DOCSLIB.ORG

Prison Staff: Overworked and Underpaid?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

GLOBAL PRISON TRENDS GLOBAL PRISON TRENDS 2016 SPECIAL FOCUS Pull-out section Prison staff: overworked and underpaid? Penal Reform International | Global Prison Trends 2016 | 1 Global Prison Trends 2016 This publication may be freely Penal Reform International reviewed, abstracted, reproduced Email: [email protected] PRI would like to thank Rob Allen for and translated, in part or in whole, Twitter: @PenalReformInt authoring this report. This report also but not for sale or for use in draws on the expertise of contributors www.penalreform.org conjunction with commercial to our expert guest blog series purposes. Any changes to the text ISBN: 978-1-909521-54-4 (http://www.penalreform.org/blog/), of this publication must be approved in particular: Luciana Pol (Center for First published in May 2016. by Penal Reform International. Due Legal and Social Studies, Argentina), © Penal Reform International 2016 credit must be given to Penal Reform Laura Maiello and Stephen Carter International and to this publication. Graphic design by Alex Valy. (CGL Companies) and Bruno Min, Enquiries should be addressed to (www.alexvalydesign.co.uk) Fair Trials. [email protected]. Cover photo: A prison guard closes This document was produced with the main gate, Chichiri prison, Malawi. financial assistance from the UK Photo by Luca Sola and used with Government and from the Evan kind permission. (www.lucasola.com) Cornish Foundation. Its contents are the sole responsibility of Penal Reform International and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the UK Government or the Evan Cornish Foundation. Penal Reform International We promote alternatives to prison We currently have programmes in (PRI) is an independent which support the rehabilitation of the Middle East and North Africa, non-governmental organisation offenders, and promote the right Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, that develops and promotes of detainees to fair and humane Central Asia and the South Caucasus, fair, effective and proportionate treatment. We campaign for the and work with partners in South Asia. responses to criminal justice prevention of torture and the abolition To receive our monthly e-newsletter, problems worldwide. of the death penalty, and we work to please sign up at ensure just and appropriate responses www.penalreform.org/keep-informed. to children and women who come into contact with the law. CONTENTS Contents Foreword 5 1. Introduction 6 2. The role of imprisonment 8 3. Trends in the use of imprisonment 10 Pre-trial detention 10 Sentenced prisoners 12 Drug-related offences 13 4. Prison populations 16 Women 16 Children and young persons 18 Elderly prisoners 19 Foreign national prisoners, minorities and Indigenous peoples 20 Health issues 22 5. Prison management 23 Tackling overcrowding 23 Privatisation and use of resources 25 Security issues and violence 26 Fragile and conflict-affected states 26 Radicalisation 27 Food in prisons 28 Corruption 29 Solitary confinement, isolation and segregation 31 Preparing prisoners for release 31 Independent monitoring and inspection 32 6. Role and use of technologies 33 7. Alternatives to prison 34 Conclusions and recommendations 36 CENTREFOLD Special focus 2016 (pull-out section) Prison staff: overworked and underpaid? International standards 2 Prisoner-staff ratios 2 Recruitment and retention 3 Training 4 Working conditions 4 Safety, security and health 5 Penal Reform International | Global Prison Trends 2016 | 3 FOREWORD “It is behind the walls of … places of detention that international commitments by Governments to respect … human rights are perhaps most regularly put to the test.” Vellore Central Prison, India. © Andrea Huber 2014 4 | Penal Reform International | Global Prison Trends 2016 FOREWORD Foreword The human rights of prisoners are violence becomes more difficult to in the first place. Achieving a topic that typically elicits limited prevent – exposing many prisoners to this goal will require more systemic public attention and even less public serious physical and sometimes sexual reforms to national criminal justice sympathy. But it is behind the walls assault. The situation has become so systems – including greater use of of prisons, police cells and other acute that the UN Special Rapporteur parole, non-custodial sentences and places of detention that international on torture has described conditions other alternatives to incarceration, commitments by Governments to in some prisons as amounting to reduced use of pre-trial detention, respect, protect and fulfil human rights inhuman and degrading treatment and sustained investment in education, are perhaps most regularly put to or even torture. A 2015 report by the rehabilitation and reintegration of the test. United Nations High