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Home , Bolaji Akinyemi, Ishaya Audu, Jaja Wachuku, Yakubu Gowon

Bibliography on Nigerian Foreign Policy: Orthodox and Radical Literatures

OROBOLA FASEHUN and TIMOTHY M. SHAW

ORTHODOX

Realist Ove rvi ews

Agbi, S. Olu, 'Selected Issues in 's Foreign Policy from Balewa to Obasanjo: Continuity and Change', Nigerian Journal of Political Science, 2 (I), June 1980, 57-61 . Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, 'Introduction' in A. B. Akinyemi (ed.), Nigeria and the World : Readings in Nigerian Foreign Policy ( : OUP for NIIA, 1978) viii-xiv. Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, 'Nigerian Fore ign Policy in 1975: Nat ional Interest Redefined', in Oyeleye Oyediran (ed.), Survey of Nigerian Affairs, 1975 (Ibadan : OUP for NIIA, 1978) 106-14. Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, 'Mohammed/Obasanjo Foreign Policy' in Oyeleye Oyediran (ed.), Nigerian Government and Pol itics under Military Rule, 1966-79 (London: Macmillan, 1979) 150-68 . Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, ' For e i gn Policy , Defence and the New Consciousness', Nigerian Forum, 1 (2), April 1981, 72-6 . Aluko, Olajide, Essays in Nigerian Foreign Policy (London: Allen & Unwin, 1981) . Aluko, Olajide, 'The "new" Nigerian Foreign Policy: Developments Since the Downfall of General Gowon', Round Table, 66, October 1976, 405-14. Aluko, Olajide, 'Nigerian Foreign Policy' in Olajide Aluko (ed .), The Foreign Policies of African States (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1977) 163-95 . Aluko, Olajide, 'Necessity and Freedom in Nigerian Foreign Policy', Nigerian Journal of International Studies, 4 (I and 2), January and June 1980, I-IS . Anglin, Douglas G., 'Nigeria: Political Non-alignment and Economic Alignment', Journal of Modern African Studies , 2 (2), June 1964, 147-63.

236 Bibliography 237

Coleman, James S., 'The Foreign Policy of Nigeria' in Joseph E. Black and Kenneth W. Thomson (eds), Foreign Policies in a World of Change (New York: Harper & Row, 1963) 379-406 . Gambari, Ibrahim A., 'Nigeria and the World: a Growing Internal Stability, Wealth and External Influence', Journal of International Affairs, 29 (2), Fall 1975, 155­ 69. Gambari, Ibrahim A., Party Politics and Foreign Policy: Nigeria under the First Republic (: University Press, 1980). Garba, J. N., 'Towards a Dynamic Foreign Policy', Nigeria: Bulletin on Foreign Affairs, 6 (1), January 1976, 14-20. Garba, J. N., 'The "New" Nigerian Foreign Policy', Quarterly Journal of Administration, 9 (3), April 1977, 135-46. Herskovits, Jean, 'Nigeria: Africa's New Power', Foreign Affairs 53 (2), January 1975, 314-33. Herskovits, Jean, 'Dateline Nigeria: a Black Power', Foreign Policy, 29, Winter 1977-8, 167-88. Inwang, Edet, 'Nigeria - Foreign Policy: Seeking a Break­ Even Point', South, 16, February 1982, 57-8. Mackintosh, J. ~Nigeria's External Relations', Journal of Commonwealth Studies, 2, November 1964, 189-218 . Mayall, James, 'Oil and Nigerian Foreign Policy', Afr ican Affairs, 75 (300), July 1976, 284-316. Ofoegbu, Ray, Nigerian Foreign Policy ( : Star Printing, 1979). Ofoegbu, Ray, 'Foreign Policy and Military Rule' in Oyeleye Oyediran (ed.), Nigerian Government and Pol itics under Mil itary Rule, 1966-79 (London : Macm illan , 1979) 124-49. Ogunbadejo, Oye, 'Nigeria's Foreign Policy Under Military Rule, 1966-79', International Journal, 35 (4) , Autumn 1980, 748-65. Ogunsanwo, Alaba, 'The Nigerian Military and Foreign Policy , 1975-1979: Processes, Principles, Performance and Contra­ dictions', Princeton University Center for International Relations, 1980, Research Monograph no. 45. Okolo, Julius E. and Winston E. Langley, 'The Changing Nigerian Foreign Policy', World Affairs, 135 (4), Spring 1973, 309-27 . Phillips, Claude S., The Development of Nigerian Foreign Policy (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1964) . Shagari, Alhaji Shehu, 'Annual Foreign Policy Address', Nigerian Forum, 1 (6), August 1981,203-6. Stremlau, John S., 'The Fundamentals of Nigerian Foreign Policy', Issue, I! (I and 2) , Spring and Summer 1981, 46-50 . -- Wachuku, Jaja, 'Nigeria's Fore ign Policy', University of Toronto Quarterly, 31 (I), October 196 1, 62-82. 238 Bibliography

National

Akindele, R. A., 'Nigeria's Foreign Relations: Elite Atti­ tudes and Government Policy', International Problems, 12 0), 1973, 102-13. Akindele, R. A., 'Nigerian Parliament and Foreign Policy, 1960-1966', Quarterly Journal of Administration, 9 (3), April 1975,279-91. Akindele, R. A., 'The Conduct of Nigeria's Foreign Rela­ tions', International Problems, 120-4), October 1973, 46-65. Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, Foreign Policy and Federalism: the Nigerian Experience (Ibadan University Press, 1974) espe­ cially 75-109 and 191-201. Aluko, Olajide, 'Necessity and Freedom in Nigerian Foreign Policy ', inaugural lecture, University of Ife, 17 March 1981. Aluko, Olajide, 'Oil at Concessionary Prices for Africa : a Case Study in Nigerian Decision-making', African Affairs, 75 (301), October 1976, 425-43 . Aluko, Olajide, 'The Civil War and Nigerian Foreign Policy', Political Quarterly, 42 (2), April-June 1971. Aluko, Olajide, 'The Iyalla Reorganisation and the Admini­ stration of the Foreign Service' in C. Baker and M. J. Balogun (eds), Ife Essays on Administration (University of lie Press, 1975) 135-146 . Aluko, Olajide, 'Public Opinion and Nigerian Foreign Policy Under the Military', Quarterly Journal of Administration, 7 0), April 1973, 253-69. Aluko, Olajide, 'The Foreign Service', Quarterly Journal of Administration,S (I), October 1970, 33-52 . Asobie, H. A., 'Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy: the Nigerian Experience', Nigerian Political Science Association, , March 1980. Gambari, Ibrahim A., 'Domestic Political Constraints on Progressive Foreign Policy for Nigeria', Nigerian Journal of Political Science, 2 (I), June 1980, 24-35. Herskovits, Jean, 'One Nigeria', Foreign Affairs, 51 (2) , January 1973, 392-407. Idang, Gordon J., Nigeria: Internal Politics and Foreign Policy (Lbadan University Press, 1973) especially 107-60. Ofoegbu, Mazi Ray and Obuagu, S.A., 'Towards a New Philo­ sophy of Foreign Policy for Nigeria', in (ed.), Nigeria and the World (Ibadan: OUP for NIIA, 1978) 116-35 . Ogene, Francis, 'The Foreign Service the Nation Deserves ', Nigerian Forum, I (4), June 1981, 151-9 . Bibliography 239

