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Routledge Handbook of Deradicalisation and Disengagement

Stig Jarle Hansen, Stian Lid

Concepts and practices

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315387420-4 Stig Jarle Hansen Published online on: 03 Mar 2020

How to cite :- Stig Jarle Hansen. 03 Mar 2020, Concepts and practices from: Routledge Handbook of Deradicalisation and Disengagement Routledge Accessed on: 27 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315387420-4

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Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:49 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315387420, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315387420-4 oko eaiiainfo rmnlgns n h general the and gangs, criminal from these through rehabilitation on work a ou nteps-rmnlsae hl ayohr xlctywr ntepre-criminal the in disen- work to explicitly is programmes others individual many deradicalisation/disengagement the while which some space, from post-criminal space. criminalised; the group been on The necessarily focus have context. may not illegal not is or might programme criminal gage deradicalisation/disengagement a a on focus of today to aim di the notable the and indeed some that rehabilitation and are remembered activities, there penal Yet, these between today. for and of crucial ences concepts programmes was disengagement worked) the and deterrence deradicalisation of or containment some only millennium. and that the back century, of traced turn a the be than and can I more War today for used ongoing techniques been have society, fe 1Spebr20,adtegot fteIlmcSaei h eat e,to with heritage Yet, practical theory and Levant. conceptual and the the in practices of much State deradicalisation loses exploded Islamic and and use the the misleading its disengagement of is of yet 2001 of growth older, September is the exploration 11 deradica- disengagement and an of of 2001, concept concept start September The the complex. 11 while is new, after deradicalisation rather and is disengagement lisation of history The omtacie hyaenti h aeo a nocmn,adcno,i eea,be to general, in yet in also cannot, have subsequently and that rehabilitation enforcement, actors on law works of of early care consists The the space in will. pre-criminal not their are against The they detained space. crime, criminal a commit post the on will and/or chapter behaviour, criminal this end and disen- to volume, speci collective individuals in this get than to believing rather in Attempts stop disengagement, chapter level. to meso-level this group and at for individual gagement available on pages focus mainly of number the fe,btntawy,afcso r-rmnlsaeetisadi a entails space pre-criminal on focus a always, not but Often, idea the (vs. rehabilitated be can violence of perpetrators and criminals that belief The OCPSADPRACTICES AND CONCEPTS fi l si tnstdy e,ti histori this Yet, today. stands it as eld re itr fdsnaeetand disengagement of history brief A fi lsin elds fl ecdtoday uenced fi dooiso eiiu ytm emdt edneosfor dangerous be to deemed systems religious or ideologies c deradicalisation tgJreHansen Jarle Stig ’ eaiaiainaddsnaeetprogrammes. disengagement and deradicalisation s 3 26 oporme salse ewe World between established programmes to ’ eaiaiainporme.I hudbe should It programmes. deradicalisation s a nlssas a ob iie u to due limited be to has also analysis cal fi l fciiooy and criminology, of eld ff rn oi hnafocus a than logic erent fl uenced ff er- Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:49 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315387420, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315387420-4 motn icsin ihnthem. within discussions important ruddssac n eaiiaino rmnl n aiiaigei nrgtwn groups, these right-wing when in of exit facilitating order and chronological criminals the of rehabilitation following and desistance around present quently “desistance ia ehiusa ela hoeia icsin fuefrpeetdypractitioners. present-day for use of discussions theoretical as after well Nazis as being techniques of of of tical discussions re-education challenges and at practices the ending attempts The face in countries. disengagement previous totalitarian factor and by vital these purposes deradicalisation a political today for was and implemented II, this War yet World discussions, control actually in be radicals to avoided where are for cases that as, in such groups and 7). peace, where 24), Chapter create Chapter situations the (see (see to of the territories cases agreements focus of American power-sharing Asian paradoxes Latin into East the example, drawn South on limited are focus and actually Eastern, of deradicalised Middle lack and and western research, the as such cussions, n ih-igognstosol)o h motneo hneo dooyv.cag of change vs. ideology of change of importance the of only) behaviour. organisations right-wing ing n iareet bu ocpulstos icsin fteueadaueo oe and power of abuse share includ- and deradicalisation, use upon the and the draw (in disengagement of discussions disengagement of discussions and and discussion conceptualisations, force, the deradicalisation the about are that of disagreements practitioners characteristics genres ing the deradica- the of the the of some of into some indeed, all incorporated today; directly Indeed, of were same. programmes programmes disengagement these and from lisation concepts and lessons agmmes swl steat-ih-igporme fte18sad19sclearly 1990s in and as 1980s well the as of term o II programmes targeting the criminal anti-right-wing War applying programmes the World targeting in as re-education during programmes well have war the as programmes, experiences of members, from relevant Anti-cult prisoners gang Notable gathered as Europe. 1975). both also post-war Serrill (Nazis), were 1977; Socialists Ann research National Witte indeed and and ine Halleck as 2013; (Cullen seen were grammes “exit frhbltto n norgn eitne(h esto fo of cessation (the a desistance is encouraging behaviour) and rehabilitation of eerhr loudrto h weakne 1933). Tibbitts the 1921; understood (Kavanagh also researchers a dcto,bt ogi uueeooi noebtas ogi mah and empathy gain tools to a main also breaking the of but of d way income both one a economic with, which as as future sympathy (of seen seen a and Rehabilitation was gain of, phase. re-education to understanding early and both the Education education, in 44). was tool 1883, important Brockway an 177; 2008, (McLennan rmciia aiymmesand members a family criminal from “ hscatrwl tr ihthe with start will chapter This been often also has disengagement/deradicalisation and politics between interaction The e hr r lontcal rbeswt hs ersta irrgp ntoday in gaps mirror that genres these with problems noticeable also are there Yet h rn ece t ihwtrmr nte15s(aln 2001). (Garland 1950s the in mark high-water its reached trend The h dao rmnlrhbltto gaine rehabilitation criminal of idea The citizen ” rgamstreigrgtwn ruswr rvln ntelt 90,and 1990s, late the in prevalent were groups right-wing targeting programmes fl ecdtoday uenced ” ” n facilitating and ihvle uprigscey(B society