RIGHT-WING FORMATIONS IN EUROPE AND THEIR COUNTER- MEASURES: AN ONLINE MAPPING

Compiled by Richard Rogers and the Digital Methods Initiative, Amsterdam

Contributors Jan Bajec, Federica Bardelli, Lisa Bergenfelz, Sharon Brehm, Alessandro Brunetti, Gabriele Colombo, Giulia De Amicis, Carlo De Gaetano, Orsolya Gulyas, Eelke Hermens, Catalina Iorga, Saskia Kok, Juliana Paiva, Olga Paraskevopoulou, Simeona Petkova, Tommaso Ranzana, Radmila Radojevic, Ea Ryberg Due, Natalia Sanchez, Catherine Somzé and Lonneke van der Velden

Colophon

The research was conducted from September 2012 to February 2013, and the study is made possible through the generous support of the Open Society Foundations. A publication of the Govcom.org Foundation, Amsterdam, 2013. CC BY-NC-ND 2013, the authors and the Govcom.org Foundation, Amsterdam. A Query open access publication by the Digital Methods Initiative, Amsterdam.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction Summary...... 5 Introduction to the mapping and analytical undertaking...... 6

Country profiling Austria - Out in the open...... 8 Germany - Legal advice and Internet counter-surveillance tips... 13 Greece - Greek farmsteads and blood drives...... 21 Hungary - Youth camping in yurts...... 24 Netherlands - Weakening counter-measures to the right...... 34 Belgium - Decay on the web...... 40 Italy - A ghost network: The mainstreaming of the far right.. 44 Denmark - The Facebook research experiment...... 50 Norway - Counter-jihadist network...... 55 France - The emergence of identitarianism...... 57 Spain - Eco-ideals from the right...... 62 Bulgaria - Highly widgeted...... 66 Serbia - A right-wing civil society...... 75

Conclusions Overall conclusions...... 84 Studying the new right in social media...... 85

Appendix List-making through associative query-snowballing...... 88 - INTRODUCTION - Introduction 5

Summary Out in the open in Austria. Hide and seek in Germany, with info-shops giving legal advice

This report describes the findings from on marches. A decaying right-wing web in an online mapping of the populist right Belgium. Native seeds, organic markets and and right-wing extremism in Europe. By online mapping is meant a picture Greek blood drives in Greece. Horse and of the right according to the web. We yurt festivals in Hungary, where youth are have not correlated our findings with an offline baseline, such as expert reports recruited. Online promotion of the populist of levels of right-wing activity and membership counts, however defined. right and right-wing extremism have national Rather we describe in some detail what specificities, as we report, as well as cross- the web is able to tell us about what we phrase right-wing formations on- cultural similarities. Belgian and Italian line, that is, both the populist right as separatists are both regional in character. well as the extremists, in one mapping per country. Our analysis also includes Denmark and Norway orient themselves towards crossovers, i.e., which groups, individu- anti-islamization, and have an international als or other formations are recognized in more than one country. For example, character, with links to major US-based sites is there a European hub organization? Or are there particular links between such as jihadwatch.org and gatesofvienna. right-wing groups across countries? net, pointing towards a burgeoning global Much of the work has to do with preparing a series of queries in or- counter-jihadist network. France’s identitarian der to make a comprehensive list of movement connects, too, with the counter- URLs of the right, country by country. (A fuller description of the method is jihadists, supplanting the old guard right, which described below.) We enter the URL is generally waning in influence, though relevant lists into link analysis software (the Issue Crawler), which crawls the web- in countries like Spain, Bulgaria and Serbia. sites, and finds links between them. Our ‘maps’ are cluster graphs of web- sites linked to and from by the right. interpreted them, also the lone bloggers. tivities, but recruitment also takes place The maps are accompanied by descrip- Such a focal point should be viewed in via webshops, which we describe. There tions of the qualities of each of the light of the July 2011 killings in Nor- are also gender issues to be considered. networks as a whole, the individual way by Anders Breivik, who himself Often a predominantly male activity, clusters, and the top nodes per cluster. contributed to online platforms and the populist right and extremists also Which types of networks do the right read (and cited) such blogs as Fjordman, may make constituency efforts, includ- form, if any? Are the populists linked Gates of Vienna, the Brussels Journal ing particular undertakings for women, to the extremists? Are the extremists and Jihad Watch. Indeed we have found with specific women’s magazines with united, or splintered? Are they national, that counter-jihadism, as anti-islamic right-wing content such as lifestyle and regional and/or international? Are they sentiment or islamophobia is called, is recipe tips. Ultimately we are concerned fresh, and active, also in social media? located primarily in the north, and in with the counter-measures. How is the We are also interested in the sub- our mapping, specifically in Denmark right being countered, at least according stance of these networks. What is the and Norway. (Counter-jihadism is the to the web (and on the web)? Do the populist right and right-wing extrem- focus of a separate enquiry by the Digi- counter-measures address the activities ism about, at least according to the tal Methods Initiative.) A second point of the right? Here we make a series of websites? What are their issues? What is youth recruitment. We are particu- in-country observations, recommend- kinds of activities do they undertake? larly interested in outreach activities, ing for example efforts to take back the We also have two focal points. One fo- and the youth culture of the right. Fes- yurt in Hungary, and the organic food cus is on the lone wolves, or as we have tivals appear to be one of the main ac- markets and blood drives in Greece. Introduction 6

analysis is performed (with privileged cal’ characteristics of the websites and Introduction to the starting points, keeping the seeds on platforms in the networks, we are inter- mapping and analytical undertaking the map, if linked to), whereby those ested in the groups’ activities, especially websites which receive at least one in their outreach, forms of communi- link are retained in the network. Co- cation as well as youth recruitment. Is The mapping commences with the col- link analysis is also performed with- the radio station a preferred form of lection of the URLs of populist right- out privileged seeds. The additional reaching the people? Is there an ac- wing and right-wing extremist websites analytical procedure is an inter-actor tive music scene? Where does one go in the following countries: Austria, mapping, where the URLs are crawled, in order to participate in the scene? Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, and links are found amongst the actors. Generally we describe the characteris- Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Each of the networks is visualised as a tics of the right-wing formations online Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Ro- cluster graph (according to measures of specific to the country. mania, Serbia and Spain. The lists of inlink centrality), and the findings are Finally, we inquire into the counter- websites are made by following a par- described. First, are there other (here- measures, the initiatives that seek to ticular method, referred to as the ‘as- tofore) undiscovered groups found address the rise of the populist right sociative query-snowballing technique’ through the link analysis? (Co-link and the activities of the extreme right. (see appendix). Queries are formulated, mapping is a procedure that discovers While this particular analysis is less ex- and made in the local domain Googles related URLs through interlinking.) tensive than that of the right itself, we (such as google.at, google.be and google. Second, where are the sites registered are especially interested in the ‘match’ bg), largely in this style, in the various and hosted? Are the websites registered between the right’s activities and those local languages: [populist right par- under aliases, and are they hosted out- of the counter-measures. Do the coun- ties] and [right-wing extremist groups]. ter-measures address the right-wing When the names of parties, groups or The mapping also inquires activities and outreach? What kinds other related entities (e.g., webshop) into counter-measures of matches and mismatches are to be are found, they are entered as lists (each found? Do the counter-measures of- which address or ‘match’ in quotation marks) into the respec- fer alternatives, and/or largely react to tive search engines. This process is re- the right’s activities. There the right’s activities? The mismatches peated, until no new names are found. are competing (right-wing between the right’s activities and the That is, lists of populist right and ex- and progressive) youth counter-network’s measures are de- tremist groups are slowly built up from scribed, which in turn may lead to the query results. Once the lists gath- festivals in Belgium, but new projects. In Hungary the Mongo- ered from the web are finished, they there are mismatches in lian roots have been appropriated by the are compared with expert lists. To find countries, especially where right, and the question may be asked how expert lists, queries are made in Google to take back the yurt. In Serbia there is the left concentrates on Scholar, first in the home language, and a growing right-wing civil society, with subsequently in English. The queries anti-fascism, and the right is think tanks, which seek to shape the dis- made are similar to those that were en- more engaged with populism cussion on the future of Serbia around the tered in the local domain Googles, in and/or counter-jihadism. questions of land and Kosovo. In Den- the first round of list-building from the mark, Norway and to an extent in the web. Any new groups on the expert lists Netherlands, counter-jihadism increas- are searched for online, and if they have side the country? Sites hosted outside ingly organizes the right, while the coun- a web presence, they are added. Thus the the country are often more extremist. ter-network measures tend to instead expert lists add to the web lists. Each Third, what types of websites are there, concentrate on anti-fascism. Indeed, in of these lists of right-wing groups is such as homepages, blogs, social media, Austria the counter-measures address sorted in terms of whether they are on etc.? Are the websites fresh, and are ‘brown’ culture, including hidden sym- the ballot or on the fringe, and their or- they particularly active? We also sur- bols, whilst activities directed at the more ganisational (and network) form is also vey briefly social media use. Do they populist anti-capitalist critique from the described, e.g., centralised, local chapter have Facebook groups (with how many right (against lavish Austrian balls, and or franchise model, cell-like structure, members) and pages (with how many the storage of Austrian gold abroad) are isolated nodes, lone bloggers, etc. likes and comments)? If they use Twit- not in the network. Belgium, however, is The URLs of the populist right, the ter, do they use it to broadcast (only to a case where there are competing youth extreme right and the populist and their followers), or do they use it as a festivals so to speak, where the counter- extreme right together are crawled in two-way communications medium, measures appear to address the right’s three analytical procedures. Co-link or some mix? Apart from the ‘techni- recruitment activities. - COUNTRY PROFILING - Austria 8

AUSTRIA

- OUT IN THE OPEN -

The most significant findings concern the openness of the populist right, and, paradoxically, that the counter- measures from the counter-right ad- dress ‘hiddenness,’ i.e., the secret sym- bols and other cultural aspects of the more extreme right generally. It was found that the Austrian net- work of the right is characterized by the open operation of websites within country borders. It is open in the sense that the websites are all registered and hosted in Austria, and there is little of a cat and mouse game of continual domain name changes, and hosting in the USA (at least compared to Ger- many). The populist right centers around the Freedom Party (FPÖ), and it forms a cluster of websites with its local chapters (including student chapters), together with issue-related sites. The substance of the issue-related websites is of interest. Once calls for the return of Austrian gold (goldrettung.at) and another is an anti-bankers protest site (giebelkreuzregime.at). Lavish Austrian balls are also a source of scorn. Anti-capitalism is among the sorts of populist issues that appear to receive less attention by the counter-right, at least in the countermeasure network located. Rather there is a strong anti- fascist network that focuses on the right’s hidden symbols (versteckspiel), ‘brown’ music (brauntoene) as well as youth lifestyle. It does not appear to address populism, or be populist in its issue selection. Finally, there is an absence of (a networked) extreme right online in Austria, which the counter-measures would address. Austria 9

Starting points

RECHTSRADIKALE PARTEI

RECHTSRADIKALE GRUPPE

RECHTSRADIKALE GRUPPIERUNG

RECHTSEXTREMISMUS

RECHTSEXTREME PARTEIEN

BRAUNER

NAZIS IN ÖSTERREICH

POPULISTISCHE PARTEI

POPULISTISCHE GRUPPE

RECHTSPOPULISTISCHE GRUPPE

RECHTSPOPULISMUS

NATIONALSOZIALISTISCHE GRUPPE

NATIONALISTISCHE GRUPPE Seed URLs procedure and description of method

Query The starting points were found by us- seeds are added. The last step included ing the associative query snowballing the study of social media activities. If a technique, querying the terms [pop- group had no shown connection to Fa- “Rechtsradikale Partei” ulism Austria] [right-wing Austria] in cebook, YouTube or Twitter, a manual the local language at google.at, making a search was conducted. “Rechtsradikale Gruppe” list of the groups mentioned, and que- Austrian extremist right groups and “Rechtsradikale Gruppierung” rying the names of the groups repeat- parties are difficult to locate on the web. edly until no new groups were found Most of the 13 starting points represent “Rechtsextremismus” (see appendix). Subsquently the query party websites, and fringe right-wing routine is repeated for Google Scholar, groups are in the minority on the Aus- “Rechtsextreme Parteien” and any new names of groups are added trian list. The seed URLs do not include “Brauner” to the web list. (In Google and Google any local chapters of groups, though they Scholar several combinations of terms do include youth and gender subgroups or “Nazis in Ősterreich” for right-wing populism and the ex- constituencies. Right-wing, offline maga- treme right in Austria were employed zines are also on the list as they are repre- “Populistische Partei” to locate all possible seed URLs; see sented by online bookshops, for example. “Populistische Gruppe” query list above.) Additionally, the Is- Additionally, a weblog and a forum are sue Crawler was used to detect related part of the seeds. “Rechtspopulistische Gruppe” URLs, whereby one enters the seed The countermeasures were found URLs, crawls them, and the output through the associative query snowball- “Rechtspopulismus” are those pages that have received at ing technique, but had a richer outcome “Nationalsozialistische Gruppe” least two inlinks from the seeds. Those already at this step, with such groups in related URLs not on the initial list of abundance. “Nationalistische Gruppe” Austria 10

FPOE.AT FPÖE.AT 2 7 5 1 8 3 4 FREEDOM 6 PARTY

9

Right wing co-link network starting points party generic

new links generic non-party organization national

1 - fpoe-salzburg.at fpoe-noe.a t 2 - Looking at the inter-actor maps two dia sites like Facebook, Twitter, Flickr 3 - fpoe-wien.a t networks are visible. The FPÖ (the and YouTube are part of the network 4 - fpoe-bgld.at 5 - fpoe-parlamentsklub.at Freedom Party, on the ballot in Aus- as well. Certain single URLs have no 6 - fpoe-tirol.a t tria) and online magazines (Die Aula link to the centralized network and can 7 - fpoe-stmk.a t and Wiener Beobachter) create minor be classified as isolates, but not as lone 8 - fpoe-ktn.a t separate networks. The co-link map bloggers. 9 - fpoe-ooe.a t shows that the network is dense and The crawl also reveals links to an has only one hub, the Freedom Party. Austrian parliament page about accom- Local chapter groups and social me- modating asylum-seekers in barracks. Austria 11

ANTIFA

Counter right-wing Mismatch between right-wing measures network and counter-measure networks

Remarkably, the counter-measure network does not match the right-wing popu- generic list one. It is a large network, where the main actor is the AntiFa (anti-fascist) and its franchise groups. national Although a specific kind of music or dress code is not acknowledged in the non national populist right-wing sphere, the countermeasures pay much attention to informa- tion about “brown music” (brauntoene.at) as well as special symbols (versteck- relevant spiel). The FPÖ is a dominant topic, however, on the websites in the counter- measure network. Austria 12

Focal points: Youth a regular basis for documentation, and Social Media Data recruitment also upload pictures and caricatures. Given the relatively high amount of likes, the platform is likely a leading Interestingly Twitter, Flickr and You- online pathway for youth recruitment. Tube are used as mediums of docu- One general finding is that the more mentation. These platforms are mainly populist right has an open, online rep- utilized to report on the parties’ offline resentation on websites, weblogs and/or activities, and to point to and spread Twitter. They are easily accessible and their written materials. In some cases have interconnections with one another. only one politician represents the party None of those could be called the ex- or organization on the platform (HC treme right, which is difficult to locate AUSTRIA Strache), and these accounts function online. The fact that all of the websites 12.381 / 894 as personal broadcast systems. are registered in Austria indicates that Additionally, local chapter youth these groups are not under the pres- groups preferably use pages in Face- sure of surveillance. The IP addresses book instead of websites. Like their also reveal that most of the websites are elders, the groups use this platform on hosted in Austria.

alpen-donau

Arbeitsgemeinsc haft für demokratisc he Politik 830 FOLLOWERS Bündnis Zukunf t Öster reich Bündnis Zukunf t Öster reich Bade n Bursc henschaft Ger mania zu Wie n Der Völ kerfreund Die Aula FPÖ N eukirc hen 5491 LIKES FPÖ Salzburg Freiheitli che Partei Öster reichs Heimatpa rtei Öster reich IFF-Initiativ e Freiheitlic he Frauen IFF-Initiativ e Freiheitlic he Frauen Salzburg IFF-Initiativ e Freiheitlic he Frauen Tirol Nationale Volkspar tei Ring Freiheitlic her Jugend Flac hgau Ring Freiheitlic her Jugend Kapfenberg Ring Freiheitlic her Jugend Öste rreich Ring Freiheitlic her Jugend Pinzgau Ring Freiheitlic her Jugend P ongau Ring Freiheitlic her Jugend Salzburg Ring Freiheitlic her S tudenten Ring Freiheitlic her S tudenten an der BOK U Ring Freiheitlic her S tudenten Graz Ring Freiheitlic her S tudenten Tirol SOS Heimat Vorarlberger Freiheitli che Wiener Beoba chter WIENS IDENTIT ÄRE RIC HTUNG

MAX MIN MIN MAX Germany 13

GERMANY

- LEGAL ADVICE AND INTERNET COUNTER-SURVEILLANCE TIPS -

Method Starting Points

NATIONALDEMOKRATISCHE PARTEI DEUTSCHLANDS (NPD) The long list of starting points was JUNGE NATIONALDEMOKRATEN compiled using the associative query RING DEUTSCHER FRAUEN snowballing technique. In Google Web BUND FÜR GESAMTDEUTSCHLAND and Google Scholar several terms for DEUTSCHE PARTEI right-wing populism and the extreme SÄCHSISCHE VOLKSPARTEI right were employed, and internal web- UNABHÄNGIGE ARBEITER-PARTEI site links (e.g., on blogrolls) also were DIE RECHTE manually harvested. Additionally, the PRO-BEWEGUNG Issue Crawler was used to detect even PRO DEUTSCHLAND more URLs, where one compares the BÜRGERBEWEGUNG PRO NRW output of the co-link analysis with the JUGEND PRO DEUTSCHLAND inputted URLs. Social media platforms BÜRGERBEWEGUNG PRO BAYERN also were browsed. If a group had no BÜRGERBEWEGUNG PRO DEUTSCHLAND BERLIN connection to Facebook, YouTube or BÜRGERBEWEGUNG PRO KÖLN Twitter, manual searches were per- DEUTSCHE LIGA FÜR VOLK UND HEIMAT formed. If new groups showed up in WIDERSTAND SÜD one of the social networks, a search was WIDERSTAND WEST conducted for their website. NATIONALER WIDERSTAND BERLIN-BRANDENBURG (NWBB) AUTONOME NATIONALISTEN WETZLAR AUTONOME NATIONALE SOZIALISTEN STORMARN Query “AUTONOME NATIONALISTEN AHLEN (NOW: FREIES NACHRICHTENNETZ AUS AHLEN)” AUTONOME NATIONALISTEN AUE “Rechtsradikale Partei” AUTONOME NATIONALISTEN BÜCKEBURG “Rechtsradikale Gruppe” AUTONOME NATIONALISTEN FRANKENBERG AUTONOME NATIONALISTEN GÖPPINGEN “Rechtsradikale Gruppierung” AUTONOME NATIONALISTEN GRAFSCHAFT BENTHEIM “Rechtsextremismus” AUTONOME NATIONALISTEN KAISERSLAUTERN “Rechtsextreme Parteien” AUTONOME NATIONALISTEN MARBURG AUTONOME NATIONALISTEN MOERS “Brauner” AUTONOME NATIONALISTEN ODER SPREE “Nazis in Deutschland” AUTONOME NATIONALISTEN OSTFRIESLAND AUTONOME NATIONALISTEN VORDERPFALZ “Populistische Partei” AUTONOME NATIONALISTEN WOLFSBURG “Populistische Gruppe” AUTONOME NATIONALISTEN WOLFENBÜTTEL/SALZGITTER “Rechtspopulistische Gruppe” FREIE KRÄFTE BERLIN SÜDOST FREIE KRÄFTE BERLIN NEUKÖLN “Rechtspopulismus” FREIE KRÄFTE GREIFSWALD “Nationalsozialistische Gruppe” FREIE KRÄFTE HALLE “Nationalistische Gruppe” FREIE KRÄFTE SCHWALM EDER Germany 14

FPOE.AT

PRO-DEUTSCHLAND-ONLINE.DE PRO- DEUTSCHLAND CHAPTERS

INFORMATION CLUSTER

NPD-FRAKTION-SACHSEN.DE

NPD.DE

party non-party relevant national ws webshop

Pro-Germany movement (Pro-Bewe- names, and are organized in chapters / Network - co-link analysis gung), with links the populist right- franchises. Also lone bloggers or inde- wing parties of Austria, Belgium and pendent broadcasters are part of this The network consists of two main hubs Switzerland. network. Most is fringe, with the on- which share connections. The first one The other cluster is extremist, with the-ballot parties not occupying much is mainly comprised of chapters of the websites that often change (domain) space in the network. Germany 15