Ogunbadejo, Oye, ' For e i gn Policy Under Nigeria's Presiden­ tial System', Round Table, October 1980, 401-8 . Ogunbadejo, Oye, 'The Presidential System and Foreign Policy: Problems and Prospects in Nigeria', Australian Outlook, December 1980, 325-37 .

Regional

Aluko, Olajide, and Nigeria, 1957-70: a Study in Inter-African Discord (London: Rex Collings, 1976). Aluko, Olajide , 'Nigeria's Initiative on the West African Economic Community', Societe d'Etudes et d'Expansion Revue, November-December 1973, 870-80. Ofoegbu, Mazi Ray, 'Nigeria and Its Neighbours', Odu, 12, July 1975, 3-24. Ojo, Olatunde J. B., 'Nigeria and the Formation of ECOWAS', International Organisation, 34 (4), Autumn 1980, 571-604 . Osuntokun, 'Jide, 'Relations Between Nigeria and Fernando Po from Colonial times to the Present', in Bolaji Akinyemi (ed .), Nigeria and the World (Lbadan e OUP for NIIA, 1978) 1-12. Udokang, Okon, 'Nigeria and ECOWAS: Economic and Political Implications of Regional Integration' in Bolaji Akinyemi (ed .), Nigeria and the World (Lbadan ; OUP for NIIA, 1978) 57-80. Weladji, C. , 'The Cameroon-Nigerian Border', Abbia, June 1974,157-72. Yansane, Aguibou Y., 'State of Economic Integration in North West Africa South of the Sahara: the Emergence of ECOWAS', African Studies Review, 20 (2), September 1977, 63-87.

Continental

Adebesi, B., 'Nigeria's Relations with , 1960­ 1975', Africa Quarterly, 16 (3), 1977,67-89. Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, 'Nigeria and Fernando Po, 1958-1966 : the Politics of Irredentism', African Affairs, 69 (276), July 1970, 236-49. Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, Angola and Nigeria: a Study in the National Interest (Geneva: Graduate Institute of Interna­ tional Studies, 1978). Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, with Margaret Vogt, 'Nigeria and Southern Africa : the Policy Options' in Douglas G. Anglin, Timothy M. Shaw and Carl G. Widstrand (eds), Conflict and Change in Southern Africa (Washington : University Press of America, 1978) 151-68. Aluko, Olajide, 'Nigeria's Role in Inter-African Relations with Special Reference to the OAU', African Affairs, 72 (287), April 1973, 145-62. 240 Bibliography

Arikpo, 0., 'Nigeria and the OAU', Quarterly Journal of Administration, 9 (I), October 1974, 44-59. Fajana, Olufemi, 'Nigeria's Inter-African Economic Rela­ tions: Trends, Problems and Prospects' in Bolaji Akinyemi (ed.), Nigeria and the World (Ibadan: OUP for NIIA, 1978) 17-31 . Feustel, Sandy, 'Nigeria: Leadership in Africa', Africa Report, 22 (3), May-June 1977, 48-50. Helleiner, Gerald K., 'Nigeria and the African Common Market', Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies, 4 (3), November 1962, 283-98 . Nnoli, Okwudiba, 'Nigerian Policy Towards Southern Africa', Nigerian Journal of International Affairs, 2 (1-2), 1976, 14-34. Ogunbadejo, 0., 'General Gowon's African Policy', Interna­ tional Studies, 16 (I), January-March 1977, 35-50. Ogunbadejo, 0., 'Conservatism and Radicalism in Inter­ African Relations: the Case of Nigeria and ', Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, 4 (I), 1979, 23-33. Polhemus, James H., 'Nigeria and Southern Africa : Interest, Policy and Means', Canadian Journal of African Studies, II (1),1977,42-66. Spiliotes, Nicholas J., 'Nigerian Foreign Policy and Southern Africa : a Choice for the West', Issue, II (I and 2), Spring and Summer 1981,41-5. ----- Wayas, Joseph, Nigeria's Leadership Role in Africa (London: Macmillan, 1979). Whiteman, Kaye, 'OAU and the Nigerian Issue', World Today, 24 (I I), November 1968, 449-53.

Global

Akindele, R. A., 'Review article: on the Operational Linkage of External and Internal Dimensions of Balewa's Foreign Policy', Odu, 12, July 1975, 110-22. Azikiwe, Nnamdi, 'Nigeria in World Politics', Presence Africaine, 4/5 02/33), 1960, 19-30. Haastrup, Adekokun, 'Nigeria's Role in World Affairs', Africa Quarterly, January-March 1965, 240-3. Hanning, Hugh, 'Nigeria: a Lesson of the Arms Race', World Today, 23 (I I), November 1967, 465-72. ----- Ijewere, Gabriel 0., 'Nigeria in International Relations', Review of International Affairs, 32 (738), 5 January 1981, 26-30. Isong, C., 'Nigeria's External Finance', Nigerian Journal of International Affairs, 1 (I), July 1975, 47-58 . Bibliography 241

Kadzai, Ayuba, Nigeria's Global Strategy ( : NIIA, ]976). Legum, Colin, 'International Involvement in Nigeria, 1966­ 70' in Y. A Tandon and D. Chandarana (eds), Horizons of African (Nairobi: EALB, 1974) 45-85. Obasanjo, Olusegun, 'Foreign Attitudes and Involvement' in his My Command : an Account of the , 1967- 70 (Ibadan: Heinemann, 1980) 146-58 . Ojedokun, Olasupo, 'The Changing Pattern of Nigeria's Inter­ national Economic Relations: the Decline of the Colonial Nexus, 1960-1966', Journal of Developing Areas, 6 (4), July 1972, 535-54. Ojo, Olatunde J.B., 'Commercial Representation in Nigeria's Overseas Missions: Its Nature, Functions and Problems', Nigerian Journal of International Affairs, 2 (1/2), 1976, 50-66.

