DOCSLIB.ORG

The United Nations, Intra-State Peacekeeping and Normative Change

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The United Nations, Intra-State Peacekeeping and Normative Change mup Esef Aksu cover 4/7/2003 5:24 pm Page 1 New Approaches to Conflict Analysis New Approaches to Conflict Analysis and normative change The United Nations intra-sate peacekeeping The United Nations, intra-state peacekeeping and normative change Es¸ref Aksu The United Nations, This study explores the normative dimension of the UN's evolving role in peace and security and, ultimately, in governance. What is problematised here is both the UN's changing raison d'être and the wider normative context within which the organisation is located. The study looks at the intra-state peacekeeping UN through the window of one of its most contentious, yet least understood, practices: active involvement in intra-state conflicts as epitomised by UN peacekeeping. and normative change Drawing on the conceptual tools provided by the 'historical structural' approach, this study seeks to understand whether, how and why the international community continuously reinterprets or redefines the UN's relationship with intra-state conflicts. The study concentrates on intra-state 'peacekeeping environments', and examines what changes, if any, have occurred to the normative basis of UN peacekeeping in intra-state conflicts from the early 1960s to the early 1990s. One original aspect of the study is its analytical framework, where the conceptualisation of 'normative basis' revolves around objectives, functions and authority, and is closely connected with the institutionalised values in the UN Charter, among them, state sovereignty, human rights and socio-economic development. Es¸ref Aksu teaches International Politics at the University of Limerick, Ireland Es ¸ef Aksu ISBN 0-7190-6241-1 Es¸ ref Aksu 9 780719 067488 2523Prelims 20/6/03 9:29 am Page i THE UNITED NATIONS, INTRA-STATE PEACEKEEPING AND NORMATIVE CHANGE 2523Prelims 20/6/03 9:29 am Page ii New Approaches to Conflict Analysis Series editor: Peter Lawler, Senior Lecturer in International Relations, Department of Government, University of Manchester Until recently, the study of conflict and conflict resolution remained comparatively immune to broad developments in social and political theory. When the changing nature and locus of large-scale conflict in the post-Cold War era is also taken into account, the case for a reconsideration of the fundamentals of conflict analysis and conflict resolution becomes all the more stark. New Approaches to Conflict Analysis promotes the development of new theoretical insights and their application to concrete cases of large-scale conflict, broadly defined. The series intends not to ignore established approaches to conflict analysis and conflict resolution, but to contribute to the reconstruction of the field through a dialogue between orthodoxy and its contemporary critics. Equally, the series reflects the contemporary porosity of intellectual borderlines rather than simply perpetuating rigid boundaries around the study of conflict and peace. New Approaches to Conflict Analysis seeks to uphold the norma- tive commitment of the field’s founders yet also recognises that the moral impulse to research is properly part of its subject matter. To these ends, the series is comprised of the highest quality work of scholars drawn from throughout the international academic community, and from a wide range of disciplines within the social sciences. PUBLISHED M. Anne Brown Human rights and the borders of suffering: the promotion of human rights in international politics Karin Fierke Changing games, changing strategies: critical investigations in security Tami Amanda Jacoby and Brent Sasley (eds) Redefining security in the Middle East Deiniol Jones Cosmopolitan mediation? Conflict resolution and the Oslo Accords Jan Koehler and Christoph Zürcher (eds) Potentials of disorder Helena Lindholm Schulz Reconstruction of Palestinian nationalism: between revolution and statehood David Bruce MacDonald Balkan holocausts? Serbian and Croatian victim-centred propaganda and the war in Yugoslavia Jennifer Milliken The social construction of the Korean War Ami Pedahzur The Israeli response to Jewish extremism and violence: defending democracy Tara Väyrynen Culture and international conflict resolution: a critical analysis of the work of John Burton 2523Prelims 20/6/03 9:29 am Page iii The United