NON GOVERNMENTAL GROUPS

FEDERAL SOCIAL MINISTRY NETWORKS FOR FAMILY

WORDPRESS

party non-party relevant national ws webshop

Network - tant cluster, the official websites of the Ministry for the Family Counter-measures (Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Kinder und Frauen) and its initiatives, disconnected from the NGOs. The social media platform cluster revolves around counter-protests and The countermeasure network consists of three minor clusters following the Pro Deutchland tour around the country and (and a wordpress one, too), the largest of which is that of non- interfering with their marches and demonstrations (Mess up governmental groups, well inter-linked, with another impor- the Pro Deutschland tour 2012). Germany 16

example. Fringe group sites are registered in countries such The right is underground, gives legal advice as the United States, Thailand, Hong Kong or Sweden. Even and is graffitied on the walls more noticeable is that nearly none of the websites is hosted in Germany. Logr.org advertises their hosting service as for dis- sidents (with a freedom of expression rationale), with servers Taking into account the anti-fascist (AntiFa) movement and located in the US. Widerstand.info has a banner ad for anony- the general awareness towards right-wing formations in Ger- mous webhosting. A Google Web search query for [site:logr. many, the amount of far right material and activism online is org] reveals the extensive use of that web service by the right, rather astonishing. Made up of both parties on the ballot and including temporary event websites. fringe groups, the seed list has more than 80 different URLs, Another finding of note is the legal advice culture, with doc- all but two of which were found through the online methods umentation and information revolving around what is allowed (searching and crawling). There are at least three main themes by law, and what to do when the police approach. The network in the right-wing networks: the cat and mouse game the right contains the Deutsches Rechtsbuero, for example, which de- plays with authorities online, moving from URL to URL, the fends the so-called politically incorrect German. There is also legal and safety/security advice culture (infoshops) as well as a related safety/security culture, in the context of demonstra- the communication culture, and especially the use of graffiti. tions and marches, together with confrontations with the left. In general, the groups and individuals online appear to be Sicherheitshinweise für Nationalisten (sicherheit.nw.am) has heavily monitored by the German authorities, and are of- safety advice, which extends beyond the demonstration, one’s ten shut down. The Kameradschaft Hamm (logr.org site) right to remain silent and what to do if one’s house is searched. announced they were banned on 23 August 2012, and the Much of the advice concerns online culture, beginning with spreelichter.info’s site is down as well. (Spreelichter appears to the arguments to drop Internet Explorer as one’s browser, but have a sense of humor and be aware of Internet memes. The also pointers for the reliable wiping of data, anti-tracking (and Speelichter page rickrolls users who turn on and off the “spree” ways around analytics software) as well as a password gen- lights.) Relately, the fringe groups operate furtively; the cat erator. Communication and mobilization occurs online, and and mouse game includes the changing of names or URL, there is also the annual Pressefest, a media fair, so to speak, or- hosting websites out of the country, and also moving onto so- ganized by Die Deutsche Stimme and the NPD, the main party. cial media platforms, where they are also banned (e.g., die Un- A more novel form of communication is the promotion of sterblichen, or the Immortal). The German Voice (Deutsche graffiti as a means of expression. The weblog Strassenkunst Stimme) changed their name and URL into ds-aktuell for (logr.org/strassenkunst) shows how graffiti is used to spread ide-

/1

/2

1/ Example of graffiti from logr.org/strassenkunst/, with the caption: “Aufkleber ‘Zion angreifen.’ Klare Aussage aus Greiz” 29 March 2013

2/ Example from der-funke.info of saying or quotation by well-known historical figure Germany 17

ology and message aesthetically through urban street culture, has a 24-hour radio station) links to different web shops and has a variety of pointers of how to deal with the police. (Versand der Bewegung, Asatura Versand and Frontdienst), The blog also highlights how activism has a style to it that where clothing, cups and music may be purchased. Hav- is not only ‘brown.’ It appears that members of the extreme ing dedicated followers of the news appears to be another right are no longer tied to a uniform dress code or behavior. form of recruitment. Infoportal24.org is one of the more ac- Another example is der-Funke.info, a site that has moved to tive with daily postings. Announcements for events, arti- derfunkeinfo.wordpress.com (and facebook.com/DerFunke.Info) at cles which criticize the establishment or general informa- time of writing. (Here it is as if the radical right-wing sites are tion like the ban of Besseres Hannover can be read there. being pushed onto or fleeing to social media, instead of mov- Finally, there are some websites, which highlight the role ing there on their own.) Der Funke functions as a lone blogger and importance of women. The NPD for example has its own with issues such as counter-jihadism; Der Funke makes posters women’s subgroup and you can read cases against emanci- with sayings or quotations from well-known historical figures. pation, and the “gender lie” (free-gender.de). In the counter- With respect to recruitment, the fair, music and march- measures network, the AntiFa or comparable movements are ing scene has a graffiti subculture, too. The video of Der Un- not the main initiators, but rather there is a large presence sterblicher (the Immortal) is designed like an advertisement of foundations. Most of the sites focus on information about or movie (youtube.com/watch?v=6urKpbtxveU). The collec- extreme right groups (like bnr.de) or promote activities against tion of names and addresses of potentially interested mem- it. Foundations choose another way by concentrating on pro- bers occurs through webshops. Widerstand.info (which also jects on democracy and integration. Germany 18

GERMANY 43.278 / 5.406

Freies Nachrichtennetz aus Ahlen (bevor: Autonome Nationalisten Ahlen ) Aktionsbüro Mittelrhein Aktionsbüro Thüringen Aktionsgruppe Gifthorn Aktionsgruppe Lörrach Aktionsgruppe Nordhausen Aktionsgruppe Rheinland Aktionsgruppe Windeck Aktionsgruppe Wolfsburg Anti Anfifa Wetzlar Arbeitskreis Christen in der NPD Asataru Versand Autonome nationale Sozialisten Stormarn Autonome Nationalisten Aue Autonome Nationalisten Bückeburg Autonome Nationalisten Frankenberg Autonome Nationalisten Göppingen Autonome Nationalisten Grafschaft Bentheim Autonome Nationalisten Kaiserslautern Autonome Nationalisten Marburg Autonome Nationalisten Moers Autonome Nationalisten Oder Spree Autonome Nationalisten Ostfriesland Autonome Nationalisten Vorderpfalz Autonome Nationalisten Wetzlar Autonome Nationalisten Wolfenbüttel/Salzgitter Autonome Nationalisten Wolfsburg Besseres Hannover Blechnapf Blood Claw Goes Wild Bund für Gesamtdeutschland Bürgerbewegung Pro Bayern Bürgerbewegung Pro Chemnitz Bürgerbewegung Pro Deutschland Berlin Bürgerbewegung Pro Jugend Bayern Bürgerbewegung Pro Jugend Schleswig Holstein Bürgerbewegung pro Köln Bürgerbewegung Pro Landesverband Berlin Bürgerbewegung pro NRW Bürgerinitiative für Zivilcourage Hildesheim Bürgerinitiative für Zivilcourage Wolfsburg Burschenschaft Thormania Demo Sanis Der Funke Deutsche konservative Partei Deutsche konservative Partei Bayern Deutsche konservative Partei Berlin Deutsche konservative Partei Landesverband Deutsche konservative Partei Schleswig-Holstein Deutsche Liga für Volk und Heimat Deutsche Partei

MAX MIN MAX MIN Germany 19

Deutsche Untitarische Religionsgemeinschaft Die Rechte Die Republikaner Die Unsterblichen European White Knight of Burning Cross Freie Kräfte Berlin Neuköln Freie Kräfte Berlin Südost Freie Kräfte Burgenlandkreis Freie Kräfte Erfurt Freie Kräfte Greifswald Freie Kräfte Halle Freie Kräfte Naumburg Freie Kräfte NRW Freie Kräfte Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge Freie Kräfte Schwalm Eder Freie Kräfte Schwarzwald Baar Heuberg Freie Kräfte Vogtland Freie Nationalisten Leverkusen Freie Nationalisten Weißenburg Freier Widerstand Kassel Freies Netz Hessen Freies Netz Jena Freies Netz Köln Freies Netz Saalfeld Freies Netz Siegerland Freies Netz Süd Frontdienst Gemeinschaft deutscher Frauen (GDF) Infoportal Aachen Infoportal Bückeburg Infoportal Dortmund Infoportal Freie Kräfte aus Celle Infoportal Marburg Jugend in Bewegung Jugend pro Deutschland Junge Nationaldemokraten Junge Nationaldemokraten NRW Kameradschaft Gütersloh Kameradschaft Hamm Kameradschaft Hochtaunus

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MAX MIN MAX MIN Germany 20

Netzwerk Rechts NPD Bremen NPD Kreisverband Göppingen NPD Kreisverband Goslar NPD Oldenburg NPD Thüringen NS Zossen Pro Deutschland Pro-Bewegung Ring deutscher Frauen Sächsische Volkspartei SEB Info Sicherheitshinweise für Nationalisten Spreelichter Stencils Strassenkunst Unabhängige Arbeiter-Partei Verdictum Versand der Bewegung Volksfront Medien Weltleser tumblr Widerstand West Widerstand.info Widerstand.info Radio - der Volksempfänger 2.0

MAX MIN MAX MIN Greece 21

GREECE

- GREEK FARMSTEADS AND BLOOD DRIVES -

List building

The sourcing of the starting points pro- (Patriotic Hellenic Association). ceeded through a search for extreme Visits to the five websites turned up right groups in Greece, where Golden related sites, e.g., the youth and the law Dawn and Laos (“the people” in Greek) students groups of Laos (“the people”). were returned. Combining these two The final list (which added three regional search terms produced a third group, sites, Group21 for Macedonia, Rethimno Mavroskrinos (black lily). Searching for for Crete, and the Greek Resistance Move- the three groups returned two further ment in Cyprus) was completed after ones, Metopo (front) and Ellinokratein surfing the sites listed above.

List - Golden Dawn List - Laos List - Regionalist

WWW.XRYSHAYGH.COM WWW.NEOLAIALAOS.GR RETHIMNIOTES.BLOGSPOT.NL XATHESS.BLOGSPOT.GR NEB8LAOS.BLOGSPOT.NL WWW.DIKTYO21.GR WWW.XA-AMTHRAKI.NET FOSNOMIKIS.WORDPRESS.COM ANTISTASI.ORG XADYTMAK.BLOGSPOT.GR MPOUM.BLOGSPOT.NL XAVOLOS.BLOGSPOT.GR XA-NDHELLAS.BLOGSPOT.GR XA-STEREAS.BLOGSPOT.GR List - Mavroskrino List - Metopo XAMWRIAS.BLOGSPOT.GR XA-KRITI.BLOGSPOT.GR XAGR.NET MAVROSKRINOS.BLOGSPOT.NL WWW.METOPO.GR

List - Populist List - Ellinokratein

ANEXARTITOIELLINES.GR ANEKSARTITOI-ELLINES.BLOGSPOT.NL WWW.SYNDESMOSEE.GR WWW.LIBERALPARTY.GR WWW.ELLINOKRATEIN.GR WWW.ENOSIKENTROON.GR INDEX-HOME.HTML WWW.DRASSI.GR WWW.ELLINOKRATEIN.BLOGSPOT.NL WWW.DANAGENNISI.GR Greece 22

n

XRYSHAYGH.COM

ELAMCY.COM GOLDEN DAWN REGIONAL ws BRANCHES

non national generic party starting points ws webshop

relevant national non-party new links n news

Greek origins of Cyprus. It conducts similar events as Golden Network - co-link analysis Dawn (distribution of provisions). Under the auspices of car- rying out social solidarity, it organises public events to distrib- From the network analysis it is found that the most signifi- ute food, clothing and school supplies, “exclusively for Greeks.” cant website is xryshaygh.com, which is the Golden Dawn, an Its radio station also made the network (radio-antepithesh.net). extreme right-wing party that entered the parliament in the Each website has the other’s banner. 2012 elections. Apart from the national organization, it has The network Golden( Dawn in particular) also has constitu- very strong regional branches with their own web pages. Gold- ency websites: Golden Dawn for women, and for greens (en- en Dawn is successful in mobilizing its members and voters vironmental activists). Right wing Greens are asked to create through (among other activities) the organization of gath- traditional Greek farmsteads, and people are exhorted to col- erings to help the poor. They accompany elderly people to lect local seeds! the bank to collect their pensions (around the first day of the Here is a quotation that summarizes the green right: month, in poor areas in the west of Athens, where there are numerous immigrants). Instead of calling the police, the el- Our aim is to create a standard Greek Traditional Farm- derly are asked to call the Golden Dawn. They have a call center house with any Greek productive plants (and later animals), (see http://www.staparaskinia.gr/2012/09/blog-post_617.html). strictly organic farming with traditional and modern know- Elamcy.com, second in the network inlink rankings, is the how that will produce everything they need nutrition- National People’s Front (E.LA.M.), a party that focuses on the ally the Greek family. From our farm could Greek farmers Greece 23

(amateur or professional) to obtain the genetic material they wish to start their own production, moving away from the multinationals of GM seeds sterile disposable (source: volksland.blogspot.gr/2012/09/blog-post_11.html).

Golden Dawn also organises blood drives, asking people to donate genuine Greek blood. They aim to increase volunteer- ism and social solidarity, in a form of racial humanitarianism and ecological consciousness. One donates blood between 9-14hrs, and becomes part of the list of donors. 1/ Home Front for white women

Another top site is whitewomenfront.blogspot.com, Golden 2/ Golden Dawn mugs Dawn for women, where readers are asked to buy local and to visit organic markets as well as the daily farmer’s markets. 3/ Periklis Giannopoulos (Mikromeseos) The market schedule is linked to: www.dionet.gr/news/biolai- kes.htm. Also linked is Homefront Magazine, a larger European right-wing home-maker phenomenon, whose slogan is “for the racially conscious home.” It is part of the WAU Sisterhood (Women for Aryan Unity), and thus one area such is palpable in southern Europe. In the magazine there there are recipes as well as holiday tips. There is an online bookstore (xabooks.blogspot.com) as well as webshop. To order products from the Web shop, one calls a telephone number from 12-5pm, and picks up the products between 7-9pm. One also may receive the items COD (collect on delivery). The personal service would enable the buyer to meet the webshop owners and their representatives. Rounding out the top sites in the network is a religious right (hellas-or-

Our aim is to create a standard Greek Traditional Farmhouse with any Greek 1/ productive plants (and later animals), strictly organic farming with traditional and modern know-how that will produce everything they need nutritionally the Greek family.

2/ thodoxy.blogspot.com) as well as an alternative news channel, called ‘counterbalanced’ (antibaro.gr). Of interest in the top 15 sites is xryshaygh.wordpress.com, which wordpress removed for violating its terms of service. Also of note in the network is worldtv.com, where there is a compilation of speeches by the Golden Dawn members of parliament, beginning with Hlias Kasidiaris who infamously slapped the Communist member of parliament on national television. Recurring issues are law and order, anti-immigration (and the defense of illegal im- migration), respect for the Orthodox Church, the inability of national armed forces to secure the borders from illegal immi- gration or even protect Golden Dawn members of parliament (who enjoy immunity from prosecution). Do not forget racism against the Greeks themselves, it is said. 3/ Hungary 24

HUNGARY

- YOUTH CAMPING IN YURTS -

Query List - Extreme right-wing

MAGYAR IGAZSÁG ÉS ÉLET PÁRTJA “szélsőjobboldali szervezetek HATVANNÉGY VÁRMEGYE IFJÚSÁGI MOZGALOM Magyarországon” [“extreme right-wing JOBBIK MAGYARORSZÁGÉRT MOZGALOM organizations in Hungary”] ÚJ MAGYAR GÁRDA MOZGALOM MAGYAR NEMZETI GÁRDA KURUC.INFO List and method NEMZETI ŐRSEREG MAGYAROK VILÁGSZÖVETSÉGE VÉR ÉS BECSÜLET KULTURÁLIS EGYESÜLET In order to produce lists that provide SZEBB JÖVŐÉRT POLGÁRŐR EGYESÜLET the starting points for all of our maps, PAX HUNGARICA MOZGALOM we used the query snowballing tech- NEMZETI AKARAT PLATFORM nique in google.hu: ŐRZŐ MAGYAR GÁRDA MOZGALOM BETYÁRSEREG “szélsőjobboldali szervezetek Magyarországon” NEMZETI FORRADALMI PÁRT [“extreme right-wing ARRABONA NS CREW organizations in Hungary”] LELKIISMERET ‘88 MAGYAR NEMZETI ARCVONAL “jobboldali szervezetek Magyarországon” VÉDERŐ [“right-wing organizations MAGYAR NÁDORI SZÖVETSÉG in Hungary”] KÁRPÁT HAZA ŐREI MOZGALOM SOMLÓ VÉDPAJZS SZÖVETSÉG “szélsőjobb ellenes szervezetek” [“anti-right-wing organizations”] ÚJ HAJNAL REND FERENCVÁROS SZURKOLÓK SZÖVETSÉGE “liberális szervezetek NÉPAKARAT 2006 Magyarországon” HUNGARISTA MOZGALOM [“liberal organizations in Hungary”] SZENT KORONA ŐRZŐINEK SZÖVETSÉGE NEMZETI EGYLETEK For expert lists, few and largely outdat- NS ELLENÁLLÁS ed results (from early 2000s) were re- NEMZETI MUNKÁSPÁRT turned by Google Scholar, so a Google HAZAFIAS MAGYAROK SZÖVETSÉGE Search query was made with the above MAGYAROK NYILAI search terms + filetype:pdf. Extreme right movements and or- MAGYAR NEMZETI FRONT ganizations are abundant in Hungary. MAGYAR ÖNVÉDELMI MOZGALOM Their main features are nationalism, na- RENDSZERVÁLTÓ FÓRUM tivism as well as anti-Roma and often MAGYAR DEMOKRATA FÓRUM (JÓLÉT ÉS SZABADSÁG) anti-semitic sentiment. The maps pro- KÁRPÁT-HAZA NEMZETŐRSÉG vide rich information about the cultural Hungary 25

Query List - Right-wing

“Jobboldali szervezetek JOBBIK MAGYARORSZÁGÉRT MOZGALOM Magyarországon” FIDESZ [“right-wing organizations in Hungary”] FIDELITAS

KERESZTÉNYDEMOKRATA NÉPPÁRT norms and lifestyle embraced by the ex- HATVANNÉGY VÁRMEGYE IFJÚSÁGI MOZGALOM treme right-wing, which is mostly cen- tered around preserving and bringing KATOLIKUS MAGYAR ÉRTELMISÉGI MOZGALOM - PAX back to everyday life what is perceived ROMANA by them as ‘traditional’ or ‘national’ culture. The maps also reveal some in- KISGAZDA POLGÁRI EGYESÜLET formation about the media outlets and MAGYAR VÁLLALKOZÓK ÉS MUNKAADÓK PÁRTJA channels that the extreme right uses. A considerable portion of the organi- NEMZETI FÓRUM zations are groups that also engage in CIVIL ÖSSZEFOGÁS FÓRUM setting up militaristic formations that ‘guard’ Hungarians (mainly against the MAGYAR POLGÁRI EGYÜTTMŰKÖDÉS EGYESÜLET Roma population). A few of these are KERESZTÉNY ÉRTELMISÉGIEK SZÖVETSÉGE specifically youth organizations. About one-third of these groups’ websites are MUNKÁSTANÁCSOK SZÖVETSÉGE hosted abroad (mostly in the US) and PATRIÓTA EURÓPA MOZGALOM the registrant’s name is unknown, indi- cating a concern that these groups may TRIANON TÁRSASÁG be engaged in illegal activities (hate SZÁZAK TANÁCSA speech, incitement to violence, etc.). There are two political parties on the IFJÚSÁGI KERESZTÉNYDEMOKRATA SZÖVETSÉG ballot in the extreme right-wing list, DEMOKRÁCIA ÉS POLITIKAI KULTÚRA ALAPÍTVÁNY the Magyar Igazság és Élet Pártja (not in the parliament) and Jobbik (currently CIVILEK A NEMZETÉRT EGYESÜLET in the parliament). HUN FOKOS SZÖVETSÉG The query for right-wing organiza- tions, returned a couple of political MAGOSZ parties and mainly civil and Christian POLGÁROK HÁZA organizations. Jobbik also appeared here and one of the extremist organizations MAREVOSZ as well (Hatvannégy Vármegye Ifjúsági MAGYAR SZOCIÁLIS FÓRUM Mozgalom). MAGYARORSZÁGÉRT EGYESÜLET