Bilateral and Multilateral Relationships : Great Powers

Ahmad, S. S., 'Nigeria-China Relat ions: an Approach to Positive Neutrality', Hor izon, 26 (I), 1973, 48-54 . Ajayi, E.A., 'Nigeria-Soviet Aid Relations, 1960-1968', Nigeria: Bulletin on Foreign Affairs, I, 1974. Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, 'Nigerian-American Relations Re­ examined' in Oye Oyediran (ed.), Survey of Nigerian Affairs, 1976-77 (Lagos : Macmillan for NIIA, 198 1) 105-14. Ale, Bassey, ' I nf l uence Dynamics in Nigeria-US Aid Relation­ ship, 1960-66' , Nigerian Journal of International Studies 4 (I and 2), January and June 1980, 36-55 . Aluko, Olajide, 'Nigeria and Britain Since Gowon', African Affairs, 76 (304), July 1977, 303-20. Aluko, Olajide, 'Nigeria and the Superpowers', Millenium, 5 (2), Autumn 1976, 126-41 . Aluko, Olaj ide, 'Nigeria, the United States and Southern Africa', African Affairs, 78 (310), January 1979, 91-102. Idang, Gordon J ., 'The Politics of Nigerian Foreign Policy: the Ratification and Renunciation of the Anglo-Nigerian Defence Agreement', African Studies Review, 13 (2), September 1970, 227-51 . Klinghoffer, A. J ., 'The USSR and Nigeria: the Question', Mizan, 10, Winter 1968, 64-70. Mazrui, Ali A~igeria and the United States : the Need for Civility, the Dangers of Intimacy, Orbis, 25 (4), Winter 1982, 858-64. -- Morrison, D. L., 'The USSR and the War in Nigeria', Mizan, I I, Spring 1969, 31-8. 242 Bibliography

Obiozor, George, 'Soviet Involvement in the Nigerian Civil War', in U. G. Damachi and H. D. Seibel (eds), Soc ial Change and Economic Development in Nigeria (New York : Praeger, 1973) 230-4. Ogunbadejo, Oye, 'Nigeria and the Great Powers : the Impact of the Civil War on Nigerian Foreign Relations', African Affairs, 75 (298), January 1976, 14-32. Ogunbadejo, Oye, 'Ideology and Pragmatism: the Soviet Role in Nigeria, 1960-1977', Orbis, 21 (4), Winter 1978, 803-30 . Ogunbadejo, Oye, 'A New Turn in US-Nigerian Relations', World Today, 35 0), March 1979, I 17-26 . Ojedokun, Olasupo, 'Anglo-Nigerian Entente and Its Demise, 1960-62', Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies, 9 (3), November 1971, 210-33. Orjiako, Umunna, 'Anglo-Nigerian relations : 1979-1981', Nigerian Forum, 1 (2), April 1981, 49-56. Panter-Brick, S. K., 'Soviet Views on Nigeria', Mizan, March-April 1967, 70-4. -----

Bilateral and Multilateral Relationships : Other Powers

Adebisi, B., 'Nigeria's Relations with South Africa, 1960­ 1975', Africa Quarterly, 16 0), 1977, 67-89 . Akinsanya, A., 'On Lagos Decision to Break Diplomatic Rela­ tions with ', International Problems, 17, Spring 1978, 65-79. Aluko, Olajide, 'Ghana and the Nigerian Civil War', Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies, 12, November 1970, 341-60. Aluko, Olajide, 'Israel and Nigeria : Continuity and Change in Their Relationship', African Review, 4 (I), 1974, 43-59 . Aluko, Olajide, 'Nigeria and the European Economic Com­ munity', Internat ional Studies, 13 0), July-September 1974, 465-73 . Ojedokun, Olasupo, 'The Future of Nigeria's Commonwealth Relations', Nigeria: Bulletin on Foreign Affairs, 1 (4), May 1972,8- 17. Olinger, John Peter, 'The World Bank and Nigeria', Review of African Political Economy, 13, May-August 1978, 101-7 . Olusanya, G. 0., 'Nigeria and the Commonwealth', African Quarterly, 6 (4), January-March 1967.

Crises and Cbnflicts

Akuchu, G. E., 'Peaceful Settlement of Disputes: Unsolved Problems for the OAU (A Case Study of the Nigeria- Conflict)' , Africa Today, 24 (4), October-December 1977, 39-58. Bibliography 243

Cervenka, Zdenek, The Nigerian Civil War 1967-1970 (Frankfurt : Bernard & Graefe Verlag for Wehrwesen, 1971). Cronje, Suzanne, The World and Nigeria: the Diplomatic History of the Biafran War 1967-1970 (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1972). de St. Jorre, J ., The Brothers' War: Biafra and Nigeria (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972) . Elaigwu, J. Isawa, 'The Nigerian Civil War and the Angolan Civil War: Linkages Between Domestic Tensions and Inter­ national Alignments', Journal of Asian and African Studies, 12 (1-4), January and October 1977,215-35 . Henderson, Robert D'A, 'Nigeria: Future Nuclear Power?', Orbis, 25 (2), Summer 1981, 409-23. Henderson, Robert D'A, 'Choices and Changes in Nigeria's Defence Policy in the 1970s', Journal of Modern African Studies (forthcoming). Lewis, Roy, 'Britain and Biafra', Round Table, 60, July 1970, 241-8 . Nweke, G. A., External Intervention in African Conflicts : France and French-speaking West Africa in the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 (Boston University, African Studies Center , 1976) . Ostheimer, John M. and Gary J. Buckley, 'Nigeria' in Edward A. Kolodziej and Robert E. Harkavy (eds) , Security Policies of Developing Countries (Lexington : Lexington, 1982) 285-303 . Panter-Brick, S. K., 'The Right to Self-determination: Its Application to Nigeria', International Affairs, 44 (2), Apiil 1968, 254-66. Stremlau , John J ., The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War (Princeton University Press, 1977). Vogt, Margaret A., 'Nigeria's Defence: an Assessment', Nigerian Forum, 1 (2), April 1981,77-81.