supporting values with fi “deprogramming l ihln rdtos lhuhteewsapro hnrltdpro- related when period a was there although traditions, long with eld “deradicalisation ’ eaiaiainaddsnaeetporme.Atog not Although programmes. disengagement and deradicalisation s ffi “exit “re-education”, fi in yciiooit ntelt 90 n al 1980s early and 1970s late the in criminologists by cient “ lso eeuain nicl okadporme target- programmes and work anti-cult re-education, of elds cage ” ” l odipratpatcllsosfrtdy ihprac- with today, for lessons practical important hold all ocpsadpractices and Concepts “re-education ” ” rmcls h itr eidcagsi thinking in changes behind history the cults, from htwscetdb rvoshbt,sca learning social habits, previous by created was that n iiigteueo h term the of use the limiting and rmnl,twrscetn the creating towards criminals, so h a ucs ae eemeasured were rates success way the of ss 27 “deprogramming rdblt rmtelt 9hcentury 19th late the from credibility d mcayadscey a nsm cases some in was society) and emocracy ” rgamstreigNzs n subse- and Nazis, targeting programmes oka 90 iso 92,yet 1912), Winslow 1910; rockway fi lswr salse,adtemost the and established, were elds ”, ff nigo te antisocial other or ending “rehabilitation “ 1 “disengagement omlperson normal h larger The ff nesand enders creating ”, ’ dis- s fi eld ” ” , , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:49 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315387420, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315387420-4 twududrieteronielg,sc steAeia mhsso democracy on emphasis American the as as adapt, such to Indeed, ideology, Soviets the communism. own 12). for with (ibid. their impossible governing Nazism this training were future undermine replacing Germany; a programme would cadre post-war also re-education a it but American a as ideology, the in fascist Europe, of leaders against Eastern parts bulwark future focused Soviet-led a of be ideologically become elite up to to set di intended intended was also was cadres elite latter approach educated The Soviet also intelligence. The grammes Nazi classes. the (anti-fascist) counter Antifa to willing prisoners. were the o from separated older relearned be be tifying should to individuals had such interestingly that e discovered that disengagement They lesson and later. a deradicalisation years individuals them, American removing maintaining by the for structures during essential disciplinary be dismantle to to deemed learned Americans The volume. eeuainwspto iiinisiuin h oiia nelgnedprmn fthe of department Intelligence Political the institution, instructional civilian a Offi on Foreign put was re-education ob nue Hrein18) h Sepaie oitcapoc:i a h whole the was attempted it was approach: guilt holistic and collective a governance, a emphasised orderly yet US truth, The and the 1987). cold on (Hartenian emphasised based induced be be thus to should institutions propaganda new that stressed The guilt, occupation. through to responsibility of 1946). were collective (Janowitz allies of level three sense elem- national all German collective vital later a a a Indeed, at develop Germany; rights. even to Nazi human of of approach, violations behalf this German on attempt highlight guilt to collective was stress ent to attempted Americans, the e,nml o one-esrsadognstoa icpiaymcaim nbhl of behalf touched on mechanisms US stud- disciplinary the disengagement organisational sense, and and deradicalisation in O one counter-measures extremists present-day (Bernard, In in how camps elements 2011). namely the neglected able ies, Goulka in the were even and of and worldwide one de-ideologisation, Sulivan upon thwarted Nazis Loredo, elements the camps, these Villamizar, maintain prisoner of Thurston, to their some cohesion war in the entrepreneurs use of hard-line to start Nazi the identifying at with called and problems newspaper had prisoner-of-war US wider the a producing into ( that ideology, all Nazi be the would about leaders Nazi of assuming punishment often the and ideology. sceptics the II the destabilise War to World with needed in programmes, was defeat re-education Nazi the towards that scepticism was there ol iw(hc a ena agru nisl,as edn orcs eaiu htwas that At behaviour violence. racist political axis to to old leading ideological tendency also the an itself, a in change in and regimes both dangerous illegal) new to as necessarily was and seen here not was countries target (which allied The view various Nazis. world re-educating after, in and engaged II countries War World During ee rsnr fwr h rypyhlgclwraeuiswr ntal srbdagreat de a be ascribed to initially was were what units for warfare responsibility psychological the army of The deal war. of prisoners geted conducted ,t edsrbtdt h ie rsnro-a ouain(adra 06.Yet 2016). (Kandarian population prisoner-of-war wider the to distributed be to Call), The h oit,o h te ad tepe oueteGra omn irrh iden- hierarchy command German the use to attempted hand, other the on Soviets, The ec e ocag,adr-dcto a ob obndwt h a-odyworkings day-to-day the with combined be to had re-education and change, to led Peace o i hs eff these did How h Kdi UK The riigo trainers of “training fl e(Sta ce fi ec eaiaiainaddsnaeetwr,a icse yHne nthis in Hansen by discussed as work, disengagement and deradicalisation uence ff m,bosadnwppr.I sipratt oeta h rts,a elas well as British, the that note to important is It newspapers. and books lms, ffi rdfo h w te lis ntesneta o ftersosblt for responsibility the of lot a that sense the in allies, other two the from ered eswt niNz yptiswohl uhrt u ttesm time same the at but authority held who sympathies anti-Nazi with cers 2 ff rswr?TeAmerican The work? orts rtr14) h rts ehd osse flcue,discussions, lectures, of consisted methods British The 1946). writer ” agtn poiinlGra rsnr,araysceptical already prisoners, German oppositional targeting eeuaigNazis Re-educating tgJreHansen Jarle Stig 28 dafactory “idea fi e as ned ff re-education rn ntesneta hi pro- their that sense the in erent ff rsi apBcai rq70 Iraq in Bucca Camp in orts ” tFr ere,frexample, for Kearney, Fort at fi s hs rgamstar- programmes these rst Hrein18) Yet, 1987). (Hartenian ’ Connell, e Ruf Der Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:49 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315387420, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315387420-4 inn h luiiiysrcueo cu of structure plausibility Scheins the tioning igmeant: ging seeing (1966), ing iwdtepolma hrpui n niiul oilgsstne ove h problem deprogramming. to the 163– obstacle view 2012: an to (Lewis were tended dynamics bonding sociologists personal small-group through individual, of intense product and and a therapeutic prolonged as as indoctrination) of periods problem or to the reform, subjected viewed thought been brainwashing, have who (e.g., individuals persuasion in occur may “that ietitleta ikt h rmnlrhbltto icsin on akmr than more back going discussions rehabilitation criminal the a to century. disengagement link a intellectual in direct lost a be to htteAeia sciti soito 20)de de (2000) was Association membership Keiser Psychiatric Cult 