NEMZETI JOGVÉDŐ ALAPÍTVÁNY

CIVIL NEMZETI CSÚCS

POLGÁR INFO

MAGYAR SZOCIALISTA PÁRT

SZABAD DEMOKRATÁK SZÖVETSÉGE

MAGYAR DEMOKRATA FÓRUM

FÜGGETLEN KISGAZDAPÁRT

JOBBIK IFJÚSÁGI TAGOZAT Hungary 26

EXTREME RIGHT (ALSO IN PARLIAMENT)

JOBBIK.HU POPULIST RIGHT (ALSO IN PARLIAMENT)

FIDESZ.HU RADICAL RIGHT INCLUDING PARAMILITARY GROUPS, WITH LINKS TO JOBBIK

main party national relevant

Network - centered around Jobbik, the extrem- standing aspect to observe on the map Total interactor ist party currently in the parliament. is the fact that in the extreme-right The third cluster is extreme right-wing cluster relatively many websites use a groups, often militaristic groups. top-level domain different from the This map shows how the web- One notable feature of the map is country TLD (.hu). sites in the extreme right-wing and that Jobbik tends not to link to extrem- These websites tend to hosted on right-wing list are linked to one other. ist groups, even though some of these servers outside of Hungary, mainly The map clearly shows three clus- groups’ connections to Jobbik members in the US. On the bottom of the map ters: the more moderate right is cen- are well-known and not kept secret in there is a neo-Nazi group (Arrabona tered around Fidesz, the party cur- Hungary. Most extremists groups also Crew) that is isolated from the rest of rently governing. The other one is do not link to Jobbik. The other out- the extreme-right scene. Hungary 27 EXTREME RIGHT ALSO IN PARLIAMENT INCLUDING NEWS OUTLETS MAIN RIGHT-WING NEWS OUTLET

m m KURUC.INFO

MEDIA CLUSTER FACEBOOK.COM/JOBBIK INCLUDING RADIO OF THE HOLY CROWN

AND ITS VIMEO CHANNEL e BOON.HU

RIGHT-WING COMMEMORATION SZENTKORONARADIO.COM r

EVENT eAND FESTIVAL

BOSZTORPUSZTA.HU

starting points party national relevant m magazine / publisher

new links non-partyr non national r adio e event

Network - Extreme co-link The following is a list and short description of media outlets that appeared on the co-link map for the extreme right, not in the original list of websites: Almost none of the initial (seed) websites made it onto the map, after the co-link analysis. An exception is arcvonal.org, barikad.hu ...... Jobbik’s news portal the website of Magyar Nemzeti Arcvonal, an extremist militaris- kuruc.info...... main news site of the extreme right-wing tic group, and Jobbik, the extreme right-wing party. There are szentkoronaradio.com .extreme right-wing radio station three main clusters on this map: on the right, we find a group- vimeo.com/szkr ...... szentkorona radio station’s Vimeo channel ing related to Jobbik, its regional organizations, main news site bombagyar.hu...... (inactive at the moment, redirects to nemezti (barikad.hu) and even a founding member’s personal website, ...... hir.hu) radical right-wing community blog, who is currently a member of the European Parliament (mor- ...... shut down in 2009 vaikrisztina.hu). The facebook.com node in the middle belongs hungaria.tv ...... online television channel, live stream not to Jobbik’s official Facebook page, which currently has 75,550 ...... available but there are fresh videos, e.g., of the likes. The second large and extensive cluster on the left consists ...... protests by nationalist groups of media outlets related to the (extreme) right. An exception hunhir.hu...... (redirects to hunhir.info) right-wing news portal is atv.hu, which is a well-known left-wing television channel. hirhatter.com ...... inactive at the moment, but famous for being (More about the media outlets below.) A third cluster on the ...... operated by conspiracy theorist, Árpád Molnár bottom right could be characterized as right-wing events with jovonk.info...... nationalist news portal the website of a nationalistic festival (bostorpuszta.hu) and an boon.hu ...... regional news portal in Borsod county, where extremist commemoration event (becsuletnapja.com). We return ...... extremist groups are more active due to the to these in the culture and lifestyle section below...... great size of the Roma population There are also many individual nodes on the top of the map, karpatiharsona.info ....nationalist, ‘Hungarist’ web magazine, mainly not linked to other nodes. This could be because some of these ...... for Hungarians living in the neighboring countries sites are shut down at the moment or they redirect to other echotv.hu ...... right-wing television channel pages (in that case they cannot be crawled for links). Some of felvidek.ma ...... Hungarian news portal in Slovakia these are also media outlets, and there is an online bookshop as arpadvonal.hu...... extreme right-wing news site, last updated in 2010 well. All in all, the map nicely gives an idea about what kind fusz.hu ...... website of the Alliance of Independent Journal- of media outlets the extreme right uses and also gives a sense ...... ists, an organization for right-wing and of these actors’ cultural and lifestyle preferences or convictions...... nationalistic journalists Hungary 28

Culture/lifestyle findings tation of history and what should be officially commemorated.An interest- ing counter-counter measure that often Magyartaltos.info comes up on extremist websites (but is Hungarian ‘shaman’ website for not on the issue map) is a festival called Hungarian mythology, brought togeth- Magyar Sziget (Hungarian Island). It is er with nationalism. There are writings specifically named in opposition to the about the prehistory of the Hungarian well-known Sziget festival in Budapest, peoples, about their ancient language an international music festival with (runic script), the Holy Crown and many foreign visitors. other national symbols. A video can be found on YouTube, in which a British investigative reporter Betiltva.com ‘infiltrates’ the Hungarian Island festi- Collection of books and texts that val and reports on the participants’ cel- were banned in Hungary in the socialist ebrating Norwegian extremeist mass- era, typically Nazi writings and books. killer, Anders Breivik: http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=0NGWm-gpdRQ Atillakiraly.hu King Attila People’s College. Free Bosztorpuszta.hu courses on various nationalistic, anti- Website for the National Assembly communist topics, free of charge. It is of Hungarians event. connected to Jobbik. It is a Summer festival which spans all things nationalistic. There is a fair Anemzetikonyveboltja.hu where anything perceived as tradition- Book shop for national(istic) top- ally Hungarian can be sold. There are ics, such as history, traditional cuisine, exhibitions, concerts, folk music, mar- 1/ Bumper sticker for cars with the Árpád lines etc. Site to buy the New Testament tial arts programs, archery, Hungar- and ‘H’ for Hungary in runic script written in runic script. There are also ian horse and dog competitions, runic 2/ National Assembly of Hungarians CDs / DVDs (film, folk music, with script courses, presentations (e.g. en- biblical topics and national history dorsing Horthy – regent of Hungary themes), clothes with runic script pat- during the interwar years, who en- terns or with Árpád (founding father tered into alliance with Nazi Germany of the nation), flags (national and with in exchange for some territories that the Árpád-lines that is a symbol of the were lost in the Treaty of Trianon. This extreme right), and bumper stickers makes him an important figure for ex- for cars depicting the historical greater tremists.) Hungary. There are yurts set up and horse rac- es, or horse wagon races. 1/ Becsuletnapja.com On February 11, 2012 extremist groups (Hungarists) held a remem- brance day (Day of Honour) to com- memorate the attempt of Hungarian and German troops to break out from Buda against Soviet troops in 1945. The website spreads the word about local events at WWII monuments and war graves in relation to the remem- brance day and to document them with pictures and videos. The presence of the website in the issue map mirrors the extreme right’s memory politics, particularly their alternative interpre- 2/ Hungary 29

Recruitment

Most extremist organizations have a youth section. Some take anyone re- gardless of age, while some only allow members over 18 years of age. Recruit- ment can take place on the websites, typically through a contact form or email address. Some flyers also were found on the websites which can be printed and disseminated. Some groups use video presentations to introduce their ideas and to recruit members. One of the extremist groups, the youth organization HVIM, stood out due to the organization of a children’s camp.

National Children’s Camp There is a national children’s Summer camp, organized by HVIM (64 Coun- 1/ ties Youth Movement) for children, ages 10-14. Activities involve mili- tary training (with a person dressed in army uniform acting as commander as instructor). Other activities are shoot- ing with air rifles, learning how to use a whip, chopping wood, climbing rope, archery, and horseback riding. Chil- dren are accommodated in in yurts and learn to write runic script. On the Fa- cebook page of the camp it is stressed that they have lowered the prices so that more children can attend. It is also mentioned that well-known extremist 2/ leaders will be present as guests; one is a member of Jobbik, and vice-president for HVIM.

It should be mentioned that such yurt- camps have been accessible in Hungary for a long time for children to camp. However, since Fidesz came to power in 2010 there have been more of such 3/ camps available to children, in an at- tempt to strengthen the youth’s rela- tion to Hungarian culture, which fits well with populist nationalistic agenda. However, what the above mentioned extreme right group offers is quite dif- ferent, with the militaristic, physical training elements.

1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ National Children’s Camp activities 4/ Hungary 30

1/ Members of the New Hungarian Guards

2/ “Join us! We are getting stronger!” – sign-up form for the New Hungarian Guards

3/ Recruitment flyer for the 1/ Hungarian Guards Movement

Magyar Gárda Mozgalom http://www.gardamozgalom.org On the front page there are calls for recruitment all over the country for their regional chapters. It is stressed that the organization is party-neutral, which is important for the group probably because the first ‘guardist’ organization was related to Jobbik and its president, and that group is now banned. Recruitment video: http://www.gardamozgalom.org/csonkahon/20120310/toborzofilm

2/

Új Magyar Gárda – New Hungarian Guards This militaristic group is the legacy organization of the banned Hungarian Guards, linked to Jobbik. It has as one of its main activities going from village to village in the countryside, and marching through the streets in black uniforms so as to scare the Roma population. On their website there are several recruitment videos and also a sign-up form, where apart from fields for name, email, phone number and region, potential members are asked why exactly they would like to join the organization. They also have a ‘gendarmerie,’ a special unit that has to go through physical training and other examinations, 3/ and then take an oath. Hungary 31

Query

“szélsőjobb ellenes szervezetek” [“anti-right-wing organizations”]

“liberális szervezetek Magyarországon” [“liberal organizations in Hungary”]

List - Counter measure

MAGYAR ANTIFASISZTA LIGA MAGYAR ELLENÁLLÓK ÉS ANTIFASISZTÁK SZÖVETSÉGE SZABAD DEMOKRATÁK SZÖVETSÉGE MAGYARORSZÁGI MUNKÁSPÁRT-2006 ZÖLD BALOLDAL MAGYAR SZOCIALISTA PÁRT DEMOKRATIKUS KOALÍCIÓ MAGYAR SZOLIDARITÁS MOZGALOM LEHET MÁS A POLITIKA 4K! - NEGYEDIK KÖZTÁRSASÁG LIBERÁLIS FIATALOK EGYESÜLETE AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL HELSINKI BIZOTTSÁG TÁRSASÁG A SZABADSÁGJOGOKÉRT MILLA CSOPORT MAGYAR ANTIFASISZTA LIGASZÖVETSÉG ATTAC MAGYARORSZÁG EURÓPAI FEMINISTA KEZDEMÉNYEZÉS FIATAL BALOLDALI UNIÓ KISGAZDÁK TÖRTÉNELMI SZÖVETSÉGE SZOCIÁLDEMOKRATA PÁRT BAJCSY-ZSILINSZKY EMLÉKBIZOTTSÁG SZABADSÁG ÉS REFORM INTÉZET MAGYAR DEMOKRATIKUS CHARTA HÁTTÉR TÁRSASÁG A MELEGEKÉRT EGYESÜLET VÁLLALD MAGAD EGYESÜLET VÉDEGYLET ZÖLD FIATALOK HUMANISTA MOZGALOM Hungary 32

negyedikkoztarsasag.hu). The last node Network - of the chain on the right is the LMP Counter measures interactor analysis (lehetmas.hu), a liberal green party cur- rently in the parliament. The final node on the left is the website of the Hun- The counter-right inter-actor map garian Socialist Party (mszp.hu), which shows there is no network formed were the governing party from 2002- by the so-called counter-right’s seed 2010. URL, which includes liberal as well The fact that both of these impor- as anti-fascist organizations. The map tant left-wing parties are at either end mostly shows websites of human and of a chain, rather than central nodes in civil rights’ groups (Helsinki Commit- a network forming clusters, indicates tee, Amnesty International), anti-fascist significant differences between the organizations and some civic groups kind of social and political organiza- that have lately been organizing anti- tion that is facilitated by left and right- government protests (millamedia.hu, wing groups.

WHEN COMPARED TO THE RIGHT, THE COUNTER-RIGHT IS NOT PARTICULARLY CLUSTERED Hungary 33

Social media data

COUNTRY

facebook twitter likes / followers

HUNGA RY 62.201 / x

Arrabona NS Cre w Betyársere g Ferenc város Szu rkolók Szö vetsége Hatvannégy Vár megye Ifjúsági Mozgalom Hungarista Mozgalom Jobbik If júsági T agozat 46.568 likes Jobbik Mag yarországér t Mozgalom Kárpát Haza _rei Mozgalom Kárpát-Haza N emzet_rség Lelkiismeret '8 8 Magyar Igazság és Élet Pártja Magyar Nádor i Szövetség Magyar Nemzeti Arcv onal Magyar Nemzeti Front Magyar Nemzeti Gárda Magyar Önvédelmi Mozgalom Magyarok Nyila i Magyarok Világsz övetsége Nemzeti A karat Plat form Nemzeti Egylete k Nemzeti For radalmi Párt Nemzeti Munk áspárt Nemzeti _rsere g Népakarat 2006 NS Ellenállá s _rz_ Magy ar Gárda Mozgalom Pax Hungar ica Mozgalom Rendsze rváltó Fór um Somló Véd Pajzs Szö vetség Szebb Jö v_ért Polgár_r Egy esület Szent K orona _r z_inek Szö vetsége Új Ha jnal Rend Új Magy ar Gárda Mozgalom Véder_ Vér és Becsület K ulturális Eg yesület

MAX MIN The Netherlands 34

THE NETHERLANDS

- WEAKENING COUNTER-MEASURES TO THE RIGHT -

Right-wing populism and extremism Starting points

The query-snowball technique mostly Nederland” and “populisme Nederland” to returned parties that were or are on the check whether the parties matched the PARTIJ VOOR DE VRIJHEID ballot. findings of the previous search. DEMOCRATISCH POLITIEK The starting points for the right- The results were used to search for KEERPUNT wing and populist right groups and other parties, but the size of the net- parties were gathered from the que- work is rather limited. When the same NEDERLANDS VOLKS UNIE ries: “extreem rechts”, “extreem rechts group names were entered into Google Nederland”, “extreem rechtse parijen Scholar, using the snowball-technique, ANTI EUROPA PARTIJ Nederland” and “rechtse partijen Ned- even fewer parties were found. PARTIJ VOOR DE TOEKOMST erland” . The parties that were most named

Since the Netherlands does not were those that have an international NEDERLAND LOKAAL have a large populism network we also reputation, namely the Partij voor de queried the term: “populistische groepen Vrijheid (PVV), led by Geert Wilders. LIJST PIM FORTUYN EINDHOVEN

Query 50 PLUS

DE LIBERTARISCHE PARTIJ

LIJST PIM FORTUIN “extreem rechts” [“extreme right”]

LEEFBAAR NEDERLAND “extreem rechts Nederland” CENTRUM PARTIJ 86 “extreem rechtse parijen Nederland” NEDERLANDS BLOK

“rechtse partijen Nederland” LPF

CONSERVATIEVEN.NL “populistische groepen Nederland” NIEUW RECHTS “populisme Nederland” CENTRUM DEMOCRATEN The Netherlands 35

Populist right co-link network Populist right inter-actor network

DPK.NU

generic starting points party DPK.NU national new links non-party non national

Network analysis treme right parties are combined in the co-link analysis, it is notable that the PVV is linked to from an extreme right The network of the populism movement group, Voorpost. in the Netherlands is not explicitly vis- ible. The sites that are the most active in the co-link analysis are Twitter (in par- Registered / hosted ticular, Geert Wilder’s account), RTL and Radio 1, which are mainstream media sites, pointing to a general nor- Most parties are registered in the Neth- malcy of Wilders in the news. There is erlands, with the Nederlands Volks Unie Focal points one site that uses a web radio station, being the exception. Their registration which is Partij voor de Toekomst (for- is in Lincoln, Nebraska, US. The major- merly Trots op Nederland). Most sites ity of the extremist groups in the Neth- Lone wolves. No lone wolves were broadcast and also do not link to oth- erlands is hosted in the US, which is identified through the mapping of ers on the right. Populism parties (on typical of extremist groups more gener- links. The populism inter-actor issue- the ballot) do not associate with other ally, such as in Germany and Hungary. crawler map does not show many links. right-wing parties or groups (through The only site visible is DPK.nu, Demo- linking or referencing). cratic Political Turning Point splinter There are specific regional parties Social media analysis party from the PVV. such as Lijst Pim Fortuyn Eindhoven, Youth recruitment. In terms of the namesake of the populist politician youth parties and recruitment, there is killed in 2002, but it is no longer a na- Most of the parties are active on the not a lot of activity that can be found tional party and does not have a central web and use various social network on Facebook or Google. ThePVV and organisation. sites, though the activity varies, as noted Democratisch Politiek Keerpunt both A general statement or observation in the accompanying graphic on social have a youth party, and Nederlands Volks concerning the populist right move- media data. One specific development is Unie once had one. Nevertheless, when ment in the Netherlands would con- the recent Twitter use by Geert Wilder working through the Facebook page of cern their lack of visibility on the web, who has started an English-language the PVV the general age group is be- with the exception of Wilder’s Twitter account, with relatively few (anti-Is- tween 18-24 years, which is the second account, as mentioned. Wilders has lam) tweets. Previously nationally ori- most popular Facebook demographic followers only, and himself does not ented, his English-language tweeting behind aged 25-34 in the Netherlands, follow any, in a form of Twitter dema- indicates a more global organization (in according to Social Bakers, the social gogy. When the populist right and ex- English) of counter-jihadism. media analytics firm. The Netherlands 36

Extreme right Starting Points

Two queries were performed: “rechts- extremistische groepen Nederland” and NVU.INFO “extreem rechts Nederland”. Both were RVFONLINE.COM undertaken with the snowballing tech- BLOODHONOURNEDERLAND.COM nique. Only the first query was pursued COMBAT18.ORG as it resulted in the website of aivd.nl, the Dutch intelligence agency, which VOORPOST.ORG presents a complete list of right-wing STORMFRONT.ORG/FORUM/F22 extremists. No more complete list is to POLINCO.ORG be found online. The same query was in- FENRIS-POSTORDER.COM putted in Google Scholar. Articles found were by Fermin (2009), Racism and Ex- NATIONALISTISCHEVOLKSBEWEGING.NL tremism Monitor (by the Anne Frank NATIONAALREVOLUTIONAIR.WORDPRESS.COM Foundation - a publication series later LOGR.ORG/DENHAAG discontinued) and a report from Lub- bers et al. (2009), ‘De dynamiek in het Nederlandse “ver rechtse electoraat” rond en na de eeuwwisseling,’ from Migrant Studies, a Dutch academic periodical Query which also has been discontinued. (The party generic disbanding of these projects also suggest non-party that particular independent, scholarly national “Rechts-extremistische counter-measures are in decline.) The non national starting points groepen Nederland” groups mentioned in these documents relevant new links were triangulated with the groups from “Extreem rechts Nederland” the web list. One of the reports discussed ‘extreme right families,’ who were not included. A few sites turned out to be shut down (Landstorm Records, Holland Hardcore, Nieuw Rechts and Nationale RVFONLINE.COM Alliantie).