Commissioner ex-prisoners into society. Special for Human Rights urged countries measures are also needed to reduce According to the United Nations Office to commit to a series of steps aimed imprisonment of women and children, on Drugs and Crime, at any one time at ending over-incarceration and and protect those for whom prison more than 10 million people around overcrowding, and guaranteeing is unavoidable. the world are being held in prison respect for the inherent dignity of and other places of detention – only The report before you presents an all detainees. about a third of them in connection important snapshot of the state of with violent crime. That includes an Improving conditions in prisons is detention globally and related trends. estimated one million children, as key to both improving outcomes It draws on a multitude of sources well as more than 700,000 women – for prisoners and creating safer from across government, UN agencies, a number that’s growing far more communities. In December 2015, civil society and academia to produce quickly than the general prison the United Nations General Assembly a compelling, nuanced analysis of population. Excessive use of pre-trial unanimously adopted the Nelson the factors fuelling incarceration, the detention combined with delays in Mandela Rules – a revised set of impact on the individuals concerned the judicial process means that more international minimum standards on and the measures needed in order than three million people are being the treatment of prisoners. The new to improve outcomes – for people in held on remand, awaiting trial – in standards have been strengthened conflict with the law, their families and many cases in connection with minor in several respects, including by the communities. It deserves to be widely theft-related charges. inclusion of an absolute prohibition read not just by policymakers in the on torture and ill-treatment of criminal justice sector but by anyone Inevitably, global numbers mask prisoners, much more specific with a commitment to human rights, dramatic differences at the national provisions on solitary confinement, justice and the rule of law. level, with steady declines in prison and a commitment to provide all populations in some countries offset Charles Radcliffe prisoners with the same standard of by steep increases in others, creating health care available in the community. Chief, Global Issues & Intergovernmental serious problems of overcrowding. Their adoption was accompanied by Affairs, United Nations Human Rights The number of prisoners now exceeds Office, New York. an acknowledgement by many States official prison capacity in 116 countries that much more needs to be done to – in 21 of these countries it is even close the gap between the standards between double and quadruple enshrined in the Mandela Rules and official capacity. the reality for those in custody in As a result, detainees are too often prisons around the world. crowded into small, insanitary cells, It is also important – from the denied access to adequate food perspective of both human rights and and water, as well as to recreation, sustainable development – to reduce education and rehabilitation. With the number of people going to prison staffing stretched thin, inter-prisoner Penal Reform International | Global Prison Trends 2016 | 5 INTRODUCTION PART ONE Sustainable development Introduction goals and criminal justice This second edition of Global Prison • insufficient measures to prevent The number of people behind Trends looks at some of the key crime, in particular youth crime; bars, whether on remand or developments in prison policy and • excessive use of pre-trial detention; serving sentences, has increased practice since the first edition was in most countries over the last • lack of access to legal advice and published.1 2015 has seen a number 20 years, placing an enormous assistance; of important milestones at the global financial burden on governments level including: • punitive criminal justice policies and and at great cost to the social inappropriate use of imprisonment; cohesion of societies. In many • The adoption by the United Nations countries, criminal justice systems • scarce use of alternatives to (UN) of the 2030 Agenda for are unfair and discriminatory. imprisonment; Sustainable Development, including Instead of protecting society a requirement for states to, ‘Promote • insufficient measures to promote from crime while safeguarding peaceful and inclusive societies for social reintegration; the rights of those accused or convicted, they can cause, drive sustainable development, provide • inadequate prison management and deepen poverty and hinder access to justice for all and build and infrastructure;
Recommended publications
  • Prisons Are Violent Are Prisons Why Violence of Amount the Assaults Sexual Rioting Coping Mature Story the of 7.3