1956; American Schachter 2012). the and Lewis that Riecken 1987; Festinger, 1977; Keiser Damrell and 1980; Balch 1978; Bainbridge aia nAgaitn,adhwattltra eiehslmtdisrpror ndera- in repertoire from its lessons political limited the new has Yet into regime work. totalitarian incorporated disengagement a be and how to and dicalisation right are Afghanistan), example, in enemies for Taliban former as, (such where arrangements situations po how in shows grammes it because today, disengagement eeain n h elcag curdwe e eeainsatdt rb nowhat into probe to started war generation the new II. re- in a War many that when World by signs occurred during maintained self- change many happened were real more are attitudes the There gained extreme and re-education. zones relatively generation, more on as Soviet become put problems, and had was punishment US education importance research; the less inside faltered, and occupied and programmes determination; the governance war, re-education governing cold in the the of services, lenient; of ease intelligence onslaught eff the the the in UK sense setting, of and ated world one Soviet interest new in the US, the and sabotaged yet in Pragmatism, re-educated, prioritised. latter, was be the zone, to and was population, German that Germany of guilt sector their of oecsstenwgop eetkn cnmcavnaeo erisadbhvdi an in behaved and recruits In world. of outside programmes. advantage the religious anti-cult economic from develop new taking members these were group way of groups new authoritarian Some new isolating as 2005). the in seen Thomas cases estab- groups cases religions some 1988; religious many non-western (Robbins in alternative cases west were of some the groups growth in in and a emerged, was themselves societies there lished religious 1980s, Smaller and west. 1970s the 1960s, late the From oeo h ergamn e deprogramming the of Some eeuainilsrtshwpltclpamts ih infl might pragmatism political how illustrates Re-education concepts. ” hc rvd ieto fcag oadanweulbim sal yallowing by usually equilibrium, new a toward change of direction a provide which in fl prahcnrdce a contradicted approach ’ ec fifrain ruet,mdl ob mttdo identi or imitated be to models arguments, information, of uence 16)deeigo Lewin of deepening (1961) Unfreezing “ deprogramming – ciiista pre ohpiaegop n aiu oenet to governments various and groups private both spurred that activities en h nuto fane ramtv ocag;chan- change; to motive a or need a of induction the meant ergamn utmembers cult Deprogramming “Deprogramming” “cadre ” dderadicalisati nd rsa eeuain eea omrNzswr incorpor- were Nazis former several re-education; at orts sasca r-cntuto fsbetv elt,ques- reality, subjective of (re-)construction social a as ocpsadpractices and Concepts ff rsde ntewrso egradLuckman and Berger of works the on drew orts ” ’ s(1951)conceptsof prahfcsn nidvda lisaogtthe amongst allies individual on focusing approach tpormig nte oua oe was model popular Another programming. lt wn rusi ai mrc,o nedthe indeed or America, Latin in groups -wing 29 iisadopruimpa nosc pro- such into play opportunism and litics nporme oa,wieteeis there while today, programmes on a u nteaed se o example, for (see, agenda the on put was fi e the ned 6) n httelyliscreated loyalties the that and 164), fi e sapolmt h extent the to problem a as ned unfreezing “ “ disorder” re-education ec eaiaiainand deradicalisation uence e,wiepsychiatrists while Yet, ”. , fi changing saphenomenon a as dwt,etc., with, ed ” aetended have “collective and freez- Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:49 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315387420, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315387420-4 omrilitrsscnptnilyd odrdclsto n ieggmn programmes and disengagement pressure and commercial deradicalisation what to secondly, scope. do their and potentially and purposes, can political interests for commercial brainwashing and tion a what of question edmn motn esn o ieggmn n deradicalisation; and disengagement for lessons important many held n h de the and ieggmn,adsece u hoiso eunilwtdaa rmcls eet have to were the cults, of from one withdrawal the- was sequential in these of actually direct of theories who a some out Wright, that sketched of noted and be theories disengagement, should the It including developed. ories, were techniques deprogramming tive ieggmn rgamsfrjhdss o xml hog h ok fTr Bjørgo Tore of works the the through 6). example 2008, for Horgan and jihadists, (Bjørgo for programmes disengagement cult the and oilssadteEicplCuc,a h cp xadd h neligpolmwas problem underlying The expanded. scope the including agendas, as deprogramming Church, wider de the Episcopal the under the targeted and be to socialists society faith and churches Changing ibun 18)ciiie h simpli the criticised (1983) Kilbourne neetsmln iscetdb noe-eineuo h conso omr possibly former, of accounts the as the well upon as will, over-reliance free an lacked by members cult created that bias assumption the sampling and inherent leaders cult for strategy eti extent certain a ytm(sdi (as system n h cin flaes 3 h nrae ulo aiyte;()tepeetto fan of presentation the group (4) the ties; (1) within ideals family inconsistencies group of cause: internal between member pull out inconsistencies the increased to pointing the the removing (5) of attempted (3) physically highlighting system; leaders; a belief (by programmes of (2) alternative world actions group); outside that the cult the his and meant or from her insulation this from in breakdown deprogramming a practical In through: done be as could such this Authors that 1966). suggested Luckman 201) and 1979, (Berger Kim 1988; provided (Wright is Wright transformation of sequence whole fabric “conversation to;pyia icmotadislswr rca ato oto hs e these of depriv- most sleep of re-education, part and crucial isolation era a included II were also insults War but and argumentation, World discomfort rational physical the ation; and mirrored truth Techniques on focusing ideology. individual the control for ation/mind explanation alternative an ergamn ucl eaealcaiebsns.Prasi a h profi the was it Perhaps business. lucrative a became quickly Deprogramming vlain lofudohrfut ihdpormigporme.Rcado and Richardson programmes. deprogramming with faults other found also Evaluations “business” rt te at fhsproaiyo eifsystem. belief or personality his of parts other grate h esnt er oehn e,rede new, something learn to person the n nossece ewe h cin flaesadteiel hysymbolically they ideals the highlight- and (4) leaders and cult; of the actions by represent. the transformation between world highlighting achieving inconsistencies (3) in ing context; success communal of the lack within the relationships dyadic members’ of in development breakdown a (1) freezing fi iino htwas what of nition ’ dooy h ideology The ideology. s en nerto ftenwfaeokit h person’ the into framework new the of integration meant fl fi ec nbt xtporme o e-ai n uuedrdclsto and deradicalisation future and neo-Nazis for programmes exit both on uence iin of nitions en nrnhn hs.Teie a ocnettepasblt tutr of structure plausibility the contest to was idea