INTERNATIONAL SITES

RADIORAPAILLE.COM

CULTURALLY ORIENTED

NEWS

RTVOOST.NL The Netherlands 37

Network Analysis employed to chart social media usage. tremism and racism (Anne Frank The Tracker Tracker Tool by DMI de- Stichting, though discontinued now), tects analytics and social buttons, and blogging about the extreme right, dis- The right-wing extremist network has shows quite a presence of Facebook, tributing stickers, using Twitter, Face- specific clusters. On the top-left there Google+ and Twitter in the network. book and Youtube (laatzenietlopen.nl or is a small cluster of international sites The presence of these buttons does not ‘don’t let them march’) and organizing - Resistenza Nationale, Racial Volunteer say anything about their having a page counter-demonstrations (Anti Fascis- Force (radical splinter group allied to or followers, but it does indicate their tische Actie). The co-link map, however, NVU) and a German site wordpress social media literacy and that they share only shows four disconnected nodes, host, logr.org, which also hosts the the data of the visitors of these sites indicating that the counter-measure Autonomous Nationalists Socialists). with social media platforms. network has fragmented. Generally the Through two Belgium organisations counter-measures network appears to (Het Nieuw-Solidaristisch Alternatief focus on the extreme right, and is in de- [N-SA] and Voorpost) this cluster is Focal points cline in the sense that the independent, connected with a more culturally ori- scholarly monitoring activites are no ented scene (radio, postal order service) longer supported. Anti-counter-jihad- and two ‘web steks’ (little used Dutch With respect to youth recruitment, De ist measures (which would address the word for websites), one for Dutch poli- Nationalistische Volksbeweging has edu- rise of the populist right) do not appear tics and one for Belgian politics. At cational goals; the Autonomous Social- in the network. the bottom there is a cluster contain- ists East Friesland depict themselves as ing Nederlandse Volks Unie, Stormfront youngsters and Zwartfront is explicitly and news agencies – related to an event. directed to youth as a locus to ‘revitalize Blood and Honour Nederland (interna- the nation’. tional neonazi group) is isolated from Counter measures. The activities the rest. consist of documenting the extreme right individuals and organizations Deep page analysis (Kafka), publishing reports about ex-

The deep page analysis shows that ac- URL TYPE WIDGET tually a few websites are hosted on the

German host, logr, including logr.org/ http://www.radiorapaille.com/ ...... widget ...... Facebook Connect leerostfriesland/ and logr.org/groenena- http://www.n-sa.be/ ...... widget ...... Facebook Connect tionalisten/, the latter of which are eco- http://www.ijzerwake.org/ ...... widget ...... Facebook Connect nationalists; ‘de Groene Nationalisten’ is http://www.zwartfront.nl/ ...... widget ...... Facebook Connect a platform for national-ecological ide- http://www.voorpost.org ...... widget ...... Facebook Social Plugins http://www.radiopretoria.co.za/ ...... widget ...... Facebook Social Plugins ology. Another site that came out of http://www.resistenza-nazionale.blogspot.com/ widget ...... Google +1 the deep page analysis is Zwartfront, http://www.resistenza-nazionale.blogspot.com/ widget ...... Google FriendConnect which focuses on Dutch Nationalism http://www.radiorapaille.com/ ...... widget ...... Twitter Badge for youth. http://www.zwartfront.nl/ ...... widget ...... Twitter Badge All the sites of the starting points http://nationaalrevolutionair.wordpress.com/ widget ...... Twitter Button are hosted in the United States, except Voorpost and Fenris Postorder.

Social media analysis

Of the seeds Voorpost uses Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. Further analysis of the new (deep-page) actors in the network reveals that Zwartfront also uses social media. Another method is non national generic party starting points b blog

non-party new links relevant national n news

The Netherlands 38 RIGHT WING INTER- NEWS RTVOOST.NL

EVENT TWITTER.COMNATIONAL ALLIANCES

RVFONLINE.COM

PVV.NL RIGHT WING

CULTURE RADIORAPAILLE.COM

non national generic party starting points

relevant national non-party new links

the Resistenza Nationale (Italian ex- Force: this group receives many links Right-wing treme right group), and the Racial Vol- from actors outside of the network. co-link network unteer Force (which has Dutch, British The populist parties do use social and French branches). On the bottom- media. PVV’s Twitter activity is particu- The map of the populist right and radi- right we can see ‘the culture of the larly interesting because it only broad- cal right of the Netherlands is similar right’: a cluster of a few extreme right casets, as noted above, and the extreme to the extreme right, and shows that organizations, a favorite radio station organizations are moderate social media there are a few clusters with distinc- (Rapaille), a webshop (Fenris) and an users, with Voorpost being the exception. tive online activities. On the top left event (in Belgium), IJzerwake. There is On the backend of our network, we find there is a local news cluster organ- a relatively large presence of Belgium a ‘hosting schism’: political parties are ized around the Nederlandse Volks Unie organizations. Local news stations have mostly hosted in the Netherlands; the (NVU): this is the ‘event-centered’ part a stronger position in the network than more extreme organizations move to of the network, resulting from the arrest national ones. the US and usually do not disclose the of the NVU leader at a demonstration. New and big nodes in the network registrant. The top-right indicates international are Twitter and Radio Rapaille (‘non- Voorpost and Fenris post order shops linkages between logr.org, a German conformist radio station’). Next comes are the only organizations from the wordpress site hosting the autonomous the Partij Voor de Vrijheid (PVV). An- extremist starting points hosted in the socialist Den Haag and Oost-Friesland, other big actor is the Racial Volunteer Netherlands. The Netherlands 39

Social Media Data

THE NETHERLANDS 6.437 / 228.532

50 Plus Anti Europa partij De Libertarische Partij Democratisch Politiek Keerpunt Lijst Pim Fortuyn eindhoven Nederland Lokaal Nederlands Volks Unie

2611 LIKES Partij voor de Toekomst 212594 FOLLOWERS Partij voor de Vrijheid Voorpost

MAX MIN MIN MAX Belgium 40

BELGIUM

- DECAY ON THE WEB -

Starting points

HET LVV

N-VA

NATIONAAL JONGSTUDENTENVERBOND

VLAAMS BELANG JONGEREN

VLAAMS BELANG

VMO

VLAAMS NATIONAAL JEUGDVERBOND

VOORPOST

VERBOND VOS

DWARS DOOR RODE

GULDEN SINJOREN

HALLE VILVOORDE KOMITEE Description of the seeds Query IJZERBEDEVAARTCOMITEE

IJZERWAKE The lion’s share of the seed list consists extreem rechts groepen belgie of separatist movements striving for an NEDERVLAAMS independent Flemish state. Also in- cluded are the populist right and the PUNT VL extreme right, which are sometimes extreem rechts belgie difficult to differentiate from one- an TAAL AKTIE KOMITEE other, as the link analysis also found, whereby certain clusters contain more TREK EEN STREEP DOOR than one actor type. Youth and student populisme belgie organisations are also on the list, which VLAANDEREN FLANDERS is important for the recruitment analy- sis, with links leading to youth organi- VLAAMSE VOLKSBEWEGING zations and the festival, Ijzerwake. extreme right belgium Belgium 41

main stream medium right wing medium STANDAARD.BE RADIORAPAILLE.COM

LONE TAALAKTIEKOMITEE.ORG PAMPHLETS

pressure group VVB.ORG

SEPA- separatist HAVIKO.ORG RATISTS

N-VA.BE politician PHILIPCLAEYS.BE

VLAAMSBELANG.ORG THE

book publisher RIGHT UITGEVERIJEGMONT.BE IJZERWAKE.ORG

non national generic party starting points

relevant national non-party new links

Generally, the right online is located by the Dutch federal authorities, finds also becoming dated online. The excep- in Flanders, and is associated with a its way into the network linked to not tions are certain bloggers (such as the separatist movement that is occasionally only by the Vlaams Belang youth group, prominent right-wing politician, Philip difficult to separate strictly from more but also by the Language Action Com- Claeys of the former Vlaams Blok) as radical and extremist right-wing forma- mittee (taalaktiekomitee), which could well as movement and event websites, tions. The fluidity or intermingling in be characterized as a separatist or se- including Ijzerwake, which calls for the one space is exemplified by the presence cessionist organization, promoting an- self-governance of Flanders. Ijzerwake of more radical Voorpost as well as the nual Flemish song festivals and the like. also has a separate youth event, and banned Vlaams Belang, next to separa- Apart from the link to the Dutch Voor- generates youth activity online, which is tists. Indeed Voorpost, deemed extremist post site, the network is regional. It is moving to Facebook. Belgium 42

ANTI-RACIST, ANTI-VLAAMS BELANG GROUPING, ACTIVE IN MOBILIZATIONS AND EVENTS

HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTI-FASCIST BLOG AND MAGAZINE

Counter-measure aimed at the Belgian youth provides a actors it refers to. network concrete counter-measure against the At the center of the second cluster right-wing and separatist movements is blokbuster.de, which is a blog that re- which are highly embedded in youth ceives daily updates. Blokbuster func- The counter-measure network is a culture, across all ranks, from young tions primarily as an anti-racism organ- small, but tightly interconnected sphere kids to students. Theaff.skynetblogs.be is isation, founded in 1991 to organize the of actors who do not exclusively deal the blog of the Anti-Fascistisch Front / youth against racism. It has a particular with offering counter narratives but Verzet, which is the digital extension of political agenda against the right-wing rather counter activities, actively seek- bimonthly magazine AFF/Verzet, from Vlaams Belang party. They proclaim ex- ing out cooperations and engaging in the AFF. It is highly active with daily plicitly that they do not ‘just’ want to the organisation of events. The con- blog post updates. It comes in as a cen- provide counter-information, but also centration on providing counter-right tral actor in the counter map, but it does act in the form of organised protest, i.e., activities, including rallies, specifically not receive any incoming links from the through the organization of an annual Belgium 43

anti-NSV (Nationalistische Studenten Vereniging) event (‘betoging’). Another central actor in the cluster is the LSP (Left Socialist Party), which is tightly connected with Blokbuster to en- gage with the youth, with a motto: “Who- ever has the youth, has the future.” They also work together with ALS (Actief Linkse Studenten) (www.socialisme.be/ actieflinks), co-organizing activities and protests. The Antifascistische Onderzoeksgroep Kafka (kafka.antenna.nl) is an inde- pendent anti-fascism research group specializing in researching extreme- right trends. They advise journal- ists and scientists, who are interested in this subject. The only prominent French language actor is resistances.be, also a journalistic outlet which special- izes in right-wing trends (“web-journal de l’observatoire belge de l’extreme droit”).

Word clouds finding

A keyword analysis of the groups’ websites indicates the significance of Ijzerwake, and its youth event.

Total cloud

Analyse van een politieke ideologie (104) Dwars door Rode (471) Filip de Winter (838)

Philip Claeys (1048) Revolte (1051) VNJ (804)

Vlaams Nationaal Jeugdverbond (434) De Nieuwe Kolonisatie (461) Gouwkamp (11) IJzerwake (1387)

Stormfront cloud

Analyse van een politieke ideologie (0) Dwars door Rode (0) Filip de Winter (57) Philip Claeys (23) Revolte (116) VNJ (23) Vlaams Nationaal Jeugdverbond (7)

de nieuwe kolonisatie (1) gouwkamp (0) Ijzerwake (203) Italy 44

ITALY

- A GHOST NETWORK: THE MAINSTREAMING OF THE FAR RIGHT -

Starting Points - Right wing

WWW.NUOVO-ORDINE-NAZIONALE.ORG

WWW.FASCIITALIANI.IT

WWW.BLOCCOSTUDENTESCO.ORG

WWW.VENETOFRONTESKINHEADS.ORG

WWW.LEALTA-AZIONE.IT

WWW.FORZANUOVA.ORG

WWW.CASAPOUNDITALIA.ORG

WWW.FASCISMOELIBERTA.INFO

WWW.GIOVENTUITALIANA.ORG

WWW.DESTRANAZIONALE.ORG

WWW.AREADESTRA.IT

MOVIMENTOSOCIALENAZIONALISTA.BLOGSPOT.IT

Query WWW.SOCIALISMONAZIONALE.IT

WWW.GIOVANEITALIA.IT

google.it WWW.MOVIMENTOPOLITICOFRATELLIDITALIA.IT

“gruppi di estrema destra in Italia” WWW.ALLEANZANAZIONALE.IT

“estrema destra italiana” WWW.MILITIACHRISTI.IT

WWW.MOVIMENTOZERO.ORG scholar.google.com ALTERNATIVATRICOLORE.BLOGSPOT.IT “gruppi di estrema destra in Italia” WWW.LEGANORD.ORG “estrema destra italiana”

“partiti di estrema destra in Italia” WWW.FIAMMATRICOLORE.COM Italy 45

CASAPOUNDITALIA.ORG

r RADIOBANDIERANERA.ORG

yr BLOCCOSTUDENTESCO.ORG

party

starting points

new links

national

non national

relevant

Right-wing network and the appearance of one very reduced zionale.it; movimentosocialenazionalista. cluster. A close analysis of URLs listed blogspot.it). It was allowed to join the as starting points for the crawl, most of coalition under Berlusconi’s govern- Using the “snowball” query techniques which are absent on the final co-link ment, and in 2008, it formed a joint ‘list’ with the queries “gruppi di estrema map, gives insight into their disappear- together with Berlusconi’s party, Forza destra in Italia” and “estrema destra ance as a result of the absorption into Italia, and Lega Nord under the name, italiana” in google.it and “gruppi di es- mainstream Italian politics since the the People of Freedom (PdL). The suc- trema destra in Italia”, “estrema destra mid-1990s of the main (traditional) cess of the PdL list in the 2008 general italiana” and “partiti di estrema destra far-right political party, the Italian So- elections recently led to the permanent in Italia” in scholar.google.com, we cial Movement (MSI), formed in 1946 fusion of the AN into the PdL and the compiled a list of 21 extreme right- by supporters of Mussolini. Indeed, the dissolution of the AN. Listed as a start- wing and populist actor URLs. From MSI was dissolved under the leadership ing point for the crawl was the youth this original list of 21 URLs only two of Gianfranco Fini in 1995 as the party organization of the PdL, Giovane Italia reappeared on the final co-link map, mainstreamed under Berlusconi. (giovaneitalia.it). Following Fini’s re- namely casapounditalia.org and bloc- Since the mid-1990s as a result of jection of the MSI’s fascist origins and costudentesco.org. The final map merely both the collapse of the “First Repub- decidedly mainstream position, MSI shows seven website-actors in total, lic” and the end of the Cold War, the hard-liners founded their own party, only three of which are relevant to this MSI was able to gain unprecedented the Tricolour Flame Social Movement analysis as the other four are generic public support as the party had not (Movimento Sociale Fiamma Tricolore, online content management websites been involved in the corruption stories MS-FT) in the wake of the dissolu- (joomla.org, gnu.org, schlu.net and shy- that had shaken the country. Under tion of the MSI in 1995 (fiammatri- nistat.com). One might therefore state the leadership of Gianfranco Fini who colore.com; alternativatricolore.blogspot. that the crawl resulted in the almost downplayed the fascist origins of the it). Members of the party also include complete disappearance of the Ital- MSI, in 1995 the party was re-baptized marginal far-right figures such as Pietro ian right-wing and populist landscape Alleanza Nazionale (AN) (alleanzana- Puschiavo, founder of the Veneto Front Italy 46

Skinheads (venetofronteskinheads.org). initially a movement with housing as its ganizes a broad range of activities from In its turn, MS-FT (with its series of central issue -- hence the adoption of agit-prop-like artistic manifestations different positions) witnessed internal the word “casa” meaning “home” in Ital- to a variety of sports (hiking, diving disagreements and different “secessions” ian. Since 2008 it has become a larger and parachuting). It also launched its took place, which gave way to other off- movement to advance first housing re- own online radio station (radiobandi- shoots leading to a further fragmenta- lated and subsequently other social is- eranera.org), which is the third node tion of the far-right landscape in Italy. sues under the name, CasaPound Italy on the co-link map to which both This is the case for a number of web- (CPI). Next to the right to housing, the CasaPound and its youth organization site-actors listed as starting points such other current issues for the CasaPound link. A close reading of the website of as Area Destra (areadestra.it), Nuovo political party include the need to stop Blocco Studentesco reveals the ambition Ordine (nuovo-ordine-nazionale.org), financial speculation around real estate of CPI’s youth organization to central- Destra Nationale (destranazionale.org), (“Mutuo Sociale” project), to lower the ize student protest in high schools and Socialismo Nazionale (socialismonazi- currently high interest rates on bank universities throughout Italy with a list onale.it) and Forza Nuova, which also loans (“Ferma Equitalia” law) and to re- of local initiatives located in differ- calls itself a “componente interna” of duce the number of working hours per ent parts of the country. A drop-down the MS-FT or “Fiamma Futura” (for- day from 8 to 6 for mothers of children menu reveals their action radius across zanuova.org). up to 6 years of age (“Tempo di essere the “Nord,” “Centro” and “Sud” of Italy The PdL (Berlusconi and Fini) also madre” law). under the tab “Territorio.” However the recognized the need to satisfy the hard- CasaPound also offers commercial, local chapters of the youth organization liners of the defunct MSI and gave their fiscal and legal consulting. The“Ferma do not constitute website-actors on approval to the foundation of the more Equitalia” project specially fits its self- their own. Blocco Studentesco seems radical Brother of Italy party as an of- chosen artistic and political patronage to rather make use of Facebook with ficially sanctioned and openly far-right under the figure of Ezra Pound (hence groups and pages dedicated to regions offshoot of the PdL (movimentopolitico- the name) and especially his work Can- and cities, which correspond to its local fratelliditalia.it). On the other hand, Fi- tos against usury, connecting to the con- chapters. They often gain more “likes” amma Tricolore also rejects regionalism cern about high interest rates on bank than the national Facebook pages. and therefore political parties such as loans. With its references to literary and In their manifesto Blocco Studentesco Lega Nord for an independent “Padania” artistic Modernism (Pound’s patron- makes clear its dedication to fighting (leganord.org) and also seeks to attract age but also references to W.B. Yeats as individualism and atomization -- hence the youth. According to Wikipedia, Fi- well as Marinetti, the ideologue of Fu- its adoption of the term “Blocco” (to amma Tricolore is therefore said to be turism, Italy’s historical avant-garde), erase differences and “form a bloc”), “very close” to the CasaPound, which CasaPound places itself in a tradition of a common denomination among far leads us now to consider the actual co- both rupture with the past and politi- right-wing European parties (Bloc link map. cal engagement that sets itself against Identitaire in France, the now defunct Central to the Italian far-right the establishment. This is in accordance Vlaamse Blok in Flanders, etc.). The “ghost” online network (and also “survi- with CasaPound Italy’s (CPI) ideology importance of solidarity in the face vors” of the crawl as they were listed as said to be close to the so-called Third of modern life’s alienation and loss of starting points) is CasaPound, a social Way, which seeks to reconcile right- natural family and community ties in center of fascist inspiration founded in wing and left-wing politics. Although the city is also symbolized by the logo Rome in 2003, and its national youth CasaPound now has social welfare cent- of Blocco Studentesco, the thunder, which organization, Blocco Studentesco (Stu- ers all over Italy, no dedicated local CPI stands for the efficiency of common -ac dent’s Block), founded in 2006 (bloc- websites were found in the crawl results. tion. Just like most political parties of costudentesco.org). The crawl result also Perhaps it is an indication of the above the far-right, CasaPound is decidedly returned CasaPound’s online radio sta- mentioned rejection of regionalism by anti-capitalist and critical of globaliza- tion, Radio Bandieranera (radiobandier- parties and organizations close to Fi- tion’s negative effects on local econo- anera.org), which forms together with amma Tricolore. CasaPound however mies and the general life standards of CasaPound and Blocco Studentesco, the does make generous use of Twitter (it middle-class Italians. All in all the only cluster visible on the final map. has its own hashtag), Youtube, Google+ analysis of the starting points and fi- The CasaPound movement origi- and Facebook, with pages dedicated nal map shows then that MSI’s main- nated with the squatting of a state- to specific regions and local elections. streaming under Berlusconi has led to owned building in the neighbourhood They appear in the drop-down menu the fragmentation of the far-right land- of Esquilino in Rome, with 23 families under the homepage tab, CPI 2.0. Be- scape online. (82 people in total) living there. It was sides demonstrations, CasaPound or- Italy 47

Query

google.it

“gruppi antifascisti in Italia”

“movimenti antifascisti italiani”