    Prisons Are Violent Are Prisons Why Violence of Amount the Assaults Sexual Rioting Coping Mature Story the of 7.3

    CHAPTER 7 Prisons Introduction: The State of Prisons 108 Gangs and the Prison Subculture 120 Prison Organizations 109 Violence 122 Classification 109 Why Prisons Are Violent 122 Comparative Perspective: Canada’s The Amount of Violence 123 Debate Regarding Social Support Sexual Assaults 123 Programming Versus More Prisons 109 Rioting 124 Prison Types and Levels 110 Mature Coping 125 In Focus 7.1. Alcatraz, the In Focus 7.3. The Story of United States’ First Supermax 111 Wilbert Rideau 126 Attributes of the Prison That Shape the Special Populations 127 Experience 115 The Elderly and the Physically and Total Institutions, Mortification, Mentally Ill 127 Importation, Prisonization 115 Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Pains of Imprisonment 116 Transgender Inmates 129 The Prison Subculture 118 Summary 130 In Focus 7.2. Inmate Roles Identified Key Terms 131 by Sykes (1958) and Sykes and Discussion Questions 131 Messinger (1960) 119 Useful Internet Sites 131 v Introduction: The State of Prisons It has become axiomatic to say that correctional programs and institutions are overcrowded, underfunded, and unfocused these days. As the drug war rages on and as mandatory sentencing has its effect, probation and parole caseloads and incarceration rates spiral past any semblance of control. As a consequence, though spending on corrections has steadily, and steeply, climbed over the last several years, it is nearly impossible for most states and localities to meet the needs for programs, staff, and institutions. So they do not. As a consequence, the corrections experience for offenders is shaped by shortages. 108 Chapter 7 v Prisons 109 But, as has been discussed already in this text, this has always been somewhat true.
  • BEHIND the WALLS a Look at Conditions in Thailand's Prisons

    BEHIND the WALLS a Look at Conditions in Thailand's Prisons

    BEHIND THE WALLS A look at conditions in Thailand’s prisons after the coup February 2017 / N° 688a February Cover photo: A prison officer stands guard with a baton in the sleeping quarters of Bangkok’s Klong Prem Prison on 9 August 2002. © Stephen Shaver / AFP TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Executive summary 4 II. International and domestic legal framework 6 International legal framework 6 Domestic legal framework 7 III. UN human rights bodies censure Thailand over prison conditions 9 IV. Thailand’s unenviable prison record 10 System overview 10 1. Sixth highest prison population in the world, highest prison population in ASEAN 12 2. Occupancy levels show overpopulated prisons 12 3. Highest incarceration rate among ASEAN countries 13 4. High percentage of prisoners jailed for drug-related crimes 13 5. High percentage of prisoners under death sentence convicted of drug-related crimes 14 6. World’s highest incarceration rate of women 15 7. Sizeable pre-trial and remand prison population 16 V. Sub-standard prison conditions 17 Restrictions on access to prisons 17 Case studies: The Central Women’s Correctional Institution and the Bangkok Remand Prison 18 Overcrowded dormitories, cramped sleeping space 20 Insufficient water, sanitation 22 “Terrible” food, dirty drinking water 23 Medical care: “Two-minute doctors”, paracetamol 24 Exploitative prison labor 25 Visits to prisoners cut short, correspondence censored 27 Prisoners who complain face retaliation 27 Punishment could amount to torture 28 Post-coup conditions: Increased restrictions 29 VI. 11th Army Circle base: Prison junta-style 30 Dozens of civilians detained 31 Independent access denied 31 Two deaths within two weeks 33 Torture, ill-treatment of inmates feared 34 VII.
  • Human Cattle: Prison Overpopulation and the Political Economy of Mass Incarceration

    Human Cattle: Prison Overpopulation and the Political Economy of Mass Incarceration

    Themis: Research Journal of Justice Studies and Forensic Science Volume 4 Article 3 5-10-2016 Human Cattle: Prison Overpopulation and the Political Economy of Mass Incarceration Peter Hanna San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/themis Part of the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Hanna, Peter (2016) "Human Cattle: Prison Overpopulation and the Political Economy of Mass Incarceration," Themis: Research Journal of Justice Studies and Forensic Science: Vol. 4 , Article 3. https://doi.org/10.31979/THEMIS.2016.0403 https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/themis/vol4/iss1/3 This Peer-Reviewed Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Justice Studies at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Themis: Research Journal of Justice Studies and Forensic Science by an authorized editor of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Human Cattle: Prison Overpopulation and the Political Economy of Mass Incarceration Abstract This paper examines the costs and impacts of prison overpopulation and mass incarceration on individuals, families, communities, and society as a whole. We start with an overview of the American prison system and the costs of maintaining it today, and move on to an account of the historical background of the prison system to provide context for the discussions later in this paper. This paper proceeds to go into more detail about the financial and social costs of mass incarceration, concluding that the costs of the prison system outweigh its benefits. This paper will then discuss the stigma and stereotypes associated with prison inmates that are formed and spread through mass media.
  • White Collar Criminality: a Prediction Model Judith M