The these. entrenching meant ff rnitdfo nossece ewe dasadpatcs;ad()o (6) and practices); and ideals between inconsistencies from erentiated htdoeatr ihnthe within actors drove that 3 “brainwashing “radical ” n oa omnt hog hc eiiaigaprtsfrthe for apparatus legitimating a which through community moral and “normality ” “normal idsti,adhwteei hnln ewe deradicalisa- between line thin a is there how and is, mind-set ” ehius lhuhtelte eecnetdadalterna- and contested were latter the although techniques, ” ’ rdbeveso elt eet ecalne with challenged be to were reality of views credible s nraigyvre.I n sense one In varied. increasingly htwstetp fmn-e xetdt eheld, be to expected mind-set of type the was what ”, nuainfo h usd ol;()unregulated (2) world; outside the from insulation fi tgJreHansen Jarle Stig dasmto htdcpinb eest a vital a was necessity by deception that assumption ed “business” ’ 30 erimn n membership and recruitment s fi esmtigod eeaut rreinte- or re-evaluate old, something ne oices hi cp,adde and scope, their increase to eif n practices, and beliefs s “deprogramming fi fi s oconceptualise to rst sl,teperennial the rstly, ff rs swr to were as orts; – h exploit- the aiiyof tability ’ fi belief s ff ethe ne ” ering also Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:49 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315387420, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315387420-4 99 aua20;SadadFral20;SmsnadLu 93 ar19) Crimin- 1998). Warr e 1993; these Laub of and Sampson some 2004; discovered Farrall also and ologists Shadd 2001; Maruna 1999; e deprogramming the between continuity and connection historical 1– direct 1984, a is (Crawford disengagement and deradicalisation non-coercive covert counselling and/or enlarged, “exit overt also and was will) through toolbox free deprogramming the coercive (in traditional rehabilitation health lawyers; on to Mental did focusing internationally. only as and from involved, expanding nationally increasingly spreading became and professionals communities local in beginning otse)a ogadcmlxnnlna rcs,smlrt eaiaiain u with but deradicalisation, to similar process, non-linear complex and o long former a as o contested) of cessation (the rmnl de criminals 1980s. early harsh and to 1970s contributed the all in deprogramming establishing defection against of voluntary technique raised problems encouraging being the kidnapping programmes critiques and for the practise) criteria not Yet success did the programmes. programmes deprogramming disengagement many (which and deradicalisation rent-day n eerltdt euigcie hs atr aidacrigt niiulpsychological individual train- to military according even varied and factors education these marriage), crime, reducing by to created related bond were emotional ing in the the of (although strength marriage the as such factors while of concept the introduced could (1967) Matza 1983). Gottfredson view the o discouraged not Others and 1967). crime (Matza between e choice programmes most the rehabilitation the that beyond were as there variable cohorts Yet, a age 176). in 2010, (Mullins changes continued. crime to programmes that causing pointing gang-related trend and in theories political survived, individuals sociological that Turner, a over with programmes with Williams, society and rehabilitation coincided of rehabilitation, Bozick, trend than role Steele, new rather the The (Davis, deterrence based 2014). on designs were Steinberg focused research research often and random-sampled that rigorous Saunders with meta-studies, Miles, more them on upon equalling based research, being drawing for non-random-sampled criticised quality hindsight poor in was research attachments). more and the much meaning after be of partly to system new seems deprogramming, a deprogramming left (providing that they suggested when also even evaluations eff suggested participants Several (1979) the force. Kim of by use Byong-suh mir- felt are was programmes. today anger disengagement that that and problems deradicalisation illuminated also in evaluations rored Systemic members. cult disgruntled on uhporme ob ine be as to rehabilitation reo of programmes criticism from such general criminals found a prevent by to mirrored toolkit was a deprogramming against criticism The 94.Svrlsuisfudn rltl e little or no found studies Several 1974). ciea eoilsto dsutn h l luiiiysrcue hni sa resocialisation at is it than structure) plausibility old the (disrupting desocialisation at ective eaiiainsuisaangie npplrt yte19s ayrsacessaw researchers Many 1990s. the by popularity in gained again studies Rehabilitation anti-cult several expanded, programmes the As drift ff nesa ie reo times at enders nadoto rm,rte hnlaeciefrvr general A forever. crime leave than rather crime, of out and in fi e codn otertp fciia ciiy(arntn18;Hrciand Hirschi 1986; (Farrington activity criminal of type their to according ned ” ff eaiiain eitneadat-agwork anti-gang and desistance Rehabilitation, andpplrt n a ae oeeg sa motn ocp in concept important an as emerge to later was and popularity gained nigo te nioilbhvor lhuhtepeiede precise the although behaviour, antisocial other or ending afwyhouse “half-way ff nigwieivle ntepoes(arl n Bowling and (Farrall process the in involved while ending ffi ocpsadpractices and Concepts ” in Lpo,MrisnadWls17;Martinson 1975; Wilks and Martinson (Lipton, cient etnsweeidvdashdt oeo hi own their of come to had individuals where settings ff ff ffi nigi h 90 n 90,atrsvrlstudies several after 1980s, and 1970s the in ending cs stelf yl eff cycle life the as ects, in a fpeetn eetac nocrime, into re-entrance preventing of way cient ff ff c fteeporme Mrisn17) The 1974). (Martinson programmes these of ect nigwsabnr hie iwn desistance viewing choice, binary a was ending 31 fl ec fmrig a ena eedn on depending as seen was marriage of uence xtcounselling “exit aetpower “parent ;Hsa 90.I hssnethere sense this In 1990). Hassan 7; drift c aidbtentpsof types between varied ect osiuaehwindividuals how stipulate to ” ” ruswr established, were groups Lws18) h term The 1986). (Lewis fi dn a that, was nding ff “kidnapping rsadcur- and orts fi iinis nition ” Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:49 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315387420, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315387420-4 enfudadldt mlmnaintcnqe o rgamsdsge ogtgang get to designed programmes for techniques gangs. implementation criminal and to leave Saunders to led members Miles, and Turner, found Williams, been Bozick, Steele, studies education with (Davis, 1963), 14). importance, Seeman recidivism 2014, major 1955; Steinberg of Nolan of 1940; odds was (Hazard vocational), lower time and of academic period (both long a individ- over suit employed environment, to tailored social encouraged, size was attitudes, “one target learning pro-criminal Social must o life. aggressiveness), interventions work ual or and that school impulsivity abuse, states substance as principle (such need traits The reo needs high-risk recidivism. of “criminogenic in targeting the reductions that larger suggesting indeed increase, fending “responsivity cel,Fral