DOCSLIB.ORG

Muslim Integration

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Muslim Integration MMUSLIM IINTEGRATION:: CHALLENGING CONVENTIONAL WISDOM IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES AUTHORS : STEFFEN ANGENENDT PAUL M. BARRETT JONATHAN LAURENCE CERI PEACH JULIANNE SMITH TIM WINTER SEPTEMBER 2007 MUSLIM INTEGRATION 1 ABOUT THE CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) seeks to advance global security and prosperity in an era of economic and political transformation by providing strategi c insights and practical policy solut ions to decisionmakers. CSIS serves as a strategic planning partner for the government by conducting research and analysis and developing po licy initiatives that look into the future and anticipate change. Founded in 1962 by David M. Abshire and Admiral Arleigh Burke , CSIS is a bipartisan, nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C. with more than 220 full -time staff and a large network of affiliated experts . Former U.S. senator Sam Nunn became chairman of the CSIS Board of Trustees in 1999, and John J. Hamre has led CSIS as its president and chief executive o fficer since April 2000. ABOUT THE TRANSATLANTIC DIALOGUE ON TERRORISM The CSIS Transatlantic Dialogue on Terrorism (TDT) was launched in 2003 by the International Security Program and the Europe Program to promote an open and timely discourse between counterterrorism experts from across the United States and Europe. The transatlantic community’s experience with global terrorism since September 11, 2001 has presented complex and novel security challenges and new requirements for international cooperatio n. The Transatlantic Dialogue on Terrorism seeks to identify common counterterrorism priorities among its American and European participants and also highlight areas where consensus is lacking. The project’s format involves a series of closed roundtables , alternating between the United States and Europe, involving the leading researchers, intelligence and security professionals, academics and journalists in the field. © 2007 by the Center for Strategic and International Studies. All rights re served. 2 MUSLI M INTEGRATION TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface …... ……………………………… ………. …………………… ………... ……………………………… …………... 5 Muslim Population of Europe: A Brief Overview of Demographic Trends and Socioeconomic Integration, with Particular Reference to Britain by Ceri Peach …… ………………… …. ..... .................................. .............. 7 Islamism and Europe’s Muslims: Recent Trends by Tim Winter ……... ……… ……….. ………… ……….. 33 Muslims, Integration, and Security in Europe by Steffen Angenendt ….. …… ……….. ………… …………. 45 Islam and Citi zenship in Germany by Jonathan Laurence ……… ….. …………… ……….. ……… ………… 53 European Approaches to the Challenge of Radical Islam by Julianne Smith ……… ……….. ………….. 65 American Muslims and the Question of Assimilation by Paul M. Barrett ………… ……….. ……………. 75 CSIS TRANSATLANTIC DIALOGUE O N TERRORISM 3 4 MUSLI M INTEGRATION PREFACE While questions of Muslim assimilation and integration have long been a feature of scholarly debates in Europe about identity, religion, and politics, two events in 2004 catapulted such questions into policymaking cir cles and the mainstream media. The bombings in Madrid in March and the murder of the Dutch filmmaker, Theo van Gogh, in the Netherlands in November alerted the general public and the transatlantic community more broadly to the danger lurking in the shadows of increasingly disenfranchised and alienated Muslim populations inside Europe . Almost immediately after these two incidents occurred, high -level conferences were convened, special exposés on Europe’s “parallel societies” were written, and various policy initiatives were launched, all with the goal of strengthening the public’s and governments’ understanding of the challenges at hand. Since then, a number of assumptions about the size of the Muslim populations in Europe, their grievances, their sense of identity, and the degree to which elements of immigrant communities have embraced radical s entiments have begun to harden. Today, Europe’s “integration challenge” is often a core component of European or transatlantic discussions on terrorism an d the root s of radicalization. That theme also features prominently in political debates across the continent. In fact, it is hard to turn on the television or radio in Europe without stumbling on some form of commentary on this subject. As part of its ongoing Tr ansatlantic Dialogue on Terrorism, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, DC dedicated its seventh meeting in the series to Muslim integration and assimilation. In partnership with the Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SW P) in Berlin, Germany, CSIS hosted a two -day event entitled, “ The Transatlantic Dialogue on Muslims in Europe: Dealing with, and Looking Beyond, the Terrorist Threat .” The purpose of this meeting was to question and examine many of the conclusions that Europeans and Americans have drawn in recent years about the Muslim commun ities in their own