Starting Points - Counter-measures

WWW.INVENTATI.ORGR WWW.SUPPORTOLEGALE.ORG

PATRIOTTISMO.FORUMCOMMUNITY.NET WWW.CRITICALMASS.IT

WWW.MILITANT-BLOG.ORG WWW.ONDAROSSA.INFO

WWW.STUDENTIFEDERICOSECONDO.ORG ROMA.INDYMEDIA.ORG

WWW.NUCLEISTUDENTESCHI.COM WWW.INDYMEDIA.ORGITINDEX.SHTML

WWW.DAXRESISTE.ORG ITALY.INDYMEDIA.ORG

ROSSAGIOVENTU.BLOGSPOT.NL WWW.AUTISTICI.ORGITINDEX.HTML

WWW.MYSPACE.COMSAFIUMARA WWW.SINISTRA.NET

WWW.MYSPACE.COM/NUCLEOPISANOHC WWW.BIBLIOTECAMARXISTA.ORG

TALPALAB.BLOGSPOT.NL WWW.RETI-INVISIBILI.NET

WWW.GUIDOVOLPI.COM WWW.CONTROAPPUNTO.ORG

WWW.COORDINAMENTO.INFOHOME RESISTENZATOSCANA.IT

WWW.SPORTSOTTOASSEDIO.IT WWW.ECN.ORG

ANTIFA.ECN.ORG WWW.OSSERVATORIODEMOCRATICO.ORG

MALDESTRA.NOBLOGS.ORG WWW.ANPI.IT

WWW.FUSORADIO.NET WWW.INFOAUT.ORG

INK4RIOT.ALTERVISTA.ORG WWW.INFORMA-AZIONE.INFO

ROMATTIVA.WORDPRESS.COM WWW.RADIONDADURTO.ORG

WWW.OSSERVATORIODEMOCRATICO.ORG WWW.UMANITANOVA.ORG Italy 48

e 10X100.IT Genova 2001 campain

b r r b LEFT BLOG b WING CLUSTER RADIOb b b r INTERNATIONAL INDEPENDENT MEDIA INDIPENDENT MEDIA CENTER b italy.indymedia.org

NOTAV.INFO

ANTI-FASCIST MEMORY INSTITUTIONS

generic national relevant non national

Counter-measures - the (Greece) etc. The Italian Indymedia measures network is also ngvison.org, a movement of movements chapter appears to be the central node platform for publishing and archiving of the counter-measures network, but it videos connected to different types of recently experienced financial difficul- movements in various eco-areas. Compared to the Italian right-wing ties and has been offline since February The top of the counter-measures network, the counter-measures organi- 2013. network is concentrated with blogs, all zations appear to be well networked Central to the counter-measures well connected to three radio stations with various actors from information network is notav. info, an important (radiondadurto.org, ondarossa.info and websites and forums, over blogs and movement especially in the contem- radioblakout.org). Central to this clus- radio stations, to specific historical or- porary Italian political context. It is a ter are autistici.org, a hosting company ganizations. There are several promi- collective fighting a substantial infra- focusing on providing free communi- nent clusters. structural project with an impact on a cation tools; piazzacarlogiuliani.org The cluster around italy.indymedia. large tract of land in Piemonte used for dedicated to the events that took place org networks the Indymedia interna- agriculture and local artisanal produc- in Genoa in 2001, the death of Carlo tional chapters from Austin (USA), tion. It fights against the oppression of Giuliani, remembrance and prevention; Chiapas (Mexico), Atlanta (USA), power as well as social and environmen- militant-blog.org a communist collec- MAdrid (Spain), Armenia, Athens tal devastation. Central to the counter- tive with housing, community centres Italy 49

and knowledge on the past and present and anti-fascism on their agenda. Oth- Italian neo-fascism, research and his- er significant nodes in this cluster are torical memory oriented); infoaut.org assembleantifascistabologna.noblogs.org (aggregation of Italian and global sto- (anti-fascist, anti-racist; anti-sexist); ries on various movements). ondarossa.info (a radio station dedicated The historical cluster is comprised to all of the left’s struggle / movement of 5 websites (anppia.it, archividellare- since the 60s); carmillaonline.com (lit- sistenza.it, anpi.it, deportati.it and ancr. erature, imagination and culture in the to.it) that have a much more historical leftist framework); reti-invisibili.net and institutional significance. This clus- (network of Italian associations seek- ter is represented by different (non- ing justice and remebering the victims governmental) institutional and cultur- of police, neo-fascist and mafia related al associations born of the “militants of violance); zic.it (partisan news site, the partisanship against fascist regime supporting struggles and founded on during WWII” and survivors of depor- open contributions ). tation. The counter-measures also have In the periphery of the network are a presence of social network platforms 10x100.it (Genoa related; July 2012 as Twitter and Facebook. ten protesters to be convicted or not); The map of the Italian counter- veritaperrenato.noblogs.org and vale- measures shows a broader issue agenda rioverbano.it (seeking justice and tell- related to solidarity with international ing stories about victims of neo-fascist left movements and domestic social, violance). political and economical struggles in The connectors to the progressivist, which anti-far right plays an important historical cluster on the lower left of role. Moreover memory and reminis- the map are ecn.org (meta site and link cencing are important for the position- aggregator referred to as ‘a network ing of the countermeasures’ in historical within a network of networks’); osserva- continuity with the broader left move- toriodemocratico.org (offers information ments.

Counter-measure network- overall findings

The counter-right movement matches right-wing politics in the sense that both the extreme right-wing and their left-wing counterpart share a com- mon agenda, with both concerned with housing and a struggle against capital- ism and globalization more generally. They seem to both spring from differ- ent historical and antagonist forms of socialism. They both seek to offer solutions to economic problems and inequalities, and put the emphasis on the corruption that goes along with real-estate specu- lation and the world of global finance. They also both place emphasis on the narrative that politics should move be- yond the regionalist, grounding their initiatives historically. Denmark 50

DENMARK

- THE FACEBOOK RESEARCH EXPERIMENT -

Description

The literature considers the Danish right wing the result of two overall ten- dencies; national socialism and right extremism (Larsen, 2012). The radical right wing consists of considerably few groupings and only one party on the ballot. There is also a growing counter- jihadist network. Most of Danish right became visible through using the snowball technique on google.dk, whilst scholar.google.com proved useful in identifying historical groupings. Hence it demonstrated that the ‘known’ Danish right wing overall has a digital representation.

Query

google.dk Starting points

“ekstreme højrefløj” DANSK FOLKEPARTI DANMARKS NATIONALSOCIALISTISKE BEVÆGELSE DANMARKS NATIONALE FRONT scholar.google.com PRIDE WHITE “ekstreme højrefløj Danmark” DANSKERNES PARTI DANSK FRONT COMBAT 18 VEDERFØLNER DEN DANSKE FORENING FREMSKRIDTSPARTIET DANISH DEFENCE LEAGUE 29. AUGUST INITIATIVET DANSK KULTUR DANSK SELSKAB FOR FRI HISTORISK FORSKNING FRIT DANMARK STOP ISLAMERINGEN AF DANMARK Denmark 51

m

NATVAN.COM

AMERICANm

b NETWORK b

m

DANSKFOLKEPARTI.DK

b b

DANSKKULTUR.DK

r b b DANISH NETWORK

starting points party national r radio

new links non-party relevant b lone bloggers m magazine / publisher

Network - co-link analysis terestingly, the crawl illustrates that these groups are digitally associated with the American radical right websphere, which includes publishers, lone bloggers and right wing groupings, While it is noticable that only a few of the starting points especially counter-jihadists. A closer look at the websites veri- (4 of 14) had a networked online representation, the remain- fied this relationship, as the natvan.com (the national alliance) der Dansk Folkeparti (party on the ballot), Dansk Kultur, Den refers to an American-Nordic Alliance. Danske Forening and Dansk Nationale Front were highly net- Moreover, the co-link crawl also demonstrates how the worked. Danish right wing and the Danish media have a digital The co-link study shows that the mentioned groups’ websites grounded relationship, with the tabloids having the closest link to a number of other actors in the radical right field. In- ties. Denmark 52

Where most groups are right extremists (anti- FADING Islamic or anti-semitism ideals), the two groups highlighted are national NATIONAL socialist. SOCIALISTS AND DANSKFOLEPARTI.DK ANTI-SEMITES

COUNTER- JIHADISTS AND ANTI-

MULTICULTURALISTSbf

starting points party national

new links non-party relevant bf franchise blog

Network - Inter-actor analysis The Danish right-wing groups not only have well-estab- lished web presence, but their digital interactions show their internal network and indicate its positioning also externally. As the Danish right wing is well represented in the online Den Danske Forening, which is the most linked group in the space, several of them also benefit from their common area network focuses on collecting and distributing information of interest. When crawling the sites for links internally in the about immigrants and refugees in Denmark. The marginal right-wing network, it was found that most of the identified groups (Danmarks Nationale Front, Stormfront, Frit Danmark, radical right groups are highly networked, leaving most (12 of Danskernes Parti) are more focused on mobilising people. 14) present in the interactor map. As such, it is suggested that More specifically there are two clusters, one with national the Danish right wing, compared to other European right socialists and an anti-semitic historical research site (which wings, has a high level of digital interactions. Notably, this has been discontinued), and a more thriving counter-jihadist, does not necessarily mean that the actors communicate with anti-immigrant and anti-multiculturalist cluster, with fresh each other; rather several examples were found of the actors and active websites. discussing each others’ activity and ideology. Denmark 53

COUNTRY

facebook twitter likes / followers

Social media analysis

Though the groups are all represented on a website, the majority of the Dan- ish right wing has yet to deploy social media in a smooth way. While the Danish right wing does have sporadic social media accounts, their activity is limited to Facebook by using pages or groups. These Facebook spaces are used to communicate with each other, and to some extent reach out to “like minded” in public. That being said, the groups might also be using social media for means that are intentionally not pub- licly available.

29. August Initiativet Danish Defence League Danmarks Nationale Front

4566 LIKES Danmarks Nationalsocialistiske Bevægelse Dansk Folkeparti Dansk Kultur Dansk Selskab for Fri Historisk Forskning Danskernes Parti Den Danske Forening Fremskridtspartiet Frit Danmark Pride White Stop Islameringen af Danmark Vederfølner

MAX MIN Denmark 54

Stop Islameringen Af Danmark

Facebook research experiment

As an experiment we tried to investi- gate the right wing Facebook groups, Dansk Kultur anticipating that it would give us in- sight into how the groups communicate and organize. After setting up a Face- book research account profile, we joined the four Facebook groups that are open. Two groups (Dansk Kultur, Stop Is- lamering af Danmark) confirmed the re- quest, and hereafter we used the Netvizz application to harvest their networks and store the data in a relational data- base. We then mapped the respective networks and more specifically the in- dividuals in them. The two networks are different in size (121 and 2156 mem- bers), but both groups have clusters and specific individuals who are connected to a high number of nodes – possibly indicating which of the individuals in the Facebook group are highly involved in the group’s activity. The experiment demonstrates an approach to studying extremism in Facebook. Norway 55

NORWAY

- COUNTER-JIHADIST NETWORK -

Query

“høyreekstremisme”

Starting points

DEMOKRATERNE

DEN NORSKE MOTSTANDSBEVEGELSEN

FEDRELANDSPARTIET

FOLKEBEVEGELSEN MOT INNVANDRING

FORUM MOT ISLAMISERING

NASJONALDEMOKRATENE

NORWEGIAN DEFENCE LEAGUE

SENTERPARTIET

SIOE NORGE

STOPP ISLAMISERINGEN AV NORGE

TJEN FOLKET

VIGRID Norway 56

SIAN.NO

party JIHADWATCH.ORG

starting points

new links national COUNTER- non national

relevant JIHADISM

Network - Amongst this cluster of international articles on the news site also display colink analysis counter-jihadists is a Danish site of the counter-jihadist sentiments. same character: politiskt-ukorrekt.dk. These counter-jihadist groups are One of the most prominent sites in also present in the list of the top nodes On the map we can see that the only the cluster is the Norwegian website in the network shown on the map. Also starting point that maintains its pres- rights.no. It is the site of the organisa- present in the top nodes are the English ence is the anti-Islamic organisation, tion Human Rights Service that also has Defence League and the Danish Defence SIAN. On their website they say they a counter-jihad character though more League. They appear in the list of top wish to enlighten Norwegians about subtle than the other blogs and organi- nodes together with social media sites what so-called Islamization is doing sations. It publishes news and articles Facebook, Twitter and Nettby. to Norway. It links to a number of based on documentation that they then The links to Facebook and Twitter international counter-jihadist web- analyse and interpret in a counter-ji- are to the SIAN organisation’s Twitter sites and blogs, which also cluster on hadist manner. account and Facebook group. Nettby the map. This cluster consists of the Online news sites as Aftonposten and used to be the second largest commu- sites, jihadwatch.org, politicalislam.com, Nettavisen are present in a ring around nity network in Norway after Facebook thereligionofpeace.com, faithfreedom. the SIAN organisation. The ring of but closed down over two years ago. org, whatthewestneedstoknow.com and newspapers is a mix of traditional Overall the findings indicate that gatesofvienna.blogspot.com, which was news outlets and some more radical the most present websites in the net- reportedly shut down by the host blog- news sites. The dispatch-internation- work are related to counter-jihadism ger.com and then moved to gatesofvi- al.com is the website of the recently websites, organisations and blogs. enna.net. It is an international counter- started newspaper Dispatch Interna- Furthermore, news websites, both tra- jihadist network, with many sites based tional which today is published online ditional as well as counter-jihadist are in the US . in Danish, Swedish and English. The connected in right-wing network. France 57

FRANCE

- THE EMERGENCE OF IDENTITARIANISM -

Starting points Query

3E VOIE PROJET APACHE “Groupes d’extrème REBEYNE ACTION SOCIALE ET droite en France” POPULAIRE RECONQUISTA BLOC IDENTITAIRE “Extrème droite en France” RENOUVEAU FRANÇAIS CONSEIL REPRÉSENTATIF DES ASSOCIATIONS BLANCHES RESEAU RADICAL “Droite en France” CRAB RÉSISTANCE RÉPUBLICAINE FRONT COMTOIS “Groupes de droite en France”

FRONT NATIONAL DE LA RIPOSTE LAÏQUE JEUNESSE (FNJ)

FRONT NATIONAL FN SDF

GUD SOLIDARITÉ ALSACIENNE

JEUNES POUR LA FRANCE (JPF) TERRE ET PEUPLE

JEUNESSE IDENTITAIRE UNION POUR UN JNR MOUVEMENT POPULAIRE (UMP) LES JEUNESSES NATIONALISTES MOUVEMENT POUR LA RÉVOLUTIONNAIRES FRANCE (MPF) LE MOUVEMENT NATIONAL RÉPUBLICAIN MNR CENTRE NATIONAL DES Description MOUVEMENT IDENTITAIRE INDÉPENDANTS ET PAYSANS GENEVOIS (CNIP) Using the snowball method for list- MOUVEMENT POUR LA DEBOUT LA RÉPUBLIQUE FRANCE (MPF) building, with the queries “Groupes (DLR) d’extrème droite en France”, “Extrème NATIONALISTES AUTONOMES droite en France”, “Droite en france” PARTI CHRÉTIEN-DÉMOCRATE NOUVELLE DROITE and “Groupes de droite en France” in POPULAIRE (PCD) both google.fr and scholar.google.com, we compiled a list of 28 extreme right- NDP PARTI NATIONAL RADICAL wing and populist actor URLs. From (PNR) PARTI DE L’INNOCENCE the websites harvested 12 are organiza- tions, 13 parties, and 3 blogs. They are PARTI DE LA FRANCE PDF OEUVRE FRANCAISE all hosted in France. France 58

MEDIA

NATIO- n b BLOC-IDENTITAIRE.COM NALIST n b LES n b b IDENTI- TAIRES

ISSUES

non national generic party starting points b blog

non-party new links relevant national n news

Co-link network analysis is the overwhelming online presence pean political movement that emerged of the highly interconnected mouvance in the late 1990s under the influence identitaire (identitarian movement); the of specific authors such as the Belgian The disappearance of main traditional crawl on the basis of the original list of Robert Steuckers of the “révolution right-wing parties and their youth or- URLs including some of them (bloc- conservatrice” movement (conservative ganizations included in the starting identitaire.com; jeunesses-identitaires. revolution). In France the the term “Les URL list such as the Front National, FN com; projet-apache.com) has uncovered a Identitaires” (identitarianists) was origi- Jeunesse and Parti de la France as a result whole range of new actor-websites of nally conceptualized by the French ide- of the crawl on the final map is strik- identitarian pedigree. ologue Guillaume Faye and has become ing. What the mapping shows, however, The mouvance identitaire is a Euro- widespread among the far right. France 59