iholradMrn 21)epne nti ruet tesn the stressing argument, this on expanded and (2012) Maruna and di Lightowler Farrall, McNeill, rmnllbl nti es h mhsswspto self-re the on deconstructing put and was identity emphasis o changing the an successfully sense as about this oneself is in see it label; identity; to criminal positive ceasing more about a is ing desistance secondary Essentially, self. ubradBna21,9.Svrlo hs nicieadat-agpoeue r dir- are procedures anti-gang and (Hastings, anti-crime today today these programmes of in gang-focused Several incorporated such 9). (e.g. by 2011, ectly Psy- methods Bania used health. and suppressive widely of Dunbar determinants are and social incarceration) development addressing arrest, or cognitive-behavioural mentoring counselling, peer chological and opportunities as job such gang, ing, support, often the account. of within into programmes forms dynamics this physical anti-gang group take to the in needed of failures defection understanding causing many and strategies attention that that of indicating suggested lack (1995) by caused Klein were as such writers removal nuis ero uuevoec rmtegang), the together from violence group future the of keep fear injuries, to defec- served to actually wider lead gang could a violence 2011). of that Bania illustrated stigmatisation and also Dunbar social Rechea-Alberola (Hastings, gangs and that youth (Bartolomé-Gutiérrez but on friends tions, Work or 1988). family Vigil peers, 2006; outsider with ties tional togsca od ntefr fepomn,mrig,ads n rae od that bonds created on, so and that marriage, suggested employment, (1993), of reo Laub re and form from Sampson the individuals committed. in crime prevented bonds of category social the strong as well as traits, oes uha h aihAru oe,bidn pncoeainbtenschools, between cooperation upon building model, Aarhus Danish the as such models, oat oa niiuldmntae yagang), a by demonstrated individual an to loyalty the in that positively suggested also were Research gangs 1998). youth (Thornberry leaving crime doing for was reasons person a time average ff fl oeo the of Some of principles the developed (2006) Wormith and Bonta Don, Later nign rjcst norg eetosfo ag eedvlpd n oue on focused and developed, were gangs from defections encourage to projects Anti-gang .TnsadZ Stephenson Z. and Tonks S. cietogtpoesaogto amongst process thought ective rnebetween erence eodr desistance, secondary ff ne hrceitc.I hssnei a ugse htteewsn uhtigas thing such no was there that suggested was it sense this In characteristics. ender fi l fgn tde,sgetdthat suggested studies, gang of eld and fi sall ts hr evc rvso nrae setmtso h niiulrs freof- of risk individual the of estimates as increases provision service where ”, self-re e,teewsagnrlcon general a was there Yet, ”. fi dnsfo h td frhbltto n eitnefo rm aealso have crime from desistance and rehabilitation of study the from ndings fl ection rmr desistance primary ouigo aibe uha o as such variables on focusing ”, enn hnei h a hta ex-o an that way the in change a meaning eetems motn atr raigdfcin.Yt other Yet, defections. creating factors important most the were ’ eaiaiainprogrammes. deradicalisation s ff ’ 4 nig aua(01 oue ncetn nenhanced an creating on focused (2001) Maruna ending. easuy(ok n tpesn21) tdigthe studying 2018), Stephenson and (Tonks meta-study s fi agmmesi sal a hre uainta the than duration shorter a had usually membership Gang dn aepaet o n rvdn dcto,train- education, providing and go, to place safe a nding enn ulo rm-regpi rmnlcareer, criminal a in gap crime-free or lull a meaning , tgJreHansen Jarle Stig ff nes nadto oraitcopruiis later opportunities; realistic to addition in enders, victimisation 32 fi disillusionment mto htoeo h ol hthdbeen had that tools the of one that rmation fl ecdb oilbns uha emo- as such bonds, social by uenced maturation finswowr nue,personal injured, were who (friends ff nehsoy nioilpersonality antisocial history, ence fl ection. 5 otnaiigfo h akof lack the from arising (often motnl,sm fthese of some Importantly, lf cycle-focused), (life ff ne eshm rher- or him- sees ender ff nesatal e to led actually enders “risk”, fi dn pt 43% to up nding ff ne and ender “need” physical fi and nd- Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:49 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315387420, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315387420-4 esu,wt epl(07 5)assigta oeta 0 niiul eerlae and released signing were by individuals met 300 than were suc- more relatively conditions signed that was was The society assessing programme law into 451) caused. reinsertion reinserted social the (2007, misery Spanish Geipel for the The with respect 2011). of cessful, of publicly (Silke recognition was document declaration violence legal a a a if was severed, release were there early for ETA and courts with the links through renounced, apply could faction non-violent te rmtdacniuto ftetroitcmag.Pioeswoidenti who the Prisoners while campaign. non-violence terrorist advocating the one of continuation with a factions, promoted two other into split (ETA-PM) ico-Militar c ihtedrdclsto oiistreigi Aos 01 701– in 2011, to (Alonso the attempts it on actually targeting pressure policies actor social deradicalisation an put the how to in with illustrating act attempted to prisoners, trans- successfully, hostages ETA organisational more of take general also, families organisational to more and and tried a success, civilians, (Red also to without of contributed attempts. politics, ETA Faction killings also such Notably Arme the violence, hindered (Ibid). over of Rote actively formation use discord Spain German the internal and over the as 457), discussions such by 2007, events, (Geipel attempted outside 1970s been Yet, the had in e Faction) disengagement Interestingly, prison, Army counter 701). outside to 2011, build-up cells units (Alonso the organisational organisation run avoided of the they use from active that themselves the so disassociate ETA to not from oners prisoners the ETA up of split authorities Spanish tics. eti obnto ihdtrec n uihet n h oelnetplce fthe of policies lenient disengage- more create the to and programmes punishment, on and emphasis deterrence an with carrot, and combination stick in of ment mix a was organisations eoiga lmn nawdrfcso etrtv n erbtv utc.Sm claimed Some justice. also retributive but and in purposes, restorative (IRA) eff reconciliation of between Army deradicalising and focus lican dialogue a wider peace had supporting Glencree a it for Rapoport 1974, the in that Ireland what Ireland, in element in In up an founded end. perpetrators becoming made was their former met had Reconciliation and ter- had that and on terrorism victims organisations Peace explicitly of wave more the for third focus how Centre the to studying branded began had cases also (2002) researchers many several in 1980s rorism, and mid-1970s the By profi life. for in self-re desire encourage the however by in did driven roots as foundation their seen the e with was form e prevention 150), it, disengagement of crime 2016, elements and (Koehler ably, important deradicalisation 1980s or the many model, Aarhus to of the back today date prevention, police, crime and services social eetosfo h rgt os RdBiae Gie 07 4) oael el Porta 1987. Della in Donatella formalised 448). and created 2007, Government prisoners, this (Geipel by Italian testify; Brigade) to the (Red expected studied Rosso not (1992) Brigata were but the regret, from showed of defections and category investigations new criminal a with created and witnesses, tl launched Italy nSpain In omnteefrmn fteatmt ocutrthe counter to attempts the of many for theme common A ’ raiainlheaciswti rsnta ol rsuieidvda T pris- ETA individual pressurise could that prison within hierarchies organisational s oilreinsertion “social Dissociati pentiti fl ec,truhisueo R ebr Aos n aa21,984). 