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Minority Officers The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project Ralph J Bunch Legacy: Minority Officers AMBASSADOR JOHN HOWARD MORROW Interviewed by: Celestine Tutt Initial interview date: May 11, 1981 Copyright 2008 A ST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background The French leave French West Africa (S recogni)es Guinea East European assistance to Guinea Sekou Toure Appointment as (nited States Am,assador to Guinea 19.9 /uestion of appointment of a black am,assador Soviet bloc activity Sekou Toure as genuine African nationalist (nited States Am,assador to Guinea 19.901911 Student e2change program Relations 3ith Sekou Toure French connection Communist bloc Gro3ing (S kno3ledge of Africa Guinea recogni)ed East Germany American press reporter pro,lems Plot against government Suspension of (S airlift of (N troops to Congo (S 6amity patrol7 ship visits Sekou Toure state visit to (S Senator Jack 8ennedy and Toure Washington Post assessment of black am,assadors (S Em,assy Conakry 19.901911 Condition of Chancery and Am,assador9s Residence Local staff Family resources and influence American staff Restoration of 6esprit de corps7 1 Results of Senator Symington visit Averell Harriman visit and report Senatorial visit (S policy Church Report Local government harassment Congo Cele,rations visit Congolese pro,lems Lumum,a Representative to Mauretania9s independence cele,ration Pro,lems faced by (S Missions to Guinea 19.901911 (S aid to be channeled through (nited Nations (S naval ship detained in port (complot) Sekou Toure Guinea desire for immediate change Arrest of Am,assador Ro,inson McIlvaine (1911) E2pulsion of Peace Corps Changes in (S/Guinea relations IBRD and (S loans Peace Corps invited back Sekou Toure and the International Day for Human Rights document Guinean revolutionary tri,unal death penalties Desires and goals of African leaders Pan0Africanism Emancipation from Western colonialism Leaders as fathers and protectors Alternate Delegate to the (nited Nations; Am,assador 1911 Confirmation hearings Adlai Stevenson and Bay of Pigs presentation Soviet tactics Angola Sekou Toure9s state visit to the (nited States (see previous) Timing of visit (S0Guinea aid agreement negotiations International Cooperation Agency (ICA) Peace Corps success Operation Crossroads Peace Corps officials Composition of corps Forerunner of the Peace Corps in Guinea 2 Am,assador McIlvaine family ordeal Bilateral agreement signed Alternate Delegate to the (nited Nations, Am,assador (see previous) Gro3th in num,er of African states Sekou Toure visit to (nited Nations NAACP and Africa Personal background Born and raised in Ne3 Jersey 8u 8lu2 8lan Parents Schooling Rutgers (niversity, (niversity of Pennsylvania Sor,onne (niversity Who9s Who listing Parental influence Teaching e2perience Wife Paris, France; Mem,er, (S delegation to (NESCO 1911 State Department; FSI, Advance Training Placement Officer 191301914 Resignation from Department of State 1914 Rutgers (niversity; Professor and Senate Chairman 19140 Mem,er, Board of Governors Honorary degree Blacks in the (niversity General comments Common concepts of blacks African black leadership Memories Cisit to Fria Feelings of involvement and accomplishment Things not to like a,out diplomatic service Personal advice to aspiring Foreign Service employees INTERVIEW ": This is an oral history interview with r. $ohn Howard Morrow, Professor Emeritus, Rutgers University. r. Morrow is a former United States Ambassador to the 3 Republic of -uinea. In fact, he was the first ambassador to -uinea, having served in that capacity from 19.9 to 1961. He has written much of those e0periences in a wor1 entitled, 2irst American Ambassador to -uinea, published by Rutgers University in 1968. This interview is being sponsored by the Phelps3Sto1es 2und as part of an oral history pro4ect on 5lac1 Chiefs of Mission. The interview is the first in a series. It is being held Monday, May 11, 1981 in New 7or1 City. Celestine Tutt, interviewer. r. Morrow, could we begin by your telling us about the events which led to your entry into the diplomatic service and of telling us about -uinea and how it gained independence8 MORROW: Thank you very much, Madame Tutt It 3ill ,e a pleasure First, let me o,serve that the impact and emergence of many African nations on the international scene caused people throughout the 3orld to take a second look at the huge African continent 3hich itself is shaped like a Duestion mark The challenge of those 3ho 3ould understand Africa rests in its unpredicta,ility The element of political unrest, uncertainty and surprise make it impossi,le to look into a crystal ,all and predict ho3 it 3ill all come out Many African leaders, thrust for the first time into positions of po3er and influence, have ,een pu))led at times ,y 3hat they considered to ,e complacency on the part of the West People from 3estern countries have la,eled Africans as truculent ,ecause they have demanded insistently their rights and just and fair treatment in