denmark with a fleet in case of need, and shortly afterwards a Swedo-Danish army and fleet compelled Wallenstein to raise the siege of Stralsund. Thus with the help of Sweden, the superior sea-power enabled Denmark to tide over her worst difficulties, and in May 1629 Christian was able to conclude peace with the emperor in the Treaty of Lübeck, without any diminution of territory. However, the treaty bound Christian not to interfere in the Thirty Years' War any further, removing any Danish obstacles when Gustavus Adolphus entered the war in 1630.

Containment of Sweden Christian's foreign policy did not suffer from lack of confidence following the Danish defeat in The Emperor's War. To compensate for lacking export revenues, and also in order to stifle the Swedish advances in the Thirty Years' War, Christian The Danish fleet subsequently blockaded the Swedish ships in enacted a number of increases in the Sound Dues throughout the the Bay of Kiel. But the Swedish fleet escaped, and the . Christian gained both in popularity and influence at home, and he hoped to increase his external power still further annihilation of the Danish fleet by the combined navies of Sweden and the Netherlands, after an obstinate fight between with the assistance of his sons-in-law, and and Lolland at the end of September, exhausted the Hannibal Sehested, who now came prominently forward. military resources of Denmark and compelled Christian to accept the mediation of France and the Netherlands; and peace was Between 1629 and 1643 the European situation presented infinite possibilities to politicians with a taste for adventure. finally signed with the Treaty of Brömsebro on 8 February 1645. However, Christian was incapable of a consistent diplomatic Here Denmark had to cede , Ösel and (for thirty years) , while Norway lost the two provinces Jämtland and policy. He would neither conciliate Sweden, henceforth his most dangerous enemy, nor guard himself against her by a definite Härjedalen, giving Sweden the supremacy of the Baltic Sea. system of counter-alliances.[1] Christian contacted the Catholic part of the Thirty Years' War, and offered to broker a deal with 37

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

Last years and death Monument of Christian IV in Kristiansand, Norway.After the Torstenson War, Rigsraadet took on an increasing role, under the leadership of Corfitz Ulfeldt and Hannibal Sehested. The last years of Christian's life were embittered by sordid differences with his sons-in-law, especially with Corfitz Ulfeldt.

He was responsible for several witch burnings, most notably the conviction and execution of Maren Spliid (Splids), who was victim of the witch hunt at Ribe and was burned at the Gallows Hill near Ribe on 9 November 1641.

On 21 February 1648, at his earnest request, he was carried in a litter from Frederiksborg to his beloved , where he died a week later. He was buried in Roskilde Cathedral.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark

38

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

DENMARK-NORWAY (1643-1645AD) MERCENARIES

CHARACTERS: Up to 25% 0-3 FIELD GUNS CAVALRY: Up to 25% INFANTRY: At least 50% MERCENARIES: Up to 25% (Artillery up to 10%) GERMAN MERCENARY REITERS ALLIES: Up to 25% CA SA KA Mo Pts F SIP: not pooled Horseman 2 4 3 7 17 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols CHARACTERS

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts ALLIES Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170 Only in 1644AD: Holy Roman Empire Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90

Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90

Equipment and Armour Value: as unit Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.

CAVALRY

CUIRASSIERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Special Rules: Caracole

CHEVAUX LÈGERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols

HARQUEBUSIERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus

INFANTRY

FOOT CA SA KA Mo Pts F Trooper 3 3 3 7 8 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. Up to half may have musket (+1) Special Rules: Swedish Ordonnance

0-1 GUARD FIRELOCKS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Guard 3 4 3 8 14 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

Special Rules: Firelocks, Swedish Ordonnance

0-1 DRAGOONS

CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike Special Rules: Dragoons

39

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

ELECTORATE OF THE PALATINATE (KURPFALZ) MERCENARIES

CHARACTERS: Up to 25% 0-4 FIELD GUNS CAVALRY: Up to 25% INFANTRY: At least 50% MERCENARIES: Up to 10% 0-1 CUIRASSIERS ALLIES: Up to 25% CA SA KA Mo Pts F SIP: not pooled Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols CHARACTERS Special Rules: Caracole

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts MUSKETEERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170 Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90

Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90 Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance Equipment and Armour Value: as unit Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). PIKEMEN CA SA KA Mo Pts F Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armour (+3). CAVALRY Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

CARACOLING REITERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F ALLIES Horseman 2 3 3 7 19 L Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Spanish Allies Special Rules: Caracole

CARACOLING HARQUEBUSIERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Horseman 2 3 3 7 16 L Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus Special Rules: Caracole

INFANTRY

MILITIA CA SA KA Mo Pts F Militia 2 2 3 7 6 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have light (+1) or heavy armour (+3). At least half must be armed with arquebus (free) or musket (+1) but can’t have armour. Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

MILITIA MUSKETEERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Musketeer 2 2 3 7 6 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

IRREGULARS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Levy 2 2 3 6 5 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, Special Rules: Undisciplined, Unmotivated

40

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

ENGLAND NORTHERN MILITIA BOWS AND BILLS CA SA KA Mo Pts F CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Militia 3 3 3 6 6 R CAVALRY: Up to 25% INFANTRY: At least 50% Equipment: Hand weapon, halberd MERCENARIES: Up to 25% (Artillery up to 10%) Up to half may have bow instead of halberd (free) SIP: not pooled Special Rules: Combined Formation

CHARACTERS MERCENARIES

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts 0-3 FIELD GUNS

Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170

Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 0-1 IRISH LIGHT HORSE Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90 CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 S Equipment and Armour Value: as unit Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). Equipment: Hand weapon, pistol

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. IRISH MUSKETEERS Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. CA SA KA Mo Pts F Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R

CAVALRY Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance 0-1 CUIRASSIERS IRISH PIKEMEN CA SA KA Mo Pts F CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Special Rules: Caracole, Must be the smallest cavalry unit Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

HARQUEBUSIERS

CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket May have pistol and carbine instead of musket (free)

NORTHERN MILITIA HORSE CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 L

Equipment: Hand weapon May have pistol (+2) Special Rules: Feign Flight

INFANTRY

DRAGOONS CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike Special Rules: Dragoons

MILITIA OR RAW LEVY MUSKETEERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Musketeer 3 2 3 6 6 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

MILITIA OR RAW LEVY PIKEMEN CA SA KA Mo Pts F Pikeman 2 3 3 6 6 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

41

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

FRANCE DRAGOONS CA SA KA Mo Pts F CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L CAVALRY: Up to 25% INFANTRY: At least 50% Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike MERCENARIES: Up to 25% (Artillery up to 10%) Special Rules: Dragoons ALLIES: Up to 25% SIP: not pooled NEW FOOT CA SA KA Mo Pts F Trooper 3 3 3 7 8 L CHARACTERS Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. CA SA KA Mo L S Pts Special Rules: Swedish Ordonnance, Only from 1636AD

Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170

Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 MERCENARIES Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90 0-3 FIELD GUNS Equipment and Armour Value: as unit Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). BERNARDINE CAVALRY Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. CA SA KA Mo Pts F Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. Horseman 2 4 3 7 15 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols CAVALRY Special Rules: Only 1636-1645AD

CHEVAUX LÈGERS BERNARDINE FOOT CA SA KA Mo Pts F CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 L Trooper 3 3 3 6 7 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. May have light armour (+2) Special Rules: Swedish Ordonnance,, Only 1636-1645AD Only from 1637AD: Upgrade to CA4 (+2)

CARABINS ALLIES CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 S Only until 1636AD: Venetian Allies Only from 1637AD: Swedish Allies Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine Only from 1637AD: Dutch Allies Special Rules: Feign Flight Only from 1637AD: Hessen-Kassel Allies

GENDARMES CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry, Only until 1636AD

INFANTRY

0-1 GARDES CA SA KA Mo Pts F Guard 4 4 3 7 12 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. Up to half may be armed with arquebus (free) or musket (+1) Special Rules: Drilled, Dutch Ordonnance

VIEUX CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Trooper 3 3 3 6 7 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. Up to half may be armed with arquebus (free) or musket (+1). Only from 1637AD: Upgrade to Mo7 (+1) Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

42

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

HESSEN-KASSEL GRENADIERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Grenadier 3 3 3 7 12 - CAVALRY: Up to 25% INFANTRY: At least 50% Equipment: Hand weapon, Grenadoe MERCENARIES: Up to 10% 0-3 Grenadiers can be added into units of pike or shot. SIP: not pooled Special Rules: Only from 1631AD

CHARACTERS MERCENARIES

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts 0-4 FIELD GUNS

Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170

Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90

Equipment and Armour Value: as unit Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.

CAVALRY

CUIRASSIERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Only until 1632AD: May have Heavy Cavalry instead of Caracole (free) Only after 1632AD: Downgrade to Mo7 (-2) Special Rules: Caracole

INFANTRY

DRAGOONS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike Special Rules: Dragoons

MUSKETEERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

PIKEMEN CA SA KA Mo Pts F Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armour (+3).

Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

OUTRAGED PEASANTS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Levy 2 2 3 5 3 R

Equipment: Hand weapon Special Rules: Undisciplined, Unmotivated

MOUNTED JÄGER CA SA KA Mo Pts F Dragoon 3 4 3 7 12 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine Special Rules: Dragoons, Only from 1631AD 43

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE PIKEMEN CA SA KA Mo Pts F CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R CAVALRY: Up to 25% Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armour (+3). INFANTRY: At least 50% Special Rules: Spanish Ordonnance MERCENARIES: Up to 50% (Artillery up to 10%) ALLIES: Up to 25% 0-1 RONDARTSCHIER SIP: not pooled CA SA KA Mo Pts F Swordsman 4 3 3 8 18 R Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, shield CHARACTERS KA4 against infantry. May be deploey separately or as combined formation with the pikemen. Must be the smallest infantry unit. Special Rules: Drilled CA SA KA Mo L S Pts

Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170 0-4 BATTALION GUNS Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 Special Rules: Only after 1632AD Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90

MERCENARIES Equipment and Armour Value: as unit Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). 0-4 FIELD GUNS Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. BAVARIAN CUIRASSIERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F CAVALRY Horseman 4 3 3 8 24 R Equipment: Horse, hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols CUIRASSIERS Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry

CA SA KA Mo Pts F CROAT Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Horseman 3 3 3 7 18 L Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Only until 1632AD: May have Heavy Cavalry and instead Equipment: Horse, hand weapon, lance. of Caracole (+2) Special Rules: Feign Flight Only after 1632AD: Downgrade to Mo7 (-2) Special Rules: Caracole POLISH COSSACKS CA SA KA Mo Pts F CARACOLING REITERS Horseman 3 3 3 6 17 S CA SA KA Mo Pts F Equipment: Horse, hand weapon, pistols Horseman 2 3 3 7 19 L May have thrusting spear (+2) Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Special Rules: Feign Flight Only after 1632AD: Upgrade to SA4 (+2) Special Rules: Caracole HUNGARIAN HUSSARS CA SA KA Mo Pts F CARABINS Horseman 3 3 3 7 15 S CA SA KA Mo Pts F Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or bow Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 S Special Rules: Feign Flight Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine Only Eastern Frontier Special Rules: Only until 1616AD

CARACOLING HARQUEBUSIERS ALLIES CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 L Spanish Allies Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus Only after 1632AD: Upgrade to SA4 (+2) Special Rules: Caracole, Only after 1616AD

INFANTRY

DRAGOONS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike Special Rules: Dragoons

MUSKETEERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. After 1632AD: May have Swinefeathers (+20, count as Stakes) Special Rules: Spanish Ordonnance 44

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

convert may have had its roots in his friendship with the Jesuits, ALBRECHT VON WALLENSTEIN the Counter-Reformation policy of the Habsburgs which effectively barred Protestants from being appointed to higher offices at court, in Bohemia and in Moravia, and the impressions he gathered in Catholic Italy. However, there are no sources indicating the reason for Wallenstein's conversion, except for a subjunctive anecdote by his contemporary Franz Christoph von Khevenmüller about Virgin Mary saving Wallenstein's life when he fell from a window in . Wallenstein later would owe allegiance to the Imperial as a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece.

In 1607, upon recommendation by his brother-in-law and another relative Adam of Waldstein, often mistakenly referred to as his uncle, Wallenstein was made at the court of Matthias, and later also chamberlain of archdukes Ferdinand and Maximilian.

In 1609, Wallenstein married Czech Lucretia of Víckov, née Nekšová of Landek, rich widow of Arkleb of Víckov owning the towns of Vsetín, Lukov, Rymice and Všetuly/Holešov (all in eastern Moravia). She was three years older than himself, and he inherited her estates after her death in 1614. He used his wealth to win favour, offering and commanding 200 horses for Archduke Ferdinand of Styria for his war with in 1617, thereby relieving the fortress of Gradisca from Venetian siege. He later endowed a monastery in her name, and had her reburied there.

In 1623, Wallenstein married Isabella Katharina, daughter of Count Harrach. She bore him two children, a son who died in infancy and a surviving daughter. Examples of the couple's correspondence survive. Both marriages made him one of the wealthiest men in the Bohemian Crown.

Thirty Years' War Early life The Thirty Years' War began in 1618 when the estates of Isabelle von Harrach, Wallenstein's second wifeWallenstein was Bohemia rebelled against Ferdinand of Styria and elected born on 24 September 1583 in Heřmanice, Bohemia, into a poor Frederick V, Elector Palatine, the leader of the Protestant Union, Protestant branch of the Waldstein (Wallenstein, Valdštejn) as their new king. Wallenstein associated himself with the cause family who owned Heřmanice castle and seven surrounding of the Catholics and the Habsburg dynasty. Sympathizing with villages. His mother Markéta (née Smiřická of Smiřice) died in the Bohemians, he used his position as commander of the troops 1593, his father Wilhelm (Vilém) in 1595. They had raised him of the Moravian estates to escape with the Moravian treasure- bilingually – the father spoke German while his mother preferred chest to Vienna. There, however, the authorities told him that the Czech – yet Wallenstein in his childhood had a better command money would go back to the — but he had shown his of Czech than of German.The religious affiliation of the parents loyalty to Ferdinand, the future Emperor. was Lutheranism and . Wallenstein equipped a regiment of cuirassiers and won great After the death of his parents, Albrecht for two years lived with distinction under Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of his maternal uncle, Jindřich Slavata of Chlum and Košumberk, a Bucquoy in the wars against Ernst von Mansfeld and Gabriel member of the Unity of the Brethren (Bohemian Brethren), and Bethlen (both supporters of the Bohemian revolt) in Moravia. adapted his uncle's religious affiliation. Uncle sent him to the Wallenstein recovered his lands (which the rebels had seized in brethren's school at Košumberk Castle in Eastern Bohemia. In 1619) and after the Battle of White Mountain (8 November 1597, Albrecht was sent to the Protestant Latin school at 1620) he secured the estates belonging to his mother's family and Goldberg (now Złotoryja) in Silesia, where the then German confiscated tracts of Protestant lands. He grouped his new environment led him to hone his skills. While possessions into a territory called Friedland (Frýdlant) in German became Wallenstein's everyday language, he is said to northern Bohemia. A series of successes in battle led to have continued to curse in Czech. On 29 August 1599 Wallenstein becoming in 1622 an palatine, in Wallenstein continued his education at the Protestant University 1623 a prince, and in 1625 Duke of Friedland. Wallenstein of Altdorf near Nuremberg, , where he was often proved an able administrator of the duchy and also sent a large engaged in brawls and épée fights, leading to his imprisonment representation to Prague to emphasize his nobility. in town prison. Self image Wallenstein depicted as , the God of war, riding Already in February 1600, Albrecht left Altdorf for his Grand the sky in a chariot pulled by four horses. Ceiling decoration in Tour through the HRE, France and Italy, where he studied at the the main hall of the Wallenstein PalaceIn order to aid Ferdinand universities of Bologna and Padua. Wallenstein thus was in (elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1619) against the Northern command of the German, Czech, Latin and Italian languages, Protestants and to produce a balance in the Army of the Catholic was able to understand Spanish, and had some skills in French. League under Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, Wallenstein offered to raise a whole army for the imperial service following Wallenstein then joined the army of the Emperor Rudolf II in the bellum se ipsum alet principle, and received his final Hungary, where he saw, under the command of , commission on 25 July 1625. Wallenstein’s success as a military two years of armed service (1604–1606) against the Ottoman commander brought him fiscal credit, which in turn enabled him Turks and Hungarian rebels. In 1604, his sister Kateřina Anna to receive loans to buy lands, many of them being the former married the leader of Moravian Protestants Karel the Older of estates of conquered Bohemian nobles. Wallenstein also used his Zierotin. He studied at University of Olomouc (matriculated credit to grant loans to Ferdinand II, who then repaid him 1605). In 1606, he came into contact with the Olomouc Jesuits, through lands and . Wallenstein's popularity soon recruited and converted to Catholicism in the same year. The decision to 45

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

30,000 (not long afterwards 50,000) men. The two armies Treachery and death worked together over 1625–27, at first against Mansfeld.

Having beaten Mansfeld at Dessau (25 April 1626), Wallenstein cleared Silesia of the remnants of Mansfeld's army in 1627. At this time he bought from the emperor the Duchy of Sagan (in Silesia). He then joined Tilly in the struggle with Christian IV of Denmark, and afterwards gained as a reward the Duchies of Mecklenburg, whose hereditary suffered expulsion for having helped the Danish king. This awarding of a major territory to someone of the lower nobility shocked the high-born rulers of many other German states.