societies. Is the often -cited figure of 20 million Muslims in Europe accurate? What about predictions that Muslims will outnumber non -Muslims in France by mid -cent ury? Is promoting interaction among religious groups the best way to integrate Muslim communities? Are our general characterizations of first and s econd generation Muslims true? Can Islam be re conciled with European values? Are American Muslims better inte grated than their European counterparts? In addition to hosting the two -day conference in Berlin , CSIS commissioned six papers – three by European authors and three by Americans. What follows is an edited c ollection of those six pieces. The findings are fascinating. Many of the papers reveal the sometimes shaky foundations upon which Europeans and Americans are crafting inte gration theories and policies. The papers also show that despite efforts to improve the West’s collective understanding of Islam and Muslim integration in American and European societies, many countries remain ill -equipped to deal with groups that define themselves in t erms of religious affiliation. As Paul Barrett, author of American Islam: The Struggle for the Soul of a Religion (2007) writes in his paper, “To better understand this complex reality, and to put ourselves in a position to encourage the more hopeful trends concerning Muslims, a careful sifting of what facts w e have is very much in order.” This collection of essays is one such attempt. The Transatlantic Dialogue on Terro rism owes many debts. In the last year, our principal funding came from the Robert Bosch Foundation, which has supported us generously and shared our belief that the work of the Dialogue is essenti al for building bridges between both leading researchers and institutions on both sides of the Atlantic. Daniel Benjamin, Director of the Center on the United States and Europe at T he Brookings Institution and co - creator of the Transatlantic Dialogue on T errorism during his tenure at CSIS as a Senior Fellow deserves special thanks for his substantive contributions, insight, and guidance througho ut the course of this project. This CSIS TRANSATLANTIC DIALOGUE O N TERRORISM 5 publication and the conference in Berlin would not have come to fruition with out his wealth of expertise on this particular issue. We are grateful as well to our conference partners: the Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP) in Germany, which hosted the Dialogue’s meeting in February in Berlin . In particularly, we would like to t hank Roderick Parkes for his assistance in making the Berlin conference a success. The conference surpassed our expectations, both in terms of the liveliness of exchange and the fruitfulness of ideas because of the SWP’s superb preparation and substantive contributions. At CSIS, we have also benefited from the strong support of our president and CEO, John Hamre . More members of the CSIS staff have contributed to the Dialogue than could possibly be mentioned, but one whose involvement has been critical is Na talia Filipiak, whose research, writing and logis tical support has been heroic. Derek Mix , Elizabeth Gray Simmons, and Niccolo Pantucci from the CSIS Europe Program also provided crucial editing and formatting support. Milena Staneva served as designer -in -chief of this publication and Clay Risen brought an exceptional editor’s eye to each chapter. We greatly appreciate all their assistance. Julianne Smith Director and Senior Fellow Europe Program, CSIS 6 MUSLI M INTEGRATION MUSLIM POPULATION OF EUROPE : A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS AND SOCIOECONOMIC INTEGRATION , WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO BRITAIN By Ceri Peach 1 Today the Muslim population of non -Russian Europe is about twenty -one million (Table 1). We do not know the pr ecise numbers because few European countries include census questions on religion, and statistics are inferred from different bases. Some keep statistics by citizenship, some by birthplace, some by ethnicity, and some by religion. France, for example, whic h keeps statistics neither by ethnicity nor religion, probably has the largest but least precisely known numbers. It is clear, however, that the European Muslim population is young and fast -growing, in a continent of aging people. 2 The recognition of th e rapidly growing Muslim population has come as a shock. The years from 1950 to 1973 saw a rapid growth of foreign labor in Western Europe. At first it was drawn from adjacent or nearby European countries: France from Spain, Portugal, and Italy;
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Islam and Muslim Life in Current Bavarian Geography Textbooks