2016, Bada and (Alonso members IRA of use its through uence, – pntn)lw,rdcn uihetfrpioeswotre state turned who prisoners for punishment reducing laws, (penitent) oerjie T.Isd rsn pi eeoe hi w tac- own their developed Spain prisons Inside ETA. rejoined none ff , rsddnticueielgclcmoet,snecieoften crime since components, ideological include not did orts h hr wave third “the c,weesohr a ta eslt rmt rs Repub- Irish promote to vessel a as it saw others whereas ect, ” fl oiywas policy cinoe niiuliett n h individual the and identity individual over ection ocpsadpractices and Concepts ’ taeisof strategies s ahrta dooy eea fteprogrammes the of several ideology; than rather t dissociati fi s nrdcdfo 92 hnteEAPolít- ETA the when 1982, from introduced rst 33 ” ff rsi cniai seCatr1) Not- 18). Chapter (see Scandinavia in orts and dssoitd rsnr,wocooperated who prisoners, (disassociated) dissociati oilreinsertion” “social cee neetnl initiated interestingly scheme, ff fl rswti rsn vnto even prison, within orts ec pns tt prison state Spanish uence hr wave “third 702). 6 fl ec n inter- and uence ” fi dwt the with ed fterrorist of ’ position s Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:49 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315387420, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315387420-4 etitaels aeoie ywa oieooi aibe n aiyrltos n the and relations, family and ethno- variables xenophobic socioeconomic the weak and by extremist categorised fi right-wing less motivated are ideologically centrist the and 48– types (ibid. criminalised these followers in ethnocentrists; and xenophobic youth; extremists; marginalised included right-wing exiting motivated for ideologically prospects. career Reasons limited Willems (ibid.). dissatisfi and Helmut older becoming status getting status, for burn-out, drifting partying), losing and protection, of ideology, because rebellion for (often father the youth group need substitute in of a the faith as type anger, seeking, losing join a thrill and not pure as did provocation exit and friends, organisations random) work and from right-wing at the exit but groups of on on (changing based members ideology, rather Bjørgo, many but of Tore that force, as because suggesting such of mostly experts researchers use work, anti-cult by anti-cult the of further from and developed models deprogramming were the on counselling, of directly Some 238). focusing 1997, not (Bjørgo (Free) Fri organisation eaiiainaddssac studies. desistance and rehabilitation ciiiso salse ulcaece,sc smncplte;t oeetn tde on drew it Swedish extent The 2001). some Knudstad normal to and the municipalities; Halhjem into as (Bjørgo, integrated experiences such prevention became agencies, crime activities public previous exit established that of probably activities were approach Norwegian eff parental reinforcing preneurs ntal,coeainbtenrsacesadpattoeswscoe n h nicl lit- in anti-cult had the and practices close, disengagement disengagement. emer- was facilitate anti-cult the practitioners and ideas was and and recruitment upon reduce developments researchers erature draw to between these neo-Nazis, did cooperation to for groups Initially, Central counselling neo-Nazi exit research. of from desistance gence defections and of rehabilitation studies from increased the However, Lanka Sri the of in programmes example reintegration for social on, the live Importantly, passed. wave time third as hardened 1970s early 91 osadGr 99.Ti yeo eerhslo rwuo h wider the upon drew seldom research Crenshaw of example, type for This study- (see, work tendency 1989). academic this Gurr groups; mirrored was and these groups Nor leave terror Ross decline. to third-wave in 1991; individuals of groups get end with to the dealt strategies ing programmes on European mainly the focus of the many and groups, rorist today. programmes disengagement and calisation ewe aiu ih-iggop,adta hyne di need they that and groups, right-wing various between di perpetrators followers. of types ferent fteisiuin n niiul novdi h hr-aee third-wave the and in 2014), involved Hettiarachchi individuals and and institutions Gunaratna today the to Bélanger, of continuity Gelfand, direct is (Kruglanski, there Eelam Tamil of n iaitsrcue.Ti aeoiainhdptnilygetteaetccneune for consequences therapeutic Di great potentially attempts. had deradicalisation categorisation potential This structures. jihadist and s aeoyi oeielgclymtvtdta h others. the than motivated ideologically more is category rst neetnl,Pte esrflossmlries(05,lucighsctgre as categories his launching (2015), ideas similar follows Nesser Petter Interestingly, by inspired work his perhaps was Bjørgo of contribution important most the However, h owga xtpormehglgtdteiprac fprna networks, parental of importance the highlighted programme exit Norwegian The e h oddrdclsto a o sdfrpoet eln ihtetidwv ter- third-wave the with dealing projects for used not was deradicalisation word the Yet , xtaddsnaeetfo e-aiadrgtwn groups right-wing and neo-Nazi from disengagement and Exit protégés motnl,Bøg doae htteieltpsaedsrbtdunevenly distributed are types ideal the that advocated Bjørgo Importantly, , ’ mis lsi iiino eptaoso eohbcvoec nofu categories: four into violence xenophobic of perpetrators of division classic fits rst raeei n ostbres h togs set fthe of aspects strongest The borders. set to and exit create to orts and drifters ff rnl,freape ihielg en esipratto important less being ideology with example, for erently, ’ eaiaiainaddsnaeetporme,a some as programmes, disengagement and deradicalisation s lutaigteptnilsmlrte ewe right-wing between similarities potential the illustrating , ff tgJreHansen Jarle Stig rn lmnso yia rgamssimply programmes typical of elements erent 0 ilm 93 95.Bøg ugssthat suggests Bjørgo 1995). 