Wallenstein assumed the title of "Admiral of the North and Baltic Seas". However, in 1628 he failed to capture Stralsund, The Killing of Wallenstein which resisted the Capitulation of and the subsequent siege with assistance of Danish, Scottish and Swedish troops, a In December Wallenstein retired with his army to Bohemia, blow that denied him access to the Baltic and the chance of around Plzeň. Vienna soon definitely convinced itself of his challenging the naval power of the Scandinavian kingdoms and treachery, a secret court found him guilty, and the Emperor of the Netherlands. Though he succeeded in defeating Christian looked seriously for a means of getting rid of him (a successor in IV of Denmark in the Battle of Wolgast and neutralizing command, the later emperor Ferdinand III, was already waiting). Denmark in the subsequent Peace of Lübeck, the situation Wallenstein was aware of the plan to replace him, but felt further deteriorated when the presence of the Imperial catholic confident that when the army came to decide between him and troops on the Baltic and the Emperor's "Edict of Restitution" the Emperor the decision would be in his favour. brought King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden into the conflict. He attempted to aid forces of the Polish-Lithuanian On January 24, 1634 the Emperor signed a secret patent (shown Commonwealth under Stanisław Koniecpolski, which only to certain of Wallenstein's officers) removing him from his were fighting Sweden in 1629; however, Wallenstein failed to command. Finally an open patent charging Wallenstein with engage any major Swedish forces and this significantly affected high treason was signed on February 18 and published in Prague. the outcome of the conflict. Losing the support of his army, Wallenstein now realized the extent of his peril, and on February 23 with a company of some Over the course of the war Wallenstein's ambitions and the hundred men, he went from Plzeň to Cheb, hoping to meet the exactions of his army had made him a host of enemies, both Swedes under Duke Bernhard. After his arrival at Cheb, Catholic and Protestant princes and non-princes. Ferdinand however, certain senior Scottish and Irish officers in his force suspected Wallenstein of planning a coup to take control of the assassinated him on the night of February 25.To carry out the Holy Roman Empire. The Emperor's advisors advocated assassination, a regiment of dragoons under the command of an dismissing him, and in September 1630 envoys were sent to Irish Colonel Butler and the Scots Walter Leslie and Wallenstein to announce his removal. Wallenstein gave over his John Gordon first fell upon Wallenstein's trusted officers Adam army to General Tilly, and retired to Jičín, the capital of his Trczka, Vilém , Christian Illov and Henry Neumann Duchy of Friedland. There he lived in an atmosphere of whilst the latter banqueted at Cheb Castle (which had come "mysterious magnificence". under the command of John Gordon himself), and massacred them. Trczka alone managed to fight his way out into the However, circumstances forced Ferdinand to call Wallenstein courtyard, only to be shot down by a group of musketeers.A few into the field again. The successes of Gustavus Adolphus over hours later, an Irish captain, Walter Devereux, together with a General Tilly at the Battle of Breitenfeld and on the Lech (1632), few companions, broke into the burgomaster's house at the main where Tilly was killed, and his advance to Munich and square where Wallenstein had his lodgings (again courtesy of occupation of Bohemia, demanded action. In the spring of 1632, John Gordon), and kicked open the bedroom door. Devereux Wallenstein raised a fresh army within a few weeks and took to then ran his halberd through the unarmed Wallenstein, who, the field. He drove the Saxon army from Bohemia and then roused from sleep, is said to have asked in vain for quarter. advanced against Gustavus Adolphus, whom he opposed near Nuremberg and after the Battle of the Alte Veste dislodged. In The Holy Roman Emperor may not have commanded the November, came the great Battle of Lützen, in which murder, nor even desired it, but he had given free rein to the Wallenstein was forced to retreat but in the confused melee, party who he knew wished "to bring in Wallenstein, alive or Gustavus Adolphus was killed. Wallenstein then withdrew to dead." After the assassination, he rewarded the murderers with winter quarters in Bohemia. honour and riches.

In the campaigning of 1633, Wallenstein's apparent Wallenstein was buried at Jičín. unwillingness to attack the enemy caused much concern in Vienna and in Spain. At this time the dimensions of the war Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_von_Wallenstein grew more European. Wallenstein had, in fact, started preparing to desert the Emperor: he expressed anger at Ferdinand's refusal to revoke the Edict of Restitution. History records tell little about his secret negotiations; but rumors told that he was preparing to force a just peace on the Emperor in the interests of united Germany, at the same time hesitating — as he used to do in other respects — and trying to stay loyal to the Emperor as far as possible. With this apparent "plan" he entered into negotiations with Saxony, Brandenburg, Sweden, and France. But, apparently, the Habsburgs' enemies tried to draw him to their side. In any case, he gained little support. Anxious to make his power felt, he at last resumed the offensive against the Swedes and Saxons, winning his last victory at Steinau on the Oder in October. He then resumed negotiations.

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FRANZ VON MERCY

Franz von Mercy who came of a noble family of Lorraine, was born at Longwy some time between 1590 and 1598. From 1606 to 1630 he was engaged in the imperial service. By the latter year he had attained high military rank, and after distinguishing himself at the first Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) he commanded a regiment of foot on the Rhine and defended against the Swedes with the utmost bravery, surrendering only after enduring a five-months' siege. He now became a general officer of cavalry (General-Feldwachtmeister), and in 1635, 1636 and 1637 took part in further campaigns on the Rhine and Doubs.

In September 1638 the elector of Bavaria made him master- general of ordnance in the army of Bavaria, then the second largest army in Germany. In the next campaign he was practically commander-in-chief of the Bavarians, and at times also of an allied army of Imperialists and Bavarians. He was now considered one of the foremost soldiers in Europe, and was made general field marshal in 1643 when he won his great victory over the French Marshal Rantzau at the Battle of (Nov. 24- 25), capturing the marshal and seven thousand men.

In the following year Mercy opposed the French armies, now under the Great Condé and the Vicomte de Turenne. He fought, and in the end lost, the desperate , but revenged himself the next year by inflicting upon Turenne the defeat of Mergentheim (Marienthal). Later in 1645, fighting once more against Enghien and Turenne, Mercy was killed at the Battle of Nordlingen (or Allerheim) at the crisis of the engagement, which, even without Mercy's guiding hand, was almost a drawn battle. He died on 3 August 1645. On the spot where he fell, Enghien erected a memorial, with the inscription Sta viator, heroem calcas.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Mercy

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marvelled at his powers of drinking and his devotion to tobacco. JOHANN VON WERTH So light was his captivity that he said that nothing bound him but his "word of honour". However, he looked forward with anxiety for his release, which was delayed until March 1642 because the imperial government feared to see Horn at the head of the Swedish army and would not allow an exchange.

When at last he reappeared in the field it was as general of cavalry in the imperial and Bavarian and Cologne services. His first campaign against the French marshal Guebriant was uneventful, but his second (1643) in which Baron Franz von Mercy was his commander-in-chief, ended with the victory of Tuttlingen, a surprise on a large scale, in which Werth naturally played the leading part. In 1644 he was in the lower Rhine country, but he returned to Mercy's headquarters in time to take a brilliant share in the battle of Freiburg. In the following year his resolution and bravery, and also his uncontrolled rashness, played the most conspicuous part in deciding the day at the second battle of Nördlingen. Mercy was killed in this action, and Werth succeeded to the command of the defeated army, but he was soon superseded by Field-marshal Geleen. Johann von Werth was disappointed, but remained thoroughly loyal to his soldierly code of honour, and found an outlet for his anger in renewed military activity.

He was born in 1591 at Büttgen in the duchy of Jülich as the eldest son with eight more brothers and sisters. His parents (Johann von Wierdt († 1606) and Elisabeth Streithoven) belonged to the numerous class of the lesser nobility, and at an early age he left home to follow the career of a soldier of fortune in the Walloon cavalry of the Spanish service. In 1622, at the taking of Jülich, he won promotion to the rank of lieutenant. He served as a colonel of cavalry in the Bavarian army in 1630. He obtained the command of a regiment, both titular and effective, in 1632, and in 1633 and 1634 laid the foundations of his reputation as a swift and terrible leader of cavalry forays. His services were even more conspicuous in the great pitched Battle of Nördlingen (1634), after which the emperor made him a of the Empire, and the elector of Bavaria gave him the rank of lieutenant field-marshal. About this time he armed his regiment with the musket as well as the sword.

1635 and 1636 his forays extended into Lorraine and , after which he projected an expedition into the heart of France. Starting in July 1636, from the country of the lower , he raided far and wide, and even urged the cardinal infante, who commanded in chief, to "plant the double eagle on the Louvre." Though this was not attempted. Worth's In 1647 differences arose between the elector and the emperor as horsemen appeared at Saint-Denis before the uprising of the to the allegiance due from the Bavarian troops, in which, after French national spirit in the shape of an army of fifty thousand long hesitation, Werth, fearing that the cause of the Empire and men at Compiègne forced the invaders to retire whence they had of the Catholic religion would be ruined if the elector resumed come. The memory of this raid lasted long, and the name of control of the troops, attempted to take his men over the Austrian "Jean de Wert" figures in folk-songs and serves as a bogey to border. But they refused to follow and, escaping with great quiet unruly children. difficulty from the elector's vengeance, Werth found a refuge in Austria. The emperor was grateful for his conduct in this affair, In 1637 Werth was once more in the Rhine valley, destroying ordered the elector to rescind his ban, and made Werth a count. convoys, relieving besieged towns and surprising the enemy's camps. In February 1638 he defeated the Weimar troops in an The last campaign of the war (1648) was uneventful, and shortly engagement at Rheinfelden, but shortly afterwards was made after its close he retired to live on the estates which he had prisoner by Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar. His hopes of being bought in the course of his career, and on one of these, Benátky exchanged for the Swedish field marshal Gustaf Horn were nad Jizerou 40 kilometres (25 mi) NE of Prague in Bohemia, a disappointed for Bernhard had to deliver up his captive to the gift from the emperor, he died on September 12, 1652 and was French. The terrible Jean de Wert was brought to Paris, amidst buried in the church of Nativity of the Virgin Mary in Benátky. great rejoicings from the country people. He was lionized by the society of the capital, visited in prison by high ladies, who Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_von_Werth 48

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HUNGARIAN ANTI-HABSBURG REBELS PIKEMEN CA SA KA Mo Pts F CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R CAVALRY: Up to 25% INFANTRY: At least 25% Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armour (+3). MERCENARIES: Up to 50% Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance SIP: not pooled OUTRAGED PEASANTS CA SA KA Mo Pts F CHARACTERS Levy 2 2 3 5 3 R

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts Equipment: Hand weapon Special Rules: Undisciplined, Unmotivated Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170

Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90 MERCENARIES

Equipment and Armour Value: as unit 0-4 FIELD GUNS Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.

CAVALRY

CUIRASSIERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armor, pistols Only until 1632AD: May have Heavy Cavalry instead of Caracole (free) Only after 1632AD: Downgrade to Mo7 (-2) Special Rules: Caracole

CARACOLING REITERS OR HARQUEBUSIERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols or arquebus Special Rules: Caracole

HUNGARIAN HUSSARS CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Horseman 3 3 3 7 15 S

Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or bow Special Rules: Feign Flight

INFANTRY

DRAGOONS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike Special Rules: Dragoons

MUSKETEERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket.

Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

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HUNGARY & TRANSYLVANIA MERCENARIES

CHARACTERS: Up to 25% 0-4 FIELD GUNS CAVALRY: Up to 25% INFANTRY: At least 50% MERCENARIES: Up to 10% CUIRASSIERS ALLIES: Up to 25% CA SA KA Mo Pts F SIP: not pooled Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R

CAVALRY Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Only until 1632AD: May have Heavy Cavalry instead of HUNGARIAN HUSSARS Caracole (free) CA SA KA Mo Pts F Only after 1632AD: Downgrade to Mo7 (-2) Horseman 3 3 3 7 15 S Special Rules: Caracole

Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or bow CARACOLING REITERS OR HARQUEBUSIERS Special Rules: Feign Flight CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 L NOBLE CAVALRY CA SA KA Mo Pts F Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols or arquebus Horseman 3 3 3 7 22 L Special Rules: Caracole

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, lance, pistol MERCENARY MUSKETEERS LOWER NOBILITY CA SA KA Mo Pts F CA SA KA Mo Pts F Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R Horseman 3 3 3 7 18 L Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. Equipment: Hand weapon, light armour, pistol Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance May have bow or carbine instead of pistol (free) MERCENARY PIKEMEN CA SA KA Mo Pts F INFANTRY Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R

DRAGOONS Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. CA SA KA Mo Pts F Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

ALLIES Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike Special Rules: Dragoons Spanish Allies HAIDUKS CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Haiduk 3 3 3 7 7 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus. May have halberd (+1)

MILITIA CA SA KA Mo Pts F Militia 2 2 3 5 3 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, bow May have flail (count as halberd) or arquebus instead of bow (free)

PEASANTS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Levy 2 2 3 5 3 R

Equipment: Hand weapon Special Rules: Undisciplined, Unmotivated

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court, composed hymns, and patronised the arts and learning, BETHLEN GÁBOR especially in connection with his own Calvinist faith. He founded an academy to which he invited any pastor and teacher from Royal Hungary; sent students abroad to the Protestant universities of England, the Low Countries, and the Protestant of Germany;, conferred hereditary nobility on all Protestant pastors; and forbade landlords to prevent their serfs from having their children schooled.

Other parts of his revenue he devoted toward keeping an efficient standing army of mercenaries, with whose help he conducted an ambitious foreign policy. Keeping peace with the Ottoman Porte, he struck out to the north and west.

There were several reasons for his anti-Habsburg interventions in neighbouring Royal Hungary (1619–1626) which took place during Central Europe's Thirty Years' War:

He was partly motivated by personal ambition. Habsburg absolutism in Royal Hungary. The Habsburgs had started a successful Counter-Reformation in Royal Hungary which confiscated properties of local Protestants. Bethlen seems also to have been genuinely anxious to protect Protestant liberties. The Habsburgs had violated the Peace of Vienna of 1606 that put an end to the anti-Habsburg uprising of Bethlen's "predecessor" István Bocskay. The Habsburgs had violated the secret agreement with Bethlen of 1615 and prolonged the peace with Ottoman Empire in July 1615, and even entered into an alliance with George Druget, the captain of (i.e. present-day and adjacent territories) against Bethlen.

Gabriel Bethlen (de Iktár) (Hungarian: Bethlen Gábor, Romanian: Gabriel Bethlen, German: Gabriel Bethlen von Iktár; 1580 – November 15, 1629) was a king of Hungary as Gabriel I (1620-1621), prince of Transylvania (1613–1629), duke of Opole (1622–1625) and leader of an anti-Habsburg insurrection in the Habsburg Royal Hungary. His last armed intervention in 1626 was part of the Thirty Years' War. He led an active Protestant-oriented foreign policy.

Gabriel Bethlen, the most famous representative of the Iktári branch of the ancient Hungarian Bethlen family, was born at Marosillye (today Ilia in Romania) and educated at Szárhegy (today Lăzarea in Romania) at the castle of his uncle András Lázár. Thence he was sent to the court of the Transylvanian Prince Sigismund Báthory, whom he accompanied on his famous Wallachian campaign. Subsequently he assisted István Bocskay to become Prince of Transylvania in 1605 and remained his chief Gabriel Bethlen's seal. counsellor. Bethlen also supported Bocskay's successor Gabriel Báthory (1608–1613), but the prince became jealous of Bethlen's While Emperor Ferdinand was occupied with the Bohemian superior abilities and Bethlen was obliged to take refuge with the rebellion of 1618, Bethlen led his armies into Royal Hungary in Turks of the Ottoman Empire. August 1619 and occupied the town of Kassa(Košice) in September, where his Protestant supporters declared him "head" Prince of Transylvania of Hungary and protector of the Protestants. He soon won over In 1613, Bethlen led a large army against Prince Báthory, but in the entirety of Upper Hungary (present-day Slovakia), even the same year Báthory was murdered by two of his officers. securing the capital of Royal Hungary, Pozsony (), in Bethlen was placed on the throne by the Ottomans in opposition October, where the palatine even handed over the Crown of St to the wishes of the Austrian Habsburg emperor, who preferred a Stephen to Bethlen. Bethlen's troops joined with the troops of the prince who would incline more toward Vienna than toward Czech and Moravian estates (led by Count Jindrich Matyas Ottoman Constantinople. On 13 October 1613, the Thurn), but they failed to conquer Vienna in November – Transylvanian Diet at Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca), confirmed the Bethlen was forced to leave Austria after being attacked by choice of the Turkish sultan. In 1615, Bethlen was also officially George Druget and Polish mercenaries (lisowczycy) in Upper recognized by the Emperor Matthias as the Prince of Hungary. Although he had conquered most of Royal Hungary, Transylvania; Bethlen promised in secret that he would help the Bethlen was not averse to a peace, nor to a preliminary Habsburgs against the Ottomans. suspension of hostilities, and negotiations were opened at the conquered towns of Pressburg, Kassa and Besztercebánya While avoiding the cruelties and excesses of many of his (Banská Bystrica). Initially, they led to nothing because Bethlen predecessors, Bethlen established a singular variant of insisted on including the Czechs in the peace, but finally a truce patriarchal but sufficiently enlightened absolutism. He developed was concluded in January 1620 under which Bethlen received 13 mines and industry and nationalised many branches of counties in the east of Royal Hungary. On 20 August 1620 the Transylvania's foreign trade. His agents bought up many estates elected him King of Hungary at the Diet in products at fixed prices and sold them abroad at a profit, almost Besztercebánya with the consent of the Ottomans and he wanted doubling his revenues. He built himself a grand new palace in to reconcile with the Habsburgs and reunite Hungary. However, his capital, Gyulafehérvár (today ), kept a sumptuous the war with the Habsburgs resumed in Royal Hungary and Lower Austria in September. 51

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election of his wife Catherine as princess. His first wife, Zsuzsanna Károlyi, died in 1622.