    White Collar Criminality: a Prediction Model Judith M

    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1991 White collar criminality: a prediction model Judith M. Collins Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Industrial and Organizational Psychology Commons, Personality and Social Contexts Commons, Social Psychology Commons, and the Social Psychology and Interaction Commons Recommended Citation Collins, Judith M., "White collar criminality: a prediction model " (1991). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 9607. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/9607 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
  • Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice

    Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice

    Georgetown University Law Center Scholarship @ GEORGETOWN LAW 2015 Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice Allegra M. McLeod Georgetown University Law Center, [email protected] This paper can be downloaded free of charge from: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1490 http://ssrn.com/abstract=2625217 62 UCLA L. Rev. 1156-1239 (2015) This open-access article is brought to you by the Georgetown Law Library. Posted with permission of the author. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminal Procedure Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons Prison Abolition and Grounded Justice Allegra M. McLeod EVIEW R ABSTRACT This Article introduces to legal scholarship the first sustained discussion of prison LA LAW LA LAW C abolition and what I will call a “prison abolitionist ethic.” Prisons and punitive policing U produce tremendous brutality, violence, racial stratification, ideological rigidity, despair, and waste. Meanwhile, incarceration and prison-backed policing neither redress nor repair the very sorts of harms they are supposed to address—interpersonal violence, addiction, mental illness, and sexual abuse, among others. Yet despite persistent and increasing recognition of the deep problems that attend U.S. incarceration and prison- backed policing, criminal law scholarship has largely failed to consider how the goals of criminal law—principally deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and retributive justice—might be pursued by means entirely apart from criminal law enforcement. Abandoning prison-backed punishment and punitive policing remains generally unfathomable. This Article argues that the general reluctance to engage seriously an abolitionist framework represents a failure of moral, legal, and political imagination.
  • Medical Care Provided in State Prisons – Study of the Costs

    Medical Care Provided in State Prisons – Study of the Costs

    Medical Care Provided in State Prisons – Study of the Costs Joint Commission on Health Care October 5, 2016 Meeting Stephen Weiss Senior Health Policy Analyst 2 Study Background • By letter to the JCHC Chair, Delegate Kory requested that the Commission: ▫ Study medical care provided in State prisons Specifically, study or evaluate the costs to the state for prisoner medical care provided by the Commonwealth while inmates are incarcerated, especially costs for pharmaceutical products • The Study was approved by the JCHC members during the May 26, 2016 work plan meeting 3 Virginia Department of Corrections (VADOC) Legal Obligation to Provide Health Care to Offenders By law VADOC is required to provide adequate health care to incarcerated offenders (U.S. Const. Amend. VIII; §53.1-32, Code of Virginia). Adequate health care was defined by the United States Supreme Court beginning in 1976 (Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 97 S.Ct. 285). The definition encompasses the idea of providing incarcerated offenders with a “community standard” of care that includes a full range of services. The courts identified three rights to health care for incarcerated offenders: • The right to have access to care; • The right to have care that is ordered by a health care professional • The right to professional medical judgment* On July 12, 2012 a class action lawsuit was filed in federal court against VADOC over medical care at Fluvanna Correctional Center for Women. The lawsuit was settled through a Memorandum of Understanding on November 25, 2014. The settlement agreement was approved by the court in February 2016. The agreement includes the hiring of a compliance monitor and continued court supervision of the agreement.
  • Aging in Prison a Human Rights Problem We Must Fix