Transnational

Akinyemi, A. Bolaji, 'Religion and Foreign Affairs: Press Attitudes Towards the Nigerian Civil War', Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, 4 0), 1980, 56-81. Booth, A. R., 'The Churches in the Nigerian War: the Threat of Moral Imperialism', Round Table, 60, April 1970, 121-7 . Collins, J. D., 'The Clandestine Movement of Groundnuts Across the -Nigerian Boundary', Canadian Journal of African Studies, 10 (2), 1976,259-78. Davis, Morris, Interpreters for Nigeria: the Third World and International Public Relations (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977) . 244 Bibliography

Fajana, Olufemi, 'Trade and Growth : the Nigerian Experi­ ence', World Development, 7 (I), 1979,73-8. Fajana, Olufemi, 'International Trade and Balance of Pay­ ments' in F. A. Olaloku et al ., Structure of the Nigerian Economy (London: Macmillan, 1979) 224-54 . Hilton, A. C. E., 'Perceptions of Foreign Involvement in Nigeria' in K. P. Sauvant and F. G. Lavipour (eds), Controlling Multinational Enterprises (Boulder: Westview, 1976). Ijewere, G. 0., 'The New International Economic Order and Nigeria's External Economic Policy', Ife International Relations Occasional Papers, I, 1981, 72-96 . King, Mae C., 'Nigerian Foreign Policy and the African Diaspora : the North American Region', Nigerian Society for International Affairs, Zaria, January 1979. Olofin, S., 'Ultra-import Biased Taste in Nigeria's External Trade Relations' in Bolaji Akinyemi (ed .), Nigeria and the World (Ibadan : OUP for NIIA, 1978) 32-43. Shagari, Shehu, 'The World Monetary Crisis in Relation to Nigeria', Nigerian Journal of International Affairs, 1 (I), July 1975, 59-70. Wright, Stephen, 'Nigeria : the Politics of Sport', Round Table, 272, October J978, 362-7 .

RADICAL

Akeredolu-Ale, E. 0., 'Private Foreign Investment and the Underdevelopment of Indigenous Entrepreneurship in Nigeria' in Gavin Williams (ed.), Nigeria: Economy and Society (London: Rex Collings, 1976) 102-22 . Biersteker, Thomas J., Distortion or Development? Contending Perspectives on the Multinational Corporation (Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, 1978) passim. Callaway, Barbara, 'The Political Economy of Nigeria' in Richard Harris (ed.), The Political Economy of Africa (Cambridge: Schenkman, 1975) 93-135. Collins, P., 'The Political Economy of Indigenisation: the Case of the Nigerian Enterprises Promotion Decree', African Review, 4 (2), 1974, 491-508 . Ekundare, R. 0., 'The Political Economy of Private Invest­ ment in Nigeria', Journal of Modern African Studies, 10 (I), March 1972,37-56. Freund, Bill, 'Oil Boom and Crisis in Contemporary Nigeria ', Review of African Political Economy, 13, May-August 1978, 91-100. Gona, Aaron T., 'Nigeria : Class Struggle and Foreign Policy', Africa Development, 5 (I), 1980, 75-94 . Bibliography 245

Joseph, Richard, 'Affluence and Underdevelopment: the Nigerian Experience', Journal of Modern African Studies, 16 (2), June 1978,221-39. Madiebo, Alexander A., The Nigerian Revolution and the Biafran War (Enugu : Fourth Dimension, 1980) passim. Nnoli, Okwudiba (ed .), Path to Nigerian Development (London: Zed, 1982). Nzimiro, Ikenna, 'The Political and Social Implications of International Corporations in Nigeria ' in Carl Widstrand (ed.), Multinational Firms in Africa (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1975) 210-43 . Ojedokun, Olasupo, 'The Changing Pattern of Nigeria's International Economic Relations: the Decline of the Colonial Nexus, 1960-1966', Journal of Developing Areas, 6 (4), July 1972, 534-54. Ojo, Olatunde J. B., 'Nigeria's Self-Reliant Strategy: the Prospect for Self-Reliance in the Contemporary Inter­ national Tributory System', African Studies Association, Bloomington, October 1981. Oni, Ola and Bade Onimode, Economic Development of Nigeria: the Socialist Alternative (Ibadan: Nigerian Academy of Arts, Sciences and Technology, 1975). Onimode, Bade, 'Imperialism and Multinational Corporations: a Case Study of Nigeria' in Aguibou Y. Yansane (ed.), Decolonisation and Dependency: Problems of Development in African Societies (Westport: Greenwood, 1980) 145-70 . Osagie, E. and K. Awosika, 'Foreign Capital and Firms in Nigeria'. Quarterly Journal of Administration 9 (I), October 1974, 61-76 . Osoba, Segun, 'The Nigerian Power Elite, 1952-65' in Peter W. Gutkind and Peter Waterman (eds .), African Social Studies: a Radical Reader (London: Heinemann, 1977) 368-82. Osoba, Segun, 'The Deepening Crisis of the Nigerian National Bourgeoisie', Review of African Political Economy, 13, May-August 1978, 63-77 . Osoba, Segun, 'The Economic Foundations of Nigeria's Foreign Policy in the First Republic, 1960-1966' in I. A. Akinjogbin and Segun O. Osoba (eds), Topics on Nigerian Economic and Social History (Ife: University o f Ife Press, 1980) 208-33 . Owosekun, Akinola and Moses Otigba, 'The Nigerian Enter­ prises Promotion Decree : Impact on Indigenous Ownership' in J . F. Rweyemamu (ed.), Industrialization and Income Distribution in Africa (London : Zed for CODESRIA, 1980) 168-90. 246 Bibl i o graphy