Gabriel Bethlen was one of the most striking and original personages of his century. A zealous Calvinist who boasted he had read the Bible twenty-five times, he was not a bigot and had helped the Jesuit György Káldy to translate and print his version of the Scriptures. He was in communication all his life with the leading contemporary statesmen, so that his correspondence is one of the most interesting and important of historical documents. He also composed hymns and employed the composer Johannes Thesselius as kapellmeister

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Bethlen

Print of Gabriel Bethlen on horseback

The defeat of the Czech rebels by Ferdinand II’s troops at the Battle of White Mountain on 8 November 1620 (to which Bethlen had sent 3,000 troops which arrived too late) gave a new turn to Bethlen’s insurrection against the Habsburgs. Ferdinand II took a fearful revenge upon the Protestant nobility in Bohemia and reconquered Royal Hungary (Pozsony reconquered in May 1621, central part of the country with the mining towns in June 1621). Because the Protestant nobles had not received the confiscated property of the Catholics on Bethlen's territory and thus rescinded their support for Bethlen, and because Bethlen was not directly supported by the Ottomans, Bethlen started peace negotiations. As a result, the Treaty of Nikolsburg was concluded on 31 December 1621, under which Bethlen renounced the royal title on condition that Ferdinand confirmed the 1606 Peace of Vienna (which had granted full liberty of worship to the Hungarian Protestants) and engaged to summon a general diet within six months). The treaty granted full liberty of worship to the Protestants of Hungarian Transylvania and agreed on the summoning of a general diet within six months. In addition, Bethlen secured the (purely formal) title of “Imperial Prince“ (of Hungarian Transylvania), seven counties around the Upper Tisza River and the fortresses of Tokaj, Munkács, and Ecsed, and a duchy in Silesia.

Subsequently Bethlen twice (1623–1624 and 1626) launched further campaigns against Ferdinand to the territory of Upper Hungary (present-day Slovakia), this time as a direct ally of the anti-Habsburg Protestant powers. The first war was concluded by the 1624 Peace of Vienna, the second by the 1626 Peace of Pressburg-both confirmed the 1621 Peace of Nikolsburg. After the second of these campaigns, Bethlen attempted a rapprochement with the court of Vienna on the basis of an alliance against the Turks and his own marriage with an archduchess of Austria, but Ferdinand rejected his overtures. Bethlen was obliged to renounce his anti-Turkish projects, which had always remained a goal of his. Accordingly, on his return from Vienna he wedded Catherine of Brandenburg, the daughter of the elector of Brandenburg, and still more closely allied himself with the Protestant powers, including his brother-in-law Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, who, he hoped, would aid him in obtaining the Polish crown. Bethlen died on 15 November 1629 before he could accomplish any of his great designs to unite Transylvania and Hungary, having previously secured the

52

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

OTTOMAN EMPIRE AZABS CA SA KA Mo Pts F CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Skirmisher 2 3 3 6 6 S CAVALRY: Up to 50% INFANTRY: At least 25% Equipment: Hand weapon, javelins & shield ALLIES: Up to 25% May have sling instead of javelins & shield (free). SIP: not pooled May have bow , arquebus or halberd (+1) With missile weapon they may upgrade to (+1) Special Rules: Skirmishers CHARACTERS LEVENDAT OR EUROPEAN LEVY INFANTRY CA SA KA Mo L S Pts CA SA KA Mo Pts F Levy 2 2 3 5 3 R Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170

Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 Equipment: Hand weapon. Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90 May have shield, arquebus, musket or halberd (+1) Special Rules: Undisciplined, Unmotivated

Equipment and Armour Value: as unit ARNAUTS, SLAV OR ANATOLIAN SHARPSHOOTERS Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Arquebusier 3 3 3 7 7 L Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus. May be Dragoons (+2). May have musket (+1)

CAVALRY 0-1 WAGON LAAGER CA SA KA S L Mo Pts 0-1 QAPUKULU CAVALRY Wagon&crew 3 3 3 6 6 8 60 CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 4 4 3 8 24 R Equipment: Six men crew armed with hand weapon, bow or musket. Equipment: Hand weapon, thrusting spear, light armour, bow A wagon has a 40x80mm base. Durability 8 May have pistol (+2), heavy armour (+2) and cloth (+4) or metal Up to 4 wagons per laager. Must be deployed first (within up to (+6) barding.Without barding may be Nomad Cavalry (+2) 2” between the wagons) and cannot move, count as cover. Crew Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry cannot shoot twice.

FEUDAL SIPAHIS CA SA KA Mo Pts F 0-2 CAMEL GUNS Horseman 3 4 3 7 18 R Only against Persia.

Equipment: Hand weapon, May have thrusting spear (+2),shield (+2), light armour (+2), 0-4 FIELD GUNS bow (+2) and pistols (+2) May have SA4, Mo8 for 25pts each. Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry

LIGHT SIPAHIS ALLIES CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 4 3 7 18 L Crimean Tartar Allies Only until 1629AD: Transylvanian Allies Equipment: Hand weapon, May have thrusting spear (+2), shield (+2), bow (+2) and pistoös (+2) Special Rules: May Skirmish

DELIS, KURDS OR BEDOUIN ARABS CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, thrusting spear May have thrusting spear (+2), shield (+2), light armour (+2) and pistol (+2). Delis are Fanatical. Special Rules: May Skirmish

INFANTRY

JANISSARY CA SA KA Mo Pts F Janissar 3 4 3 8 12 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, bow May have arquebus (+1) or musket (+2) instead of bow. May have, light armour (+1) and halberd (+1). May have Stakes (+20) 53

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POLISH-LITHUANIAN (1618-1631) WYBRANIECKA PEASANT INFANTRY CA SA KA Mo Pts F CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Levy 2 3 3 6 5 R CAVALRY: At least 25% INFANTRY: Up to 50% Equipment: Hand weapon, halberd or arquebus MERCENARIES: Up to 25% (Artillery up to 10%) Special Rules: Undisciplined, Unmotivated ALLIES: Up to 25% SIP: not pooled 0-1 WAGON LAAGER CA SA KA S L Mo Pts CHARACTERS Wagon&crew 3 3 3 6 6 8 60

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts Equipment: Six men crew armed with hand weapon, bow or musket. Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170 A wagon has a 40x80mm base. Durability 8 Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 Up to 4 wagons per laager. Must be deployed first (within up to 2” between the wagons) and cannot move, count as cover. Crew Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90 cannot shoot twice.

Equipment and Armour Value: as unit 0-4 WAR WAGONS Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). Special Rules: Instead of Wagon Laager

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. DRAGOONS CA SA KA Mo Pts F CAVALRY Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

POLISH WINGED HUSSARS Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike CA SA KA Mo Pts F Special Rules: Dragoons, Only after 1618AD Horseman 4 4 3 8 28 R MERCENARIES Equipment: Hand weapon, lance, light armour, pistols May have heavy armour (+2) . 0-4 FIELD GUNS Special Rules: Shock Charge +2

POLISH PANCERI CAVALRY GERMAN REITERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 6 17 L Horseman 2 4 3 7 20 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or bow. May have light Equipment: Horse, hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols armour (+2), thrusting spear (+2), pistols (+2) and shield (+2) Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry GERMAN OR LIVONIAN CUIRASSIERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F POLISH COSSACKS Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 7 18 L Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols Livonion may have heavy armour and Heavy Cavalry instead of Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or bow Caracole (+4) May have light armour (+2), thrusting spear (+2) Special Rules: Caracole Special Rules: Feign Flight, May Skirmish 0-1 MERCENARY SHOT LITHUANIAN TARTARS CA SA KA Mo Pts F CA SA KA Mo Pts F Arquebusier 3 4 3 7 14 R Horseman 3 3 3 6 20 S Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. Equipment: Hand weapon, bow. May have shield (+2) Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance May have pistols instead of bow (free) and thrustingspear (+2). Special Rules: Nomad Cavalry, Feign Flight 0-1 MERCENARY PIKEMEN CA SA KA Mo Pts F NOBLE LEVY Pikeman 3 3 3 7 9 R CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 2 3 3 6 16 L Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armour (+3). Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance Equipment: Hand weapon, thrusting spear, bow May have light armour (+2) and pistol or carbine instead of bow REGISTERED COSSACKS (free) CA SA KA Mo Pts F Dragoon 3 4 3 7 12 L INFANTRY Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or halberd HAIDUKS Special Rules: Dragoons CA SA KA Mo Pts F Haiduk 3 3 3 7 7 R ALLIES

Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus. May have halberd (+1) or Unregistered Ukrainian Cossack Allies musket (+1) Only in 1629AD: Holy Roman Empire 54

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

LATER POLISH (1632-1648) GERMAN-STYLE FOOT CA SA KA Mo Pts F CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Trooper 3 3 3 7 8 R CAVALRY: At least 25% INFANTRY: Up to 25% Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. Up to half may have musket MERCENARIES: Up to 25% (Artillery up to 10%) (free) ALLIES: Up to 25% Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance SIP: not pooled HAIDUKS CA SA KA Mo Pts F CHARACTERS Haiduk 3 3 3 7 7 R

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus. May have halberd (+1)

Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170

Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 0-3 BATTALION GUNS Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90

0-1 WAGON LAAGER Equipment and Armour Value: as unit CA SA KA S L Mo Pts Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). Wagon&crew 3 3 3 6 6 8 60

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. Equipment: Six men crew armed with hand weapon, bow or Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. musket. A wagon has a 40x80mm base. Durability 8 Up to 4 wagons per laager. Must be deployed first (within up to 2” between the wagons) and cannot move, count as cover. Crew CAVALRY cannot shoot twice.

POLISH WINGED HUSSARS PEASANTS CA SA KA Mo Pts F CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 4 4 3 8 28 R Levy 2 2 3 5 3 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, lance, light armour, pistols Equipment: Hand weapon. May have shield (+1) Special Rules: Shock Charge +2 Special Rules: Undisciplined, Unmotivated

POLISH PANCERI CAVALRY CA SA KA Mo Pts F MERCENARIES Horseman 3 3 3 6 17 L 0-2 FIELD GUNS Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or bow. May have light armour (+2), thrusting spear (+2), pistols (+2) and shield (+2) Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry REITERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F POLISH COSSACKS Horseman 2 4 3 7 18 L CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 7 18 L Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols

Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or bow LITHUANIAN TARTARS May have light armour (+2), thrusting spear (+2) CA SA KA Mo Pts F Special Rules: Feign Flight, May Skirmish Horseman 3 3 3 7 20 S

NOBLE LEVY Equipment: Hand weapon, bow. CA SA KA Mo Pts F May have pistols instead of bow (free) or shield (+2). Horseman 2 3 3 6 16 L Special Rules: Nomad Cavalry, Feign Flight

Equipment: Hand weapon, thrusting spear, bow WALLACHIAN OR TARTAR LIGHT HORSE May have light armour (+2) and pistol or carbine instead of bow CA SA KA Mo Pts F (free) Horseman 2 3 3 6 15 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistol. INFANTRY Special Rules: Feign Flight

DRAGOONS 0-1 RONDARTSCHIER CA SA KA Mo Pts F CA SA KA Mo Pts F Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L Swordsman 4 3 3 8 18 R Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, shield Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike KA4 against infantry. Special Rules: Dragoons Special Rules: Drilled

ALLIES

Ukrainian Cossack Allies

55

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

PROTESTANT MERCENARY (1618-1626AD) PIKEMEN CA SA KA Mo Pts CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Pikeman 3 3 3 7 11 CAVALRY: Up to 25% INFANTRY: At least 50% Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. ARTILLERY: Up to 10% May have heavy armour (+3) and CA4 (+2) SIP: not pooled May be Drilled (+2) Special Rules: Swiss or Dutch Ordonnance (not both)

CHARACTERS ARTILLERY CA SA KA Mo L S Pts Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170 0-4 FIELD GUNS

Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90

Equipment and Armour Value: as unit Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.

CAVALRY

CUIRASSIERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols May have Heavy Cavalry instead of Caracole(free) Special Rules: Caracole

CARACOLING REITERS OR HARQUEBUSIERS CA SA KA Mo Pts Horseman 2 3 3 7 16

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols or arquebus

Special Rules: Caracole

DUTCH CAVALRY

CA SA KA Mo Pts

Horseman 4 4 3 7 20

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols Up to half may have CA/SA3 placed in the rear ranks (-4) Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry

HUNGARIAN HUSSARS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 7 15 S

Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or bow Special Rules: Feign Flight

INFANTRY

DRAGOONS

CA SA KA Mo Pts

Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike Special Rules: Dragoons

MUSKETEERS CA SA KA Mo Pts Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. Special Rules: Swiss or Dutch Ordonnance (not both)

56

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ERNST VON MANSFELD About 1624 he paid three visits to , where he was hailed as a hero by the populace, and at least one to Paris. James I, being the father-in-law of Frederick V, Elector Palatine, was anxious to furnish him with men and money for the recovery of the Palatinate, but it was not until January 1625 that Mansfeld and his army of "raw and poor rascals" sailed from Dover to the Netherlands. Later in the year, the Thirty Years' War having been renewed under the leadership of Christian IV of Denmark, he re-entered Germany to take part therein. But on 25 April 1626 Wallenstein inflicted a severe defeat upon him at the bridge of Dessau. Mansfeld, however, quickly raised another army, with which he intended to attack the hereditary lands of the house of Austria, and pursued by Wallenstein he pressed forward towards Hungary, where he hoped to accomplish his purpose by the aid of Bethlem Gabor, prince of Transylvania. But when Gabor changed his policy and made peace with the emperor, Mansfeld was compelled to disband his troops. He set out for Venice, but when he reached Rakowitza near Sarajevo, in Bosnia, he was taken ill, and here he died on 29 November 1626. He was buried at Split.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ernst,_Graf_von_Mansfeld

Mansfeld was an illegitimate son of Graf Peter Ernst von

Mansfeld, and passed his early years in his father's palace at

Luxembourg.

He gained his earliest military experiences in Hungary, where his half-brother Charles (1543–1595), also a soldier of renown, held a high command in the imperial army. Later he served under the Archduke Leopold, until that prince's ingratitude, real or fancied, drove him into the arms of the enemies of the house of Habsburg. Although remaining a Roman Catholic he allied himself with the Protestant princes, and during the earlier part of the Thirty Years' War he was one of their foremost champions.

He was despatched by Charles Emmanuel, duke of Savoy, at the head of about 2000 men to aid the revolting Bohemians when war broke out in 1618. He took Pilsen, but in the summer of

1619 he was defeated at the Battle of Sablat; after this he offered his services to the emperor Ferdinand II and remained inactive while the titular king of Bohemia, Frederick V, elector palatine of the Rhine, was driven in headlong rout from Prague.

Mansfeld, however, was soon appointed by Frederick to command his army in Bohemia, and in 1621 he took up his position in the Upper Palatinate, successfully resisting the efforts made by Tilly to dislodge him.

From the Upper he passed into the Rhenish Palatinate. Here he relieved Frankenthal and took Hagenau; then, joined by his master, the elector Frederick, he defeated Tilly at (25

April 1622) and plundered Alsace and Hesse. But Mansfeld's ravages were not confined to the lands of his enemies; they were ruinous to the districts he was commissioned to defend.

At length Frederick was obliged to dismiss Mansfeld's troops from his service. Then joining Christian of Brunswick the count led his army through Lorraine, devastating the country as he went, and in August 1622 was defeated by the Spaniards at

Fleurus. He next entered the service of the United Provinces and took up his quarters in , capturing fortresses and inflicting great hardships upon the inhabitants. A mercenary and a leader of mercenaries, Mansfeld often interrupted his campaigns by journeys made for the purpose of raising money, or in other words of selling his services to the highest bidder, and in these diplomatic matters he showed considerable skill. 57

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

SAXONY PIKEMEN CA SA KA Mo Pts F CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R CAVALRY: Up to 25% INFANTRY: At least 50% Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have light armour (+3). MERCENARIES: Up to 25% Only in 1631AD: Downgrade to Mo6 (-1) SIP: not pooled Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

OUTRAGED PEASANTS CHARACTERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Levy 2 2 3 5 3 R CA SA KA Mo L S Pts Equipment: Hand weapon Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170 Special Rules: Undisciplined, Unmotivated Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90 0-1 WAGON LAAGER

CA SA KA S L Mo Pts Wagon&crew 3 3 3 6 6 8 60 Equipment and Armour Value: as unit Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). Equipment: Six men crew armed with hand weapon, bow or musket, throwing spears. Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. A wagon has a 40x80mm base. Durability 8 Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. Up to 4 wagons per laager. Must be deployed first (within up to 2” between the wagons) and cannot move, count as cover. Crew cannot shoot twice. CAVALRY

CUIRASSIERS MERCENARIES CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R 0-4 FIELD GUNS

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Only until 1632AD: May have Heavy Cavalry instead of 0-1 CARACOLING REITERS Caracole (free) CA SA KA Mo Pts F Only after 1632AD: Downgrade to Mo7 (-2) Horseman 2 3 3 7 19 L Special Rules: Caracole Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Special Rules: Caracole CARACOLING REITERS OR HARQUEBUSIERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols or arquebus Special Rules: Caracole

FEUDAL HORSE CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, light armour, pistols Special Rules: Only in 1631AD

INFANTRY

DRAGOONS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike Special Rules: Dragoons

MUSKETEERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. Only in 1631AD: Downgrade to Mo6 (-1) Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

58

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

invasion into Bavaria, which was defended by the imperialist BERNARD OF SAXE-WEIMAR general count Aldringer. In this year he was granted the former Bishoprics of Würzburg and Bamberg, being granted the title of Duke of Franconia. He installed one of his many brothers as Statthalter, and returned to the wars. A stern Protestant, he exacted heavy contributions from the Catholic cities which he took, and his repeated victories caused him to be regarded by German Protestants as the saviour of their religion. But in 1634 Bernard was severely defeated at Nördlingen, losing many of the best Swedish army units.