The term also recurs throughout the ac- com). Bloc Identitaire also launched a the National Right Wing), a French tor websites of the countermeasure map news site and press agency Novopress political confederation regrouping as “Les Identitaires”, used in a deroga- (novopress.info), and has links to re- several right-wing formations among tory manner by “Antifa” (anti-fascist) gional political parties just across the which the Movement National Répub- organizations to describe the mouvance border to the North- and South-east of licain (MNR), Nouvelle Droite Populaire identitaire. France (vlaamsbelang.org and leganord. (NDP) and Parti de la France (PDF). The mapping of the populist right org). Further, Bloc Identitaire’s strategic Although neither the UDN, nor NDP, and extremism in France shows that use of the web for targetting the French nor PDF appear on the final map (PDF the mouvance identitaire cluster is youth is visible through the prolif- being originally listed as a starting dominated by the political party Bloc eration of websites bearing different point), prominent PDF personalities Identitaire and its coordinated online names, yet all automatically redirected such as Marie-Paule and Yves Darchi- effort to bridge the North-South divide to Bloc Identitaire’s main youth organi- court and Thomas Joly do appear, along in France and to reach the youth across zation “Jeunesses Identitaires” (jeunesses- with online versions of traditional news the country. It makes use of several re- identitaires.com). These “ghost” youth providers of the far right called Presse cruitment strategies, media platforms organization websites were discovered Nationale by the UDN on their offi- and events in order to achieve its goals. by the Issue Crawler as a result of the cial blog (udn.hautetfort.com) such as We performed two types of network mapping (Autre-jeunesse.com, Jigeneve. Rivarol (rivarol.com), the oldest right- analysis using the Issue Crawler. In the com and maquisards.com). wing weekly founded in 1951, and first one, “Right Wing total (co-link),” Although starting points included Synthèse Nationale (synthesenationale. the software crawled the seed urls, in Bloc Identitaire and some of its local com, synthesenationale.hautetfort.com). this case the 28 actor websites, and the youth organizations, the mapping re- These connecting actor-websites also map visualizes those that are linked by veals the prominent online presence of link the Bloc Identitaire cluster to the at two of the seeds. In this manner, the the mouvance identitaire and in par- more “classic” Nouvelle Droite nation- graph shows is those outlinks shared by ticular of the political party Bloc Iden- alist right-wing party, the Mouvement actors. titaire, its structures, main personalities National Républicain (m-n-r.fr), which and issues/themes. The mouvance iden- was originally listed as one of the seed Actor Rankings titaire power cluster organized around URLs. It appears marginal to the main (core network and periphery, by page) the political party Bloc Identitaire, its Bloc Identitaire cluster. 1 - twitter.com - 3813 use of Twitter, and its own online press Unlike the MNR, NDP or PDF, (Bloc Identitaire) agency, Novopress, also includes the blog the mouvance identitaire emphasises 2 - islamisation.fr - 3629 by François Desouche, a very influen- the fact that it does not promote “na- 3 - fdesouche.com - 3540 tial right-wing opinion maker with tionalism” but rather “patriotism.” 4 - fr.novopress.info - 3127 identitarian affinitiesfdesouche.info ( ) Against traditional right-wing nation- 5 - bloc-identitaire.com - 3106 and Polémia (polemia.com). This main alist movements and political parties, 6 - autre-jeunesse.com - 2375 mouvance identitaire cluster domi- the mouvance identitaire profiles itself 7 - alternative-s.com - 2227 nated by Bloc Identitaire links to a set emphasizing attachment to a soil, a re- 8 - synthesenationale.hautetfort.com of three other main clusters by a series gion, and Europe at large, rather than - 2080 of actor-websites that act as connect- to ‘just’ the nation state or region. As 9 - terroirs-productions-france.fr ing agents between this new political Guillaume Luyt writes on the website - 1897 (offline) movement and actor-websites of more of Bloc Identitaire: 10 - projet-apache.com - 1659 traditional right-wing and nationalist pedigrees such as the skinhead organi- “Au nationalisme, idéologie de la The mapping displays the over- zation, Jeunesses nationalistes révolution- Nation, nous préférons le patriot- whelming online presence of one large naires (jeunesses-nationalistes.fr) and risme, attachment charnel à notre cluster corresponding to Bloc Identi- the political party Movement National terre. Un patriotism que nous osons taire, its use of Twitter, its local chapters Républicain (m-n-r.fr). Other political affirmer triple: régional (patrie (Liguedusud.com), local youth organi- parties of identitarian affinities such as charnelle), français (patrie historique), zations (Jouinessa.com; projet-appache. Terre et peuple, included in the original europén (patrie civilisationnelle)” com, lyonlemelhor.org), blogs by local list of URLs, also appear on the final personnalities affiliated to the party map but as satellite entities to the main This inclusiveness accounts for the such as Philippe Vardon and his re- Bloc Identitaire cluster. presence of the separatist Flemish and spective personal, promotional and lo- The “connecting” actor-websites are North Italian, regional right wing polit- cal movement websites (soutien-vardon. mostly personalities of the Union de ical parties (vlaamsbelang.org, leganord. com, contre-culture.com and nissarebela. la Droite Nationale (UDN, Union of org), together with the virtual absence France 60 of the use of national domain names “démonstration pour le droit de l’enfant à titaire (another organization linked to (such as .fr for France, .be for Belgium avoir un père et une mère” (“demonstra- the Bloc Identitaire political party, yet or .it for Italy) for website actors of the tion for childrens rights to have a father not visible as such on the map). mouvance identitaire, in contrast to and a mother”), shifting the discourse The close analysis of websites includ- more traditional right-wing actors such to rights. Also, part of the activities of ed on the map also shows that youth as the (m-n-r.fr) and the Jeunesse Na- the Generation Identitaire among which recruitment strategies of the mouvance tionales (jeunesses-nationales.fr) which the Projet Apache is the help to home- identitaire span a broader range of ac- do use the country’s domain name .fr. less (SDF) under the name “Génération tivities and services than the traditional As the map shows, the use of the .com Solidaire” (projet-apache.com/2013/03/ skinhead youth organization, Jeunesses domain name is common among web- une-fois-par-semaine). Nationales. Whereas this latter organiz- site-actors of the mouvance identitaire. On the other hand, the mouvance es (support) dinners, nationalist hiking The rest of the mapped actor-web- identitaire and Bloc Identitaire cluster expeditions (“randonnées nationalistes”), sites set linked to and organized around intensively link to the counter-jihadist Christmas teas (“goûter de Noel”), bond- the main Bloc Identitaire cluster can be Observatoire de l’islamisation (islamisa- ing soirées (“soirée de cohésion”), nation- divided into two main categories: me- tion.fr) and their satellite issue-ded- alist commemorations (on the 20th of dia with identitarian affinities (realpo- icated website, Observatoire du halal November, the date of Franco’s death litik.tv) and issue-driven ones dealing (observatoireduhalal.com). It also links and the 1936 execution of José-Anto- with religion mainly. to the pro-Serbian support organiza- nio Primo de Rivera, chief of the Span- On the one hand, the mouvance tion, Solidarité Kosovo, founded in 2004 ish Falange), and trips abroad (Italy). identitaire and Bloc Identitaire cluster and which uses derogatory language Projet Apache (the local Parisian chapter links to pro-Catholic organizations towards muslims, ubiquitous through- of the Generation Identitaire and the such as indignations.org, a blog with out the whole network. The news item “brand” of the Bloc Identitaire youth or- the motto “Assez d’actes anti-catholiques” about the “9ème anniversaire commém- ganization) also includes a radio chan- (“enough anti-catholic deeds” in France oratif des progroms anti-serbe au Kosovo” nel (Radio Apache). It links to a music and abroad); it organizes actions, dem- mentioned on the website, for instance, production company (alternative-s.com) onstrations, and petitions has not been returns on the blog of Marie-Paule and and organizes football matches. posting since 2005. TheBloc Identi- Yves Darchicourt as: And whereas the skinhead youth taire cluster also links to lesalonbeige. movement Jeunesses Nationales still uses blogs.com, a newsblog “about and for lay “Kosovo: 9e anniversaire de Nazi-inspired imagery such as the Im- catholics (“Blog quotidien d’actualité par l’aggression musulmane, les ter- perial Eagle and the laurel wreath, the des laïcs catholiques”). It corresponds to roristes toujours impunis!” Projet Apache in particular loosely refer- the militant stance against gay rights ences the Beat Generation and the hip- and gay marriage, and for traditional What the mapping shows then is that pie counterculture of the 1960s. Their family values characteristic of the ac- next to anti-semitism mentioned by the emblem brings together James Dean tivity agenda of many youth organiza- Commission Nationale Consultative des and Naichez of the Apache Chiricahua tions and movements of the mouvance Droits de l’Homme (National Human clan. Hence the name of the youth or- identitaire, also visible through their Rights Consultation Commission), ganization “Apache.” The online Projet common use of the expression “père de counter-jihadism is also characteristic Apache manifest states: famille” (“family man”) in official pres- for the mouvance identitaire in France. entations of their main public figures From an ideological point of view, “C’est sous le double patron- (nissarebela.com/presentation-du-mouve- sympathizers of the identitarian move- age du dernier grand chef d’un ment/). ment put the emphasis on the defence peuple d’hommes libres et de la Such is however common across the of white Europeans and thus have an figure du mauvais garçon en lutte right-wing spectrum from the mou- ethnic vision of political engagement. contre la société bourgeoise nour- vance identitaire to the Parti de la France Some are self-declared “racialists” or rie de misère et d’injustice que and skinhead organizations. The PDF “ethno-differentialists.” It is in accord- nous plaçons notre action qui est organized the “Manifestation contre la ance with the ubiquitous promotion avant tout un cri de révolte.”. dénaturation du marriage” (thomasjoly. within the mouvance identitaire cluster fr) and the youth skinhead organiza- of the book, Sale Blanc, by Gérard Pi- Here, the native Americans romanti- tion “Jeunesse Nationalistes” organized chon, concerning racism against white cally represent freedom (and a rever- in Lyon and Marseilles, simulatane- Europeans. It is promoted across the ence for the land) and James Dean, the ously, a “manifestation contre la loi sur network from news items on Novopress revolt of a marginalized youth against l’accouplement sodomite” (demonstra- to the organization of lectures by the the old guard and the bourgeoisie. Pro- tion against the law on gay sex) and a author of the book on Generation Iden- jet Apache targets the youth by profiling France 61 itself as rebel counter-culture. In fact, pictured as a malignant foreign body, qui menace nos frères et nos sœurs au the book by Bloc Identitaire’s prominent to left-wing, anti-globalization and coin des rues et au bas des immeubles, public figure, Philippe Vardon, is enti- other issues such as surveillance, state révolte contre l’Etat complice des bar- tled Eléments pour une contre-culture control, materialism, ecological dis- bares qui sont la fausse justification identitaire, promoted on an eponymous aster, genetically modified organisms de son omniprésence flicarde dans website visible on the map (contre-cul- (food) and (American) Imperialism. nos vies, révolte contre la tyrannie ture.com). It calls for a revolution: financière qui nous voudrait moutons Furthermore, Projet Apache appro- acculturés, asexués et dénervés.” priates the traditionally left-wing em- “Révolte contre la grisaille de l’avenir blematic event of the Commune de que l’on nous construit, révolte contre Paradoxically enough perhaps consid- Paris (1871), which has become over l’uniformisation et l’indifférenciation ering the anti-consumerist undertone the years a symbol for the city of Paris d’un cosmopolitisme sans âme, of the previous quote from the Projet and for class-struggle and resistance révolte contre une société matérialiste Apache manifesto, both skinheads and in general. Moreover, Projet Apache pour qui la nature n’est synonyme the generation identitaire sell their links traditional themes of the far right que de terrain d’exploitation, projet merchandise online. Projet Apache does such as urban alienation, the rejection immobilier ou espace de loisirs, so under the “boutique” tab whereas of “cosmopolitanism,” the fear of uni- n’offrant aux familles parisiennes que the Jeunesses Nationales under the tab, formity and physical, sexual and emo- l’intoxication alimentaire et envi- “Matériel”. They all sell posters, stick- tional degeneration as a result of the ronnementale et les mirages con- ers and t-shirts. corrupting influence of immigrants suméristes, révolte contre la violence Spain 62

SPAIN

- ECO-IDEALS FROM THE RIGHT -

Description

Using the ‘snowball’ query technique, [grupos de de extrema derecha en Es- pana], in both google.es and Google Scholar, we compiled a list of 15 ex- treme right and populist right actors, and their URLs. (No new actors were identified using Google Scholar.) Of the websites harvested, 4 are organiza- tions, 9 are parties, and 2 are forums. 9 are hosted in Spain, 4 in the US, and 2 have hosting arrangements which are undetermined.

Query

List google.es

“grupos de extrema derecha en España” CIRCULO RUIZ DE ALDA scholar.google.com COMUNIÒN TRADICIONALISTA “grupos de extrema DEMOCRACIA NACIONAL derecha en España” FALANGE ESPANOLA AUTÈNTICA FALANGE ESPANOLA INDEPENDIENTE PLATAFORMA PER CATALUNYA ESPAÑA 2000 DERECHA NAVARRA Y ESPAÑOLA ALTERNATIVA ESPAÑOLA ALIANZA NACIONAL FUERZA NUEVA MOVIMIENTO CATÓLICO ESPAÑOL MOVIMIENTO FALANGISTA DE ESPAÑA MOVIMIENTO SOCIAL REPUBLICANO ESTADO NACIONAL EUROPEO (FILONAZI) PARTIDO NACIONAL DE LOS TRABAJADORES Spain 63

yr RIGHT WING POPULIST CAMPAIN joventutsidentitaries.blogspot.it yr

ws

tiendafalangista.es monicaloracisquer.blogspot.it b

enricravello.blogspot.it b

lottastudentesca.net paradaperezdavid.blogspot.it b y YOUNGr roberthernando.blogspot.it b jn-buvo.de y b RECRUITMENTautre-jeunesse.com r xryshaygh.com josepanglada.blogspot.itOFFICIAL INTERNATIONALyr yr hvim.hu yr BLOGGERS DNJ.DEMOCRACIANACIONAL.ORGGROUPS ws yr

aquilaadalberti.net ws

DEMOCRACIANACIONAL.ORG keltibur.com/rdn/ ws

DEAD ANILLO IDENTITARIO SUB NETWORK

starting points party national non national yr young recruitment

new links non-party relevant ws webshop b blog

made of the following actor-websites: al- three websites. Two of them are other Network ternativeespanola.com, democracianacional. political parties and the third one a co-link analysis org, lafalange.org and libreriaeuropa.es. website for a bookstore for political and right-wing literature. At the center of the cluster is de- Below is a description of the actors The mapping depicts two clusters, and mocracianacional.org, the extreme right in this cluster and an analysis of what one isolated actor. The first cluster is political party, which links to the other links them together. Spain 64

Node analysis - Cluster I

democracianacional.org

Democracia Nacional is a extreme right political party, and the website acts mainly as a news aggregator, organized chron- ologically. The top ‘banner’ says, “No seas burro, reacciona de una vez!”, or “don’t be an ass, react already!” They state their is- sues in an animated flash book, with such matters of concern as greater efficiency in the prosectuion of illegal immigants. Ecology is one of their issues, too. They advocate reforesta- tion, and investment in the eco-economy. It also denounces the violence by the left [violencia esquerdista stop!]. They have online surveys on the website as well as a Q&A section, with such questions as, “what to do if you are forced to enroll your son in a private school?” A banner links to a webshop, keltibur. wordpress.com. One of their videos provides a series of ways com/rdn/. Here the “radical look” is advertised; styles include to build the movement: distribute thousands of flyers, create ancestral Europe, with products such as historical flags. Books graffiti and attend marches and demonstrations. include La conspiración del movimiento gay. There are hats with Libreriaeuropa.es is a bookstore with political books, includ- the iron cross. Music from Brigada 1238 includes Sangre guer- ing holocaust denial. rera, and Identidad. One special offer is a DVD, Fest der Völk- Generally, the values and issues named on the main web- er 2009 (live in Deutschland), with 11 songs from ‘brother na- sites become more operationalized in the youth organizations, tions’. It also has a youth section, dnj.democracianacional.org. To and through links to web shops. For example, the ecological gain a sense of some of the issues, they are against Halloween ideals espoused by various Spanish parties become concrete (for it is too commercial), and are pro Day of the Dead. The through a link to a hiking organization. The general claims first entry at the moment of the query (from 19 March 2013) become specific and the culture of extremism visible through is a flyer promoting a concert by the Iberian Wolves. The web- engagement formats. site promotes activism and show images of people putting up posters and graffiti. They have a Youtube suggestion; it is the band Brigada whose music is also available in the web shop. They also have a forum, which is active and up to date, with Node analysis - Cluster II discussions on immigrant deliquency. The content of the fo- rum is user and adminstrator generated. It is graphic, explicit and direct, and also contains humor: The second cluster is composed of pxcatalunya.com (politi- cal party), larazon.es (newspaper), falaange-autentica.org, de- There was an earthquake in Morocco, and 3,000 died. fensasocial.es and falage.es as well as Twitter, with links to the Italy sent 4000 kilos of pasta, France sent 1000 litres groups’ Twitter accounts. It is rather populist. One of the main of potable water, and Spain sent 3,000 Morrocans. themes of the cluster is the economic crisis. Pxcatalunya.com, the only page in the network in Catalans, has as its issues im- La alternativa social cristiana belongs to a political party migration and Islam. Defensa social is also falangista, and has focused on the promotion of Christian values, marginalized, a section dedicated to actions that include posters, banners, according to them, in contemporary Spain. They are against presence at the book fair, and banners in facebook. Their strat- abortion, wish to renegotiate international treaties, and favor egy is to accuse people and name them. “positive discrimination” for those who come from similar backgrounds. As modes of engagement they promote events, especially lectures and book launches. It is possible to become Counter-measures a member by filling out a questionaire, which includes a finan- cial donation. La falange is an organization that consider itself the heirs The counter-right organizations in Spain have a relatively to the national syndicalist ideals of the 1930s. They offer -le small presence online. Apparently they appear mostly on Face- gal advice for their militants and participants in marches and book, with groups that organize anti-fascist events and march- demonstrations. There is a youth falange, with a link to the es. The only exception is the anti-plataforma per Catalunya, an motorcycle club, the Spanish Totenkopf, escuadrontotenkopf. organization explicitly against the PxCatalunya party. Spain 65

Social media analysis

COUNTRY

facebook twitter likes / followers The Spanish right-wing does not have a strong social media presence in terms of numbers, and the highest amount of activity is registered mostly in Facebook pages and YouTube accounts. Larger parties have official Facebook pages; smaller ones have unofficial groups or fan pages. A few parties have a (non-broadcast) Twitter account. Almost all of them have a YouTube channel. Generally the amount of likes or followers is between 10 and 2000 (small).

SPAIN 13.253 / 13.871

Alianza Nacional 5.827 followers Alternativa Española Circulo Ruiz de Alda Comuniòn Tradicionalista Democracia Nacional Derecha Navarra y Española 4.576 likes España 2000 Estado Nacional Europeo (filonazi) Falange Espanola Autèntica Falange Espanola Independiente Fuerza Nueva Movimiento Católico Español Movimiento Falangista de España Movimiento Social Republicano Partido Nacional de los Trabajadores Plataforma per Catalunya MAX MIN MIN MAX Bulgaria 66

BULGARIA

- HIGHLY WIDGETED -

Introduction nationalist, populist and far right par- right BNRP. The largest populist right- ties and organisations off of it. Here we wing party on the ballot (Ataka) is iso- are interested in the picture online, and lated in the online link networks. The The Bulgarian political landscape has the following is a brief analysis of the populist and extreme right are beginning been dominated recently by a few major online presence of Bulgarian populist to connect through a centralised online parties on the ballot and many smaller and extreme right parties and organi- forum and both were also found to be ex- ones outside the parliament (over 70 sations. We found that there are only 2 tensively tracking and tracing user data. parties were registered for the elec- prominent networks (despite the numer- The countermeasures network also has tions in May 2013). A similar pattern is ous starting points in our analysis), one been mapped. The counter right is well found on the right with only 2 populist around the traditional nationalist party, networked and the linking is dominated ones on the ballot and many existing VMRO, and one around the extreme by human rights watchdogs. Bulgaria 67

List and method List

The seed list is built through the fol- ATAKA lowing query design: [крайно десни партии в България] ([far right par- ATAKA SLIVEN , [радикални партии ties in Bulgaria]) ATAKA STARA ZAGORA в България] ([radical parties in Bul- garia]); [екстремистки партии в ATAKA PLOVDIV България] ([extremist parties in Bul- VMRO garia]). The results are snowballed so VMRO VARNA as to build a list of the names of the parties and groups returned in google. VMRO VRATSA bg. The list is checked against an expert VMRO-WE list (from Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bul- VMRO-WE PLOVDIV garia). The method results in an assem- VMRO-WE HASKOVO blage of 34 URLs, as starting points. Among them are the URLs of the NATIONAL YOUTH COMMITTEE VMRO far right (18) and extreme right (10) VMRO-BND groups and parties, two online shops, an aggregated forum and a cultural organi- BULGARIAN NATIONAL UNION zation. Some of the far and the extreme BULGARIAN NATIONAL UNION SEVLIEVO right parties are local franchises. Two URLs of the extreme left were added BULGARIAN NATIONAL UNION PAZARDJIK to the list to seek potential relation- BULGARIAN NATIONAL RADICAL PARTY ships. Four of the far right parties have BULGARIAN NATIONAL RADICAL PARTY MONTANA an explicit franchise network with local URLs. BULGARIAN NATIONAL RADICAL PARTY VARNA

BULGARIAN NATIONAL RADICAL PARTY BURGAS

Query BULGARIAN NATIONAL RADICAL PARTY RUSE BULGARIAN NATIONAL RADICAL PARTY PLEVEN

BULGARIAN NATIONAL RADICAL PARTY SHUMEN

google.bg / scholar.google.com BULGARIAN NATIONAL RADICAL PARTY VEKIO TURNOVO

NATIONAL RESISTANCE

“крайно десни партии в BLOOD AND HONOUR България” NATIONAL FRONT TO SAVE BULGARIA

“far right parties in Bulgaria” NATIONAL MOVEMENT TO SAVE THE HOMELAND CITIZEN UNION FOR REAL DEMOCRACY

ORDER, LEGALITY, JUSTICE “радикални партии в България” UNION OF TRAKS ORGANIZATIONS IN BULGARIA

“radical parties in Bulgaria” FEDERATION OF THE ANARCHISTS IN BULGARIA

NEW DAWN

“екстремистки партии в VMRO VIRTUAL STORE България” ONGALA

“extremist parties in Bulgaria” BULGARIAN NATIONALISTIC FORUM Bulgaria 68

BRNP NETWORK (EXTREME RIGHT) b b DNES b b BLOGOSPHERE b bb b b DNES.BG b b b blogvblogbg.blog.bg b b automedia.bg f b b apollon.blog.bg alllyalllyallly.blog.bg f az-jenata.bg drobomirdimitrov.blog.bg avangardi.blog.bg f bven.blog.bg deathmetalverses.blog.bg alexalexalex.blog.bg aleksandernenov.blog.bg az-deteto.bg brym4ence87.blog.bg decatani.blog.bg

ATAKA.BG

VMRO.BG

f

VMRO NETWORK (OLD NATIONALIST)

starting points partyb national b log The Bulgarian blog cluster links to lukovmarsh.info, the march new links non-party relevant f franchise takes place in downtown Sofia every year in commemoration of the general Christo Lukov who founded the Union of the Bulgarian legions during WWII and is considered to have fas- cist principles. Since its inception, the march has sparked criti- Co-link analysis of the populist cism from human rights organisations in Bulgaria as it is seen and extreme right as a neo-nazi activity in public space. The network aroundVMRO suggest a coherence of cultural activity; the links are to their local party franchises, cultural The largest populist party on the ballot is isolated.Out of centers, Macedonian scientific organisations, blogs dedicated the 34 starting points URLs, 11 were returned in the network. to the history of Macedonia, a newspaper, and a book / pdf The co-link map that is outputted by the Issue Crawler shows library. They also have a youth and a women’s organisations that the right and the extreme right parties in Bulgaria are with individual URLs (vmroyouth.org, dami.vmro.bg). The not really networked. Three clusters are prominent: one around network around the extreme right Bulgarian National Radical VMRO (nationalist / populist party with a long standing his- Party is comprised of their local franchises. No new actors tory related to reunification of the territories inhabited by Bul- appear in it. They do not link to other extreme parties or or- garians that were taken away after the Congress in Berlin in ganisations. 1878); one around the extreme right Bulgarian National Radi- The most popular of Bulgarian right-wing parties on the cal Party (top left on the map) and one around a neo-nazi blog ballot Ataka (ataka.bg) is found isolated (middle left on the featured in a generally popular Bulgarian hosting blog space. map). No right-wing groups link to it. Their online link is to The cluster is likely an artefact of the blog space network since their online TV channel (ataka.tv). there are auto-generated links, but there is a finding of note. Bulgaria 69