Nations, intra-state peacekeeping and normative change ES¸REF AKSU Manchester University Press MANCHESTER AND NEW YORK distributed exclusively in the USA by Palgrave 2523Prelims 20/6/03 9:29 am Page iv Copyright © Es¸ref Aksu 2003 The right of Es¸ref Aksu to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Published by Manchester University Press Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9NR, UK and Room 400, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk Distributed exclusively in the USA by Palgrave, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA Distributed exclusively in Canada by UBC Press, University of British Columbia, 2029 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z2 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for ISBN 0 7190 6748 0 hardback First published 2003 111009080706050403 10987654321 Typeset in Photina by Action Publishing Technology Ltd, Gloucester Printed in Great Britain by Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow 2523Prelims 20/6/03 9:29 am Page v CONTENTS Acknowledgements — vii List of abbreviations — ix 1 The UN and intra-state conflicts: problematising the normative connection 1 Addressing normativity 3 Norms, interests, time and governance 6 2 Rethinking the UN through intra-state peacekeeping: the analytical framework 14 Exploring normative change with ‘historical structures’ in mind 15 Drawing the boundaries of the normative domain 17 Problematising UN peacekeeping in intra-state conflicts 21 Normative significance of ‘peacekeeping environments’ 27 3 The UN’s role in historical context: impact of structural tensions and thresholds 43 Towards double ‘peaks’: superpower rivalry and decolonisation/ non-alignment 44 The aftermath of double peaks 53 When North equals West: ‘unipolar’ configuration and rising hegemony 61 Concluding observations 65 4 UN peacekeeping in intra-state conflicts: evolution of the normative basis 76 Emerging normative basis on the eve of double ‘peaks’ 76 Consensus on objectives: sovereignty writ large 80 Dominant expectation: minimal UN authority 83 Re-ordering objectives: from vertical to horizontal relationship 85 Re-assigning authority: from timid criticism to undoing ‘domestic wrongs’ 91 Concluding observations 93 5 The UN in the Congo conflict: ONUC 100 Historical background 100 UN involvement without a ‘prelude’ 101 v 2523Prelims 20/6/03 9:29 am Page vi Contents Where ‘external’ meets ‘internal’: attempts at secession 105 Towards UN intervention in ‘domestic’ affairs 109 Concluding observations 121 6 The UN in the Cyprus conflict: UNFICYP 130 Historical background 130 Prelude to active UN involvement 131 Resolving two divergent diagnoses 134 Authority: expansion within severe constraints 142 Concluding observations 148 7 The UN in the Angola conflict: UNAVEM 155 Historical background 155 Towards active UN involvement 157 Gradual transformation of the UN’s role 159 The Lusaka process: transformation completed 166 Concluding observations 172 8 The UN in the Cambodia conflict: UNTAC 179 Historical background 179 Peacekeeping in Cambodia: the evolution of an idea 181 Lead-up to UN ‘protectorate’: from the Australian Plan to the Paris Agreement 185 The mandate: sovereignty and human rights hand in hand 191 UNTAC deployed 197 Concluding observations 201 9 Reflections on international normative change 210 Normative change in a historical structural context 211 ‘Institutional’ implications of ‘normative’ change? 214 Select bibliography — 220 Index — 231 vi 2523Prelims 20/6/03 9:29 am Page vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book heavily draws on my PhD project completed at La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia. I owe a special debt of gratitude to Joe Camilleri. Without his excellent supervision, intellectual support and generous friend- ship this project could not have materialised. I also would like to thank all colleagues and friends who, in different ways and capacities, knowingly and unknowingly, have continuously stimulated my thoughts about the issues that this book tries to wrestle with: Hugh Dyer, Richard Falk, John Groom, Yekti Maunati, Wendy Mee, Nicole Oke, Taha Parla, Hugh Smith and Ünsal Sönmezler. vii 2523Prelims 20/6/03 9:29 am Page viii 2523Prelims 20/6/03 9:29 am Page ix ABBREVIATIONS AAPSO Afro-Asia Peoples’ Solidarity Organisation ABAKO Alliance des Bakongo (Alliance of the Bakongo People) ANC Armee Nationale Congolaise (Congolese National