In 1635 Bernard entered the service of France, which had by then intervened in the war. He was at the same time general-in- chief of the forces maintained by the League of Protestant princes, and a general officer in the pay of France. This dual position was difficult; in the following campaigns, ably and resolutely conducted as they were, Bernard sometimes pursued a purely French policy, whilst at other times he used French mercenaries to forward the cause of the princes. From a military point of view his most notable achievements were on the common ground of the , in the .

In his great campaign of 1638, Bernard won the battles of Rheinfelden, Wittenweiher, and Thann, and captured successively Rheinfelden, Freiburg, and Breisach, the last reputed one of the strongest fortresses in Europe. Bernard had in the first instance received definite assurances from France that he should be given Alsace and , Würzburg having been lost in the debacle of 1634; he now hoped to make Breisach the capital of his new duchy.

Bernard's health, however, was deteriorating. He died at at the beginning of the campaign. The governor of Breisach was bribed to transfer the fortress to France. The duke was buried at Breisach, his remains being subsequently removed to Weimar.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_of_Saxe-Weimar

Bernard of Saxe-Weimar (German: Bernhard von Sachsen- Weimar) (16 August 1604 – 18 July 1639) was a German prince and general in the Thirty Years' War.

Born in Weimar within the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar, Bernard was the eleventh son of Johann, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, and Dorothea Maria of Anhalt.

Bernard received an unusually good education and studied at the University of Jena, but soon went to the court of the Saxon elector to engage in knightly exercises. At the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War he took the field on the Protestant side, and served under Mansfeld at Wiesloch (1622), under the Margrave of Baden at Wimpfen (1622), and with his brother William at Stadtlohn (1623). Undismayed by these defeats, he took part in the campaigns of King Christian IV of Denmark; when Christian withdrew from the struggle Bernhard went to the Dutch Republic and was present at the famous siege of 's-Hertogenbosch in 1629.

When King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden landed in Germany Bernard quickly joined him, and for a short time he was colonel of the Swedish life horse guard. After the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631), he accompanied Gustavus in his march to the Rhine and, between this event and the Battle of the Alte Veste, Bernard commanded numerous expeditions in almost every district from the to Tyrol. At the Alte Veste he displayed great courage, and at the Battle of Lützen (1632), when Gustavus was killed, Bernard assumed the command, killed a colonel who refused to lead his men to the charge, and finally by his furious energy won the victory at sundown.

Bernard of Saxe-Weimar.At first as a subordinate to his brother William, who as a Swedish lieutenant-general succeeded to the command, but later as an independent commander, Bernard continued to push his forays over ; and with the Swedish General Gustav Horn he made in 1633 a successful

59

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

SCOTLAND

CHARACTERS: Up to 25% CAVALRY: Up to 25% INFANTRY: At least 50% MERCENARIES: Up to 10% SIP: not pooled

CHARACTERS

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170 Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90

Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90

Equipment and Armour Value: as unit Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.

CAVALRY

HARQUEBUSIERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus

INFANTRY

PIKEMEN CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armour (+3). Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

MUSKETEERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

HIGHLANDERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Highlander 3 3 3 7 6 L

Equipment: Hand weapon May have shield (+1) and double-handed weapon (+2) May have arquebus (+1) Special Rules: Warband

MERCENARIES

0-1 FIELD GUN

60

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

SPAIN INFANTRY

CHARACTERS: Up to 25% PIKEMEN CAVALRY: Up to 25% CA SA KA Mo Pts F INFANTRY: At least 25% Horseman 3 3 3 7 10 R MERCENARIES: Up to 25% (Artillery up to 10%) SIP: not pooled Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armour (+3). Special Rules: Drilled, Spanish Ordonnance

CHARACTERS MUSKETEERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F CA SA KA Mo L S Pts Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170 Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 Special Rules: Spanish Ordonnance Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90 DRAGOONS Equipment and Armour Value: as unit CA SA KA Mo Pts F Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. Special Rules: Dragoons, Only after 1630AD Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.

MERCENARIES CAVALRY 0-2 FIELD GUNS 0-1 GENTE D’ARMAS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 4 3 3 8 23 R GERMAN REITERS Dismounted 4 3 3 8 15 R CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 2 4 3 7 17 L Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, lance. Dismounted - may take halberd (+1) or double-handed weapon Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols (+2), no lance. Must be the smallest cavalry unit. Special Rules: Caracole Only after 1630AD: Have pistols instead of CA4, shield, lance and warhorse (-3) 0- 1 RONDARTSCHIER Special Rules: Shock Charge +2 if mounted, Drilled if CA SA KA Mo Pts F dismounted Swordsman 4 3 3 8 18 R Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, shield CABALLOS CORRAZAS KA4 against infantry. Must be the smallest infantry unit. CA SA KA Mo Pts F Special Rules: Drilled Horseman 3 3 3 7 20 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry

CABALLOS LIGEROS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, light armour, pistol

Special Rules: Caracole

HERGULETIERS

CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 S

Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus Special Rules: Feign Flight, Only until 1630AD

HERRERUELOS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 S

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols

61

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

SWEDEN (1618-1629AD) MERCENARIES

CHARACTERS: Up to 25% 0-3 FIELD GUNS CAVALRY: Up to 25% INFANTRY: At least 50% MERCENARIES: Up to 50% (Artillery up to 10%) FINNISH “HACKAPELLS” SIP: not pooled CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 2 3 3 7 14 L

CHARACTERS Equipment: Horse hand weapon, pistols Only after 1600AD: Upgrade to CA3 (+2). CA SA KA Mo L S Pts GERMAN OR LIVONIAN CUIRASSIERS Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170 CA SA KA Mo Pts F Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90 Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Equipment and Armour Value: as unit Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry, Only after 1621AD Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). GERMAN MERCENARY REITERS Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. CA SA KA Mo Pts F Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. Horseman 2 4 3 7 15 L

Equipment: Horse, hand weapon, pistols CAVALRY Special Rules: Caracole

0-1 SWEDISH ADELSFANA CUIRASSIERS GERMAN MERCENARY HARQUEBUSIERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R Horseman 3 3 3 7 14 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Equipment: Horse, hand weapon, arquebus. Special Rules: Caracole Special Rules: Caracole, Only from 1626AD

LANDSRYTTARE FINNISH SKIRMISHERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 4 3 3 7 20 R Skirmisher 2 3 3 6 7 S

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols. May have light armour (+2) Equipment: Hand weapon, bow Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry May have crossbow or arquebus instead of bow (+3) Special Rules: Skirmishers

GERMAN AND SCOTS MERCENARY FOOT INFANTRY CA SA KA Mo Pts F Trooper 3 3 3 7 13 R DRAGOONS

CA SA KA Mo Pts F Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armour (+3). Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L Up to half may have arquebus (free) or musket (+1) but no armour Equipment: Hand weapon, musket Only after 1626AD: Upgrade to CA4 (+2) and Drilled (+2) Special Rules: Dragoons Special Rules: Spanish Ordonnance

0-1 MOUNTED JÄGER CA SA KA Mo Pts F Dragoon 3 4 3 7 12 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. Special Rules: Dragoons

SWEDISH AND FINNISH MUSKETEERS AND CALIVERMEN CA SA KA Mo Pts F Musketeer 3 4 3 7 14 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

SWEDISH AND FINNISH SUPPORTING PIKEMEN CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Pikeman 3 3 3 7 11 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armour (+3). Only after 1626AD: Upgrade to CA4 (+2) and may be Drilled (+2) Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance 62

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648

SWEDEN (1630-1648AD) MERCENARIES

CHARACTERS: Up to 25% 0-3 FIELD GUNS CAVALRY: Up to 25% Each can be upgraded to Hidden Artillery (+10) INFANTRY: At least 50% MERCENARIES: Up to 50% (Artillery up to 10%) ALLIES: Up to 25% RAW REGIMENTS OF MIXED SCOTS AND IRISH SIP: automatically pooled CA SA KA Mo Pts F Trooper 3 3 3 7 6 R

CHARACTERS Equipment: Hand weapon, shield Special Rules: Warband, Only until 1634AD CA SA KA Mo L S Pts GERMAN VETERAN CAVALRY Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170 CA SA KA Mo Pts F Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 Horseman 3 4 3 7 19 L Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90 Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols Equipment and Armour Value: as unit Only from 1635AD: Upgrade to SA4 (+2) Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). NEW GERMAN HARQUEBUSIERS AND REITERS Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. CA SA KA Mo Pts F Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. Horseman 2 3 3 7 15 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols. May have light armour (+2) CAVALRY May have arquebus instead of pistols (free) Only from 1635AD: Upgrade to SA4 (+2) Special Rules: Caracole SWEDISH LÄTTA RYTTARE

CA SA KA Mo Pts F LIVONIAN AND GERMAN CUIRASSIERS Horseman 4 3 3 8 20 R CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols. May have light armour (+2) Only from 1635AD: Downgradeto CA3 (-2) Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Only from 1635AD: Downgrade to Mo7 (-2) Special Rules: Heavy Cavalry

INFANTRY FINNISH “HACKAPELLS” CA SA KA Mo Pts F MUSKETEERS Horseman 4 4 3 7 20 L CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 L Equipment: Hand weapon, pistols Special Rules: May Skirmish Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. May have a Battalion gun (+50) Special Rules: Swedish Ordonnance ALLIES

PIKEMEN Hesse-Kassel Allies CA SA KA Mo Pts F Only until 1634AD: Saxon or Brandenburg Allies Pikeman 3 3 3 7 8 R Only from 1635AD: French Allies

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. Only until 1634AD: May upgrade to CA4 (+2) 0-1 per two units of Musketeers Special Rules: Swedish Ordonnance

DRAGOONS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike Special Rules: Dragoons

0-1 MOUNTED JÄGER CA SA KA Mo Pts F Jäger 3 4 3 7 12 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. Special Rules: Dragoons

63

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Life GUSTAVUS II ADOLPHUS Gustavus Adolphus was born in Stockholm as the oldest son of Duke Charles of the Vasa dynasty and his second wife, Christina of Holstein-Gottorp. At the time, the King of Sweden was Gustavus Adolphus' cousin Sigismund. The staunch Protestant Duke Charles forced the Catholic King to let go of the throne of Sweden in 1599, a part of the preliminary religious strife before the Thirty Years' War, and reigned as regent before taking the throne as Charles IX of Sweden in 1604. Crown Prince Gustav Adolph had Gagnef-Floda in Dalecarlia as a duchy from 1610. Upon his father's death in October 1611, a sixteen-year-old Gustavus inherited the throne (declared of age and able to reign himself at seventeen as of 16 December), as well as an ongoing succession of occasionally belligerent dynastic disputes with his Polish cousin. Sigismund III wanted to regain the throne of Sweden and tried to force Gustavus Adolphus to renounce the title.

In a round of this dynastic dispute, Gustavus invaded when he was 31, beginning the Polish-Swedish War (1625– 1629). He intervened on behalf of the Lutherans in Germany, who opened the gates to their cities to him. His reign became famous from his actions a few years later when on June 1630 he landed in Germany, continuing Sweden's involvement in the ongoing Thirty Years' War. Gustavus intervened on the anti- Imperial side, which at the time was losing to the Holy Roman Empire and its Catholic allies; the Swedish forces would quickly reverse that situation.

Gustavus was married to Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg, the daughter of John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, and chose the Prussian city of Elbing as the base for his operations in Germany. He died in the Battle of Lützen in 1632. His early death was a great loss to the Lutheran side. This resulted in large parts of Germany and other countries, which had been conquered

for Lutheranism, to be reconquered for Catholicism (via Gustav II Adolf (9 December 1594 – 6 November 1632, O.S.) Counter-Reformation). His involvement in the Thirty Years' War has been widely known in English by his Latinized name gave rise to the saying that he was the incarnation of "the Lion of Gustavus Adolphus Magnus and variously in historical writings the North", or as it is called in German "Der Löwe von also as Gustavus, or Gustavus the Great, or Gustav Adolph the Mitternacht" (Literally: "The Lion of Midnight"). Great (Swedish: Gustav Adolf den store, a formal distinction passed by the Swedish Parliament in 1634). He was King of Sweden (1611–1632) and founder of the Swedish Empire (or Stormaktstiden – "the era of great power") at the beginning of the Golden Age of Sweden. He led his nation to military supremacy during the Thirty Years War, helping to determine the political as well as the religious balance of power in Europe. He is thereby regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of all time. His most notable military victory was the battle of Breitenfeld. With a superb military machine with good weapons, excellent training, and effective field artillery, backed by an efficient government which could provide necessary funds, Gustavus Adolphus was poised to make himself a major European leader, but he was killed at the battle of Lützen in 1632. He was assisted by Axel Oxenstierna (1583–1654), leader of the nobles who also acted as regent after his death.

In an era characterized by almost endless warfare, he led his armies as king from 1611 (at age 17) until his death in battle in 1632 while leading a charge — as Sweden rose from the status of a mere regional power and run-of-the-mill kingdom to one of the great powers of Europe and a model of early modern era government. Within only a few years of his accession Sweden had become the largest nation in Europe after and Spain. Some have called him the "father of modern warfare",[1] or the first great modern general. Under his tutelage, Sweden and the Protestant cause developed a number of excellent commanders, such as Lennart Torstensson, who would go on to defeat Sweden's enemies and expand the boundaries and the power of the empire long after Gustav Adolph's death in battle.

He was known by the epithets "The Golden King" and "The Lion Legacy as a general of the North" by neighboring sovereigns. Gustavus Adolphus is Gustavus Adolphus was an extremely able military commander. commemorated today with city squares in Stockholm, His innovative tactical integration of infantry, cavalry, logistics and . Gustavus Adolphus College, a and particularly his use of artillery, earned him the title of the Lutheran college in St. Peter, Minnesota is also named for the "Father of Modern Warfare". Future commanders who studied Swedish king. and admired Gustav II Adolf include I of France and 64

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Carl von Clausewitz. His advancements in military science made unmaneuverable traditional deep squares (such as the Spanish Sweden the dominant Baltic power for the next one hundred that were up to 50 ranks deep) used in other pike and years (see Swedish Empire). He is also the only Swedish shot armies of the day. In consequence, his forces could redeploy monarch to be styled "the Great". This decision was made by the and reconfigure very rapidly, confounding his enemies. Swedish , when they convened in 1633. Thus, by their decision he is officially, to this day, to be called His armies were very well trained for the day, so that his Gustaf Adolf the Great (Gustavus Adolphus Magnus). musketeers were widely known for their firing accuracy and reload speed: three times faster than any contemporary rivals. Gustavus Adolphus was the main figure responsible for the Carl von Clausewitz and Napoleon Bonaparte considered him success of Swedish arms during the Thirty Years' War and led one of the greatest generals of all time; a sentiment agreed with his nation to great prestige. As a general, Gustavus Adolphus is by George S. Patton and others. He was also renowned for the famous for employing mobile artillery on the battlefield, as well consistency of purpose and the amity of his troops—no one part as very aggressive tactics, where attack was stressed over of his armies was considered better or received preferred defense, and mobility and cavalry initiative were emphasized. treatment, as was common in other armies where the cavalry were the elite, followed by the artillery, and both disdained the Among other innovations, he installed an early form of lowly infantry. In Gustavus' army the units were extensively combined arms in his formations, where the cavalry could attack cross trained. Both cavalry and infantry could service the from the safety of an infantry line reinforced by cannon, and artillery, as his heavy cavalry did when turning captured artillery retire again within to regroup after their foray. He adopted much on the opposing Catholic Tercios at First Breitenfeld. Pikemen shallower infantry formations than were common in the pike and could shoot—if not as accurately as those designated shot armies of the era, with formations typically fighting in 5 or musketeers—so a valuable firearm could be kept in the firing 6 ranks, occasionally supported at some distance by another such line. His infantrymen and gunners were taught to ride, if needed. formation—the gaps being the provinces of the artillery and Napoleon thought highly of the achievement, and copied the cavalry as noted above. His artillery were themselves different— tactics. he would not let himself be hindered by cumbersome heavy cannon, but instead over a course of experimentation settled on Reengineering smaller, more maneuverable weapons, in effect fielding the first Gustavus Adolphus was a very forward thinking military light field artillery in history in significant numbers. engineer. He reengineered the way in which his army worked, with simple innovations that proved devastating to his adversaries.

One example of this was the Swedish cavalry system. Cavalry had been pushed to the fringes of military worth and had been largely neutralized by the Spanish tercios. They were being ineffectively used to charge the enemy front or flank, fire broadsides with pistols and and then retreat to reload and reform. However, Gustavus Adolphus used light (reengineered to have 3 standard calibers, one of which was eventually called "The Regimental Cannon,") along with muskets to eliminate enemy pikemen, then the cavalry would swoop in and cut through enemy lines with sabers.[5]

Military commander Gustavus Adolphus' landing in Pomerania, near Wolgast, 1630 Gustavus Adolphus' body in Wolgast, on transfer to Sweden, 1633 Gustav Adolph's sarcophagus at Riddarholm ChurchGustavus Adolphus inherited three wars from his father when he ascended the throne: Against Denmark, which had attacked Sweden earlier in 1611, against Russia, due to Sweden having tried to take advantage of the Russian , and against Poland, due to King Charles' having deposed King Sigismund III, his nephew, as King of Sweden.