all areas No3 the severance of ties ,et3een the former West African 0 French West African territory 0 Guinea and Metropolitan France in Septem,er 19.E, not only gave Guinea its independence ,ut led to a cold 3ar confrontation ,et3een East and the West in the ne3ly created Repu,lic of Guinea Irked ,y the ,old, dramatic step urged upon the Guinean people ,y Sekou Toure, charismatic Guinean la,or leader, President Charles de Gaulle of France 3ithdre3 from Guinea all French teachers, technicians and civil servants as 3ell as all economic assistance Eastern European Communist ,loc countries s3iftly moved in 3ith offers of ,arter trade agreements and 3orked unstintingly to make Guinea not only a sho3 place, ,ut also a strategic ,ridgehead for further operation in Africa The nations of the West, and particularly the (nited States, delayed recognition of the Guinean Government Even after the recognition, the Western po3ers 3aited before offering economic and technical assistance so desperately needed ,y the struggling African Repu,lic The (nited States did not recogni)e Guinea until Novem,er 19.E, and then 3aited until Fe,ruary 19.9 ,efore sending in a chargF d9affaires, accompanied ,y a young, ne3ly inducted Foreign Service officer, the (nited States am,assador to Guinea until July 19.9 No3 I think this is a logical point as any to ans3er the Duestion: Ho3 did I ,ecome involved in diplomacy and end up as a (nited States am,assador to, of all places, the Repu,lic of GuineaG Strangely enough, I can only conjecture a,out this Ho3 3ould you feel if all out of the clear you 3ere to receive a phone call from Washington asking you to come to the Department of State to meet 3ith officials a,out a matter that is not disclosedG That9s 4 3hat happened to me in April 19.9, in Durham, North Carolina, 3here at that time I 3as professor of French and chairman of the Department of Foreign Languages at North Carolina College The only conclusion I could dra3 at that time 3as that the (nited States Information Service 3anted to offer me a post as a cultural affairs officer in some French0speaking country What 3ould have ,een your reaction if, during a conference in Washington 3ith Am,assador Loy Henderson, then in charge of administration at the Department of State, and 3ith Joseph Satterth3aite, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, the lead0off o,servation 3as: 6Dr Morro3, 3e pro,a,ly kno3 more a,out you than you kno3 a,out yourself We have read everything you have 3ritten, and 3e kno3 a,out your contacts 3ith African leaders and students, as 3ell as 3ith French officials 3hen you 3ere in France last summer, 19.E 7 I thought, 6What a ,unch of prime Hso and so9s9I7 Yes, I had ,een held up in Paris in the summer of 19.E and had ,een kept out of Algeria and French West Africa, 3hich 3ere still under French rule ,ecause of a revolt among the French paratroopers in Algeria It happened that the French Army threatened revolt 3hen it appeared that de Gaulle, then recalled to po3er, might grant independence to Algeria Yes, I had talked 3ith individuals, the individuals mentioned, plus Algerian students and French citi)ens I 3as collecting data for a ,ook on the French political situation in Africa, and since the French Government kept me out of Africa, these talks 3ere admittedly a very poor su,stitute But 3hat the hell ,usiness 3as it of the (nited States Government 3hat I did a,road as a private citi)enG It 3as at this point in the 19.9 conference that it 3ould reveal to me that the State Department 3as very much interested in trying to get me to go to the ne3ly formed Repu,lic of Guinea as a first American Am,assador GuineaG Who kne3 much a,out GuineaG A little bump on the hump of West Africa, an Atlantic coastal state 3here it rained in some parts for si2 months and is dry for si2 months A country a,out the si)e of the state of Oregon ,ordered on the northeast ,y the Repu,lic of Mali and on the southeast ,y the Ivory Coast, bordered on the north3est ,y 3hat used to ,e Portuguese Guinea, no3 Guinea Bissau, and the Repu,lic of Senegal, ,ordered on the south ,y Sierra Leone and Li,eria; a country some of the citi)ens of 3hich 3ere among the friendliest in all of Africa; a country in 3hich young people 3ere keenly interested in receiving an education He 3as a dynamic la,or leader, Sekou Toure, president of Guinea since 19.E, 3ho got his follo3ers to vote 6no7 in the referendum sponsored ,y France in the summer of 19.E Guinea thus achieved it9s independence, ,ut in retaliation, as previously stated, General de Gaulle 3ithdre3 all economic aid 00 French teachers, government functionaries and technicians Officers 3ere stripped of all valua,le eDuipment and in Eastern ,loc Communist nations, to fill the vacuum created ,y the departure of the French, Russia, Bulgaria, C)echoslovakia, East Germany esta,lished ,arter trade agreements to e2change consumer goods, machinery, all sorts of things for Guinean ,ananas, pineapples, peanuts, palm oil and so forth What did the Western po3ers do in .
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