Army) APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ARRK Agricultural Relief and Rehabilitation in Kampuchea ASC American Security Council ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations BLDP Buddhist Liberal Democratic Party CCC Cooperation Committee for Cambodia CCPM Joint Political-Military Commission CENTO Central Treaty Organization CGDK Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea CIEC Conference on International Economic Cooperation COMECON Council for Mutual Economic Assistance CONAKAT Confederation des Associations Tribales du Katanga (Confederation of Tribal Associations of Katanga) CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe DOMREP Mission of the Representative of the Secretary-General
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Files, Country File Africa-Congo, Box 86, ‘An Analytical Chronology of the Congo Crisis’ Report by Department of State, 27 January 1961, 4
    This is an Open Access document downloaded from ORCA, Cardiff University's institutional repository: http://orca.cf.ac.uk/113873/ This is the author’s version of a work that was submitted to / accepted for publication. Citation for final published version: Marsh, Stephen and Culley, Tierney 2018. Anglo-American relations and crisis in The Congo. Contemporary British History 32 (3) , pp. 359-384. 10.1080/13619462.2018.1477598 file Publishers page: http://doi.org/10.1080/13619462.2018.1477598 <http://doi.org/10.1080/13619462.2018.1477598> Please note: Changes made as a result of publishing processes such as copy-editing, formatting and page numbers may not be reflected in this version. For the definitive version of this publication, please refer to the published source. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite this paper. This version is being made available in accordance with publisher policies. See http://orca.cf.ac.uk/policies.html for usage policies. Copyright and moral rights for publications made available in ORCA are retained by the copyright holders. CONTEMPORARY BRITISH HISTORY https://doi.org/10.1080/13619462.2018.1477598 ARTICLE Congo, Anglo-American relations and the narrative of � decline: drumming to a diferent beat Steve Marsh and Tia Culley AQ2 AQ1 Cardiff University, UK� 5 ABSTRACT KEYWORDS The 1960 Belgian Congo crisis is generally seen as demonstrating Congo; Anglo-American; special relationship; Anglo-American friction and British policy weakness. Macmillan’s � decision to ‘stand aside’ during UN ‘Operation Grandslam’, espe- Kennedy; Macmillan cially, is cited as a policy failure with long-term corrosive efects on 10 Anglo-American relations.
    [Show full text]
  • United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations TABLE of CONTENTS Foreword / Messages the Police Division in Action
    United Nations United Department of Peacekeeping Operations of Peacekeeping Department 12th Edition • January 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword / Messages The Police Division in Action 01 Foreword 22 Looking back on 2013 03 From the Desk of the Police Adviser From many, one – the basics of international 27 police peacekeeping Main Focus: Une pour tous : les fondamentaux de la 28 police internationale de maintien Vision and Strategy de la paix (en Français) “Police Week” brings the Small arms, big threat: SALW in a 06 30 UN’s top cops to New York UN Police context 08 A new vision for the UN Police UNPOL on Patrol Charting a Strategic Direction 10 for Police Peacekeeping UNMIL: Bringing modern forensics 34 technology to Liberia Global Effort Specific UNOCI: Peacekeeper’s Diary – 36 inspired by a teacher Afghan female police officer 14 literacy rates improve through MINUSTAH: Les pompiers de Jacmel mobile phone programme 39 formés pour sauver des vies sur la route (en Français) 2013 Female Peacekeeper of the 16 Year awarded to Codou Camara UNMISS: Police fingerprint experts 40 graduate in Juba Connect Online with the 18 International Network of UNAMID: Volunteers Work Toward Peace in 42 Female Police Peacekeepers IDP Camps Facts, figures & infographics 19 Top Ten Contributors of Female UN Police Officers 24 Actual/Authorized/Female Deployment of UN Police in Peacekeeping Missions 31 Top Ten Contributors of UN Police 45 FPU Deployment 46 UN Police Contributing Countries (PCCs) 49 UN Police Snap Shot A WORD FROM UNDER-SECRETARY-GENERAL, DPKO FOREWORD The changing nature of conflict means that our peacekeepers are increasingly confronting new, often unconventional threats.