The war against Denmark (Kalmar War) was concluded in 1613 with a peace that did not cost Sweden any territory, but it was forced to pay a heavy indemnity to Denmark (Treaty of Knäred). During this war, Gustavus Adolphus let his soldiers plunder towns and villages and as he met little resistance from Danish These were grouped in batteries supporting his more linearly forces in Scania, they pillaged and devastated 24 Scanian deployed formations, replacing the cumbersome and 65

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The war against Russia (Ingrian War) ended in 1617 with the Treaty of Stolbovo, which excluded Russia from the Baltic Sea. The final inherited war, the war against Poland, ended in 1629 with the which transferred the large province Livonia to Sweden and freed the Swedish forces for the subsequent intervention in the Thirty Years' War in Germany, where Swedish forces had already established a bridgehead in 1628.

Especially the weak electorate of Brandenburg was torn apart by a quarrel between the Protestant and Catholic parties. The Brandenburg minister and diplomat Baron Samuel von Winterfeld influenced Gustavus Adolphus to support and protect the Protestant side in Germany. When Gustavus Adolphus began his push into northern Germany in June–July 1630, he had just 4,000 troops. But he was soon able to consolidate the Protestant The crown of Sweden was inherited in the Vasa family, and position in the north, using reinforcements from Sweden and from Charles IX's time excluded those Vasa princes who had money supplied by France (Treaty of Bärwalde). After Swedish been traitors or descended from deposed monarchs. Gustavus plundering in Brandenburg (1631) endangered the system of Adolphus' younger brother had died ten years before, and retrieving war contributions from occupied territories, therefore there were only the King's daughter left as a female "marauding and plundering" by Swedish soldiers was prohibited. heir. Maria Eleonora and the king's ministers took over the Meanwhile, a Catholic army under Johann Tserclaes, Count of government on behalf of Gustavus Adolphus' underage daughter Tilly was laying waste to Saxony. Gustavus Adolphus met Christina upon her father's death. He left one other known child, Tilly's army and crushed it at the First Battle of Breitenfeld in his illegitimate son Gustav, Count of Vasaborg. September 1631. He then marched clear across Germany, establishing his winter quarters near the Rhine, making plans for Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_II_Adolphus the invasion of the rest of the Holy Roman Empire.

In March 1632, Gustavus Adolphus invaded Bavaria, a staunch ally of the Emperor. He forced the withdrawal of his Catholic opponents at the Battle of Rain. This would mark the high point of the campaign. In the summer of that year, he sought a political solution that would preserve the existing structure of states in Germany, while guaranteeing the security of its Protestants. But achieving these objectives depended on his continued success on the battlefield.

Gustavus is reported to have entered battle without wearing any armour, proclaiming, "The Lord God, is my armour!" It is more likely that he simply wore a leather cuirass rather than going into battle wearing no battle protection whatsoever. In 1627, near Dirschau in Prussia, a Polish soldier shot him in the muscles above his shoulders. He survived, but the doctors could not remove the bullet, so from that point on, he could not wear iron armour. Also, two fingers of his right hand were paralyzed.

Gustavus Adolphus was killed at the Battle of Lützen, when, at a crucial point in the battle, he became separated from his troops while leading a cavalry charge into a dense smog of mist and gunpowder smoke. After his death, his wife initially kept his body, and later his heart, in the castle of Nyköping for over a year. His remains (including his heart) now rest in Riddarholmskyrkan in Stockholm.

In February 1633, following the death of the king, the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates decided that his name would be styled Gustav Adolf the Great (or Gustaf Adolf den Store in Swedish). No such honor has been bestowed on any other Swedish monarch before or since.

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which under his guidance contributed greatly to the victories of LENNART TORSTENSON Breitenfeld and Lech. The same year he was taken prisoner at Alte Veste and imprisoned for nearly a year at Ingolstadt. Under Johan Banér he served with distinction at the Battle of Wittstock and during the defence of Pomerania in 1637 and 1638, as well as at the Battle of Chemnitz and the raid into Bohemia in 1639. Illness, contracted during his imprisonment, compelled him to return to Sweden in 1641, where he was made a member of the Privy Council.

Generalissimo The sudden death of Banér in May 1641 recalled Torstenson to Germany as generalissimo[citation needed] of the Swedish forces and Governor General of Pomerania. He was at the same time promoted to the rank of Field Marshal. In 1642 he marched through Brandenburg and Silesia into Moravia, taking all the principal fortresses on his way. On returning through Saxony he crushed the imperial army at the second Battle of Breitenfeld on October 23, 1642. In 1643 he invaded Moravia for the second time, but was suddenly recalled to invade Denmark, when his rapid and unexpected intervention paralysed the Danish defence on the land side, though Torstenson's own position in Jutland was for a time precarious owing to the skilful handling of the Danish fleet by Christian IV of Denmark. In 1644 he led his army for the third time into the heart of Germany and routed the imperials at the battle of Jüterbog on November 23. At the beginning of November 1645 he broke into Bohemia, and the Lennart Torstenson, Count of Ortala, Baron of Virestad (17 victory of Jankau on February 24, 1645 laid open before him the August 1603 – 7 April 1651), was a Swedish Field Marshal and road to Vienna. Yet, though one end of the Danube bridge military engineer. actually fell into his hands, his exhausted army was unable to penetrate any further and, in December the same year, Early career Torstenson, crippled by gout, was forced to resign his command He was born at Forstena in Västergötland - he always wrote his and returned to Sweden in the early summer of 1646. In 1647 he name Linnardt Torstenson. His parents were Märta Nilsdotter was created a count. From 1648 to 1651 he ruled all the western Posse and Torsten Lennartson, Lord of Forstena, who was provinces of Sweden, as Governor-General. On his death at supporter of king Sigismund and, for awhile, the commandant of Stockholm on April 7, 1651 he was buried solemnly in the Älvsborg Fortress. Young Lennart's parents fled to exile in the Riddarholm Church, the Pantheon of Sweden. Torstenson was year of his birth because his father had confessed to being loyal remarkable for the extraordinary and incalculable rapidity of his to the deposed Sigismund. Lennart was taken care of by relatives movements, though very frequently he had to lead the army in a - his father returned to Sweden only when Lennart was around litter, as his bodily infirmities would not permit him to mount his twenty. His paternal uncle Anders Lennartsson was Lord High horse. He was also the most scientific artillery officer and the Constable of Sweden and trusted by Duke Charles, but he fell at best and most successful engineer in the Swedish army. the Battle of Kirkholm in 1605. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennart_Torstenson At the age of fifteen he became one of the pages of the young King Gustavus Adolphus and was allowed to observe the , such as the conquest of in 1621. At the age of twenty, he made his grand tour, getting to know foreign countries. In January 1626, he was at the battle of Wallhof as an ensign. He also served during the Prussian campaigns of 1628 and 1629. It is told that at one battle Gustavus Adolphus sent Torstenson with an order to one of the officers. On his way Torstenson noticed that the enemy had changed position and altered the King's orders. Gustavus noticed the new development. When Torstenson returned he told Gustavus what he had done. The King first raised his hand as if to strike Torstenson but changed his mind and said, "Lennart, this could have cost you your life, but maybe you are better suited to be a general than a page at the royal court." Shortly thereafter, in 1629 Torstenson was put in charge of the Swedish artillery, 67

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Under Charles X Gustav CARL GUSTAV WRANGEL Already before Christina's abdication, Wrangel became a close friend and trusted advisor of her successor, Charles X Gustav of Sweden. Wrangel and Charles X Gustav had first met two weeks before the (1642), and when Wrangel's oldest daughter was born during the siege, Charles X Gustav became her godparent.[6] Charles X Gustav created Wrangel freiherr of Ludenhof, and Lord High Admiral on 11 December 1657 - a special favour for Charles X Gustav left most of Sweden's highest offices vacant.

Wrangel on horseback (1652, left) and Wrangel's wife, Anna Margareta née von Haugwitz (right).When the broke out in 1655, Wrangel commanded a fleet, but in 1656 he was serving on land again and commanding, along with the "Great Elector" Frederick William I of Brandenburg, in the three days (1656). In 1657 he invaded Jutland and in 1658 passed over the ice into the islands and took Kronborg.

When Charles X Gustav died at the end of the war, Wrangel participated in organizing the obsequies and composed the melody to a lament.[8] Also in 1660, Wrangel became chancellor of the University of , after he had been made supreme judge in the province two years earlier.

Under Charles XI In 1664 he was appointed Lord High Constable of the realm, and as such he was a member of the Privy Council during the minority of Charles XI of Sweden. During the Wars for Bremen, he tried to win the city of Bremen for the Swedish crown, but was not successful: On November, 15th, 1666 he was forced to make peace, and concluded the "Peace of Habenhausen". During the , Wrangel was commanding ineffectively owing Carl Gustaf Wrangel (also Carl Gustav Wrangel; 23 December to his broken health, and was recalled after his stepbrother Baron 1613 – 5 July 1676) was a high-ranking Swedish noble, Waldemar Wrangel (1647–1676) had been defeated at statesman and military commander in the Thirty Years', . Torstenson, Bremen, Second Northern and Scanian Wars.

He held the ranks of a field marshal, commander-in-chief of the Swedish forces in Germany (1646–1648), and Lord High Admiral of Sweden (since 1657). Wrangel was gouvernor- general of (1648–1652 and 1656–1676) and since 1664, Lord High Constable of Sweden and a member of the Privy Council. He held the title of a Count of Salmis until 1665, thereafter he was Count of Sölvesborg; by 1673, Wrangel's title was "Count of Sölvesborg, freiherr of Lindeberg and Ludenhof, lord of Skokloster, Bremervörde, , Spyker, Rappin, Ekebyhov, Gripenberg and Rostorp".

From 1658, Wrangel was supreme judge in Uppland, and from 1660, chancellor of the . He held several estates, primarily in the Swedish dominions, where he constructed representative mansions - Wrangelsburg in Pomerania bears his name until today. Wrangel was a close friend of Charles X Gustav of Sweden.

Under Christina At the age of twenty, Carl Gustaf Wrangel distinguished himself as a cavalry captain in the Thirty Years' War. Three years later he was colonel, and in 1638 major-general, still serving in Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Wrangel Germany. In 1644, during the Torstenson War, he commanded a fleet at sea, which defeated the Danes at Fehmarn on 23 October.

In 1646 he returned to Germany as a Field Marshal and succeeded Lennart Torstenson as commander-in-chief of the

Swedish army in Germany. Under Wrangel and Turenne the allied Swedish and French armies marched and fought in Bavaria and Württemberg. After the Thirty Years' War had come to an end in 1648, he was made governor-general of Swedish

Pomerania. Queen Christina of Sweden created him count of

Salmis in Kexholms län (Salmi and Suistamo pogosta, Käkisalmi province) in northern Karelia, ; and afterwards augmented his lands with barony of Lindeberg in Halland.

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UNITED PROVINCES

CHARACTERS: Up to 25% CAVALRY: Up to 25% INFANTRY: At least 25% MERCENARIES: Up to 50% (Artillery up to 10%) SIP: not pooled

CHARACTERS

CA SA KA Mo L S Pts Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170 Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90

Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90

Equipment and Armour Value: as unit Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3).

Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points.

CAVALRY

CARABINS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, carbines Special Rules: Feign Flight

CUIRASSIERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 8 22 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Special Rules: Caracole

INFANTRY

BURGHER GUARD CA SA KA Mo Pts F Burgher 3 3 3 7 8 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, pike. May have heavy armour (+2) Half must have arquebus (free) or musket (+1), no armour. Special Rules: Dutch Ordonnance

DRAGOONS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L

Equipment: Hand weapon, musket or pike Special Rules: Dragoons, Only 1606-1621AD

MERCENARIES

0-2 FIELD GUNS

GERMAN REITERS

CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Horseman 2 4 3 7 119 L

Equipment: Horse, hand weapon, heavy armour, pistols Special Rules: Caracole

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ZAPOROZHIAN COSSACKS SNIPERS CA SA KA Mo Pts F CHARACTERS: Up to 25% Arquebusier 2 3 3 7 10 S CAVALRY: Up to 50% INFANTRY: At least 25% Equipment: Hand weapon, arquebus. MERCENARIES: Up to 10% ALLIES: Up to 25% PEASANTS WITH IMPROVISED WEAPONS SIP: not pooled CA SA KA Mo Pts F Levy 2 2 3 5 3 R

CHARACTERS Equipment: Hand weapon Special Rules: Undisciplined, Unmotivated CA SA KA Mo L S Pts 0-1 WAGON LAAGER Army General - - - 9 3 +2 170 CA SA KA S L Mo Pts Brigade Com. - - - 8 1 +1 90 Wagon&crew 3 3 3 6 6 8 60 Army Standard - - - 8 2 +1 90 Equipment: Six men crew armed with hand weapon, bow or musket. Equipment and Armour Value: as unit A wagon has a 40x80mm base. Durability 8 Special Rules: Zone of Command 10”. May ride a horse (AV3). Up to 4 wagons per laager. Must be deployed first (within up to 2” between the wagons) and cannot move, count as cover. Crew Army General 1 SIP, may add up to 2 SIP for 20 points each. cannot shoot twice. Brigade Commander 1 SIP, may add up to one SIP for 20 points. STRELTSI CA SA KA Mo Pts F CAVALRY Musketeer 3 3 3 7 8 R

LIGHT HORSEMEN Equipment: Hand weapon, musket. CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 6 18 L DRAGOONS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Equipment: Hand weapon, thrusting spear, pistol Dragoon 3 3 3 7 10 L 0-1 may be upgraded to Armoured Cavalry with Mo7 and light armour (+4) and then may have Shock Charge +1 instead of Equipment: Hand weapon, musket Feign Flight, must be the smallest cavalry unit. Special Rules: Dragoons Special Rules: Feign Flight

REGULAR COSSACKS MERCENARIES CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Horseman 3 3 3 7 18 L 0-3 FIELD GUNS

Equipment: Hand weapon, carbine or bow May have light armour (+2), thrusting spear (+2) ALLIES Special Rules: Feign Flight, May Skirmish

IRREGULAR COSSACKS Transylvanian Allies CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Horseman 2 3 2 6 12 S

Equipment: Hand weapon. May have carbine (+2), bow (+2), thrusting spear (+2), pistols (+2), shield (+2)

TARTARS CA SA KA Mo Pts F Horseman 3 3 3 7 16 S

Equipment: Hand weapon, bow May have thrusting spear (+2). Special Rules: Feign Flight

INFANTRY

MOLOITSY CA SA KA Mo Pts F

Trooper 3 4 3 7 13 R

Equipment: Hand weapon, thrusting spear or halberd. Up to half may have arquebus (free) or musket (+1).

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and countered the Bohemian Army by sending 25,000 men, Battle of White Mountain many of them seasoned soldiers, to crush the revolt. They included the future philosopher Renee Descartes. These trained soldiers were under the leadership of Catholic Spanish-Flemish nobleman, Field Marshal Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly. The army made straight for Prague, the capital of Bohemia, which was in the hands of the rebels. The Bohemian army attempted to block the Imperial army by setting up a defensive position on a hill. The Imperial army simply ignored the Bohemian army however, and bypassed the hill. Christian of Anhalt then force- marched the Bohemian army and managed to get ahead of the Imperial army just before Prague. The Bohemian army again tried to set up a defensive position, but had little time, and morale was low. As the Imperial army approached, Tilly divided his men into two distinct squads: The Imperials and the Catholic League (German) troops. The Catholics, Ferdinand’s army, pushed forth without great bombardment of artillery. Anhalt opened the battle by sending forward infantry and cavalry, led by Anhalt's son. The cavalry charged into the Imperial infantry, The Battle of White Mountain, 8 November 1620 (Bílá hora is causing significant casualties. Tilly however, quickly brought up the name of White Mountain in Czech) was an early battle in the his own Cavalry, forcing the Bohemian cavalry to retire. The Thirty Years' War in which an army of 30,000 Bohemians and Bohemian infantry, who was only now approaching the Imperial mercenaries under Christian of Anhalt were routed by 27,000 army, saw the Cavalry retreating, at which they fired one volley men of the combined armies of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman at extreme range before retreating themselves. The Catholic Emperor under Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Imperial Cavalry, amounted to 400 or so, circled the Protestant Bucquoy and of the German Catholic League under Johann forces pushing them closer into the middle of the battle. With the Tserclaes, Count of Tilly at Bílá Hora, near Prague (now part of Bohemian army already at a low morale, company after the city). The battle marked the end of the Bohemian period of company started retreating, most without having even entered the Thirty Years' War. the battle. With the Protestant forces steadily diminishing Tilly and his 400 Imperial cavalrymen moved with the 2000 hussars Prelude which the Bavarians had brought to the battle. Tilly’s men Emperor Matthias wanted his dynastic heir Ferdinand II steadily pushed the rebel forces back to the Star Palace where the appointed to the royal throne of Bohemia and Hungary. rebels tried to establish a final defence but failed. The Battle of Ferdinand was duly elected by the Bohemian estates to become White Mountain was more of a skirmish than a fully-fledged the Crown Prince in 1617, and automatically upon the death of battle. The Bohemian army was no match for King Ferdinand II Matthias, the next King of Bohemia. This did not sit well trained soldiers, and the actual battle only lasted an hour and left throughout the Protestant population in Bohemia because they the Bohemian army devastated. The Protestant army was non- thought that they would lose the rights given to them because of existent by the end of the battle. Some 4,000 Protestants were the new Catholic King. Ferdinand II viewed Protestantism as the killed or captured. The Catholic losses amounted to roughly 800. main problem in his realms. King Ferdinand was also the Holy Roman Emperor and since he held this title he took seriously the Aftermath duties which came with it. For him, the preservation of The Roman Catholic Church was most important as Holy Roman Emperor. He viewed the Protestant political stature in his realm as an issue involving 'protests' or rebellion against imperial authority. He hoped to bring about the conversion of subjects of the Catholic Lords from Protestantism back to the Catholic Church. The dissension within his estates was an ever daunting domestic issue. Most of his realms in Bohemia were primarily Protestant. These areas under King Ferdinand’s rule were under separate individual constitutions thus giving them separate regional traditions.3 With the majority of his subjects being of the Protestant faith, they had apprehended their lands from the Roman Catholic Church in their initial confiscations of monastic properties at the beginning of the Reformation; they were resistant to their newly elected Catholic King and his tendency to favor the centralization of their region. Catholicism was no The 27 tributary crosses. longer proscribed but was being actively promoted and both church and local properties seized by King Ferdinand’s royal Survivors of the battle soon reached Prague, causing a general throne. None were as rebellious as the Protestant Hungarian panic. Some rebel commanders tried to set up a defense, but they subjects in Transylvania. However it was Bohemia which received little support. Frederick V of Bohemia and his became the first to act on these religious and domestic interests entourage, leaving the crown jewels behind, slipped out of in fomenting a rebellion. The conflict known as the Second Prague quietly, disappearing into the stream of refugees who Defenestration of Prague was a dispute between Bohemian were fleeing the imminent Imperial takeover of Prague. When Nobles and the crown in 1618 over a royal guarantee made by the Imperial army arrived, it was able to enter Prague without one of King Ferdinand’s predecessors Rudolf II ensuring resistance. 4 religious freedom throughout Bohemia. This conflict resulted in As the victor of the battle, King Ferdinand immediately turned to Bohemian nobles throwing King Ferdinand’s appointees and his his council on questions arising from extravagant success of the secretary out of a window in the royal castle in Prague. They recent battle on the international situation and on internal survived only because they fell into a heap of manure thus (Bohemian and Palatinate) politics. Ferdinand’s council believed saving their lives. This incident sparked a national struggle in the centralization of power in all regions of his lands. It was known as the Bohemian Revolt. sought to use the defeat at the Battle of White Mountain as a defense of his ultimate goal of centralized power in the Estates Battle of the realm. The defeat left the estates lacking in self- The Bohemian estates organized an army of 30,000 men in confidence and left them without any defensive stand. determination to fight for their liberties, as they saw them. Ferdinand’s council wanted to declare the throne hereditary thus Ferdinand II set to make an example of this Bohemian Revolt removing the election liberties of the estates and to expel several 73