1993, Willems 50; 34 ’ tep oritgaeteLbrto Tigers Liberation the reintegrate to attempt s fl ec,freapei h Swedish the in example for uence, ff rn treatment. erent dwt h ciiiso the of activities the with ed ff rsaeivle nderadi- in involved are orts fi ue eas of because gure, fi lsof elds fi dif- t entre- Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:49 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315387420, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315387420-4 n htas nlddsbruswrigo oneigvoeteteim(oue on (focused extremism violent countering 4). on Deradikalisier- AG working 2014, their subgroups (Endres launched included Germany counter-narratives) also 2009 terrorism that In in 2005). ung involved recruitment, become and to radicalisation take must ual with Council EU concerned initially was framework xet oeo hmhswitnacatri hsbo) otiig mns te elem- other amongst containing, book), several this by in designed chapter prisons, a counselling. Iraqi written psychological has their ents, whom in of Program (one Rehabilitation experts Detainee their launched lisation okilsrtsawdrpolmwt eaiaiain h ako rprconceptualisation. proper of lack the deradicalisation: with problem “Radicalisation wider a illustrates work teghntefml sa lentv oilbn.Graypoerdfml upr as 2012 in support hotline to family family pioneered their introduced Germany launched were they bond. 21– when social 2015, attempts strategy often (Gielen alternative counter-radicalisation as explicit their an well of Several as as part family programmes, deprogramming. the exit from and strengthen programmes elements prevention crime bringing earlier from elements mre narltvl agrsaeaon 2011 around scale larger relatively a on emerge, fwihwsbsdo omrjhds ntutr Shle20) e,nn fteeearly these of none Yet, 2008). (Schulze instructors one jihadist 2005, branded attacks former from terrorist were on programmes domestic dialogue programmes based 2003 religious was the their which after rehabili- started 2002, of their 2004 Indonesia Arabia, from while in 2003 Saudi 2008), started Group August In (Boucek campaign 2007). In Rehabilitation demobilisation (Hassan counselling 2004). and Religious and tation (Willems government dialogue religious 2002 their on foreign September focusing through returning in acted, its Dialogue Singapore with Religious call scienti dialogue for today and religious Committee we political initiated what mainstream which do Yemen, the to entered attempts 2001, Early September post-11 recog- recently, in nod would as disengagement such and terms deradicalisation to nition in practitioners present-day While programme deradicalisation 185). a 2016, EXIT-Deutschland, (Koehler Germany neo-Nazis from deradicalising with gained and on habitual deradicalisation experiences focusing programmes, the present-day on to exit of and based link because criminology direct being from cases that a from programmes, also some and adopted is disengagement ideology in techniques There than and programmes. desistance prevention other group, and crime reasons the rehabilitation was of joining of It because after change. implementation in joined acquired ideological already had than was individuals rather neo-Nazis on ideology In change that focusing included. behavioural disengagement, assumed be on on to often and was programme organisation, focus former the as extremist that the with organisations an sense contact programmes youth the make these youth in to older of reactive the needed all on was out with programme drew wanted as Swedish who programme cases, The neo-Nazis some exit 101). In 2015, the (Christensen movement. Stockholm, sta well Power mostly in White was Fryshuset or Lindhal, house neo-Nazi Kent neo-Nazi the former in by participants 1998 in started programme, “Deradicalisation ” a o sd h term The used. not was ’ okn ru nTroimi etme 05 oee,teE frame- EU the However, 2005. September in Terrorism on Group Working s ” a o xlctyde explicitly not was 8,stu yteFdrlO ffi Federal the by up set 48), ” a loue yteE.TeEU The EU. the by used also was “exit “deradicalisation ”, xtcounselling “exit Enter ocpsadpractices and Concepts “radicalisation fi 7 “deradicalisation e;i sdsrbda the as described is it ned; aiaiainadrecruitment and “radicalisation smr eaiaiainporme tre to started programmes deradicalisation more As “deradicalisation ” 35 or ” efrMgainadRfge (BAMF). Refugees and Migration for ce ” – and n20 h Americans the 2006 In “disengagement”. Erpa no taeyfrcombating for strategy Union (European 05 hs rgamsotncontained often programmes these 2015, ” “ a nyrltvl Sdwc 2010) (Sedgwick relatively only has disengagement ” ” ’ oneigvoetextremism violent countering s fjhdsswr tepe in attempted were jihadists of rcia tp nindivid- an steps “practical ” h word the , ’ aa programme Hayat s fi eeoe ythe by developed ”, hestruhthe through ghters ff db former by ed fi “deradica- debate. c Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:49 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315387420, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315387420-4 inr.Sm eerhr,lk ou 21) atdt bno h ocp fradicalisa- antonym. of an concept as the deradicalisation abandon of to usefulness wanted the removing (2012), entirely, Borum tion like researchers, Some tioners. eea ednytwrsdvlpn rmcdebsdette oabodrrecruitment broader a to entities cadre-based from developing towards pattern. tendency general a run o h eiso h atradta h omrsol olne eue (Bjørgo in used directly be not longer no often should although former debate, the up that stirred and also latter 2008), the Horgan of merits and the for arguing di the over sage yMlis(00,mn ftejhdsso oa r nraigybcmn similar becoming increasingly are today Moreover, of conviction. jihadists ideological the by of profi driven many are (2010), in neo-Nazis Mullins or by jihadists argued all as not that and work, rme h enn hne vrtm,adwas and time, over changed meaning the grammes dooia ovcin tsol ermmee htporme htcnandself- contained need that not programmes does that activities remembered criminal be in should participation re It where conviction. groups, ideological jihadist from these gagement of several and gagement Fde n alci21) e,a lutae yEsiii hsbo Catr1) the 17), (Chapter book this in Elshimi by illustrated as of Yet, meaning 2015). exact Gallucci and (Feddes etdb pns xeine nte18s n esn ere rmohrmr recent more other from learned lessons and 1980s, the that in structures experiences eff and eff Spanish hierarchy such deradica- command by sabotage the opposing be to gested the to to used account are according be into individuals vary can take which should to to from have and contrast group engagement in can the de-nazi faith this and of The how ideology composition lised/disengaged. cases also on and focus some perhaps dynamics a but in group between behaviour, and balance a changing success, is just for There sub- politicised. wishes be relevant one could within studies; such programmes. such ongoing assess new hinder been for correctly urgency support actually to of for needed have sense are the debates needed perhaps programmes, and is these time disengagement caution of of and that fi many periods deradicalisation suggest longer Indeed, esti- of to over the example, rates. rates in preferring studies for success changes how was, criminology establish and and to rehabilitation demanding), classical trying (resource successful with time when how of success, of periods of long mates for measurement individuals the follow and tionalisation at swstecs ihmn ftedsusosi h at hs icsin will discussions these past, the the of in understanding discussions increased the to the in contribute of discussions but many these similar fully, with from mirror settled drew case clarity be practitioners not the conceptual and often over was researchers discussions As that Ongoing past. lessons past. the the and in identi dynamics, knowledge relevant in the gaps and neglected links neglected, lessons are There ftehsoi ato eaiaiainaddsnaeetporme.Yt h itr of history the Yet, programmes. disengagement and deradicalisation wider of past the historic the of lsfrmr hn10yas h aao sprasta h ihfrrpdprogress rapid for wish the that perhaps is paradox The years. 