    Aging in Prison a Human Rights Problem We Must Fix

    Aging in prison A human rights problem we must fix Photo: Nikki Khan THE AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE Prison Watch Project Developed by Mary Ann Cool, Bonnie Kerness, Jehanne Henry, Jean Ross, Esq., AFSC student interns Kelsey Wimmershoff and Rachel Frome, and those people inside who gave this issue voice and vision 1 Table of contents 1. Overview 3 2. Testimonials 6 3. Preliminary recommendations for New Jersey 11 4. Acknowledgements 13 2 Overview The population of elderly prisoners is on the rise The number and percentage of elderly prisoners in the United States has grown dramatically in past decades. In the year 2000, prisoners age 55 and older accounted for 3 percent of the prison population. Today, they are about 16 percent of that population. Between 2007 and 2010, the number of prisoners age 65 and older increased by an alarming 63 percent, compared to a 0.7 percent increase of the overall prison population. At this rate, prisoners 55 and older will approach one-third of the total prison population by the year 2030.1 What accounts for this rise in the number of elderly prisoners? The rise in the number of older people in prisons does not reflect an increased crime rate among this population. Rather, the driving force for this phenomenon has been the “tough on crime” policies adopted throughout the prison system, from sentencing through parole. In recent decades, state and federal legislators have increased the lengths of sentences through mandatory minimums and three- strikes laws, increased the number of crimes punished with life and life-without-parole and made some crimes ineligible for parole.
  • Building Resilience & Confronting Risk In

    Building Resilience & Confronting Risk In

    BUILDING RESILIENCE & CONFRONTING RISK IN THE COVID-19 ERA A PARENTS & CAREGIVERS GUIDE TO ONLINE RADICALIZATION POLARIZATION AND EXTREMISM RESEARCH AND INNOVATION LAB (PERIL) PERIL brings the resources and expertise of the university sector to bear CONTENTS on the problem of growing youth polarization and extremist radicalization, through scalable research, intervention, and public education ideas to PARENT & CAREGIVER GUIDE 3 reduce rising polarization and hate. WHAT IS ONLINE RADICALIZATION? WHY SHOULD YOU CARE? 4 SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER NEW RISKS IN THE COVID-19 ERA 5 The SPLC seeks to be a catalyst for racial justice in the South and RECOGNIZING WARNING SIGNS 6 beyond, working in partnership with communities to dismantle white UNDERSTANDING THE DRIVERS 7 supremacy, strengthen intersectional movements, and advance the ENGAGE AND EMPOWER 9 human rights of all people. RESPONDING TO HATE 11 HOW TO GET HELP 12 APPENDIX: STAYING ALERT TO SITES, PLATFORMS AND APPS FREQUENTLY EXPLOITED BY EXTREMISTS 17 ENDNOTES 19 CREDITS 20 ILLUSTRATIONS BY CLAUDIA WHITAKER PARENT & CAREGIVER GUIDE Who is this guide for? We wrote this guide with a wide Whether you live with a young person, or work virtually range of caregivers in mind. with youth, radicalization to extremism is something we all should be concerned about. Extremists looking Caregivers living with children and young adults. This to recruit and convert children are predatory. Like all includes parents, grandparents, foster parents, extended forms of child exploitation, extremist recruitment drives families, and residential counselors who are the a wedge between young people and the adults they would guardians and caregivers of children and youth living typically trust.
  • Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders

    Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders

    Introductory Handbook on The Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES Cover photo: © Rafael Olivares, Dirección General de Centros Penales de El Salvador. UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES UNITED NATIONS Vienna, 2018 © United Nations, December 2018. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. Preface The first version of the Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders, published in 2012, was prepared for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) by Vivienne Chin, Associate of the International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy, Canada, and Yvon Dandurand, crimi- nologist at the University of the Fraser Valley, Canada. The initial draft of the first version of the Handbook was reviewed and discussed during an expert group meeting held in Vienna on 16 and 17 November 2011.Valuable suggestions and contributions were made by the following experts at that meeting: Charles Robert Allen, Ibrahim Hasan Almarooqi, Sultan Mohamed Alniyadi, Tomris Atabay, Karin Bruckmüller, Elias Carranza, Elinor Wanyama Chemonges, Kimmett Edgar, Aida Escobar, Angela Evans, José Filho, Isabel Hight, Andrea King-Wessels, Rita Susana Maxera, Marina Menezes, Hugo Morales, Omar Nashabe, Michael Platzer, Roberto Santana, Guy Schmit, Victoria Sergeyeva, Zhang Xiaohua and Zhao Linna.
  • May 2013 Prison Break