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Protestant Lords from the estates thus leaving the religious and domestic and political rebellion inactive. Battle of Breitenfeld

With the Bohemian army destroyed, Tilly entered Prague and the revolt broke down. King Frederick with his wife Elizabeth fled the country (hence his nickname the Winter King), and many citizens welcomed the restoration of Catholicism. Forty-seven noble leaders of the insurrection were tried, and twenty-seven were executed on what is called "the Day of Blood" by Protestants at Prague's Square. Amongst those executed were Kryštof Harant and . Today, 27 crosses have been inlaid in the cobblestone as a tribute to those victims. An estimated five-sixths of the Bohemian nobility went into exile soon after the Battle of White Mountain, and their properties were confiscated.8 Before the war about 151,000 farmsteads existed in the Lands of Bohemian Crown, while only The Battle of Breitenfeld (German: Schlacht bei Breitenfeld; 50,000 remained after the year 1648. The number of inhabitants Swedish: Slaget vid Breitenfeld) or First Battle of Breitenfeld decreased from 3 million to 800,000.9 The Thirty Years War had (sometimes First Breitenfeld and in older texts Battle of still another 28 years to run, and Bohemia was often the scene of Leipzig) , was fought at the crossroads villages of Breitenfeld, much bloodshed. Podelwitz, and Seehausen, approximately five miles northwest But there was still a strong Protestant army in Silesia under the of the walled city of Leipzig on September 17 (new style, or command of Johann Georg of Hohenzollern, Duke of Gregorian dating), or September 7 (by the older , Brandenburg-Jägerndorf which continued fighting the Imperial in wide use at the time), 1631. Breitenfeld represented the army in Moravia and in what today is Slovakia until 1623. Protestants’ first major victory of the Thirty Years War. In 1621, the Emperor ordered all Calvinists and other non- The Protestant victory ensured that the German states would not Lutherans to leave the realm in 3 days or to convert to be forcibly reconverted to Roman Catholicism. The victory Catholicism. Next year, he also ordered all Lutherans (who further confirmed Sweden’s Gustavus Adolphus of the House of primarily had not been involved in the revolt) to convert or leave Vasa as a great tactical leader and induced many Protestant the country. By 1627, Archbishop Harrach of Prague and German states to ally themselves with Sweden against the Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice set out to peacefully convert the German Catholic League, led by Maximilian I, Elector of heretics as they were termed; most Bohemians converted, but a Bavaria, and the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II of Austria. significant Protestant minority remained. Spanish troops, seeking to encircle their rebellious Dutch provinces, seized the Palatinate o electoral lands. With the prospect of Protestantism being overrun Prelude to the Swedish phase of the Thirty Years War in Germany, Denmark entered the struggle. Sweden was to join If the first phase of the Thirty Years War, or Wars, as some the Protestant forces in 1630. historians call it, hinged on the Palatine inheritance, this phase hinged on the liberties of various bishoprics in Lorraine, and the autonomy of several Lutheran princes, including imperial Electors of Electoral Saxony and Electoral Brandenburg. The issue was not only about religion, although the issue manifested itself in the princely religious autonomy. At issue was the larger problem of imperial rule versus princely autonomy: at its most basic, the argument was over the nature of power and authority in the Holy Roman Empire.

Swedish phase of the Thirty Years War The Swedish phase of the 30 Years War began with the Swedish landing at Peenemünde. The Swedish campaign in central Europe gained control of great deal of territory.There were 3 major battles: Breitenfeld, the Battle of Lech, and the Battle of Lützen. France was Sweden’s ally and paid most of the Swedish campaign expenses. This marked a major shift away from a religious-based conflict, as the French were also Catholic.

The execution of the leaders of the Bohemian rebellion in Gustav's plan Prague. When he had planned this invasion in 1629, after peace with Poland, with money in his pocket, and promises of French subsidy, Gustav ruled an orderly and loyal country; he possessed Source : reserves of war material; and he had at his command an http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_White_Mountain effective, well disciplined fighting force made up of recruits from Sweden and Finland and thus theoretically loyal to him. Gustav's efforts in Poland and Lithuania did not secure his Baltic possessions, nor did they solve his kingdom’s security issues; Polish, Lithuanian and English ships continued to prey upon Swedish trade, and Gustav considered his engagement in the Protestant causes in the German states to be part and parcel to securing his own interests in the Baltic. Initially, Sweden’s entrance into the war was considered a minor annoyance to the Catholic League and its allies; his only battles to this point had been inconclusive ones, or fought against generals of modest military ability, such as at Honigfeld, a minor affair in eastern Prussia against Imperial troops under Hans Georg von Arnim- Boitzenburg to aid Sigismund III of Poland-Lithuania, which ended in Fall 1629 with the Truce of Altmark. Consequently, when Gustav Adolph and his force of 13,000 landed at Peenemünde in 1630, the Imperial Commander of the German Catholic League, Tilly, did not immediately 74

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 respond, being engaged in what seemed to be more pressing touched. Tilly invaded Electoral Saxony because, first, it was the matters in northern Italy. Gustav's sole ally was the city of shortest distance between himself and Gustav’s flank; second, Stralsund, and over the ensuing months, the situation did not because he hoped to force its ruler to abandon any planned improve. While he could claim the support from German alliance with Gustav; and third, because the Saxon territories princes, these were the “dispossessed” like Mecklenburg and offered plenty of food and sustenance for his exhausted army.814 Saxe-Weimar, the expectant like the claimants to Brunswick- His plan was to avoid contact with the Swedes, and ultimately Lüneburg, the occupied, like Magdeburg, and the threatened, the Saxons, until his troops could unite with the units near Jena like Hesse-Kassel. In terms of real support of money, men, (about 5000 seasoned professionals), and the larger force of supplies and arms, these alliances meant little. External alliances Count Otto von Fugger, en route from Hesse. Gustav and John were little better: Russia offered duty free grain to be sold in George united their forces, planning to meet Tilly somewhere , a scheme that raised only 78,000 thalers, and near Leipzig. France hedged its bets. The difficulty in developing concrete alliances with German states was understandable. Unthreatened 17th Century forces Lutheran princes saw the advantage in using the Swedish This period of warfare had 3 basic branches in military land "menace" to wrest terms from Vienna, rather than commit what forces: infantry, cavalry, and artillery. They had a relative amounted to acts of treason.10 French reticence at entering an balance, with the cavalry having much greater strength alliance was less understandable for, like Sweden, France had offensively than defensively and the infantry the opposite. been engaged in several decades of fighting, so peace and Mostly, artillery was a supporting branch, delivering a slow rate demobilization offered significant advantages; like Sweden, of fire at very long range, and highly immobile. though, there were significant and concrete gains to be achieved in territory, influence, and prestige, if they were to be on the Infantry winning side of the renewal of fighting in northern Europe. In Infantry had 2 basic types, light and heavy, from the ancient early 1631, imperial forces captured Mantua, effectively ending classical period until the late 17th century. Light troops used the Mantuan war, and the ensuing peace treaty at Cherasco primarily ranged weapons while heavy infantry specialized in (February 1631) insured that the large imperial army tied up in melee combat. Generally, light troops had less armour than northern Italy was now free to expend its energy in the German heavy troops, but the types are not classified by armour. Some states. units of mixed type employed ranged or close weapons depending on the tactical situation, but they were a minority. Creating alliances There were dozens of specific types in use in every period. Most At the same time, the Protestant princes showed little interest in nations or regions commonly specialized in fielding specific attaching themselves to the Swedish cause; Gustavus opted for variations, differing in specific weapons, armour, and tactics “rough wooing.” In the ensuing months, his troops moved south used. The forces employed at Breitenfeld on both sides used into Brandenburg, taking and sacking the towns of Küstin and mostly one type of light infantry, musketeers armed with Frankfurt an der Oder. It was too late and too far to save one of matchlock muskets. Matchlock muskets of the period were still a Gustav’s “occupied” allies, Magdeburg, from a horrific sack by heavy weapon, not the lighter flintlock variety that would imperial troops, which began on May 20, and in which a major eventually evolve, typically with barrels about four feet long and portion of the population was murdered and the city burned. The propelling a ball weighing about 2 ounces(˜55 grams), the gun , though, could be turned to good use: the itself weighing between 15 and 17 lbs. The rate of fire was broadsides and pamphlets distributed throughout Europe assured comparatively slow, typically around 1 round per minute, and that prince and pauper alike understood how the Emperor, or at musketeers were typically deployed in six or more ranks to allow least his troops, treated the Protestant subjects. Over the next few for a continuous stream of fire. Musketeers typically lacked any months, Gustav consolidated his bridgehead and expanded form of protection, although some might have worn light across northern Germany, attracting support from German helmets and buff coats; they carried cheap swords as sidearms, princes but mostly building his army from mercenary forces although the butt stock of a reversed musket was often more along the way. By the time he reached the Saxon border, his effective in close combat situations. The Swedes and the force had expanded over 23,000. imperials also used mostly the same type of heavy infantry, pikemen. Pikemen of the period employed ˜16-18 foot pikes and wore heavy half armour, ideally consisting of a breast and backplate with thigh-protecting tassets and a light helmet, and also a short sword for close combat. Combined together these mixed infantry units were very strong defensively against any form of cavalry attacks. The musketeers had a greater range and rate of fire then a mounted man with a wheellock pistol, while pikes too have greater reach compared to cavalry swords and , without even taking into account the fact that horses would not naturally crash into dense formations of men. Historically most infantry were organized with units of a single type, but in this case, both sides fielded units with a mixture of light and heavy troops. The imperials deployed their infantry in modified Spanish tercios. These units were rectangular, about 1500 men, with a dense center of pikemen and four "sleeves" of musketeers deployed on each sides or corners. Such a formation

"Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle at Breitenfeld", painting in the had very powerful all around defenses against cavalry, but was Musée historique de Strasbourg. very slow moving and lacked firepower since at best only half of the available muskets could be brought to bear. The Swedes Strategic importance of Electoral Saxony deployed in a linear formation developed by Maurice of Nassau. In order for Swedes to attack the imperial troops in the south, Swedish infantry were deployed with 6 ranks of musketeers to they needed to pass through Saxony. In order for Tilly’s forces, the front and 5 ranks of pikemen behind. The Swedish now freed from northern Italy, to attack Gustav's army, they too musketeers had also perfected the salvo firing technique, in needed to pass through Saxony. Electoral Saxony had not been which three ranks of musketeers would fire simultaneously, with touched by the war, at least not directly, and it hung like a ripe the front rank kneeling, the second rank crouching and the third plum between the two combatants, full of hogs, cattle, horses, rank standing. The massive disruption caused by such a wall of grain, fruit, all the stuff that the hungry Imperial and League lead slamming into the enemy was capable of stopping cavalry troops craved. In midsummer, General Tilly asked John George I charges without the aid of pikes on many occasions, and allowed for permission to pass through the territory; the elector declined the Swedish pikemen or cavalry to immediately gain advantage permission, noting that Saxon sweetmeats had not yet been over their opponent in the subsequent close combat. The tactical preferences of the two armies resulted from different operational 75

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 philosophies: the imperial infantry were typically more static and the training and structure of infantry troops, and the Swedish defensive in battle, while the Swedish were more capable of different philosophy in using their cavalry. offense but more vulnerable to flanking attacks. Most of the Saxon units were various heavy types deployed in unmixed Forces Deployed squares; with only a few companies of musketeers. The strengths of forces deployed were about relatively equal. The Protestant coalition, including the Swedes and Germans, Cavalry fielding about 42,000 troops (18,000 from German Allies) and There were many different types of cavalry in the period. the imperial forces at about 35,000. The Protestants had a Similarly to the infantry, they differed in the weapons, armour considerable edge in cavalry numbers, about 13,000 (5,000 from and tactics employed. With cavalry, especially, unit names such Allies) to 9,000. The numbers for the siege artillery were as "heavy cavalry" are often misleading. The cavalry of both relatively equivalent with the Swedes having a slight edge in sides at Breitenfield were mostly units of cuirassiers. This was a quality and the imperials having a marginal advantage in heavy type of cavalry armed with wheel-lock pistols and quantity. The Swedes had additional small artillery pieces (3 and broadswords and ideally clad in heavy three-quarter armour with 6 pounders) integrated into their infantry and regiments. a bulletproof cuirass. The second type of cavalry commonly used This gave the Swedes an overall advantage in the number of in Western Europe at the time was the harquebusier; a light, tubes. The Catholics had a considerable advantage in the number firearm-equipped cavalryman named after the long firearm they of trained infantry deployed; about 25,000 to the Swedes 15,000. used. Theoretically, in battle the harquebusiers would provide The Saxons (Swedish allies) fielded about 9,000 additional supporting fire for the cuirassiers' charge, and their role was untrained infantry, which mostly consisted of conscripts or otherwise confined to skirmishing, scouting and other irregular militia. The Swedish Allies fielded very few muskets. The operations. The cuirassiers themselves typically employed Swedish Linear Formation had a higher ratios of matchlock and caracole tactics, advancing to the charge at a trot, often in a much fewer pikemen than the imperial forces tercio. Overall the dense formation six or ten ranks deep. At about ten paces from Unionist fielded about the same number matchlocks as the the opposing formation the troopers would discharge their pistols imperial troops. and wheel around to reload, allowing the next rank to also fire. Only after an enemy had been substantially weakened or Force Assessment disordered would they draw their swords and charge. The overall balance was relatively even. The disparity in overall Practical realities faced by the Swedish, however, resulted in numbers resulted from large levies of untrained soldiers. The their cavalry being uniquely different. Sweden's lack of number of heavy cannon was relatively close with the Swedish manufacturing capability at the time resulted in her cavalry having newer models and light cannon compensating for the lacking in armour and wheellock pistols; the Swedish cuirassiers disparity in heavy field pieces. The Unionist had a considerable were only armoured up to the standard of the typical imperial advantage in cavalry while the imperials had a considerable harquebusier, except for a few units raised in Livonia and advantage in trained infantry. With the forces deployed, the key recruited among the German mercenaries, while their Finnish difference was the light/heavy infantry ratio of Swedes. The light horse were often completely unarmoured. Initially they Swedes fielded considerably more muskets by ratio, had more were also largely outnumbered by their imperial counterparts, advanced equipment, and better drills to increase their rate of and thus often were forced to form up only two or three ranks fire. More important, the Linear Formation that allowed most deep to avoid being outflanked. The Swedes also had plenty of musketeers to engage, while less than half in a tercio could experience fighting against the vaunted , which engage. taught them the value of a full gallop charge using cold steel only. Also, to compensate for the lesser quality and quantity of Disposition of forces his cavalry against the Poles, Gustavus also started using detached companies of musketeers to provide fire support for his horsemen. These tactical developments would prove extremely effective, and while not Swedish by invention were brought into renown by them and would shape Western military doctrine until the early 19th century.