REGIONAL CHAPTERS OLD NATIONALIST

EXTREME NEW NAZI RIGHT NEW POPULIST RIGHT

FORUM.BG-NACIONALISTI.ORG

OLD SCHOOL ws NATIONALIST

party non-party relevant national ws webshop

Inter-actor analysis of the nor networked. The map also shows the case of VMRO). The newly formed populist and extreme right that the right parties are not directly populist parties such as the RZS (rzs. connected. However, they are found to bg) are either not present or in the case have common online spaces - the fo- of Ataka an outlier. Although Ataka was The right starts to connect through a rum, one webshop and several sites of found isolated and their site was ranked forum (forum.bg-nationalisti.org). right and extreme right formations. It is low (37th out of 55), one of their pages The inter-actor map confirms the pat- interesting to note that one of the fran- was ranked in the top 10 within the co- tern that the extreme right party (the chises of the right-wing party on the link network (the page announcing that Bulgarian National Radical Party) and ballot links to an extreme right union their party’s candidate had been elected the old nationalistic one (VMRO) are (National Resistance). We have found to the Supreme Court). well franchised and networked. It also only two networks or clusters around 2 shows that the largest right-wing party parties (out of 10), with the sites of their Ataka (New Right) is neither franchised local subdivisions or a varied mix (in Bulgaria 70 INTERNET USAGE AND POPULATION STATISTICS USAGE YEAR USERS POP. % POP. SOURCE

2000...... 430.000...... 7.932.984...... 5,4%...... ITU 2004...... 1.545.100...... 7.521.066...... 20,3%...... ITU 2006...... 2.200.000...... 7.673.215...... 28,7%...... ITU 2010...... 3.395.000...... 7.148.785...... 47,5%...... ITU

Social media analysis: The right has links to the Facebook pages can feed- separate web and social media spac- back to the state of the representation es. It can be said that social media is of the populist and far right organisa- not smoothly integrated in the online tions on the Bulgarian Web. It appears (website) profiling of the right forma- that linking is not considered as an tions in Bulgaria, because the crawler important practice or a practice related did not detect links from the websites to establishing associations and/or alli- to Facebook; links to Twitter, YouTube ances. Moreover, there is a differentia- and Google+ were also not found. The tion between the website and the social analysis of the deep pages of the net- media presence since they are not link- work also shows no social media pres- ing to their Facebook pages. ence. Indeed, the extreme right Bul- With respect to hosting, the major- garian Radical party and its franchises ity of the sites is hosted in Bulgaria. The have no links to social media (their Bulgarian Radical party subdivisions are official site features a login/password). also hosted in Bulgaria except for one; However, during a closer inspection of the Burgas franchise is hosted in USA). the starting points through searches Recruitment. The far right BNRP in social media, 3 Twitter, 3 YouTube attends schools. The far right National channels and 2 Google+ profiles of the Resistance organises concerts for young parties (not individual accounts) were children and their parents in Sofia. The found. Thus there appears to be a divide nationalist right VMRO has an online between the right’s websites, and their form membership (name / date of birth social media use, with a notable excep- / address / house number). tion. The VMRO youth organisation has a near seamless social media pres- ence. Links to a populistic newspaper, online TV channel and a news site are featured. The Bulgarian right is tracking and tracing user data. Although social me- dia links were not returned on the co- link map, all the right formation sites are found to be well widgeted. We use the DMI Tracker Tracker tool that de- tects the presence of trackers, beacons, widgets and social media buttons corre- lating it to the Ghostery database. The most prominent trackers are Google analytics and AdSense. Facebook and Google+ widgets are also found. The presence of social media buttons, al- though limited, and the absence of the Bulgaria 71

Social media analysis

COUNTRY

facebook twitter likes / followers

BULGARIA 7.365 / 108

Attack Stara Zagora Bulgarian Nationalistic Forum Bulgarian National Radical Party Montana Ongala VMRO Virtual Store 2658 likes Attack Attack Plovdiv Attack Sliven Bulgarian National Radical Party Bulgarian National Radical Party Burgas Bulgarian National Radical Party Varna Bulgarian National Radical Party Vekio Turnovo Bulgarian National Radical Party Pleven Bulgarian National Radical Party Ruse Bulgarian National Radical Party Shumen Bulgarian National Union Bulgarian National Union Pazardjik Bulgarian National Union Sevlievo VMRO VMRO Varna VMRO Vratsa 76 followers VMRO-BND VMRO-WE VMRO-WE Plovdiv VMRO-WE Haskovo Citizen Union for Real Democracy Blood and Honour National Youth Committee VMRO National Resistance National Movement to Save the Homeland New Dawn National Front to Save Bulgaria Order, Legality, Justice Union of Traks Organizations in Bulgaria Federation of the Anarchists in Bulgaria)

MAX MIN MIN MAX Bulgaria 72

Counter-measures - starting points

IVANYANAKIEV BULGARIAN HELSINSKI COMMITTEE BULGARIAN ACTIVIST ALLIANCE PEOPLE AGAINST RACISM STALIK B’NAI B’RITH GAY PARADE YOUTH LGBT ORGANISATION ‘ACTION’ ANARCHYRESISTANCE

Query

google.bg

“анти крайно десни” (anti far right)

List and method

We used the query: “анти крайно десни” (anti far right) as a starting point for mapping the counter meas- ures. Google.bg outputted prominent organisations: generic human rights NGOs (bghelsinki.org; bulgarianactiv- istalliance.org) and gay and lesbian hu- man rights groups and NGOs (stalik. wordpress.com; sofiapride.info). After “snowballing” them, 3 more appeared: 2 gay and lesbian human rights groups and 1 anti-far right organisation. It is interesting to note that the same ac- tors appeared for the generic query: “правозащитни организации” [“hu- man rights organisations”] suggesting that that portion of the public sphere is dominated by the actors considered prominent in the counter right space. Bulgaria 73

STOPNAZI-BG.BLOGSPOT.COM anti-discrimination, anti-racism, anti-nazism NGO

b b BLOGS

b KZD-NONDISCRIMINATION.COM commition for non-discrimination b club b IDCLUB.BG LGBT(Q) STALIK.WORDPRESS.COM COALITION SOFIAPRIDE.INFO

BGHELSINKI.ORG GENERIC HUMAN RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS

Counter-measures network in the network (sofiapride.info) are gay and part of the network around the LGBTQ lesbian human rights groups, organisers news site (stalik.wordpress.com) are pre- of the LGBTQ parade, a club (idclub.bg), dominately blogs (mushabusha.wordpress. The well networked counter right foundations dedicated to spreading and com/), a governmental committee against preemptively awaits the growing cen- teaching tolerance towards the LGBT discrimination (kzd-nondiscrimination. tralizaling efforts of the right. The co- community (bilitis.org), and a specialised com), and a human rights NGO (bulgari- link map outputted by the Issuecrawler news site (bgles.com). They also form a anactivistalliance.org). A recently formed shows a highly linked and networked coalition that supports the Sofia Pride pa- organisation against racism and neo-nazis space of the counter right. There are sev- rade and it is noteworthy that they include (stopnazi-bg.blogspot.nl/) appears isolated eral prominent nodes in the network: one and consider business partners in their from the rest. The analysis of the deep around Bulgarian Helsinski Committee countermeasures. The actors around the pages shows links to a YouTube video on (bghelsinski.org), one around Sofia Pride Bulgarian Helsinski Committee (bottom homophobia that was featured during So- (sofiapride.info) and one around a news left on the map) are international human fia Pride Film Fest in 2012 and a Face- blog for the LGBTQ communities (stalik. rights organisations such as Amnesty In- book page of the Sofia Pride parade that wordpress.com). ternational or Human Rights Watch (am- was founded in 2013. The actors surrounding the largest node nesty.ie; hrw.org). The actors on the top In conclusion, the counter measures, Bulgaria 74 in contrast to the populist and far right or- ganisations in Bulgaria, are well networked and linking. The countermeasures space is dominated by generic human rights or- ganisations (Bulgarian Helsinski Com- mittee, for example) and those specialised in the LGBT rights. Personal, specialised news and community blogs constitute a big part of the network. The actors offer counter-measures to the populist and far right activities - the far right BNS party organizes a commemorative march, the counter right responds with a letter to the mayor of Sofia to ban it; the far right Na- tional Resistance organised a concert for young children and their parents in Sofia and the counter space has a foundation (bilitis.org) that aims to educate parents URL TYPE WIDGET in tolerance. It can be also suggested that the strong network of the counter-meas- www.vmrovr.dir.bg...... ad...... Gemius ures preemptively awaits the increasing bnrp-shumen.blogspot.nl...... ad...... Google Adsense centralization of the populist and the far bnrp-shumen.blogspot.nl...... ad...... Google Adsense right organizations. (The inter-actor map bnrp-varna.blogspot.nl...... ad...... Google Adsense shows that the populist and far right for- bnrp-varna.blogspot.nl...... ad...... Google Adsense mations are begining to connect through bnrp-vtarnovo.blogspot.nl...... ad...... Google Adsense a forum, forum.bg-nationalisti.org). bnrp-vtarnovo.blogspot.nl...... ad...... Google Adsense www.vmro-haskovo.blogspot.com...... ad...... Google Adsense www.vmro-haskovo.blogspot.com...... ad...... Google Adsense anarchy.bg...... analytics...... Google Analytics anarchy.bg...... analytics...... Google Analytics nfsb.bg...... analytics...... Google Analytics nfsb.bg...... analytics...... Google Analytics ongala.bg/page/3/za-nas.html...... analytics...... Google Analytics ongala.bg/page/3/za-nas.html...... analytics...... Google Analytics www.bgns.net...... analytics...... Google Analytics www.bgns.net...... analytics...... Google Analytics www.rzs.bg...... analytics...... Google Analytics www.rzs.bg...... analytics...... Google Analytics www.vmro-varna.com...... analytics...... Google Analytics www.vmro-varna.com...... analytics...... Google Analytics www.vmronie.bg...... analytics...... Google Analytics www.vmronie.bg...... analytics...... Google Analytics www.vmrovr.dir.bg...... analytics...... Google Analytics www.vmrovr.dir.bg...... analytics...... Google Analytics www.gord.bg...... widget...... AddThis www.gord.bg...... widget...... AddThis www.gord.bg...... widget...... AddThis nfsb.bg...... widget...... Facebook Connect www.bgns.net...... widget...... Facebook Connect www.gord.bg...... widget...... Facebook Connect ongala.bg/page/3/za-nas.html...... widget...... Facebook Social Plugins www.vmroyouth.org...... widget...... Facebook Social Plugins bnrp-shumen.blogspot.nl...... widget...... Google +1 bnrp-varna.blogspot.nl...... widget...... Google +1 bnrp-vtarnovo.blogspot.nl...... widget...... Google +1 www.vmro-haskovo.blogspot.com...... widget...... Google +1 www.vmro-nie.bg...... widget...... LiveInternet www.vmro-nie.bg...... widget...... LiveInternet www.gord.bg...... widget...... Twitter Badge Serbia 75

SERBIA

- A RIGHT-WING CIVIL SOCIETY -

ciples and historical prejudices (mythi- the right online, concentrating on Introduction cal pasts and futures), protection of the the interlinking between and among traditional values (patriotism, family, populist and extremist groups, togeth- culture, honor, faith, etc.), extreme au- er with other organizations their links The extreme right ideology in Serbia thoritarianism, support for the fascist draw in, particularly the emergence of today is based on ideological princi- ideals of old, anti-socialism and anti- a right-wing civil society, shaping the ples as it had been in the past: radical liberalism, together with anti-Islamism discourse of the right, largely on tradi- nationalism and clericalism (religious and anti-Semitism, homophobia and tional questions of land and Kosovo. A fundamentalism), supporting the unity xenophobia, sexism, Euroscepticism, lone counter-jihadist blogger also was of the Serbian nation based on ethnic and anti-globalization. The follow- found, but anti-islamist sentiment is (also racial and denominational) prin- ing zooms in on the composition of not especially (or explicitly) central.

Query List

SRPSKA RADIKALNA STRANKA- SRS google.rs / scholar.google.com POKRET DVERI

extreme-right wing SRPSKI NARODNI POKRET 1389 SRPSKI NARODNI POKRET NAŠI “ultra desničarske SRPSKI NACIONALNI POKRET SVETOZAR MILETIĆ organizacije u Srbiji” [“extreme-right organizations SRPSKI FRONT in Serbia”] POKRET ZA SRBIJU SRBSKA AKCIJA “ekstremno desničarske organizacije u Srbiji” SLOBODNA SRBIJA [“extreme-right organizations SRBSKI PATRIOTSKI POKRET in Serbia”] SRPSKI SLOBODARSKI POKRET “ultra desnica u Srbiji” KRV I ČAST (BLOOD AND HONOR) [“extreme-right in Serbia”] STORMFRONT

“ekstremna desnica u Srbiji” SRPSKI SABOR ZAVETNICI [“extreme-right in Serbia”] NOMOKANON BRANIOCI OTADŽBINE populist right wing SRBI NA OKUP “populističke partije u Srbiji” ULTRA ČETNICI [“populist parties in Serbia”] ČETNICKI POKRET “desničarske partije u Srbiji” SNP ZBOR [“right-wing parties in Serbia”] FORUM VIDOVDAN FORUM SRPSKI NACIONALISTI “desnica u Srbiji” [“right-wing in Serbia”] FORUM SRPSKIH PATRIOTA BLOG SRBSKO CARSTVO Serbia 76

Right-wing extreme vic, research fellow at the Institute for ing in the domains of history, politi- European Studies in Belgrade, and cal science, law, sociology, philosophy, “The 2010 Annual Report on Human and human rights. “Peščanik” (first as After searching Serbian google.rs for Rights and the Political Situation in a radio show, and then as a blog/multi- the above queries, the names of the or- Serbia” by the Helsinki Committee for media portal) has been an active voice ganizations returned were snowballed Human Rights in Serbia) and Wikipe- of democratic Serbia since the 2000, and triangulated with a few lists found dia pages (e.g. List of political parties in although its creators also were active in experts’ articles in Google.rs and Serbia, etc.). The website of the Serbian critics of Serbian nationalism through- Google Scholar (“Political Extremism NGO “Peščanik” (pescanik.net) and ar- out the 1990s. in Serbia Today” by Jovo Bakic, profes- ticles found there were also used as a For the “right-wing extreme” organi- sor of political science at the University source of expert opinion on extreme- zations, 28 URLs were assembled as of Belgrade, “Party Ideologies in Euro- right groups and counter-right organi- starting points – 2 parties on the bal- pean and Serbian Political Spaces,” by zations. Many of the writers (experts) lot, 1 party franchise, 18 organizations Zoran Stojiljkovic, professor of politi- on this blog are esteemed Serbian on the fringe (one of them a student cal science in University of Belgrade, and international scholars, professors, organization), and 4 extreme-right fo- “New Serbian Right” by Misa Djurko- researchers, and public figures work- rums/web portals.

Right-wing populism

For the “right-wing populist” organiza- tions, 68 URLs were gathered as start- ing points – 7 political parties on the ballot (and 57 local franchises of these par- ties), 2 Serbian NGOs, and 2 web portals.

Counter-right wing

For the “counter right-wing” organiza- tions, 33 URLs were collected as start- ing points – 1 political party on the bal- lot (and 9 franchises of this party), 22 organizations/NGOs, and 1 web portal (Serbian media). Most of the names of these organizations appeared already in articles in the results for the query [extreme right organizations in Serbia] (as organizations that publicly oppose extreme right groups and their politi- cal activities), but another query was done for [anti-fascist organizations in Serbia], to triangulate the results and find more specific actors for the list. The Liberal Democratic Party (and its fran- chises) were included in this list owing to its prominence in the results for the query [extreme-right organizations in Serbia] (as a counter measure), given its noted public activity and political action against extreme right organiza- tions, and because of its (previous) tight connections with Serbian civil society. Serbia 77

POPULIST CLUSTER party EXTREME /SNS non-party SNS.ORG.RS RIGHT DVERISRPSKE.COM CLUSTER

SRPSKINACIONALISTI.COM

generic

SNSSTARAPAZOVA.NET VIVODAN.ORG national

relevant

SNSINDJIJA.COM

non national DSS.RS POPULIST CLUSTER /DSS

munication company (though the page points (“Dveri”, and web portals /fo- Co-link Analysis Total of this actor is down). Out of the 96 rums “Vidovdan” and “Srpski Nacion- starting points URLs 24 are returned in alisti”). the network. Three clusters are promi- Other actors in this cluster are Ser- Populist and Extreme Right Discon- nent: one around SNS [Serbian Pro- bian media/web portals Fakti (fakti. nected. The co-link map that is out- gressive Party]; one around DSS [Dem- org) and Novi Standard (standard.rs), putted by the Issuecrawler shows that ocratic Party of Serbia]; and one around the blog for Serbian expatriates “Glas the right and the extreme right parties the extreme right actors. Dijaspore” [The Voice of Diaspora] in Serbia are not really networked. The The clusters surroundingSNS and (dijaspora.wordpress.com), and an online only connection seems to be between DSS resemble the those outputted in document archive “Srebrenica Histori- web portals “Srpska Analitika” [Ser- the populist-right network map. These cal Project,” skeptical of the tribunal bian Analytics] (srpskaanalitika.com), are primarily clusters of SNS and DSS and other more official work on the which was one of the starting points in party centrals and franchises. An in- massacre of 1995 (srebrenica-project. the populist-right list, and “Vidovdan” ternational actor from the Russian top com). Social media are prominent on web portal, one of the starting points in level domain, “United Russia” (er.ru), this map: Twitter, Facebook, YouTube the extreme-right list. There is another appears in the DSS cluster (as in the and Blip.tv. Twitter is again the high- actor in the outputted map that con- populist-right map). Another interna- est ranked actor, 1st among the actor nects the extreme (forum Vidovdan) tional actor, a political party from Bos- pages (out of 57) and 1st among the ac- and the populist right (DSS party), a nia and Herzegovina “Serbian Demo- tor sites (out of 58), while Facebook is website “Stop prodaji Telekoma” (stop- cratic Party” is outputted in the list of ranked 4th among the actor pages and prodajitelekoma.rs, or Stop the sale of network actors (ranked very low among 3rd among the actor sites. Video shar- Serbian Telecom) – an initiative from pages and sites), but does not appear on ing sites are also ranked high, YouTube 2010 aimed to reverse the government’s the map. In the extreme-right cluster 10th by page and 7th by site, and Blip. decision to sell its part in the telecom- there are only 3 actors from starting Tv 22nd and 9th. Serbia 78

EXTREME RIGHT CLUSTER

NSPM.RS new serbian political thought SRPSKAANALITIKA.COM INTELLECTUAL HUBS POPULIST SRPSKIKULTURNIKLUB.COM SNS.ORG.RS NS-BEOGRAD.RS CLUSTER (SNS)

NOVA-SRBIJA.ORG

POPULISTDSS.RS CLUSTER (DSS)

party non-party generic national relevant non national

Interactor Analysis Total one: the largest one around SNS, much Kulturni Klub” [Serbian Cultural Club] smaller one around DSS, a very small (srpskaanalitika.com), “Nova Srpska ‘cluster’ of Nova Srbija party [New Ser- Politička Misao” (nspm.rs), and “Srp- Populist and Extreme Right Connect bia] (nova-srbija.org) (only two nodes), ska Analitika” [Serbian Analytics] (srp- via Intellectual Hubs, a Right-wing and a cluster of extreme right organi- skaanalitika.com). They connect some of Civil Society. The interactor map out- zations. However, in this map we can the populist right parties (SNS, DSS, putted by the Issuecrawler shows that clearly observe three (NGO) web por- and NS [New Serbia]) with some of the the populist right and the extreme right tals/forums that act as hubs for the extreme right actors (“Dveri”, forum are not directly connected, and displays extreme right and the populist right. “Srpski Nacionalisti”, “Vidovdan” and three prominent clusters, and one lesser These are web portals/NGOs “Srpski “Forum Srpskih Patriota”). Serbia 79

MIGHTIESTOFTHENINE.BLOGSPOT.COM b lone blogger SRPSKINACIONALISTI.COM VIVODAN.ORG forum web portal