    Review of International Geographical Education Online ©RIGEO 2016, 6 (1), 86-110 Research Article Copyright © RIGEO 2016 To cite this article: Zecha, S.; Popp, S.; Yaşar, A. (2016). Islam and Muslim Life in Current Bavarian Geography Textbooks. RIGEO, 6 (1), 86-110. Retrieved from http://www.rigeo.org/vol6no1/Number1Spring/RIGEO-V6-N1-5.pdf Submitted: December 19, 2015 / Revised: March 3, 2016 / Accepted: March 27, 2016 Islam and Muslim Life in Current Bavarian Geography Textbooks Stefanie ZECHA1 Catholic University Eichstätt, GERMANY Stephan POPP2 Vienna University, AUSTRIA Aysun YAŞAR3 Mustafa Kemal University, TURKEY Abstract This paper investigates the Islam and Muslim life in German textbooks. The study is based on the analysis of current Geography textbooks in Bavarian secondary schools. As a first step, the authors developed a system for objective analysis of the textbooks that structures the content in categories. In a second step, the authors used the qualitative method. One category system was developed to analyze the didactical quality of the illustration to the theme Islam and Muslim life another category system was developed to analyze the different aspects of Islam and Muslim life in textbooks. Quantitative analysis shows that the book authors use a variety of illustrations, but especially photos followed by maps. The quality is generally good. Three aspects were selected for qualitative analysis: Spatial representations of Islam, Islam as a religion and Muslim people in Germany. The spatial representation of Islam across the different textbooks is very diverse. Islam is usually not presented as a European phenomenon. The presentation of Islam as an oriental phenomenon risks propagating the idea that there is no other religious group in this area.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity in the City
    Marco Martiniello, Brigitte Piquard Diversity in the City HumanitarianNet Thematic Network on Humanitarian Development Studies Diversity in the City Diversity in the City Edited by Marco Martiniello Brigitte Piquard University of Liège University of Louvain 2002 University of Deusto Bilbao No part of this publication, including the cover design, may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by and means, whether electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, recording or photocopying, without prior permission or the publisher. Publication printed in ecological paper Illustration of front page: Xabi Otero © Universidad de Deusto Apartado 1 - 48080 Bilbao I.S.B.N.: 84-7485-789-9 Legal Deposit: BI - 349-02 Printed in Spain/Impreso en España Design by: IPAR, S. Coop. - Bilbao Printed by: Artes Gráficas Rontegui, S.A.L. Contents Preface . 9 Introduction Marco Martiniello (University of Liège) and Brigitte Piquard (University of Louvain) . 11 Ethnic diversity and the city Ceri Peach (University of Oxford) . 21 Citizenship and exclusion on Europe´s southern frontier: the case of El Ejido Almudena Garrido (University of Deusto) . 43 When de-segregation produces stigmatisation: ethnic minorities and urban policies in France Patrick Simon (Institut National d'Études Démographiques) . 61 The study of community development in the city. Diversity as a tool Ruth Soenen and Mac Verlot (University of Gent) . 95 The Latinisation of the United States: social inequalities and cultural obsessions James Cohen (University Paris-VIII) . 111 Western Europe in the Urban Gap Between Mobility and Migration Flows Barbara Verlic Christensen (University of Ljubljana) . 135 Diasporic identities and diasporic economies: the case of minority ethnic media Charles Husband (University of Bradford) .
    [Show full text]
  • White Flight in Networked Publics? How Race and Class Shaped American Teen Engagement with Myspace and Facebook.” in Race After the Internet (Eds
    CITATION: boyd, danah. (2011). “White Flight in Networked Publics? How Race and Class Shaped American Teen Engagement with MySpace and Facebook.” In Race After the Internet (eds. Lisa Nakamura and Peter A. Chow-White). Routledge, pp. 203-222. White Flight in Networked Publics? How Race and Class Shaped American Teen Engagement with MySpace and Facebook danah boyd Microsoft Research and HarVard Berkman Center for Internet and Society http://www.danah.org/ In a historic small town outside Boston, I interViewed a group of teens at a small charter school that included middle-class students seeking an alternative to the public school and poorer students who were struggling in traditional schools. There, I met Kat, a white 14-year-old from a comfortable background. We were talking about the social media practices of her classmates when I asked her why most of her friends were moVing from MySpace to Facebook. Kat grew noticeably uncomfortable. She began simply, noting that “MySpace is just old now and it’s boring.” But then she paused, looked down at the table, and continued. “It’s not really racist, but I guess you could say that. I’m not really into racism, but I think that MySpace now is more like ghetto or whatever.” – Kat On that spring day in 2007, Kat helped me finally understand a pattern that I had been noticing throughout that school year. Teen preference for MySpace or 1 Feedback welcome! [email protected] CITATION: boyd, danah. (2011). “White Flight in Networked Publics? How Race and Class Shaped American Teen Engagement with MySpace and Facebook.” In Race After the Internet (eds.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Resilience & Confronting Risk In