Oyebode, Akindele B., 'Towards a New Policy on Decolonisa­ tion' in Bolaji Akinyemi (ed.), Nigeria and the World (Ibadan: OUP for NIIA, 1978) 96-] 15. Rimmer, Douglas, 'Elements of the Political Economy' in Keith Panter-Brick (ed .), Soldiers and Oil (London: Frank Cass, 1978) 141-65 . Schatz , Sayre P., Nigerian Capitalism (Berkeley : University of California Press, 1977). . Shaw, Timothy M., 'Nigeria's Political Economy: Constitu­ tions, Capitalism and Contradictions', ODI Review, 2, 1980, 76-85. Soleye, O. 0 ., 'The Politico-economic Position of Mult ina­ tional Corporations: a Nigerian Example' in Carl Widstrand (ed .), Multinational Firms in Africa (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1975) 196- 209. Turner, Terisa, 'Multinational Corporations and the Instability of the Nigerian State', Review of African Political Economy, 5, January-April 1976, 63-79 . Turner, Terisa, 'The Transfer of Oil Technology and the Nigerian State', Development and Change, 7 (4), 1976, 353-90; revised version in Petter Nore and Terisa Turner (eds), Oil and Class Struggle (London: Zed, 1980), 199­ 223. Turner, Terisa, 'Two Refineries: a Comparative Study of Technology Transfer to the Nigerian Refining Industry", World Development, 5, 1977, 235-56. Tyoden, Sonni, The Political Economy of Nigeria's External Relat ions (London: Zed, 1983). Usman, Bala, For the Liberation of Nigeria (London: New Beacon, 1979). Usore, E. J., 'Foreign Oil Companies and Recent Nigerian Petroleum Oil Policies', Nigerian Journal of Economic and Social Studies, ]4, 1972, 301- 14. White, P. V., 'Nigerian Politics: Class Alliances and Foreign Alignment' in U. G. Damachi and H. P. Seibel (eds), Social Change and Economic Development i n Nigeria (New York: Praeger, 1973) 209-29 . Williams, Gavin, 'Class Relations in a Neo-colony: the Case of Nigeria' in Peter Gutkind and Peter Waterman (eds), African Social Studies : a Radical Reader (London: Heinemann, 1977) 284-94. Williams, Gavin, 'Editorial: Nigeria', Review of African POlitical Economy, 13, May-August 1978, 1-7. Williams, Gavin, 'Introduction' and 'Nigeria: a Political Economy' in Gavin Williams (ed.), Nigeria: Economy and Society (London: Rex Collings, 1976) I-54 . Williams, Gavin and Terisa Turner, 'Nigeria' in John Dunn (ed.), West African States: Failure and Promise (Cambridge University Press, 1978) 132-72. Index

Activism (see Afrocentrism) Air Force, 199 Adedeji, Adebayo, 85 see also Military Review Panel on Nigerian Ake, Claude, 1, 13, 16, Foreign Policy, 25, 226-7 63-4, 65, 78 Akinyemi, Bolaji, 9, 181, African, Caribbean and 183, 207, 209, 211, 227 Pacific (ACP) States, 40, see also Nigerian 82, 84-7, 192, 195 Institute of Inter­ see also European Economic national Affairs Community (EEC); Lome Algeria, 38 Convention Alliances, 4,14,141 African Development Bank, 198 'Nigerian-American see also OAU; World Bank Alliance', 49 Afrocentrism, 3-4, 31, 164, 'triple alliance', 3-4, 171-6, 201, 210 13 in Nigerian foreign policy, Allison, Graham, 77-80 3-4, 26, 31, 38, SO, Alternative approaches 226 (see Modes of analysis) see also 'Pax Nigeriana'; Alternative futures, 24, Mediation 157, 179-84, 191-203, Agents, 205, 226-7 215, 218-26 see also Bourgeoisie: optimistic, 215, 224 Fractions pessimistic, 215, 224 Agribusiness (see Agricul­ revolutionary, 224 ture: Multinational repressive, 224 corporations) see also Policy alterna­ Agriculture, 97, 197 tives see also Food; Green Aluko, Olajide, 9, 24, 25, Revolution 31-2, 66, 165-6, 170, Aid, 27,40, 78, 108, 167, 172, 180,207,227 175, 198, 200 Amin, Idi Dada (see see also ECOWAS; EEC: UK: Uganda) US: World Bank Angola, 38, 49, 109, 173,