    [Show full text]
  • UNITED Nations Distr
    UNITED NATiONS Distr. GENERAL SECURITY S/5053/Add.12 8 October 1962 COUNCIL ENGLISH ORIGINAL: ENGLISH/FRENCH REPORT TO THE SECRETARY-GENERAL FROM THE OFFICER-IN-CHARGE OF THE UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN THE CONGO ON DEVELOPMENTS RELATING TO THE APPLICATION OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS OF 21 FEBRUARY AND 24 NOVEMBER 1961 A. Build-Up of Katangese Mercenary Strength 1. In recent months) information has been received from various sources about a bUild-up in the strength of the Katanga armed forces) including the continued presence and some influx of foreign mercenaries. 2. It will be recalled that after the Kitona Declaration) signed on 21 December 1961 (S/5038 L Mr. Tshombe) President of the province of Katanga) made it clear to United Nations officials that he proposed to seek a solution to the mercenary problem "once and for all". This undertaking was put in writing in a letter dated 26 January 1962 to the United Nations representative in Elisabethville (S/5053/Add.3) Annex I)) and was repeated in a second letter dated 15 February 1962. 3. However) in spite of this and further declarations of Katangese spokesmen along the same lines as the above-mentioned letters) evidence ''las forthcon,ing to United. Nations authorities that in fact the pledge with regard to the elimination of mercenaries from Katanga was not being kept. 4. The ONUC-Katanga Joint Corrmissions on mercenaries) set up to certify that all foreign mercenaries had left Katanga in conformity with Mr. Tshombe's decision) visited Jadotville and Kipushi on 9 February 1962) and Kolwezi and Bunkeya on 21--23 February.
    [Show full text]
  • Carrying Forward Cabinda's Legacy of Progress
    South China Morning Post SPECIAL REPORT INSIDE EIGHT-PAGE SPONSORED SECTION IN CO-OPERATION WITH ASIA BUSINESS UNIT LTD. AT A As economic development begins to take off in earnest in this GLANCE northern Angolan province, and as its oil production is stepped up, it is clear that this is the right moment for China to explore and enhance its relations with and participation in Cabinda CabindaFor further information contact: 1-7 Harley Street, London W1G 9QD - Tel: +44 207 291 4402 - Fax: +44 207 636 8789 - [email protected] - www.asiabusinessunit.com Carrying forward Oil-rich Angola grows Cabinda’s legacy LOCATION: of progress An enclave of Angola, separated from the stronger and more stable CABINDA’S PROVINCIAL Gover- province, in which its consid- mainland by the nor, Mawete João Baptista, erable mineral wealth is now Democratic Republic of has been on the job since No- being used to improve the Congo and the Congo vember, 2009, and has spent lives of the region’s people. In River the time since he moved into the time since the agreement the position getting to know was signed, Cabinda has CAPITAL: each and every day the region, its local leaders, made great strides in that di- Cabinda City and the problems that need to rection, but more must be POPULATION: ANGOLA has the potential to be one be dealt with to continue the done and Cabindans need to Approximately of Africa’s richest, most successful work of improving the lives of do their part with a feeling of 300,000, of which half countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Bipolarity, Proxy Wars, and the Rise of China
    We encourage you to e-mail your comments to us at: [email protected]. Bipolarity, Proxy Wars, and the Rise of China Mark O. Yeisley, Lieutenant Colonel, USAF The modern international system in which nation-states compete for survival has historically assumed three primary configurations: uni­ polarity, in which a single state acts as a hegemon;1 bipolarity, in which two states control the majority of power with weaker states aligning with one or the other; and multipolarity, where three or more nations are powerful enough to act as poles in the system. Since the 1648 Treaties of Westphalia, multipolarity with various great-power states jockeying for supremacy has been the norm. As the fortunes of these states waxed and waned, war typically has been the ultimate result of perceived power im­ balances among them. While there have been historical instances of bi­ polarity, each of these was regional rather than global in scope.2 Many scholars argue that the international system has assumed a unipolar orientation since 1991, with the United States the sole remaining “super­ power.”3 Perhaps more important are predictions of what will follow for international relations. For example, some believe the United States will face no viable challengers in the near term, with unipolarity a stable and long-term likelihood.4 Others see a return to a multipolar environment wherein many nations will possess military and economic might sufficient to be recognized as great-power states.5 Still others foresee a return to bipo­ larity with the United States and one future great power locked once again in a struggle for primacy.6 This last possibility is increasingly influenced by Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC).