    BUILDING RESILIENCE & CONFRONTING RISK IN THE COVID-19 ERA A PARENTS & CAREGIVERS GUIDE TO ONLINE RADICALIZATION POLARIZATION AND EXTREMISM RESEARCH AND INNOVATION LAB (PERIL) PERIL brings the resources and expertise of the university sector to bear CONTENTS on the problem of growing youth polarization and extremist radicalization, through scalable research, intervention, and public education ideas to PARENT & CAREGIVER GUIDE 3 reduce rising polarization and hate. WHAT IS ONLINE RADICALIZATION? WHY SHOULD YOU CARE? 4 SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER NEW RISKS IN THE COVID-19 ERA 5 The SPLC seeks to be a catalyst for racial justice in the South and RECOGNIZING WARNING SIGNS 6 beyond, working in partnership with communities to dismantle white UNDERSTANDING THE DRIVERS 7 supremacy, strengthen intersectional movements, and advance the ENGAGE AND EMPOWER 9 human rights of all people. RESPONDING TO HATE 11 HOW TO GET HELP 12 APPENDIX: STAYING ALERT TO SITES, PLATFORMS AND APPS FREQUENTLY EXPLOITED BY EXTREMISTS 17 ENDNOTES 19 CREDITS 20 ILLUSTRATIONS BY CLAUDIA WHITAKER PARENT & CAREGIVER GUIDE Who is this guide for? We wrote this guide with a wide Whether you live with a young person, or work virtually range of caregivers in mind. with youth, radicalization to extremism is something we all should be concerned about. Extremists looking Caregivers living with children and young adults. This to recruit and convert children are predatory. Like all includes parents, grandparents, foster parents, extended forms of child exploitation, extremist recruitment drives families, and residential counselors who are the a wedge between young people and the adults they would guardians and caregivers of children and youth living typically trust.
    [Show full text]
  • Muslims and Community Cohesion in Bradford
    Muslims and community cohesion in Bradford July 2010 Yunas Samad The research investigated factors that either enhanced or undermined community cohesion in two local wards in Bradford, where there were established Muslim communities and where Muslim migrants had recently arrived. Even though the fieldwork was conducted in early 2006 the findings remain relevant to contemporary debates on social policy. This publication is an additional output from a larger study funded by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation on Immigration, faith and cohesion: Evidence from local areas with significant Muslim populations, with fieldwork conducted in three sites – Birmingham, Newham and Bradford. The study covers: • Research method and sample characteristics; • Spaces and interactions; • Help and support: bonding and bridging networks; • Political and civic involvement; • Transnational engagement, community and belonging; • Attitudes of policy-makers and service providers. www.jrf.org.uk Contents Executive summary 2 1 Introduction 5 2 Research method and sample characteristics 11 3 Spaces and interactions 19 4 Help and support: bonding and bridging networks 26 5 Political and civic involvement 31 6 Transnational engagement, community and belonging 37 7 Attitudes of policy-makers and service providers 44 8 Conclusion 48 Notes 50 References 51 Acknowledgements 53 Contents Executive summary Community cohesion is the centrepiece of the on Immigration, faith and cohesion: Evidence from government policy which was formulated in local areas with significant Muslim populations
    [Show full text]
  • Discussion Guide for Educators
    DISCUSSION GUIDE FOR EDUCATORS Guide by Valeria Brown, MEd Beacon Press | beacon.org/whitefragility WHY SHOULD EDUCATORS READ WHITE FRAGILITY? White Fragility is a must-read for all educators because racial disparities in access and opportunity continue to be an urgent issue in our schools. An educator’s belief system can and does significantly impact how they approach teaching and learning.1 Therefore, in a school system in which the teaching population remains primarily white and the student population continues to become more racially diverse, it is necessary for ed- ucators to develop the skills to engage in conversations about bias, race, and racism—especially their own.2 Additionally, despite an educator’s best efforts, it is impossible to shield students from the hate-based violence they are exposed to on a national level. A report by the Southern Poverty Law Center, found that the rhetoric used by Donald Trump and his supporters, before and during the presidential campaign, had a significant impact on school climate.3 Teachers reported an increase in verbal harassment of students, the use of slurs and derogatory language, and instances involving swastikas, Nazi salutes, and Confederate flags. Eight in ten teachers reported heightened anxiety from students in marginalized groups, including immigrants, Muslims, African Americans, and LGBTQ youth. Each month, Teaching Tolerance, a project of SPLC, tracks and publishes hate incidents at US schools. The latest report, from November 2018, found that there were 59 reported incidents in classrooms, at school events, and on social media.4 Regrettably, stu- dents are living with hate in their midst at school, too, and it is imperative that educators take action.