Artillery The artillery of the period used no explosive projectiles. Cannon generally fired directly at low angle with solid metal or stone shot. Artillery was mostly used for siege operations as it was very slow to maneuver. Used against opposing troops, a common tactic was the "grazing shot", aimed to skip off the ground in front of the enemy and bounce upward through the massed troops, causing many more casualties than level fire could. The Swedes had developed more modern models for their siege artillery that were easier to maneuver and load, using only three different weight of ordnance: 24, 6 and 3 pounders. Additionally the Swedes had some of their lighter pieces integrated into their infantry formations at brigade and regimental level. These 3pound pieces (3 assigned to a brigade) were much smaller, lighter and less powerful than the siege guns. The 3 pound pieces could maneuver with the infantry to a limited degree. 3 pounders could also be reloaded much more quickly than siege pieces and had greater range and firing rate than the infantry's muskets, greatly increasing the Swedish infantry's firepower.

Tactical Overview The Battle of Breitenfeld I (1631) was overall a meeting engagement with both combatants agreeing to battle on the field. The forces all had different structural organization. Mostly the technology was about the same level, with a slight advantage to the Swedish troops in newer and lighter cannon and matchlocks. Pappenheim Both Armies were well supplied and the terrain was relatively equivalent between the dispositions. Key differences between The Swedes deployed their 15,000 infantry in 2 lines. The the Swedish and imperial forces (and the Swedish allies) were in imperial army deployed 25,500 infantry in a single line of 17 76

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 tercios (1,500 infantrymen in each). The German allies extended around mid-day, with a two hour exchange of artillery fire, the Protestant front to be overall slightly longer than the catholic. during which the Swedes demonstrated fire power in a rate of The imperial line had its cavalry evenly distributed on its flanks. fire of three-to-five volleys to one Imperial volley.16 Gustavus The Swedes had their cavalry weighted to their right. The had lightened his artillery park, and each colonel had four highly German allies fielded their infantry in wedge formation with mobile, rapid firing, copper-cast three pounders, the cream of units in squares, and cavalry on their flanks. With their Saxon Sweden’s metallurgical industry. When the artillery fire ceased, allies extending the Swede’s line, the Unionists had cavalry at Pappenheim's Black Cuirassiers charged the Swedish line seven the center and their flanks. times, and were consistently beaten back by harquebus and pikemen. Gustavus had trained his men to aim for the cavalry mounts, and the falling animals made holes in the Catholic formations. The same tactics would work an hour or so later when the imperial cavalry charged the Swedish left flank. Following the rebuff of the seventh assault, General Banér sallied forth with both his light (Finnish and West Gotlanders) and heavy cavalry (Smalanders and East Gotlanders). Banér’s cavalry had been taught to deliver its impact with the saber, not to caracole with the hard-to-aim pistols or carbines, forcing Pappenheim and his cavalry quit the field in disarray, retreating 15 miles northwest to . During the charges of the Cuirassiers, Tilly's infantry had remained stationary, but then the cavalry on his right charged the Saxon cavalry and routed it towards Eilenburg. There may have been confusion in the imperial command at seeing Pappenheim’s charge; in their assessment of the battle, military historians have wondered if Pappenheim precipitated an attempted double envelopment, or if he followed Tilly’s preconceived plan. At any rate, recognizing an opportunity, Tilly sent the majority of his Battle of Breitenfeld - Initial dispositions, 17 September infantry against the remaining Saxon forces in an oblique march 1631.Swedish-Saxon forces in Blue, Catholic army in Red diagonally across his front.

Battle Summary Thwarting the Imperial attack The battle started in the middle of the day and lasted over 6 hours. The first 2 hours consisted of an exchange of artillery fire. This was followed by an imperial attack with cavalry from both wings to both ends of the Unionist line. The cavalry attack routed the Saxon troops on the Unionist left flank. The imperial army then conducted a general attack to exploit the exposed left flank. The Swedes repositioned their second line to cover flank and counter attacked with their cavalry to both imperial flanks. The attack on the imperial left was led personally by the Swedish King. It captured the imperial artillery and enveloped the imperial left flank. The Swedish now had much greater weight of fire from their artillery, infantry, and the captured imperial artillery. The imperial line was disorganized under the heavy fire and enveloped. The imperial line collapsed and over 80% of the imperial forces were killed or captured. 120 standards of the Imperial and Bavarian armies were taken (and are still on display in the Riddarholm church in Stockholm);15 and Gustav's innovations in military operations and tactics were confirmed. Battle of Breitenfeld - Stopping the attack, 17 September 1631, Opening gambits Swedish forces in Blue, Catholic army in Red

As Tilly was ordering his infantry to march ahead diagonally to the right, looking to roll up the Swedish line on its abandoned left flank, Gustavus reordered his second line, under the capable and steady General Gustav Horn, into an array at a right angle to the front, in a maneuver known as refusing the line. With this maneuver, the Swedish line developed a strong angle, anchored in the new center under General Lennart Torstenson, whose men were able to deliver an artillery barrage with an overwhelmingly high rate of fire for the era. Tilly's right flank cavalry preceded his infantry across the field. Except for his musketeers, the infantry had yet to engage. Tilly's seventeen Tercios could only angle across the field. Tercios cannot turn easily, owing to the length of pikes extending through the faces of the essentially square formations. As they advanced obliquely, it left the Swedish right uncovered and free.

Battle of Breitenfeld - Opening moves, 17 September 1631 Swedish-Saxon forces in Blue, Catholic army in Red

The combined Swedish-Saxon forces were oriented to the north of Leipzig centered around hamlet of Podelwitz, facing southwest toward Breitenfeld and Leipzig. The battle began 77

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Annihilation of the Imperial force Short term impact: command decisions and rebuilding the imperial army

After the battle, the Catholic League or Imperial army under Tilly could field an army of only 7,000 men. The army had to be rebuilt. Gustavus Adolphus, on the other hand, had a larger army after the battle than before. The battle's outcome had the political effect of convincing Protestant states to join his cause and convinced France to throw its whole-hearted support to the militarily strong but economically weak Sweden. Finally, with the seventy-two year old Tilly's recovery far from certain (and he did indeed die within six months while crossing the Lech river), and with no alternative commander at hand, Emperor Ferdinand II had no choice but to rehire Wallenstein.

Intermediate impact: Gustav's military innovations

His success against the well-trained Imperial and League forces at Breitenfeld endorsed Gustav's linear tactics. In traditional battle tactics, the cavalry lined up on either side of the primary Battle of Breitenfeld - Annihilation, 17 September 1631 infantry force, theoretically protecting its flanks, but in actuality, Swedish forces in Blue, Catholic army in Red cavalry would attempt to drive off the opposing force, leaving the infantry’s flank exposed. Gustav mixed infantry heavily While this was taking place, the Swedish cavalry re-formed, and, weighted with musketeers among the cavalry in their "starting preceded by the Finnish light cavalry (), which positions" on the flanks. As opposing cavalry attacked, the Gustavus led personally, attacked across the former front to musketeers could pick them off, long before the cavalryman’s capture the Imperial artillery, followed in short succession by pistols could be useful. The thinner pike wall sufficiently Banér's heavy cavalry and three regiments of infantry. This not prevented breakage of the line, but it could also be easily shifted, only freed the Swedish field guns from an ongoing artillery duel, to allow Gustav’s cavalry to pass through. Normally detached but allowed Gustavus's cross-trained cavalry to turn the captured infantry would be easily run down, but by being placed in the Imperial guns upon Tilly's seventeen own Tercios, now midst of the cavalry, if the opposing force did charge, they outflanked and badly out of position. Gustavus’ soldiers would do so right into the Swedish cavalry's own pistols. It was redeployed the captured artillery into a new line and angled so it Gustavus' policy to have each arm support the other, so could fire on the Catholic forces. Its position lay slightly to the demonstrating an early appreciation of the benefits of combined rear of the Catholics on what had become the extreme right flank arms tactics, though long before the term was coined. of a developing infantry battle. The unwieldy Catholic infantry was trapped in a crossfire of grazing artillery balls which were aimed to bounce and careen into the rank and files between knee and shoulder height—killing and wounding dozens with each ball. With these guns cutting into one end of Tilly's line, and the Swedish center showing no signs of breaking, the exchange of gunfire soon wore down the Imperial troops, and their lines ground to a halt against Horn's infantry. After several hours of punishment, nearing sunset, the Catholic line finally broke. Tilly himself was injured twice by a so-called "piece of battle"—artillery propelled debris, such as a careening pikehead. Although the first time he remounted his horse, the second wound was more severe; unconscious, he was carted off to safety under the cover of night during the ensuing retreat, which quickly became a rout as the Catholic forces reached the nearby woods. The totally disorganized and demoralized Imperial and Catholic League force effectively lost all cohesion Gustavus's victory at Breitenfeld with the fall of night, and the desertion rate was consequently higher than the battle losses themselves. In effect, Gustav had In the traditional square, muskets at the rear or sides of the entirely destroyed the only army the Catholics had in the field, formation could not fire effectively due to the ranks in front. The placing the Imperial side on the defensive. Dutch had thinned out their formations to place more men at the After the battle, Gustav moved on Halle, following the same front, a concept Gustav adapted by converting his formations track that Tilly had taken coming east to enforce the Edict of into rectangles only six ranks deep (as opposed to ten or more). Restitution on the . Two days later Gustav's This became known as a linear formation, and in historical forces captured another 3,000 men after a brief skirmish at terms, by one modification or another, it persisted in warfare to , and took Halle two days after that. World War II.Additionally, whereas the typical pike-and-shot formation placed the shot on the flanks of a full pike square, to Aftermath overcome the friendly fire issue, Gustav placed most of the shot The outcome of the battle had a significant impact, in the short, at the front, with the pike at the sides strictly in support, with a intermediate, and long term. In the short term, the Catholic and smattering of pike to keep charging cavalry at bay. In the imperial forces were significantly hampered by the loss of most common tercio of the day, the ratio of pikes to shot was of the force. The totality of the victory confirmed Gustav's generally about 2:1; Gustavus' armies were recast to ratios military innovations, and guaranteed that the Swedes would between 3:2 and sometimes approached 1:1—giving his forces a remain engaged in the war for the foreseeable future. In the long much greater amount of long range fire power. term, the significant loss of force, the shift in command, the Along the same line of rate of fire thinking, he also placed small realignment of alliances creating a strong Protestant, or anti- cannons, or so called infantry guns among the units. These were imperial force, required the Emperor and the Protestant and mobile, lightweight three-pound brass cannon, by some called Catholic princes, to rethink on the operational conduct of the the first field artillery. Loaded with canister or grapeshot, they warfare, and the diplomatic avenues they would pursue prior to were devastating, like huge shotguns capable of gutting an using armed force. opponent's formations. At long ranges, they fired solid shot aimed to bounce through the enemy's ranks doing nearly as much damage. The integration of small cannons among infantry 78

V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 gave his battalions cannon support even if they became separated from the main force, or if they were away from the massed artillery at the center of the field.

Map of Europe in 1648

These changes also made Gustav's formations easier to maneuver on the battlefield; the line formations he fielded could easily turn to face a new direction, compared to the squares Tilly and the Saxon Elector had been using— where the line of march was typically fixed (or else the unit would spear each other in turning the unwieldy pikes), once a unit took up positions in the field—his forces were able to change facings and march a different direction. Gustav's main formations could be re- aligned, even under fire, and even those where his mixed units used his concept of combined arms, although at the cost of some confusion while the pikemen reformed on the shot's flanks, the cavalry paraded back around and came up again.

Long term consequences: realignment of alliances and extension of Swedish influence into Germany

Gustav's success encouraged several other princes to join the cause of the Swedish king and his few allies. By the month's end,

Hannover, the Hessian dukes, Brandenburg and Saxony were officially aligned against the empire, and France had agreed to provide substantially greater funding for Gustav's armies.

Although Gustav was killed a year later at the Battle of Lützen, the military strength of the alliance had been secured through the addition of new armies. Even when Swedish leadership faltered, it did not fail, and the influx of French gold insured that the hostilities could continue. The reconstituted imperial and

Catholic league forces and the opposition forces were so evenly matched that neither side could force a concession from the other. Wallenstein's efforts to negotiate a conclusion to the conflict ended in his own conviction of treason, and his assassination. This realization, confirmed at Westphalia fundamentally changed the balance of power within the Holy

Roman Empire.

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1631)

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Sächsisch 10 1625 Ger Drag Hzg. M.R. zu Sachsen-Lawenpurg HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE Reich Isolan 6 1625 Ch Reut J.L.H. von Isolan Bohemia Army of the Holy Roman Empire 1625 Scherffenperg 1 1621 Arque G. von Scherffenberg Hungary Hoffer 1 1622 Arque H. Hoffer B ohemia Commander: Emperor Ferdinandus der ander Strassoldo 1 1622 Arque G. di Strassoldo Bohemia Commanding Officer: Albrecht Venceslaus Eusebius Count Verrière 1 1622 Cuiras J. La Verrière Bohemia Waldstein Gonzaga 1 1623 Arque L. von Gonzaga Bohemia Montecuculi 1 1623 Arque E.M. von Montecerio Moravia Foot Regiments Löbl 1 1623 Arque H.C.von Löbl auf Grainspurg Upper Regiment Cos Founded ality Colonel Station Austria Brewner 13 1618 High GerH. F. von Brewner Hungary Awersperg 1 1623 Arque W. von Awersperg Hungary Sächsisch 10 1618 High Ger J. H. zu Sachsen-Lawenpurg Lichtenstein 1 1623 Arque Gr. von Lichtenstein Bohemia Hungary Palfy 1 1624 Arque P. Palfy Hungary Collalto 10 1618 High Ger R. von Collalto Netherlands Medici 1 1624 Arque L.Medici unknown Teuffenpach 4 1619 High Ger R. von Teuffenpach Reich Conti 2 1625 Arque T. Conti Moravia Nassaw 10 1619 Low Ger J. von Nassaw-Katzenelbogen before Capua 2 1625 Arque Don F. de Capua Moravia Ducal 2 1625 Arque A. von Haugwitz Bohemia Schawenpurg 10 1619 High Ger H. von Schawenpurg Milan Friedland Leibguard Kratz 10 1619 Bohem H.F. Kratz von Scharffenstain Silesia Waldstain 10 1621 Moravia A. von Friedlandt Moravia Abbreviations: Lichtenstein 10 1621 Moravia M. Lichtenstain Moravia Ger Cuir - German Cuirassiers Schlik 10 1621 Moravia H. Schlickh Moravia Ger Dra - German Dragoons Colloredo 10 1625 Bohem R. von Colloredo Bohemia High Ger - High German Wratislaw 10 1625 Bohem W. Wratislaw Southern Low Ger - Reich Sp Arq - Spanish Arquebusiers Altring 10 1625 German J. von Altringer Reich Sp Cuir - Spanish Cuirassiers Cerbonia 10 1625 Reich T. Cerboni Reich Wal Cuir - Walloon Cuirassiers Nogarol 10 1624 German F. von Nogarol Prague City Guard 4 1546 German H. K. Stadion Vienna

Standards Kolowrat 2 1618 ? Z. von Kolowratt und Liebstain Budweis SWEDEN Strassn 11 1618 ? G. van der Strassen Löwentz Karling 1 1618 ? H. von Karling Füllegg Swedish Army 7 March l63l Felling 1 1622 ? M. Fellinger Raab Pechler 1 1623 ? D. Pechler Neuhäusel Infantry: (8,957 men) Konungens Livgard (l co) Regiments & Companies of Horse Ake Ulfsparre's Bn/Norrland Infantry Regiment (l co) Maradas 6 1616 Sp Cuir B. de Maradas y Viquez Moravia Salomon Adam's Bn/Kagg's Infantry Regt Smaland (4 cos) & Silesia Damitz's "Vita" (White) Infantry Regiment (2 bns = 8 cos) Wittenhorstisch 6 1619 Wal Cuir W.W. von Wittenhorst Reich Damitz's Infantry Regiment (l bn = 4 cos, in Stettin) Strozzisch 5 1619 Wal Cuir J. Strozzi before Bredaa Det/Jakob Duwall's Infantry Regiment (250) Areyzaga 5 1621 Sp Arq Areyzaga d'Avandango Reich Hepburn's "Grona" (Green) Infantry Regiment (l2 cos) Spens' Scots Infantry Regiment (9 cos) Abbreviations: Teuffel's "Gula" (Yellow) Household Infantry Regt (l2 cos) Bohem - Bohemian Thurn's (Black) Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Boh Arq - Bohemian Arquebusiers Winckel's "Blau" (Blue) Infantry Regiment (l2 cos) High Ger - High German Effern-Hall Infantry Regiment (8 cos, in Stettin) Low Ger - Low German Cavalry: (5,668 men) Sp Arq - Spanish Arquebusiers Erik Soops' Regt (Vasgergotland)(8 cos) Sp Cuir - Spanish Cuirassiers Per 's Cuirassier Regt (Smaland)(8 cos) Wal Cuir - Walloon Cuirassiers 2 Stalhandske's Cuirassier Sqn (Finnish)(4 cos) Wunsch's Cuirassier Sqn (Finnish)(3 cos) Regiment Cos Founded ality Colonel Station Aderkas' Cuirassier Sqn (Lithuanian)(5 cos) Coronini 5 1624 Ger Arq J.P.Coronini von Kronenperg Baudissin's Cuirassier Regt (l2 cos) Netherlands Caldenbach's Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos) Holstein 6 1624 Ger Cuir A zu Holstein-Gottorp 4 in Courville's Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos) Netherlands Donhoff's Cuirassier Sqn (Courland)(4 cos) 2 with Efferen-Hall's Cuirassier Regiment (6 cos) Army Horn's Liv Company (l co) Awersperg 3 1624 Ger Arq W. von Awersperg Moravia Taupadel's Dragoon Squadron (4 cos) Pechmann 10 1625 Ger Cuir Pechmann von der Schönaw Baner's Group in Finland: 2,028 foot & 2,376 horse Bohemia Axel Lillie's Bn/Narke-Varmland Inf. Regt. (4 cos) 1st Hebron 4 1625 Ger Arq D. Hebron Bohemia Monroe's Bn/Mackay's Infantry Regiment (8 cos) 2nd Hebron 10 1625 Ger Dra D. Hebron Bohemia Johann Baner's Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Altsächsisch 10 1625 Ger Arq J.H. zu Sachsen-Lawenpurg Vitzthum's Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Reich Ortenburg's Cuirassier Regiment (l0 cos) Neusächsisch 10 1625 Ger Cuir F.A. Hzg. zu Sachsen- Rhengreven's Cuirassier Regiment (l2 cos) Lawenpurg Reich Tott's Cuirassier Regiment (6 cos) Lamoatte 5 1625 Boh Arq P. de Lamotte Reich Mecklenburg Cavalry (50 men) 1st Merode 15 1625 Wal Arq J. Merode-Waroux Netherlands In Neumark: 5l0 foot & 900 horse 2nd Merode 3 1625 Sp Arq J. Merode-Waroux Netherlands Det/Termow Infntry Regiment (ll0 men) Scherffenperg 10 1625 Boh Arq H.E. von Scherffenperg Reich Det/Jakob Duwall Infantry Regiment (200 men) Defur 10 1625 Ger Arq N.D. zu Montville Reich Miscellaneous infantry detachments (200) Defur 10 1625 Dragoon N.D. zu Montville Bohemia Damitz's Cuirassier Regiment (4 cos) 82