    [Show full text]
  • Authenticity in Electronic Dance Music in Serbia at the Turn of the Centuries
    The Other by Itself: Authenticity in electronic dance music in Serbia at the turn of the centuries Inaugural dissertation submitted to attain the academic degree of Dr phil., to Department 07 – History and Cultural Studies at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Irina Maksimović Belgrade Mainz 2016 Supervisor: Co-supervisor: Date of oral examination: May 10th 2017 Abstract Electronic dance music (shortly EDM) in Serbia was an authentic phenomenon of popular culture whose development went hand in hand with a socio-political situation in the country during the 1990s. After the disintegration of Yugoslavia in 1991 to the moment of the official end of communism in 2000, Serbia was experiencing turbulent situations. On one hand, it was one of the most difficult periods in contemporary history of the country. On the other – it was one of the most original. In that period, EDM officially made its entrance upon the stage of popular culture and began shaping the new scene. My explanation sheds light on the fact that a specific space and a particular time allow the authenticity of transposing a certain phenomenon from one context to another. Transposition of worldwide EDM culture in local environment in Serbia resulted in scene development during the 1990s, interesting DJ tracks and live performances. The other authenticity is the concept that led me to research. This concept is mostly inspired by the book “Death of the Image” by philosopher Milorad Belančić, who says that the image today is moved to the level of new screen and digital spaces. The other authenticity offers another interpretation of a work, or an event, while the criterion by which certain phenomena, based on pre-existing material can be noted is to be different, to stand out by their specificity in a new context.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Analysis of the Gowon, Babangida and Abacha Regimes
    University of Pretoria etd - Hoogenraad-Vermaak, S THE ENVIRONMENT DETERMINED POLITICAL LEADERSHIP MODEL: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE GOWON, BABANGIDA AND ABACHA REGIMES by SALOMON CORNELIUS JOHANNES HOOGENRAAD-VERMAAK Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MAGISTER ARTIUM (POLITICAL SCIENCE) in the FACULTY OF HUMAN SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA January 2001 University of Pretoria etd - Hoogenraad-Vermaak, S ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The financial assistance of the Centre for Science Development (HSRC, South Africa) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the Centre for Science Development. My deepest gratitude to: Mr. J.T. Bekker for his guidance; Dr. Funmi Olonisakin for her advice, Estrellita Weyers for her numerous searches for sources; and last but not least, my wife Estia-Marié, for her constant motivation, support and patience. This dissertation is dedicated to the children of Africa, including my firstborn, Marco Hoogenraad-Vermaak. ii University of Pretoria etd - Hoogenraad-Vermaak, S “General Abacha wasn’t the first of his kind, nor will he be last, until someone can answer the question of why Africa allows such men to emerge again and again and again”. BBC News 1998. Passing of a dictator leads to new hope. 1 Jul 98. iii University of Pretoria etd - Hoogenraad-Vermaak, S SUMMARY THE ENVIRONMENT DETERMINED POLITICAL LEADERSHIP MODEL: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE GOWON, BABANGIDA AND ABACHA REGIMES By SALOMON CORNELIUS JOHANNES HOOGENRAAD-VERMAAK LEADER: Mr. J.T. BEKKER DEPARTMENT: POLITICAL SCIENCE DEGREE FOR WHICH DISSERTATION IS MAGISTER ARTIUM PRESENTED: POLITICAL SCIENCE) The recent election victory of gen.