100 than more for elds fl orts. tcudb rudta hr r di are there that argued be could It ntefoseso h xaso,dsusosoe o omauescesfollowed success measure to how over discussions expansion, the of footsteps the In h itr ftewider the of history The cinadre and ection et ayo h rmnlprofi criminal the of many to le ff fi rnebetween erence lsrlvn o ieggmn n eaiaiaincngv scusa to as clues us give can deradicalisation and disengagement for relevant elds fl cino dniywr nipratpr frhbltto n desistance and rehabilitation of part important an were identity on ection “deradicalisation esn ogte n oisneglected? topics and forgotten Lessons “deradicalisation fi fi fi aineprec losget htdrdclsto n dis- and deradicalisation that suggests also experience cation l loilsrtshwdrdclsto n disengagement and deradicalisation how illustrates also eld ls o xml ewe rmnlrhbltto n disen- and rehabilitation criminal between example for elds, rs hmsdatwt yHne nti ok losug- also book, this in Hansen by with dealt themes orts, ” a o ul eovd n vnwti aiu pro- various within even and resolved, fully not was tgJreHansen Jarle Stig ff rne ewe rsn-a deradicalisation/disen- present-day between erences e agtdfrrhbltto nteps,with past, the in rehabilitation for targeted les 36 ” and ihsm researchers some with “disengagement”, fi ldwt e otx.Tediscussion The context. new with lled fl fi ecn practi- uencing db study a by ed fi l.Opera- eld. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:49 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315387420, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315387420-4 jro oe (1997) Tore. Bjørgo, O Edward Cheryl, (1966) Luckman. Bernard, Thomas and L. Peter Berger, atlm-uire,Rqe n rsiaRce-leoa (2006) Rechea-Alberola. Cristina and Raquel Bartolomé-Gutiérrez, al ihr .adDvdCry (1995) Curry. David and A. Richard Ball, ac,Rbr .(1980) W. Robert Balch, anrde ila .(1978) S. William Bainbridge, de The 4 mrcnPyharcAscain (2000) Association. Psychiatric American (2016) Bada. Díaz Javier and Rogelio Alonso, wider yaisadproa risvr,adta ehiust rn bu ieggmn and disengagement about bring no to is techniques simply that There vary. and to vary, have traits deradicalisation personal and dynamics h aese o h nrdcino h eaiiainpicpewsteso-called the was principle rehabilitation the of introduction the for watershed The 1 lno oei.(2011) Rogelio. Alonso, the of part a was Deradikaliserung Ag 7 both within active been have Bjørgo) Tore as (such theorists some Indeed, 5 onwards. 1945 from only but training, cadre towards emphasised reluctance also Americans The the end 3 the In 2 fi oet epae yrgoa n lblognstos sadesdb énr,Kuetand the Kaunert on Léonard, focus by of addressed volume. lack as various this the by organisations, in on perhaps global this Schindler is Singh and and address weakness regional and Botha to second by Yakubov, Nawab played A attempts Diallo, be world. book to the Chindea, East this role around Botha, South America, states Zeuthen, Outside and North of regions dynamics. and chapters local Europe the of East, including understanding Middle and the learned Asia, lessons of incorporation n20 pi anhdaohrshm,the scheme, another launched Spain 2007 In 6 sall ts uoe ihihigalre otnna uoenwl ode to will 2001). European (Robbins continental behaviour larger lematic a highlighting Europe, TZisl a enstu n20 sacodnto n oprto oyfrteGra agen- German the for body cooperation and coordination e a counterterrorism as in 2004 involved in institutions up tem- and set cies and been early had including itself GTAZ privileges, 987). prison 2016, for Bada return and in (Alonso organisation release porary the from themselves disengage 2004). Young and Hallsworth 2000; Gordon Principles a It Iraq to II War (2011) Goulka. Jeremiah aoAschehough. Tano Young ehd o De for Methods Conversion Press. California ahntn P ulsig 532. Publishing, APA Washington: onetroimadCutraiaiainIiitvsi Spain? in Initiatives Counterradicalization and Counterterrorism Terrorism with tinue 91) 982 39(11), tcudb rudta ehp h ao esnfo the from lesson major the perhaps that argued be could It ” fi l lutae oegp ntedsusosadsm ednistowards tendencies some and discussions the in gaps some illustrates eld icsin.Oesc ekesi h oefcso etr ttsadtelc of lack the and states western on focus sole the is weakness such One discussions. 44,323– 14(4), fi iinof nition ” rmlae yte17 ogeso h ainlPio Association. Prison National the of Congress 1870 the by promulgated ” – , ahntn ADCorporation. RAND Washington: , 1006. oilgclAnalysis Sociological fi ning “ 342. aitadRgtwn ilnei cniai,Pten,Prertr n Responses and Perpetrators Patterns, Scandinavia, in Violence Right-wing and Racist gangs ” “ , ‘Gangs “ h oTroit tp nlzn h T ebr bno rCon- or Abandon Members ETA Why Analyzing Stop? Terrorists Do Why tde nCon in Studies okn eidteSee naRlgosCl:Ipiain o h td of Study the for Implications Cult: Religious a in Scenes the behind Looking ” “ h atebhn h ie ..Pioe n eaneOeain rmWorld from Operations Detainee and Prisoner U.S. Wire, the behind Battle The deprogramming i oee raecnrvry(e aladCry19;Bon2000; Brown 1995; Curry and Ball (see controversy create however did onl,Ctei hrtn nrsVlaia,Evr oeo and Loredo, Elvira Villamizar, Andres Thurston, Catherin ’Connell, Satan ’” , Criminology ’ 12,137– 41(2), oe:ADvatPyhteayCult Psychotherapy Deviant A Power: s fl ocpsadpractices and Concepts h igotcadSaitclMna fMna iodr DM4) (DSM Disorders Mental of Manual Statistical and Diagnostic The c Terrorism & ict “ on one-errs Center” Counter-Terrorism Joint References “ ” h oi fDe of Logic The h oilCntuto fReality of Construction Social The 32,225– 33(2), 143. Notes emnl a rae nteUie ttsta in than States United the in greater was seemingly “ htRl aeFre T errssPae in Played Terrorists ETA Former Have Role What “ 37 acae scheme Nanclares ff rs e adadFud(2018). Fouad and Said See orts. 49,696 – 34(9), n size “one 245. fi fi iini rmnlg:Proe and Purposes Criminology: in nition erlgosgop sictn prob- inciting as groups religious ne 716. fi “ ” sall ts iln ot rusi Spain in Groups Youth Violent ” norgn T rsnr to prisoners ETA encouraging , , fi tde nCon in Studies a rnic:Uiest of University Francisco: San , l sta nenlgroup internal that is eld e,tehsoyo the of history the Yet, ”. e ok Penguin. York: New , fi GA)i eln The Berlin. in (GTAZ) elds. fl “ c Terrorism & ict elrto of Declaration n size “one Oslo: , ” , , Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 06:49 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781315387420, chapter3, 10.4324/9781315387420-4 odn oetM (2000) M. Robert Gordon, jro oeadJh ogn (2008) Horgan. John and Tore Bjørgo, arl,Jsp.(1977) Joseph. Damrell, (1883) R. 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