    [Show full text]
  • Religious Legacies and the Politics of Multiculturalism: a Comparative Analysis of Integration Policies in Western Democracies
    RELIGIOUS LEGACIES AND THE POLITICS OF MULTICULTURALISM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATION POLICIES IN WESTERN DEMOCRACIES Michael Minkenberg Europa-Universitaet Viadrina 2007-1 About the Matthew B. Ridgway Center The Matthew B. Ridgway Center for International Security Studies at the University of Pittsburgh is dedicated to producing original and impartial analysis that informs policymakers who must confront diverse challenges to international and human security. Center programs address a range of security concerns—from the spread of terrorism and technologies of mass destruction to genocide, failed states, and the abuse of human rights in repressive regimes. The Ridgway Center is affiliated with the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs (GSPIA) and the University Center for International Studies (UCIS), both at the University of Pittsburgh. The Ford Institute for Human Security is a constituent unit of the Ridgway Center. This working paper is a product of the Ford Institute for Human Security’s working group on “Immigration, Integration and Security: Europe and America in Comparative Perspective,” co-chaired by Ariane Chebel d’Appollonia and Simon Reich. This paper and the working group that produced it were made possible by a generous grant from the Ford Foundation to the Ridgway Center on The Determinants of Security Policy in the 21st Century, Grant # 1050-1036. Introduction Landmark events of global significance have repeatedly raised issues of policy convergence or divergence across nation states, as well as continuity or stability across time, or a combination of both. This is particularly true for events such as the end of the Cold War, 9/11, the area of immigration and integration policies, the politics of citizenship and multiculturalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Piercing the Religious Veil of the So-Called Cults Joey Peter Moore
    Pepperdine Law Review Volume 7 | Issue 3 Article 6 4-15-1980 Piercing the Religious Veil of the So-Called Cults Joey Peter Moore Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/plr Part of the First Amendment Commons, and the Religion Law Commons Recommended Citation Joey Peter Moore Piercing the Religious Veil of the So-Called Cults , 7 Pepp. L. Rev. 3 (1980) Available at: http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/plr/vol7/iss3/6 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Law at Pepperdine Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pepperdine Law Review by an authorized administrator of Pepperdine Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Piercing the Religious Veil of the So-Called Cults Since the horror of Jonestown, religious cults have been a frequent sub- ject of somewhat speculative debate. Federal and state governments, and private groups alike have undertaken exhaustive studies of these "cults" in order to monitor and sometimes regulate their activities, and to publicize their often questionable tenets and practices. The author offers a compre- hensive overview of these studies, concentrating on such areas as recruit- ment, indoctrination, deprogramming, fund raising, and tax exemption and evasion. Additionally, the author summarizes related news events and profiles to illustrate these observations,and to provide the stimulusfor further thought and analysis as to the impact these occurrences may have on the future of religion and religiousfreedom. I. INTRODUCTION An analysis of public opinion would likely reveal that the exist- ence of religious cults' is a relatively new phenomenon, but his- torians, social scientists and students of religion alike are quick to point out that such groups, though cyclical in nature, have simi- 2 larly prospered and have encountered adversity for centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Nathaniel Mullen 1 Black in Her Book Playing in the Dark Toni Morrison
    nathaniel mullen 1 black In her book Playing In The Dark Toni Morrison states, “It was not that this slave population had a distinctive color; it was that this color “meant” something”(Morrison 49). What does that something mean? As Africans were brought to the Americas they became black people, Africans existed long before black people. Black is more than a reference to the skin color of the Africans; it is a system of ideas that are used to define the Africans and their descendents in America, but today the latter, is all too often overlooked. In an interview for his exhibition Black Like Me Fred Wilson says, “ the color black is really not anybody’s skin tone. It’s become a way to view the world, and a way to view the world in terms of color”(Wilson 12). Growing up in America, this way of seeing or thinking is ingrained in us from childhood, without our knowing. It is seemingly silent and invisible, but the ideas about black control so much of how we live our. In this work, I want to make this system visible. I am using traditional photography as a way to visualize black. This is much more than a medium choice, photography has shaped much of my approach to the subject. The technical and historical aspect of photography gives me a place to begin. As black first started to transform in my mind from just a racial identity into more complex ideas, it first became darkness. As I began to see it, black was when it is so dark that there is no difference between when you open or close your eyes; with photography I would be able to capture this black, nathaniel mullen 2 itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Hans Christian Jasch