247 248 Index 175, 195, 210 Bribery ( see Corruption) and the US, 36, 50 Britain (se e United Kingdom) recognition of, 3, 5, 26, British Petroleum (BP), 40, 89, 94, 109 30-1,39,45,98, 113, s e e al s o Portugal; Mozam­ 207 bique; Front Line Bingham Report, 113 States see also Barclays Bank; , 26, 192, 196 National isation; see a l so South Africa United Kingdom Arikpo, Okoi, 61, 85 Bureaucratic politics Armed Forces ( see Military) approach, 77-80 Army, 198 see also Rational policy s e e al s o Military approach Audu, Ishaya, 23, 199 Byrd Amendment, 37 s ee also Joe Garba; Jaja s e e also US Wachuku Awolowo, Obafemi, 103-4, 180 Cameroon, 109, 170, 181, s e e also Tafawa Balewa; 182, 183 ; UPN border clash, 109, 181, Ayida, Allison, 77, 81-2 182-3 Capitalism in Nigeria, 3, Balewa, Tafawa, 2, 23, 26, 28, 35, 44, 125-41, 171, 83-4, 106, 148, 164-7, 172, 218-24 176, 180-1, 192-3 see al s o Bourgeoisie; Barclays Bank, 45 Indigenisat ion; State; see a l s o BP; Nationalisa- State capitalism t ion; UK Carter, Jimmy ,S, 35-41, Benin, 27,108,109,170, 175 48-9, 112, 114 Biafra ( s e e Civil War) , see a lso Richard Nixon; Bourgeoisie, 30, 127, 128, Ronald Reagan; US. 135-7, 140-1, 148, 154 , Casablanca Bloc, 192 158, 160, 212-4, 221, see a l so Monrov ia Bloc; 223, 225, 226 OAU bureaucratic, 8, II, 147, Central Bank , 47, ISO, lSI 159, 223 see al s o Financial competition among fractions, institutions 30, 160 Centre, 12, 148 comprador, 11, 13, 102, see also Intermediary; 135, 143, 225 Periphery; Semi­ intellectual, 226-7 periphery managerial, II, 13,223 Chad,S, 8, 27, 31,42,106, military, 223-4 115, 175, 176, 181-2, national, 8, IS, 151, 226 200, 202, 210 transnational , 8, I I, 226 China (People's Republic of), Brazil, 2, 6, 7, 99, Ill, 172 178, 217, 219 see also USSR see also Evans; NICs Civilian rule, 26, 29, 103, Index 249 164, 168, 181-3, 199-201 see also Dependence; see also Military rule Policy alternatives Civil war, 2, 84-5, 94, lOS, Development plans (see 126, 127, 168, 169-71, National Development 173,207,211 Plans) Clapham, Christopher, 77 Development policies, 14, Class (see Bourgeoisie; 147, lSI, 157, 159-60 Labour) see also Policy alterna­ Client state (see State) tives Cold War (see Superpowers) Diplomatic function, 65-7 Commod i ties, 197 power of Foreign Service, see also Agriculture; 88-90 Petroleum see also Ministry of Commonweal th, 23, 62, 196, External Affairs 201 Diplomatic missions conferences, 39, 109, I 13 closure of Comprador (see Bourgeoisie) mission, 87-8 Congo (see Zaire) structure, 65-7 Corrupt ion, 98, 102, 138-9, see also Ministry of 159 External Affairs; Crocker, Chester, 50-2 Foreign Minister see also Front Line Diversification, 10 I, 109, States; US II I, 197 Cuba, 36, 42, SO, 79 among partners, 43, 148, see also Angola; USSR ISS, 172, 179 among products, 97, 179 Dahomey (see Benin) Doe, Samuel (see ) Debt, 156 see also Aid; Investment; Eastern Europe, 35, III, Loans; Trade balance 167, 170-1 Defence (see Military) see also China; Cuba; USSR Denationalisation, 125, 140 Easum, Donald, 41 see also Nationalisation; see also US State Economic Community of West Dependence, 3, 28, 93, 100, African States (ECOWAS), 128, ISS, 177-9,211-12, 4, 6, 40, 62, 85-6, 93, 220 95, 107, 175, 193, definitions of, 30, 158, 196-7,201,210 17 I see also West Africa petroleum and, 7, 28, 51, Economic cycles, 7, 12,51, 153, 169 157, 169, 178-9 relations of, 36, 148, see also Petroleum 157,211-12 Elite (see Bourgeoisie) schools of, 36, 158 Equatorial Guinea, 195 Deve lopment, 147, 151-60 , 42, 106, 175, 177, school of, 36 195 theories of, 216, 218-24 see also Ethiopia-Somali 250 Index conflict; Horn of Ford, Gerald, 29, 40, 50, Afr ica; Somalia III Ethiopia-Somali conflict, see also US 42, 106, 175, 195 Foreign investment, 15, 44, see also Horn of Africa 46, 112, 132, 149, 156 EurAfrica, 28, 177 and indigenisation, 130 see also Dependence; EEC; capital inflows, 132, 156 Industrial powers see also Foreign loans; Eurodollar market (see Multinational cor­ Loans) porations European Investment Bank Foreign loans, 156 (EIB), 156 Foreign Minister, 59, 61, 65 see also EEC see also ; Okoi European Development Fund, Arikpo; Joe Garba; 85 see also EEC Foreign Office (see Ministry European Economic Community of External Affairs) (EEC), 8, 15, 28, 4°, Foreign reserves, 28 83,84-7, 174, 195 Fractions, 3, 8, II, 13-14, Evans, Peter, 3, 6, 13 30, 103, 127, 158, 160, see also Alliances; 223 Brazil; NICs see also Bourgeoisie Expatriates, 138, 150, 154 France, 31, 42, 83, 89, 99, see also Indigenisation; 101, 155, 172, 181, 202 Multinational cor­ Front Line States,S, 8, 26 porations see also Southern Africa Export Promotion, 154-5 Future (see Alternative futures) Factions (see Fractions) FESTAC (Festival of Black Gabon, 170 and African Arts and Gaddafi, Muammar (see Libya) Culture), 29, 36, 48, Gambari, Ibrahim, 165, 169, 95, 116n, 174-5, 226 210, 219, 227 Financial Institutions, Garba, Joe, 37, 41 125, 152-3, 162n see also Ishaya Audu: capital formation, ISS Jaja Wachuku see also Central Bank; Ghana, 27, 3 I, 4 I, 108, Indigenisation; 116, 175, 177, 210 Barclays Bank , 110, 179, Food, 29,47,179,197, 195 214-5 Rawlings' coups, 41, 108 imports, 29, 30, 21 I Gowon, Yakubu, 2, 85-6, 94, policy, 47 III, 128, 159, 172, production, 197 174, 196-7 see also Agriculture; see also Military govern­ Green Revolution; ment; Mohammed/ Population Obasanjo period Index 25 1 Gray, Cowan L., 206 Superpowers; UK Great Powers (see France; Insurance (see Financial Industrial powers; institutions) Superpowers; UK) Interdependence, 14, 158 Green Revolution, 47, 97, see also Dependence 215 Intermediary, 12, 36, 41 see also Agriculture; see also Semi-periphery; Food Sub-imperialism Grundy, Kenneth W., 177 International Development Guinea, 108, 175 Associat ion (IDA), 156 Guinea-Bissau, 175 see also World Bank see also Angola; International Monetary Fund, Mozambique 175 Iran, 42, 47, 51, I IS, 198, Herskovits, Jean, 180, 207 219 Horn of Africa, 42 see also OPEC see also Ethiopia-Somali Islam, 199 conflict pilgrimages, 62 House of Representatives, see also Northern; 90 Religion Israel, 31 Idealists, 9-lO Italy, 155 see also Modes of Ivory Coast, 99, 174, 217 