    [Show full text]
  • ON the EFFECTIVE USE of PROXY WARFARE by Andrew Lewis Peek Baltimore, Maryland May 2021 © 2021 Andrew Peek All Rights Reserved
    ON THE EFFECTIVE USE OF PROXY WARFARE by Andrew Lewis Peek A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland May 2021 2021 Andrew Peek All rights reserved Abstract This dissertation asks a simple question: how are states most effectively conducting proxy warfare in the modern international system? It answers this question by conducting a comparative study of the sponsorship of proxy forces. It uses process tracing to examine five cases of proxy warfare and predicts that the differentiation in support for each proxy impacts their utility. In particular, it proposes that increasing the principal-agent distance between sponsors and proxies might correlate with strategic effectiveness. That is, the less directly a proxy is supported and controlled by a sponsor, the more effective the proxy becomes. Strategic effectiveness here is conceptualized as consisting of two key parts: a proxy’s operational capability and a sponsor’s plausible deniability. These should be in inverse relation to each other: the greater and more overt a sponsor’s support is to a proxy, the more capable – better armed, better trained – its proxies should be on the battlefield. However, this close support to such proxies should also make the sponsor’s influence less deniable, and thus incur strategic costs against both it and the proxy. These costs primarily consist of external balancing by rival states, the same way such states would balance against conventional aggression. Conversely, the more deniable such support is – the more indirect and less overt – the less balancing occurs.
    [Show full text]
  • Questions Concerning the Situation in the Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville)
    QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE SITUATION IN THE CONGO (LEOPOLDVILLE) 57 QUESTIONS RELATING TO Guatemala, Haiti, Iran, Japan, Laos, Mexico, FUTURE OF NETHERLANDS Nigeria, Panama, Somalia, Togo, Turkey, Upper NEW GUINEA (WEST IRIAN) Volta, Uruguay, Venezuela. A/4915. Letter of 7 October 1961 from Permanent Liberia did not participate in the voting. Representative of Netherlands circulating memo- A/L.371. Cameroun, Central African Republic, Chad, randum of Netherlands delegation on future and Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey, Gabon, Ivory development of Netherlands New Guinea. Coast, Madagascar, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, A/4944. Note verbale of 27 October 1961 from Per- Togo, Upper Volta: amendment to 9-power draft manent Mission of Indonesia circulating statement resolution, A/L.367/Rev.1. made on 24 October 1961 by Foreign Minister of A/L.368. Cameroun, Central African Republic, Chad, Indonesia. Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey, Gabon, Ivory A/4954. Letter of 2 November 1961 from Permanent Coast, Madagascar, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Representative of Netherlands transmitting memo- Togo, Upper Volta: draft resolution. Text, as randum on status and future of Netherlands New amended by vote on preamble, was not adopted Guinea. by Assembly, having failed to obtain required two- A/L.354 and Rev.1, Rev.1/Corr.1. Netherlands: draft thirds majority vote on 27 November, meeting resolution. 1066. The vote, by roll-call was 53 to 41, with A/4959. Statement of financial implications of Nether- 9 abstentions, as follows: lands draft resolution, A/L.354. In favour: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, A/L.367 and Add.1-4; A/L.367/Rev.1. Bolivia, Congo Brazil, Cameroun, Canada, Central African Re- (Leopoldville), Guinea, India, Liberia, Mali, public, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo Nepal, Syria, United Arab Republic: draft reso- (Brazzaville), Costa Rica, Dahomey, Denmark, lution and revision.
    [Show full text]
  • Red Sand: Canadians in Persia & Transcaucasia, 1918 Tom
    RED SAND: CANADIANS IN PERSIA & TRANSCAUCASIA, 1918 TOM SUTTON, MA THESIS ROUGH DRAFT, 20 JANUARY 2012 CONTENTS Introduction Chapter 1 Stopgap 2 Volunteers 3 The Mad Dash 4 Orphans 5 Relief 6 The Push 7 Bijar 8 Baku 9 Evacuation 10 Historiography Conclusion Introduction NOTES IN BOLD ARE EITHER TOPICS LEFT UNFINISHED OR GENERAL TOPIC/THESIS SENTENCES. REFERECNCE MAP IS ON LAST PAGE. Goals, Scope, Thesis Brief assessment of literature on Canada in the Russian Civil War. Brief assessment of literature on Canadians in Dunsterforce. 1 Stopgap: British Imperial Intentions and Policy in the Caucasus & Persia Before 1917, the Eastern Front was held almost entirely by the Russian Imperial Army. From the Baltic to the Black Sea, through the western Caucasus and south to the Persian Gulf, the Russians bolstered themselves against the Central Empires. The Russians and Turks traded Kurdistan, Assyria, and western Persia back and forth until the spring of 1917, when the British captured Baghdad, buttressing the south-eastern front. Meanwhile, the Russian army withered in unrest and desertion. Russian troops migrated north through Tabriz, Batum, Tiflis, and Baku, leaving dwindling numbers to defend an increasingly tenable front, and as the year wore on the fighting spirit of the Russian army evaporated. In the autumn of 1917, the three primary nationalities of the Caucasus – Georgians, Armenians, and Azerbaijanis – called an emergency meeting in Tiflis in reaction to the Bolshevik coup d'etat in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. In attendance were representatives from trade unions, civil employees, regional soviets, political parties, the army, and lastly Entente military agents.