    STATE-DIALOGUE IN ITALY AND GERMANY FOR PROMOTING INTEGRATION OF MUSLIMS. Italy and Germany are following the example of other EU-countries and have started to establish a dialogue between the state and Muslim communities in order to promote integration. The objective of these initiatives is to develop joint and commonly owned solutions with representatives of Muslim communities, and to strengthen the moderate voices with a view to preventing radicalization. Due to divisions within and the heterogeneity of the Muslim minorities in both countries it has so far not been possible to establish single Muslim representations with genuinely representative organs. Therefore both initiatives in Italy and Germany followed a top-down approach with the Ministers of Interior carefully selecting the members of these Councils and thus establishing a forum of state- dialogue for the first time. The future will show whether this policy is successful. Hans-Christian Jasch* * The author is a Government Councillor in the German Federal Ministry of the Interior and spent 2005/6 as a fellow of the Robert-Bosch-Foundation-Bellevue-Programme in Rome in the cabinet of the Italian Minister of the Interior. Currently he is working for) the Cabinet of Vice-President of the EU-Commission and Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and Security, Franco Frattini, in Brussels. This article reflects only the private opinion of the author. While the presence of Muslims in Western Europe often relates to the era of colonial rule – especially Britain and France experienced significant
    [Show full text]
  • The Religious Identity of Young Muslim Women in Berlin Muslim Minorities
    The Religious Identity of Young Muslim Women in Berlin Muslim Minorities Editors Jørgen S. Nielsen, University of Copenhagen Felice Dassetto, University of Louvain-la-Neuve Aminah McCloud, DePaul University, Chicago VOLUME 14 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/mumi The Religious Identity of Young Muslim Women in Berlin An Ethnographic Study By Synnøve K.N. Bendixsen LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the prevailing CC-BY-NC License at the time of publication, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched (KU). KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality content Open Access for the public good. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. Financial support was received from The Research Council of Norway (NFR) and from Uni, Stein Rokkan Centre for Social Studies, Norway. Cover illustration: Graffiti on wall, Lausitzer Strasse, Kreuzberg. Photo provided by Synnøve Bendixsen. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bendixsen, Synnøve K.N. The religious identity of young Muslim women in Berlin : an ethnographic study / by Synnøve K.N. Bendixsen. p. cm. -- (Muslim minorities ; v. 14) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-22116-1 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-25131-1 (e-book) 1. Muslim women--Relgious life--Germany--Berlin.
    [Show full text]
  • False Imprisonment, Religious Cults, and the Destruction of Volitional Capacity
    Valparaiso University Law Review Volume 25 Number 3 Spring 1991 pp.407-454 Spring 1991 He Who Controls the Mind Controls the Body: False Imprisonment, Religious Cults, and the Destruction of Volitional Capacity Laura B. Brown Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/vulr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Laura B. Brown, He Who Controls the Mind Controls the Body: False Imprisonment, Religious Cults, and the Destruction of Volitional Capacity, 25 Val. U. L. Rev. 407 (1991). Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/vulr/vol25/iss3/4 This Notes is brought to you for free and open access by the Valparaiso University Law School at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Valparaiso University Law Review by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. Brown: He Who Controls the Mind Controls the Body: False Imprisonment, NOTES HE WHO CONTROLS THE MIND CONTROLS THE BODY: FALSE IMPRISONMENT, RELIGIOUS CULTS, AND THE DESTRUCTION OF VOLITIONAL CAPACITY The pressures and stresses of life in modem society can overwhelm all of us at times. The competing demands on time and financial resources created by marriage, family, and career responsibilities are becoming increasingly difficult to balance. I At one time or another, each of us may secretly wish that our lives were less stressful and demanding. 2 At such times, we might be tempted to abandon pressing responsibilities to explore an alternative lifestyle.3 Yet, few of us would be willing to give up our ability to choose to return to our former lives as part of the bargain.
    [Show full text]