analysis; Radicals; see also ECOWAS, West Realists Africa Import-substitution ( see Iyalla, Joe, 61 Indigenisation; seealso Ministry of Industrialisation) External Affairs; Okoi Indigenisation, 30, 36, Arikpo 44-7,49, 102, 125-43, 151-60 Japan, 28, 101, 155 acts and decrees, 30, Joint ventures (see Lnd i gerr­ 126, 128, 151 isation ; Multinational avoidance or exemptions, corporations) 132, 134 degree of compliance, Kissinger, Henry, 40, II I, 132-40 172 policies for, 142 s ee also US requirements, 128-30 Krasner, Stephen, 79 Industrialisation, 6, 100, ISO-I, 163n, 183, Labour, 101-2, 148, 151 197-8, 215 see also Expatriates Industrial powers, 8, 13, Lagos Conference against 14, 28, 97, lOl, 109, Apartheid, 29, 45, 48 111-15, 156, 171, 172, see also South Africa; UN 178, 205 Lagos Plan of Action, 4, 29, see also EEC; France ; 95 252 Index Levels of analysis, 26 Navy, 198-9 see also Substructure; strength, 105, 198,202 Superstructure Military government, 94, Levels of interaction, 26 127,164,167-76,182-3, Liberation (see Southern 209 Africa) see als o Gowon; Mohammed/ Liberia, 27, 31,41, 108, Obasanjo period 116 Minister of External Affairs Doe coup, 27,41, 108 (see Foreign Minister) see also West Africa Minister of Foreign Affairs Libya, 27,42, 109, 176; (see Foreign Minister) 183 Ministry of External Affairs, role in Chad, 27, 42,176, 56-74, 80-2, 88-90 181-2 functions, 25, 58 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), Kampala mission closure, 28, 97, 153, 159 87-88, 89 see also Multinational Minister or Commissioner, corporations; 58, 6 I, 65, 8 I Petroleum Permanent Secretary, 60, Loans, 7, 47 61-2, 64, 65, 8 I see also Aid; Debt; Multi­ recruitment and training, national corporations 68-71 Lome Convention, 82, 84-7, reforms, 59-60, 61-2, 109, 195 63-4, 72-4 see also ACP; EEC see also Adedeji review Lule, Yusuf (see Uganda) panel; Diplomatic missions; Foreign Manufacturing (see Indus­ minister; Joe Garba; trialisation) Jaja Wachuku Mazrui, Ali A., 191 Mixed economy, 172 Mediation, 5, 27,41, 106, see also Bourgeoisie; 175 Capitalism; Indigeni­ Metropole (see Centre) sation Middle powers, 175, 177, Mobutu, Sese (see Zaire) 178, 183 Modernisation (see Modes of see also Brazil; Semi­ analysis) periphery; South Modes of analysis, 14, 206, Africa; Sub-imperialism 228 Military, 29, 105, III, 168-9, active v. conservative, 170, 183, 193-4, 198-9, 164-84 passim. 202 modernisation, 215, 216, Air Force, 199 219, 227 Army, 168, 198 orthodox, 9-10, 208, 210, in Chad, 42, 182, 202 213-222 in Congo, 194 radical, 10, 208-228 in foreign relations, 29 see also Idealists; in Lebanon, 194 Radicals; Realists; Index 253 Substructure; BP, 30-1, 45, 98 Superstructure see also Indigenisation; Modes of product ion, II Multinational cor­ Mohammed, Mu rtala, 94, III, porations 172, 174 Nat ionalism, 125-6, 151 , see also Military govern­ 160, 163n, 221 ment economic, 126 , 131, 141 Mohammed/Obasanjo period, 2, political, 128, 152 I I, 15, 26, 78, 106, see also Indigenisat ion 110, 209, 226 National Party of Nigeria s e e also Murtala Mohammed; (NPN) , 15, 103, 199 see also Shehu Shagari; Mondale , Walter, 38, 49 UPN see also US Navy, 198-9 bloc, 192 see also Military see al so OAU Neo-colonialism, 97 Morocco, 42, 109 see also Dependence Mozambique, 37, 38, 175 Netherlands, 28, 99, I 15 see als o Angola; Front KLM, 102 Line States; Southern see also EEC Africa Neto, Agostinho (see MPLA (see Angola) Angola) Multinational corporations Neutralism (see Nonalign­ (MNCs) , 15,44,45,56, ment) 98, 126-41 passim , Newly Industrialising 147-59 passim, 220 Country, 2, 13,24, 28, s e e also Foreign invest­ 209, 216, 219 ment; Industrial powers s e e also Brazil; Newly Muzorewa, Bishop (see Influential Country Zimbabwe) Newly Influential Country, 9, 209, 216, 2 19 Namibia,S, 38-9, 50, 52, s ee also Middle powers; 114, 196 Newly Industrialising see also Southern Africa Country National Advisory Council, 64 New Zealand, 174 Nat ional Development Plans, Niger, 27, 37, 107, 110, 175 30 Nigeria First (1962-8), 149 Africa policy, 3-4,41, Third (1975-80), 44, 154 50, 95, 106-110 Fourth (1981-4), 30, 154 Africa power, 93, 109, see also World Bank 113-4, 164, 173 National income, 7, 29-30, aid from, 108, 175, 198 93, 97, 153 foreign policy defined by National interest, 32, 96 constitution, 25, 69, see also Olajide Aluko 180- 1, 192,200 Nationalisation, 45, 98 influence, 115-6, 175-6,183 Barclays Bank, 45 leadership of, 12,168,180-1 254 Index major power, 12, 175, Obasanjo period 193,207,214 Obote, Apollo Milton (see other ministries, 57 Uganda) political economy, 205-26, OECD states (see Industrial 228 powers) regional power , 115-6, Ofoegbu, Ray, 208, 225-6, 182-3 227 see also Afrocentrism; Ogunbadejo, Oye, 3-4, 9, 23, Ministry of External 26, 31 Affairs Oil (see Petroleum) Nigerianisation (see Indi­ Oil boom (see Economic geni sa t Lon ) cycles) Nigerian Institute of Inter­ Oil weapon, 44, 93, 108, national Affairs (NIIA), 115 58, 59 , 70, 226-7 see also OPEC see also Bolaji Akinyemi Ojo, Olatunde, 6 Nigerian National Petroleum Olympics, 174 Corporation (NNPC), 44, Organisation of African 98, 153, 158 Unity (OAU), 4, 23, 37, see also Indigenisation; 40, 42, 62, 82, 85-6, OPEC; Petroleum 106, 109, 110, 167, 192, Nixon , Richard M., 37, 111 193, 195, 201 see also Ronald Reagan; US see also Front Line States Nkomo, Joshua (see Organisation of Petroleum Zimbabwe) Exporting Countries Nonalignment, 4,16,28,31, (OPEC), 14, 23,44, 125, 170-1,194,218 193 and economic alignment, 3, see also NNPC; Petroleum; 35 Saudi Arabia under Balewa, 26, 166-7, Osoba, Segun, 212, 213, 176, 178 214,220,222,223,224, under Mohammed/Obasanjo, 225, 226-7 26, 176 Owen, David (see UK) Northern, 12, 3 I, 103-4, 168, 178 PanAfricanism, 4 see also Islam; Nigeria see also Afrocentrism; Nuclear policy, 105 OAU Nyerere, Julius (see Parastatals (see Joint Ven­ Tanzania) tures; Nationalisation; Nzimiro, Ikenna, 207-8, NNPC; State capitalism) 226-7 Party politics (see Civil­ ian government; NPN; Obasanjo, Olusegun, 5, 37, UPN) 45, 87-8, 108, 112, 'Pax Nigeriana', 36, 39-43, 129-30, 200, 205, 226 50, 207 see also Military govern­ see also Bolaji Akinyemi ment; Mohammed/ Peripheral state (see Index 255