    [Show full text]
  • Angola Background Paper
    NATIONS UNIES UNITED NATIONS HAUT COMMISSARIAT HIGH COMMISSIONER POUR LES REFUGIES FOR REFUGEES BACKGROUND PAPER ON REFUGEES AND ASYLUM SEEKERS FROM ANGOLA UNHCR CENTRE FOR DOCUMENTATION AND RESEARCH GENEVA, APRIL 1999 THIS INFORMATION PAPER WAS PREPARED IN THE COUNTRY INFORMATION UNIT OF UNHCR’S CENTRE FOR DOCUMENTATION AND RESEARCH ON THE BASIS OF PUBLICLY AVAILABLE INFORMATION, ANALYSIS AND COMMENT, IN COLLABORATION WITH THE UNHCR STATISTICAL UNIT. ALL SOURCES ARE CITED. THIS PAPER IS NOT, AND DOES NOT, PURPORT TO BE, FULLY EXHAUSTIVE WITH REGARD TO CONDITIONS IN THE COUNTRY SURVEYED, OR CONCLUSIVE AS TO THE MERITS OF ANY PARTICULAR CLAIM TO REFUGEE STATUS OR ASYLUM. PREFACE Angola has been an important source country of refugees and asylum-seekers over a number of years. This paper seeks to define the scope, destination, and causes of their flight. The first and second part of the paper contains information regarding the conditions in the country of origin, which are often invoked by asylum-seekers when submitting their claim for refugee status. The Country Information Unit of UNHCR's Centre for Documentation and Research (CDR) conducts its work on the basis of publicly available information, analysis and comment, with all sources cited. In the third part, the paper provides a statistical overview of refugees and asylum-seekers from Angola in the main European asylum countries, describing current trends in the number and origin of asylum requests as well as the results of their status determination. The data are derived from government statistics made available to UNHCR and are compiled by its Statistical Unit. Table of Contents 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic and Social Development of Angola Due to Petroleum Exploration
    XVII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Technological Innovation and Intellectual Property: Production Engineering Challenges in Brazil Consolidation in the World Economic Scenario. Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 04 to 07 October – 2011 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF ANGOLA DUE TO PETROLEUM EXPLORATION DANIELLE FERNANDES DO CARMO (UFRJ) [email protected] The evaluation regarding the influence of petroleum production and exploration in a country is essential for a better usage of all the returns this commodity may generate. This article aims to explicit the current social and economic condittions of Angola in order to demonstrate if the country has improved its quality of life due to petroleum and gas exploration in the territory. The innumerable variables to be analyzed in this approach are: social and economic indices; and historic of the country’s development, which are divided into Human Development Index (HDI), Human Poverty Index (HPI), Child Mortality Rate, among others. Concerning the economic development of Angola, current economic indices will be applied, such as the Gross Domestic Product, daily production of oil and natural gas, oil and gas reserves which have been proved, among several others. This juxtaposition of social and economic indices will enable the evaluation of influences which Angola presents due to its insertion in the petroleum and gas production. It was concluded that petroleum and gas do not generate an even income distribution, however, they upgrade the country ratings in some social indicators (HDI, for example). Palavras-chaves: Petroleum and gas; Angola; quality of life; economic development. XVII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Technological Innovation and Intellectual Property: Production Engineering Challenges in Brazil Consolidation in the World Economic Scenario.
    [Show full text]