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"Silver Spears" (Isaak Axelsson's Uppland) Cuirassier PROTESTANT Squadron (4 cos) Otto Sack (Sondermanland) Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos) Protestant Army Donauworth March 1632 Sperreuter (Ostergotland) Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos) Noding's (Stalhandske) Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos) Infantry General Donhoff (Courland) Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos) l2 Infantry Brigades witha total of 22,643 men Schauenburg Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos) Erik Hand Brigade Streif Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos) Guardie Brigade Tiesenhausen (Lithuania) Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos) Blue Brigade Gustav Horn's Liv Cuirassier Company Mitzlaff Brigade Hauditz Cuirassier Company Hertig Wilhelm Brigade Herzog Wilhelm Leib (Sachsen Weimar) Cuirassier Schneidewind Brigade Regiment (l3 cos) Thurn Brigade Hebron Brigade Baner Brigade Schlammersdorf Brigade Nurnberger Brigade CATHOLIC Liebenstein Brigade Tilly's Army on the Danube March 1632 Infantry Regiments Konungens Liv Garde Company (attached to "Yellow" Imperial Infantry Regiment) Beck Infantry Regiment (l2 cos) Erik Hand (Ostergotland) Infantry Regiment (l2 cos) Contreras Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Ake Oxenstierna (Dalarna) Infantry Regiment (l2 cos) Farensbach Infantry Regiment (6 cos) Axel Lillie (Uppland) Infantry Regiment (l2 cos) Merode-Varoux Infantry Regiment (4 cos) Hertig Bernhard von Weimar Infantry Regiment (l3 cos) Ritterberg Infantry Regiment (l0 cos) "Yellow" Infantry Regiment (l2 cos) Savelli Infantry Regiment (l0 cos) Hepburn "Green" Infantry Regiment (l2 cos) Baldiron Infantry Regiment (? cos) Winckel "Blue" Infantry Regiment (l2 cos) Witzleben Infantry Regiment (? cos) Schneidewind Infantry Regiment (ll cos) Karl Hand (Vastergotland) Infantry Regiment (8 cos) League Infantry (all Bavarian) Johan Baner Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Comargo Infantry Regiment (? cos) Burt Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Alt-Tilly Infantry Regiment (? cos) Gustav Horn Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Jung-Fürstenberg Infantry Regiment (l co) Kagge's varvarde Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Pappenheim Infantry Regiment (7 cos) Kanofsky von Langendorf Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Reinach Infantry Regiment (? cos) Mackay (Monro) Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Wahl Infantry Regiment (ll cos) Mitschefall Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Mitzlaff Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Imperial Horse Robert Monroe of Fowles Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Merode-Varoux Arquebusier Regiment (5 cos) Schaffalitzky Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Bucquoy Cuirassier Regiment (3 cos) Thomas Schlammersdorf Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Croatian Irregular Light Horse (5 cos) Spens (Lunsdaine) Infantry Regiment (8 cos) General Quartermaster's Cuirassier Company Thurn Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Truchsess Infantry Regiment (8 cos) League Horse Liebenstein Infantry Regiment (7 cos) (All Bavarian, except Blankhart which was Cologne) Wildenstein Infantry Regiment (7 cos) Billehe Cuirassier Regiment (9 cos) Forbes Infantry Regiment (6 cos) Blankhardt Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos) Det/Hastfer Infantry Regiment (4 cos) Cratz Cuirassier Regiment (2 cos) Chemnitz Infantry Battalion (3 cos) Cronberg Cuirassier Regiment (l3 cos) Riese (Sache-Weimar) Infantry Regiment (8 cos) d'Espagnogne Cuirassier Regiment (6 cos) Baltasar (Nürnberg) Infantry Regiment (l2 cos) Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos) Schlammersdorf (Nürnberg) Infantry Regiment (l2 cos) Otto H. Fugger Croatian Irregular Light Cavalry Regiment (4 cos) Cavalry: (l4,862 men) Hasslang Cuirassier Regiment (2 cos) Baudissin Cuirassier Regiment (l2 cos) Merode-Gehoy Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos) Tott Cuirassier Regiment (l2 cos) Kalkenthal's Independent Cavalry Company Taupadel Dragoon Regiment (l2 cos) Independent Dragoon Companies (3 cos) Hertig Bernhard von Weimar Cuirassier Regiment (l0 cos) Total: l6,706 foot and 5,3l2 horse. Heinrich Wilhelm von Solms Cuirassier Regiment (9 cos) Georg Uslar Cuirassier Regiment (9 cos) Notes Knut Soop (Vastergotland) Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos) This order of battle should be good for the Battle of the Lech, Stenbock (Smaland) Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos) April l632, but there may have been some detachments. Hertig Ernst von Weimar Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos) The League Cavarly Regiments Hasslang & Merode-Gehoy Sperreuter Varvade Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos) were not located on the unit lists. The Baldiron, Witzleben, Ohm Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos) Comargo, and Alt-Tilly Infantry Regiments, Buquoy Cuirassiers Markgraf Kristofer von Baden Cuirassier Regiment (6 cos) and three of the croatian horse compaies saw sodetached service Berghofer Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos) and may not have servied at the Battle of the Lech, April l6 Courville Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos) Gustav Horn (Witzleben) Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos) Kochtitzky Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos) Truchess Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos) Wedel Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos) of Fowles Cuirassier Regiment (4 cos) De Menys Dragoon Regiment (4 cos) 83

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Dornburg (10 cos) HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE Beygott (10 cos)

Main Army Holy Roman Empire 1632 Commanding Officer: Albrecht Wentzel Eusebius, Grand Duke of Friedland SWEDEN AND ALLIES Infantry Heinreich Holke Edeler Herr von Rawenholdt Swedish & Allied Forces Battle of Lützen 16 November l632 Graf Rudolf von Colloredo Alt Brewner (13 cos) Infantry Alt Sachsen (10 cos) 232 companies, 13,882 men Chiesa (10 cos) Brahe's Yellow Brigade: Teuffenpach (10 cos) Livgarde Company (1 co)(45/38/12/95) Colloredo (6 cos) Nils Brahe Infantry Regiment (16 cos)(610/324/192) Dohna (15 cos) Winckel's Blue Brigade: Mannsveldt (5 cos) Winckel Infantry Regiment (16 cos)(486/432/192/1,110) Beckh (10 cos) Kyle's Swedish Brigade: Baden (6 cos) Gabriel Kyle Infantry Regiment Paar (10 cos) Ake Oxenstierna Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Suys (10 cos) (366/168/96/630) Pollard-Moriami (10 cos) Axel Lillie Infantry Regiment (8 cos)(465/267/96/848) Grana (4 cos) Karl Hard Infantry Regiment (8 cos)(447/0/96/543) Fernemondt (6 cos) Hastfer Infantry Regiment (4 cos)(156/0/48/204) Wangler (10 cos) Duke Bernhard's Green Brigade: Mohr von Waldt (10 cos) Duke Bernhard Infantry Regiment Contreras (5 cos) Louis Leslie Infantry Regiment (16 cos) Savelly (10 cos) Wildenstein Infantry Regiment (12 cos) Bertholdt Waldstein (10 cos) Bose's Brigade: Maximillianus Waldstein (14 cos) Bose (Saxon) Infantry Regiment (8 cos)(540/156/95/792) Philipp Frederich Brewner (10 cos) Pforte (Saxon) Infantry Regiment (8 cos)(306/84/48/438) Jung-Brewner (10 cos) Wilhelm von Weimar (Sax-Weimar) Infantry Regiment Trawn (10 cos) (12 cos)(216/144/142/502) Knyphausen's Brigade: Artillery Knyphausen Infantry Regiment (12 cos) Freiherr Hanns Filipp von Brewner (708/270/142/1,120) 6 Half Kartaunen Thurn Brigade: 9 Quarterschlangen Thurn Infantry Regiment (8 cos)(240/144/96/480) 2 300pdr Mörschner (mortars?) Isenburg Infantry Regiment (8 cos)(120/54/96/270) 2 150pdr Mörschner (mortars?) Wihelm vom Hessen (Green) Infantry Regiment (12 cos) 2 100pdr Mörschner (mortars?) (276/78/142/496) 3 30pdr Mörschner (mortars?) Mitzlaff's Brigade: 2 light guns per regiment Gersdorff Infantry Regiment (8 cos)(330/96/96/522) Mitzlaff Infantry Regiment (12 cos)(342/198/142/682) Cavalry Frederick von Rosen Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Freiherr Hanns Ulrich von Schaffgotsch auf Kynast (366/168/96/630)) Haracour (10 cos) Non brigaded: Strotzy (10 cos) Henderson Infantry Regiment (reserve to lst line) Ludwig Gontzaga (5 cos) (4 cos) (180/0/48/228) Heinrich Gontzaga (6 cos) Lowenstein Infantry Regiment (broken up providing & Desfour (5 cos) support for the cavalry) (7 cos)(600/0/84/684) Alt-Tertzka (4 cos) Present, but assignment unknown Neu-Tertzka (10 cos) Dam Vitzthum (Saxon) Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Braedow (9 cos) (396/210/142/748) Gotschütz (10 cos) Brandenstein (Sax-Weimar) Infantry Regiment (4 cos) Lamboy (10 cos) (198/0/48/246) Löhe (10 cos) 2 Erbach Infantry Regiment (8 cos)(144/18/96/258) 2 Hasenburg (10 cos) Thilo A. von Uslar (Hessian) Infantry Regiment (12 cos) Toscana (10 cos) (144/36/142/496) Aldobrandin (10 cos) Jung-Colloredo (10 cos) Cavalry Piccolomini (7 cos) Swedish Cavalry: Sparre (10 cos) Duke Bernhard von Weimar Cuirassier Regiment (12 cos) Benningshausen (6 cos) (750) Loyers (16 cos) Knut Soop (Vastergothland) Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos) Haagen (10 cos) (600) Drost (5 cos) Stenbock (Smaland) Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)(600) Merode Dragoons (5 cos) Tiesenhausen (Lithuanian) Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos) (450) Courville Cuirassier Regiment (4 cos)(450) Freiherr Ludwig Johan Hector von Isolanus Otto Sack (Sondermanland) Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos) Losy (10 cos) (250) Orss vel Horatius (10 cos) Sperreuter (Ostergotland) Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos) Isolanus (20 cos) (200) Corpus (10 cos) Stechenitz Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos)(120) Forgatsch (10 cos) Steinbach Cuirassier Regiment (4 cos)(300) 84

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Brandenstein Cuirassier Regiment (4 cos)(450) Ohm Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)(450) Garrison of Würzburg City Lowenstein Cuirassier Regiment (6 cos)(300) Konigshofen Infantry Regiment (4 cos) Beckermann Cuirassier Regiment (4 cos)(225) Lindasy Infantry Regiment (unknown strength) Bulach Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)(180) Total: 25,760 Georg Uslar Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)(240) Goldstein Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)(225) Donhoff (Courland) Cuirassier Squadron (4 cos)(345) Stalhand Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)(800) Karberg Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)(800)a HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE Issak Axelsson "Silver Spears" Cuirassier Regiment (4 cos)(300) Imperial Forces Rhine Campaign l638

Allied Cavalry Troops in Winter Quarters on the Upper Rhine l637-l638 Franz Dalwigk (Hessian) Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos) (75) Croatians on Picket Duty Kurt Dalwigk (Hessian) Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos) R. Isolani Croatian Cavalry Regiment (l0 cos) (150) Corpus Croatian Cavalry Regiment (l0 cos)* Thilo Uslar (Hessian) Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos) Beygott Croatian Cavalry Regiment (l0 cos)* (75) Unknown Croatian Cavalry Regiment Prinz Ernst von Anhalt (Saxon) Cuirassier Regiment Mirkovic Croatian Cavalry Regiment (being dissolved) (8 cos)(450) Ragowic Croatian Cavalry Regiment (l0 cos) Hofkirchen (Saxon) Cuirassier Regiment (12 cos)(525) Draghi Croatian Cavalry Regiment (l0 cos)* Herzog Wilhelm Leib (Sax-Weimar) Cuirassier Regiment de la Mollie Dragoon Regiment (l0 cos) (12 cos)(180) * sent to Burgundy in the spring Landgraf Wilhelm Leib (Hessian) Cuirassier Regiment (5 cos)(270) Main Army Savelli Infantry Regiment (l0 cos) Artillery Enckhevoert Infantry Regiment (l0 cos) 20 heavy guns Göltz Infantry Regiment (l0 cos) 40 light Reinach Infantry Regiment (l0 cos) Metternich (Bavarian) Infantry Regiment (l0 cos) Edelstatten (Bavarian) Infantry Regiment (l0 cos) Bamberg Infantry Regiment (l0 cos) Infantry Regiment (l0 cos) PROTESTANT Brück Infantry Regiment (l0 cos) Bissingen Cuirassier Regiment (l0 cos) Franconian (Protestant) Army under Herzog Bernhard Lamboy Cuirassier Regiment (l0 cos) in Germany l634 Sperreuter Cuirassier Regiment (l0 cos) Neu-Piccolomini Cuirassier Regiment (l0 cos) Cavalry Solis Arquebusier Regiment (l0 cos) Herzog Bernhard Cuirassier Regiment (l2 cos) Billeck (Bavarian) Cuirassier Regiment (l0 cos) Herzog Ernst Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos) Gayling (Bavarian) Cuirassier Regiment (l0 cos) Landgraf von Hessen Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos) Neunegg (Allied) Cuirassier Regiment (l0 cos) Brandenstein Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos) Valois (Bavarian) Arquebusier Regiment (l0 cos) Courville Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos) Jan de Werth (Bavarian) Arquebusier Regiment (l0 cos) Ohm Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos) Horst (Bavarian) Arquebusier Regiment (l0 cos) Bullach Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos) Wolff Dragoon Regiment (l0 cos) Yssler Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos) Jan de Werth Dragoon Regiment (l0 cos) Beckerman Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos) de la Mollie Dragoon Regiment (l0 cos) Berckhofer Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos) Neu-Piccolomini Light Cavalry Regiment Courland Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos) Carberg Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos) Sattler Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos) Rossen Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos) Tupade Cuirassier Regiment (8 cos)

Dragoons Tupadel Dragoon Regiment (l2 cos)

Infantry Yellow Infantry Regiment (l2 cos) Herzog Bernhard Infantry Regiment (l2 cos) Blue Infantry Regiment (l2 cos) Thurn Infantry Regiment (l2 cos) Mitzlaff Infantry Regiment (l2 cos) Rossen Infantry Regiment (l2 cos) Limpach Infantry Regiment (l2 cos) Monroe Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Red Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Brandenstein (Sax-Weimar) Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Tiesenhusen Infantry Regiment (8 cos) King Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Muffel () Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Lessle Infantry Regiment (8 cos) Brincken Infantry Regiment (8 cos) 85

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V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 COMMUNITY SPECIAL THANKS http://scarabminiatures.com/forum (english) Many thanks to the community members, especially Maik http://wabforum.co.uk (english) Hünninghaus, and Rob Broom for their great support. http://wab-portal.forumperso.com/ (french) http://www.wac-forum.de (german) Many thanks to Siegfried Bajohr and the Kurpfalz Feldherren for the pictures of painted figures. You can see them and much more here: http://www.kurpfalz-feldherren.de/

MANUFACTURERS Also thanks to the members of the Grimsby Wargames club for the pictures of painted figures. Homepage with a nice gallery http://www.bearsdenminiatures.com/ this : http://grimsbywargamessociety.webs.com/ http://www.crusaderminiatures.com http://www.essexminiatures.co.uk/ http://www.frontrank.com/ http://www.hinchliffe.co.uk/ BOOKS http://www.molniyafigs.com/index.html http://www.oldgloryminiatures.com http://www.perry-miniatures.com/ http://www.progloria.de/ http://www.redoubtenterprises.com/ http://sgmm.biz/ http://www.theassaultgroup.com/ http://www.wargamesfoundry.com/ http://www.warlordgames.com/

ORDERS OF BATTLE

The famous Nafziger Collection can be found here http://www.alternatewars.com/CARL/Nafgizer_CARL.htm

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