    May 2013 Prison Break

    Prison Break Correctional Liability Update May 2013 Housing Gang Members Together: Can a Blood and a Crip Just Get Along? By Susan E. Coleman Inmates who are assaulted by other inmates, whether cell mates, co- workers, or inmates on the yard, often sue prison administrators for failing to protect them. After all, the Eighth Amendment has been interpreted by the courts to include a duty to protect prisoners. However, a vague risk of harm simply because prisons are violent places which house dangerous criminals is not enough to create liability; something more specific is required. In the case of Labatad v. Corrections Corporation of America, et al, decided on May 1, 2013, the Ninth Circuit found that even housing rival gang members together was insufficient under the circumstances to find that defendants were deliberately indifferent. Labatad, a State of Hawaii inmate incarcerated at the Saguaro Correctional Center, operated by the Corrections Corporation of America Susan E. (“CCA”), was assaulted by his cellmate in July 2009. Naturally, Labatad Coleman is sued CCA for failing to protect him, alleging deliberate indifference to a partner at his safety under the Eighth Amendment. Because Labatad’s assailant the law firm was a member of a rival prison gang, this suit might at first blush seem of Burke, to have some merit, in that prison officials should be aware of Williams & longstanding prison gang rivalries. For example, in California it would Sorensen, be highly unusual to house a Black Guerrilla Family associate with a where she Mexican Mafia affiliate, and some would argue that a violent specializes confrontation would be foreseeable.
  • The Case for More Incarceration

    The Case for More Incarceration

    If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. U.S. Department of Justice Office of Policy and Communications Office of Policy Development The Case for More Incarceration 1992 &7 U.S. Department of Justice Office of Policy and Communications Office of Policy Development The Case for More Incarceration 1992, NCJ-J39583 139583 U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the Ph~rson or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in t IS do.c~ment ~~e those of (he authors and do not necessarily rep'esent the official position or pOlicies of the National Institute of Justice. Permtisdsion to reproduce this II f) I8llM material has been gran~d t:1y • . • .l?UbllC Danain/Off. of Poliey Communications/Off. of POlley Develop. to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Ffutrthher repr?ductlon outside of the NCJRS system requires permission o e ........ owner. NCJRS ~AN 5 1993 ACQUISITIONS (@ffitt nf tltt Attnrntl1 <&tntral liIus1yingtnn, i.QT. 20530 October 28, 1992 In July, I released a report entitled Combating Violent Crime: 24 Recommendations to strengthen Criminal Justice, set­ ting forth a comprehensive strategy for making state criminal justice systems more effective in achieving their central purpose -- the protection of our citizens. As I stated then, there is no better way to reduce crime than to identify, target, and incapa­ citate those hardened criminals who commit staggering numbers of violent crimes whenever they are on the streets. Of course, we cannot incapacitate these criminals unless we build sufficient prison and jail space to house them.
  • Slaves of the State: Black Incarceration from the Chain Gang

    Slaves of the State: Black Incarceration from the Chain Gang

    • CHAPTER 2 • “Except as Punishment for a Crime” The Thirteenth Amendment and the Rebirth of Chattel Imprisonment Slavery was both the wet nurse and bastard offspring of liberty. — Saidiya Hartman, Scenes of Subjection It is true, that slavery cannot exist without law . — Joseph Bradley, The Civil Rights Cases nyone perusing the advertisements section of local newspapers such as the Annapolis Gazette in Maryland, during December 1866, wouldA have come across the following notices: Public Sale— The undersigned will sell at the Court House Door in the city of Annapolis at 12 o’clock M., on Saturday 8th December, 1866, A Negro man named Richard Harris, for six months, convicted at the October term, 1866, of the Anne Arundel County Circuit Court for larceny and sentenced by the court to be sold as a slave. Terms of sale— cash. WM. Bryan, Sheriff Anne Arundel County. Dec. 8, 1866 Public Sale— The undersigned will offer for Sale, at the Court House Door, in the city of Annapolis, at eleven O’Clock A.M., on Saturday, 22d of December, a negro [sic] man named John Johnson, aged about Forty years. The said negro was convicted the October Term, 1866, of the Circuit Court for Anne Arundel county, for; • 57 • This content downloaded from 71.114.106.89 on Sun, 23 Aug 2020 20:24:23 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Childs.indd 57 17/12/2014 12:56:10 PM 58 “EXCEPT AS PUNISHMENT FOR A CRIME” Larceny, and sentenced to be sold, in the State, for the term of one year, from the 12th of December, 1866.