Dependence; Semi­ Prime Minister (see Tafawa periphery; Under­ Balewa) development) Projectior.s (see Alternative Periphery, 147-8 futures) see also Semi-periphery Petroleum, 43-7, 51-2, Racism (see Apartheid) 97-100, 153, 157-8, 169, Radicals, 10, 208-28 178-9, 207, 211, 214 see also Dependence; Agip, 153 Idealists; Realists; revenue scandal, 98 Substructure see also BP; Indigenisa­ Rational policy approach, 82 tion; Industrialisa­ Rawlings, Jerry (see Ghana) tion; Multinational Reagan, Ronald S., SO-52, corporations; NNPC 114 Phillips, Claude S., 180 see also Richard Nixon Policy alternatives, 179-84, Realists, 9-10, 210-1 I, 201-3 213-22, 226-8 economic policy, 183-4 see also Idealists; foreign policy, 179 Radicals strategic policy, 181-3 Religion, 31 see also Development see also Islam; Northern Political economy, 14, 205­ Rhodesia (see Zimbabwe) 26, 228 Role conceptions, 23, 27-8 see also Modes of liberation supporter, 27 analysis; Radicals; regional leader, 28 Substructure status quo mediator, 27 Population, 100, 197 see also Food; National Sahara, 27, 31, 42, 83, income 106, 107-8, 115, 175, Portugal, 167, 170 210 see also Angola; Mozam­ Sahel, 175 bique; Southern Sahraoui Arab Democratic Africa Republic (SADR) (see Power politics (see Sahara) Realists) Saudi Arabia, 14, 43, 219 Power, 1,24,100,109-10, see also Iran; OPEC; 114-16, 178, 193 Petroleum bases of, I, 24, 36, 96-8, Schatz, Sayre, 173,213-4, 106,183,197,202, 220-221, 222, 224, 225 206-18 Semi-industrialisation (see of Foreign Service, 88-90 Industrialisation) see also National interest; Semi-periphery, 2, 3, 7, Nigeria 12, 13, IS, 177, 209, President (see ; 219, 224 Murtala Mohammed; Segun see also Intermediary Obasanjo; Shehu Shagari) Senate, 90 Press, 181 Senegal, 174, 175 256 Index see also ECOWAS; West Superstructure Africa Superpowers, 194 Shaba (see Zaire) see also Industrial Shagari, Alhaji Shehu, IS, powers; US; USSR 27, 29, 38, 51, 90, Superstructure, 205-26 103-4, lOS, lIS, 179, see also Levels of 199, 202 analysis; Modes of see also NPN ; Tafawa Balewa analysis; Substructure Smith, Ian (see Zimbabwe) Somalia, 42, 175, 195 Tanzania, 37, 38, 82, 110, see also Ethiopia-Somali 106 conflict war with Uganda, 41, 87-8, South Africa, 50-I, lOS, 175, 195 116, 167, 170, 173, 193, see also Front Line 196, 210 States; Southern apartheid, 193, 196 Africa multinational corporations, Thatcher, Margaret (see 30 UK) see also Namibia , 175, 193 Southern Africa, 3, 5, 26, 4~ see also ECOWAS; West 93, 166-7, 170, 171, 174, Africa 193, 195,201,210 Trade balance, 29-30 and the US, 36 see also Debt see also Front Line States Transnational corporations South West Africa (see (see Multinational Namibia) corporations) South West Africa People's 'Triple alliance', 3-4 , 5, Organisation (SWAPO) (see 6, 8, 13 Namibia) see also Bourgeoisie; (see USSR) Brazil; Evans State, 126, 131, 140, 145n client type, 36, 147-51, Uganda 225 Amin regime, 82, 87-8 involvement in economy, Lule regime, 4 1 125, 142-3, 151 war with Tanzania, 41, support of Nigerian bour­ 87-8, 106, 175, 195 geoisie, 128-30, 225 see also Ministry of see also NNPC; Nigeria External Affairs ­ State capitalism, 15 Kampala mission see also Bourgeoisie; closure Capitalism; Nationali­ Union of Soviet Socialist sation Republics (USSR), 35, Sub-imperialism, 183, 210 42, 100, III, ISS, see also Semi-periphery; 166-7, 170, 171 West Africa Ajaokuta steel works, 100 Substructure, 205-26 civil war, 35, 171 see also Modes of analysis; United Kingdom (UK), 12, Index 257 29,111-12,113-14, 201-2, 210 148, 166-7, 172 integration, 3, 4, 27 Anglo-American initia­ regional dominance and tives on Zimbabwe, Nigeria, 12,31 37-8 response to coups, 4, 27, Bingham Report, 113 108 James Callaghan, 112 see also Chad; ECOWAS; David Owen, 37 Ghana; Ivory Coast; Margaret Thatcher, 39 Liberia; Senegal see also Barclays Bank; Western Sahara (see Sahara) BP; EEC West Germany, 47,99,101, (UN), 37, III, 114-5, ISS, 156 62, 110, 194-5,201 see also EEC Nigeria on Security World Bank, 47, 156, 162n, Council, 37, 110 175 United States (US), 12, 28, see also IDA 29, 35-52, 111-12, ISS, World system 172, 215 cycles in, 12 and food, 215 see also Dependence; and petroleum industry, State; Wallerstein 44, 215 Congress, 37, 40 Young, Andrew, I, 5, 8, investment, 45-7 36-7,41,47, 112 see also Jimmy Carter; see also Jimmy Carter; US Donald Easum; Richard Nixon; Andrew Young Zaire, 35, 109, 167, 174 Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN), Shaba, 4 I, 42 103-4 Zamb ia, 37, I 75 see also NPN; Obafemi , 112 Awolowo see also Front Line States; Southern Vance, Cyrus, 39, 42 Africa see also US Zartman, I. William, 177 Zimbabwe,S, 27, 37-9, 40, Wachuku, Jaja, 31, 59, 180, 116, 193, 210 205 independence of, 94, 109, see also Ishaya Audu; Joe 200 Garba Rhodesian UDI, 82-4, 89 Wallerstein, Immanuel, II, support of, 78 12, 15 US and, 37-40, 112-14, see also Semi-periphery 172 Wayas, Joseph, 49, 107 see also Front Line West Africa, 3, 5-6, 27, 31, States; Southern 107-9, 170, 175-6, 193, Africa