SNP1389.RS POKRETZASRBIJU.ORG fringe group DVERISRPSKE.COM fringe group

NASISRBIJA.ORG SPC.RS oc fringe group

STORMFRONT.ORG international forum neonazi

party non-party generic national relevant non national

Extreme right co-link cre in Srebrenica, websites of Russian tions appear in the network. The same nationalist organizations, etc.). Out of actors appear in the deep pages analy- the 28 starting points URLs, 8 are re- sis, and in the similar order. Further, Co-link analysis of the extreme right. turned in the network – 6 political par- the major extreme-right organizations Presence of Russian, Slovakian and ties/organizations and 2 web portals. in Serbia now, one party on the ballot Polish sites, the Orthodox church and All the major extreme right parties/ (Pokret Dveri) and the three major or- the lonely (counter-jihadist) blogger. organizations from the starting points ganizations on the fringe (SNP 1389, The co-link cluster map for the Serbian appear in the network (Dveri, SNP SNP Naši, and Pokret za Srbiju) appear extreme-right, outputted by the Issue 1389, Nasi, etc.), except for the Serbian to form a loose network; they do not Crawler, shows that actors on the bal- Radical Party (SRS), the longest lasting all link directly to each other, and in a lot and actors on the fringe are not par- extreme right organization in Serbia, few instances they only share common ticularly well networked among each but with diminishing influence, also in public spaces (two forums/web portals, other, but share some common online the network. Most of the organizations “Vidovdan” and “Srpski Nacionalisti”). spaces (forums, web portals, websites on the fringe from the starting points There are also 9 Serbian right-wing web related to Kosovo, websites related to were not returned in the network. No portals/forums present in the network, Serbian interpretation of the massa- new Serbian extreme-right organiza- 2 Serbian right-wing media actors, and Serbia 80

2 right-wing organizations of Serbian international connections, since it is the starting points have Facebook pag- expatriates (in US and Slovenia). Of the only actor that links to Stormfront es (20 of 28) and more than half have interest is the presence of international (international neo-nazi organization), 5 YouTube channels (15 of 28), while 7 right-wing organizations in the net- Russian right-wing and extreme-right of them have Twitter accounts, which work, 5 from Russia, 1 from Slovakia, actors (including United Russia, All- they use for broadcasting (as opposed and 1 from Poland. There are also two Russia People’s Front, National Union, to communicating). Flickr and Goog- other actors from Russia – Russian me- Kosovo Front, and “Srpska” web por- le+ services are not extensively used. dia (international edition) and Russian tal) and the Slovak Revival Movement. The Serbian National Movement 1389 web portal/forum dedicated to Serbia. “SNP 1389” is linked to two Russian ac- has a Facebook page with the most The top node in the extreme-right tors, Kosovo Front and National Union, likes, 13,408, followed by the page of network map is a Serbian political party and to the Slovakian and Polish actors. “Pokret Dveri” with 8240 likes, and (on the ballot) Pokret Dveri [The Dveri “Dveri” links only to a Russian media the organization Serbs Together with (Gates) Movement] (dverisrpske.com), “Ruska Reč” (Russia Beyond the Head- more than 4286 likes. “Pokret Dveri” with nine links from network (links lines), which is an international project also has a Facebook group with almost from “Srpski Nacionalisti” and “Pokret of the Rossiyskaya Gazeta, a Russian 25,000 members. The most active Twit- za Srbiju”), followed by two web portals government daily newspaper. There is ter (broadcast) user among the extreme “Vidovdan” (vidovdan.org) (links from a prominent presence of the Serbian right organizations is again “Dveri” “SNP 1389” and “Srpski Nacionalisti”) Orthodox Church (its official website – with 1692 Twitter followers, followed and “Srpski Nacionalisti” [Serbian Na- spc.rs) in the network. “Dveri” and “SNP by Serbian Radical Party with 933 fol- tionalists] (srpskinacionalisti.com) (links 1389” have links to the official website lowers. The other organizations have from SNP 1389 and SNP Naši) (all in of The Church in this network. In the much less activity on Twitter or do not starting points) - Serbian right-wing actor rankings by site this organization even have an account. YouTube chan- web portals and forums that in this ranks high (9th), and by page it ranks nels are used more extensively by these map appear as hubs for the extreme 31st. There is 1 lone blogger in the net- organizations, especially if one consid- right (many extreme-right actors link work. This is the blog “Mightiest of ers video views (they are in 1000s and to these two portals). Other actors form the Nine” (mightiestofthenine.blogspot. tens of 1000s for all the actors with a starting points that appear in the net- com), a right-wing/nationalist entry YouTube channel). The amount of sub- work are extreme-right organizations about Serbian and global politics, his- scribers to these channels is not high. The SNP 1389 [Serbian National Move- tory, art sport, etc., which ranks 14th most subscribers and views are recorded ment 1389] (snp1389.rs) (links from among the actor pages and 33rd among in the Serbian Radical Party channel, 1489 “Srpski Nacionalisti”); “Pokret za Srbiju” the actor sites. The name of the author subscribers and almost 6 million views. [Movement For Serbia] (pokretzasrbiju. is “Witch-king of Angmar,” real name org) (links from “Srpski Nacionalisti”, unknown, who describes him/herself as The right is hosted abroad “SNP 1389”, and “SNP Naši”); “SNP Naši” [Serbian National Movement “a patriotic anti-jihad, anti-nazi, Nasi (Ours)] (nasisrbija.org) (links from anti-whatever-post-modern- All (but two) of the websites from the “Srpski Nacionalisti” and “Pokret za Sr- ism that plagues today’s world starting points are hosted abroad out- biju”) - all three groups on the fringe blogger from Serbia.” side of Serbia (primarily in the US, but that in the last elections of 2012 partici- also in Germany, the Netherlands, and pated in a few elections for local assem- The site has been active on Blogger Sweden). The websites of 8 organiza- blies (in some cities “SNP Naši” were on since 2006. This actor has inlinks from tions have been registered in Serbia, in- the ticket of the populist-right party “Vidovdan” and “Srpski Nacionalisti” and cluding almost all extreme right parties “Nova Srbija”); “Srbska Akcija” [Ser- has six links to network, of which four on the ballot (Dveri, SRS, SNP 1389, bian Action] (srb-akcija.org), a militant are to the websites of actors from the Pokret za Srbiju, etc.). “SNP Naši” is the extreme-right group; and Stormfront starting points (“Vidovdan”, “Srpski Na- only major extreme-right organization (stormfront.org/forum/f43), Serbian cionalisti”, “Dveri”, and “SNP 1389”). that has registered its site outside of chapter of the international neo-Nazi Serbia, in Germany (it is hosted in the organization (link from “SNP Naši”). US). The countries of registration for Social Media Analysis The map shows the absence of the the other organizations are the US, UK, Serbian Radical Party (SRS) (starting Germany and Australia. Only one web- point) from the network. According to Tens of thousands of members for site from the list is registered, and hosted, connections in the network, “SNP Naši” Pokret Dveri. The social media analy- in Russia – the outdated website of the appears to have the most extreme-right sis shows that a majority of actors from organization “SNP Svetozar Miletić”. Serbia 81

LIBERAL E-NOVINE.COM DEMOCRATIC NGO b PARTY CLUSTER PESCANIK.NET CLUSTER INTELLECTUAL HUBS

party non-party generic national relevant non national

Counter-measures ent) media portal “E-Novine” [E-News], e-novine.com, with 10 links from network. Also prominent is the NGO “Peščanik” [the Hourglass], pescanik.net, with 8 incoming links. These two ac- Counter-measures interactor map: Intellectual left is cen- tors also receive a lot of inlinks from the LDP cluster, and could tral. In the interactor map of the counter-measures we can be seen as counter-measures’ hubs. Liberal Democratic Party is differentiate the cluster ofLDP and its franchises, but we can not well networked with the other counter-right organizations also note a cluster of Serbian NGOs. However, there are not from the civil sector (it shares only two links to NGOs Helsinki many backlinks in this cluster (the network is not strong). Committee for Human Rights in Serbia (helsinki.org.rs) and the The most prominent actor in this map is Serbian (independ- Center for Euro-Atlantic Studies (ceas-serbia.org). Serbia 82

Conclusion from the network. Comparing further white supremacist organizations, most- the two cluster maps of the extreme- ly chapters of international organiza- right and the counter-right in Serbia, tions (popularly called the “neo-Nazis” Populist right connects with extrem- two things are evident. First, the net- or “fascists”), and a much larger group ists via right-wing civil society groups. work of the extreme right appears far of Serbian orthodox nationalist organi- There are no direct connections be- more developed than the network of zations, which have a broader support tween the extreme and the populist counter-right organizations (more ac- among citizens and occupy much more right organizations in Serbia, accord- tors and more mutual connections). The media space (popularly called the “ex- ing to the network map of the total major extreme right organizations are treme nationalists” or “clero-fascists”). right in Serbia outputted by the Issue- loosely networked together, while the These two groups are not networked crawler, but there are hubs that connect organizations of the counter-right do together and do not have common on- them. NGO web portals “Nova Srpska not have as many mutual connections. line spaces in the extreme right network Politička Misao” [New Serbian Politi- There are also more common online map, and generally neo-Nazis in Serbia cal Thought], nspm.rs, “Srpski Kulturni spaces (web portals, forums, etc.) for are condemned by Serbian nationalists. Klub” [Serbian Cultural Club], srpski- the extreme right actors than for the There is only one link recorded, from kulturniklub.com, and “Srpska Analitika” counter-right ones. Second, although the organization “SNP Naši” to the fo- [Serbian Analytics], srpskaanalitika. both networks have international ac- rum Stormfront. The maps also show com, are the common online places for tors, in the extreme-right network they that within the second group, the ‘old’ these two groups of actors, receiving are from Slavic countries - Russia, Slo- extreme right party of the 90s (SRS) is links or linking to at least one extreme vakia, and Poland, and in the counter- not networked with ‘new’ (formed after right and one populist right organiza- right network they are from ‘Western’ 2000) extreme right parties (“Dveri”, tion. Nova srpska politička misao [New countries (EU countries and the US). “SNP 1389”, “SNP Naši”, etc.), that ap- Serbian Political Thought] is a Serbian Also the types of these international ac- pear to have the same (or very similar) publisher and quarterly magazine deal- tors are different. In the extreme-right agenda. ing with politics, policy studies, and so- network these international actors are cial issues. This magazine belongs to the all nationalist and extreme nationalist Serbian conservative/nationalist bloc right-wing organizations, while in the that strongly criticizes any fresh ad- counter-right network they are organi- vance towards acceptance of European zations for the protection of human values and advocates the attainment of rights, LGBT organizations, and offi- national goals at all cost, even refraining cial institutions of the European Union. from EU. Srpski Kulturni Klub [Ser- bian Cultural Club] is a Serbian NGO The network of the formed in 2007 and involved in the or- extreme right appears ganization of numerous public lectures, presentations, and debates on topics far more developed than of political and social significance in the network of counter- Serbia. Its mission is to (re)shape the right organizations cultural identity of Serbia, inspired by the ideas of conservative Serbian politi- (more actors and more cians and philosophers from the early mutual connections). 20th century. Srpska Analitika [Serbian The major extreme right Analytics] is a conservative and nation- alist quasi-intellectual Serbian internet organizations are loosely magazine, launched in 2006, that pri- networked together, while marily publishes texts dealing with pat- riotism, spirituality, globalization, but the organizations of the also politics and economy. counter-right do not have as In comparison to the three hubs (in- many mutual connections. tellectuals) that link the populist and the far-right organizations in Serbia, the counter-measures map has only The extreme right organizations in two (“E-Novine” and “Peščanik”), but Serbia can be broadly divided into two they appear stronger in terms of links groups: a smaller group of neo-Nazi - CONCLUSIONS - Conclusion 84

OVERALL CONCLUSIONS

The right and the state cited at length certain bloggers, but with Twitter popular in only spe- of their websites who himself was not necessarily well cific countries (and instances). When known in that issue space. In Serbia, looked at in relation to the decline or for example, we located a lone blogger decay of the right-wing web in Eu- One of the more poignant findings in the network, whose ‘loneliness’ may rope, the question is which part of concerns the overall decay or decline of well have to do with his particular form the right has moved to social media, the right-wing web across Europe, with of right-wing thought, counter-jihad- so to speak, and which part has sim- pages still featuring earlier versions of ism, which otherwise was somewhat ply declined online. HTML and design styles hailing from absent from the Serbian space. Populist politicians as Geert Wilders the info-web as opposed to the social use Twitter (as a broadcast medium). web, with its larger text and buttons. (Wilders only has followers, and fol- Link lists have broken links, website The locations of counter- lows no one.) Twitter’s use also stands sections are not fresh and sites are run jihadism, and the link to out in stands out in France, Spain and by webmasters as opposed to platform- identitarianism Belgium. Zooming on which groups like communities of users. For certain use social media, the common thread Western European countries (Ger- is that populists (and identitarianists) many) some websites found through This brings us to the second major find- tweet, and, like Wilders, tend to use link analysis have been abandoned for ing, concerning the locations of coun- it as a broadcast medium. Counter- other websites, in a cat and mouse game ter-jihadism. It is largely a northern af- jihadists, on the other hand, relate with authorities. In other neighbouring fair, with links to the major American to one another on Facebook, as do countries (the Netherlands and Bel- counter-jihadist websites emanating youth organizations across the right- gium), the right’s websites suggest a from the Scandanavian countries (Den- wing spectrum. vintage web. When the right-wing has mark and Norway). From the Nether- moved into the blogosphere (e.g., Nor- lands, it is the tweeting of populist right politician Geert Wilders that has coun- The new right issues, and the counter- ter-jihadist material. To date southern One of the more poignant measures’ matches and European countries have fewer counter- mismatches findings concerns the jihadist references and links, suggesting overall decay or decline of that counter-jihadism has a particular the right-wing web across geography. There is a somewhat related It is increasingly recognized (by or- movement, however, in identitarian- ganizations as the Hope not hate cam- Europe, with pages still ism, which is centered in France, with paign of London) that anti-Islamic or featuring earlier versions links to regionalist groups in Belgium counter-jihadist sentiment is organ- (Vlaams Belang) and Italy (Lega Nord). izing the right in Europe, especially of HTML and design styles Its identity politics are soil-based, but in northern countries which also hailing from the info-web as they do not restrict themselves to being link to the American counter-jihad- opposed to the social web. just regionalist or nationalist. Their web ist websites such as Gates of Vienna. is lively, especially the social media use. With counter-jihadism as well as identitarianism, there is also a grow- way), it is livelier, as bloggers link to ing sense that the new right’s issue (and react to) other bloggers. It is here The right’s move composition is shifting, or at least to social media where we sought lone bloggers, where being reframed, as Demos, the Lon- (and which right?) the links were to other blogs, but neces- don-based think tank, has written. sarily not from the (vintage) websites. We have made similar findings, and The rationale behind the search for lone In the graphic showing a comparison also specified the shifts further. For bloggers has to do with Anders Breivik, of social media use across the right example, we have encountered eco- the perpetrator of the mass killings in by country, one notes that Facebook ideals in Spain and organic markets Norway ( July 2011), who frequented is a leading platform for expression, in Greece as principles and sites of the online postings of the far right and cumulatively, throughout the right, the new right. The identarianists in Conclusion 85

Apart from what we could learn overall from the right’s use of the web, the focal points of the research concerned youth recruitment activities (as well as lone wolves or lone bloggers). There is also a third focal point. We have been interested in the counter-measures, or the kind of responses to right-wing activities. Do the counter-measures address the right’s activities, or are there mainly mismatches?

France speak out on children’s rights. work (together with human rights or- Studying the new right The anti-globalization (and anti-cap- ganizations) working perhaps on other in social media italist) message is a part of the right- levels. Like in Bulgaria, in Belgium wing repertoire in Austria. In Serbia there are competing music festivals, there is a right-wing civil society that right and left. In Hungary (where there Populism may be thought of as at- serves as intellectual hubs of the right. are also competing music festivals) it tempts at filling in the identity of the The above examples specify further the appears that the right has seized a cul- majority of the people, and its study new right’s issues. tural symbol, the yurt, which relates to the resonance of those attempts, among Apart from what we could learn over- Hungarians’ supposed cultural roots other inquiries. It is here that a word all from the right’s use of the web, the in Mongolia. The yurt, together with should be said about future research, focal points of the research concerned horseback riding (also in the Mongo- and especially its site, at least for on- youth recruitment activities (as well as lian spirit) are part of the national fes- line research. Generally speaking, it is lone wolves or lone bloggers, as related tival and camping activities, and do not not just the youth and youth organiza- above). There is also a third focal point. appear to be matched. tions who use social media, and have We have been interested in the coun- We also found mismatches. In Austria, left the web behind (or the open web, ter-measures, or the kind of responses for example, activity on the right, online, as it is sometimes referred to). Rather to right-wing activities. Do the coun- is populist, with the Freedom Party or- it is also the new right. It appears that ter-measures address the right’s activi- ganizing the network, together with the newer the right-wing formation, ties, or are there mainly mismatches? issue-based online initiatives concerning the newer the media used. Thus future Camping and outdoors excursions the retention of Austrian gold, critique of work should concentrate, if not wholly, are common right-wing youth recruit- lavish Viennese balls and anti-globaliza- on social media networks and the ap- ment strategies, and there are also con- tion as well as anti-capitalist sentiment. peal of the content and activities to the certs, festivals, radio stations as well The counter-measures located concern right’s friends and followers, studying as webshops where one purchases the the ‘brown’ right, the fascists and their their engagement more specifically in goods of the right (and where one also symbols and music, instead of the popu- terms of likes, shares, comments, liked is asked to come and pick up the items lists’. Something similar could be said comments and so forth (on Facebook), and be available for personalized home of Germany, however much the brown perhaps taking the so-called Facebook delivery, so contact is made). Just as right appears to be much more active research experiment in the Danish case readily there are youth divisions of par- and counter-measures of that variety do above as its starting point. Twitter anal- ties and groups, with events and activi- match. The right’s message-spreading by ysis likewise may focus on retweeted ties such as dinners. In most countries graffiti in Germany does not seem to be content, and its circulation. there is one or more right-wing cultural matched, at least in the network activities Considering the observation that the clusters where one may learn of the found. The Netherlands has seen a grad- newer the right the newer the media right-wing lifestyle. From the research ual decline of activities to counter the used, the identitarian and counter-ji- we also have found cultural specificities, right, especially its independent study, hadist networks are the palpable start- and asked how they are addressed. In with the Anne Frank Foundation’s dis- ing points for continued work, together Bulgaria we found a counter-measures continuation of extremism monitoring with counter-measures to their activi- infrastructure awaiting right-wing ac- as one leading example. Here we found ties, which themselves may be within tions, and continually matching the not so much a mismatch, but rather little social media, such as comment clashes right’s events. In Serbia there is in a activity countering the right, perhaps be- in unmoderated groups. Here one addi- sense the opposite: a right-wing civil cause the right has shifted to populism, tional focus could be on medium-spe- society preparing policy, with a progres- and the previous activities were directed cific activities for addressing the new sive intellectual counter-measures net- at extremism. right in social media. Conclusion 86

THE NETHERLANDS SPAIN NORWAY FRANCE 6,437 / 228,532 13,253 / 13,871 537 / x 190,980 / 64,174

PORTUGAL ROMANIA HUNGARY GREECE 8,140 / 591 40,835 / 159 62,201 / x 3,111 / 2,213

ITALY AUSTRIA BELGIUM BULGARIA 117,863 / 7,950 12,381 / 894 41,504 / 15,527 7,365 / 108

DENMARK GERMANY 9,308 / 0 43,278 / 5,406 facebook twitter likes followers - APPENDIX - Appendix 88

LIST-MAKING THROUGH ASSOCIATIVE QUERY-SNOWBALLING

MAKING URL LISTS OF THE POPULIST will be a vital component in the mapping processes. Below RIGHT AND RIGHT-WING EXTREMISTS please find the instructions on how to make a list. We used the example of “Extreme Right” for the country of Spain, however much the process is the same for any country and for all three The objective of this preparatory task is to assemble three themes (Extreme Right, Right and Counter-Right). URL lists per country under study: Extreme Right, Right and Counter-Right. These are broad terms and they will probably change as the workshop advances. We do not categorize in ad- vance, but instead follow the actors’ own language, from which any classification scheme emerges. Thus, please consider these initial themes as broad groupings and not as strict or fixed cat- egorizations, names or classifications of any specific type. Each one of you will be in charge of creating a list for your country or countries, using your native language. The entire set of lists

Part I: Making a URL list For example, an article from a Span- 4 using the technique ish news site might give an overview Take the 2 initial two groups of right wing in Europe, including (España 2000 and Plataforma per Spain and others. From the article Catalunya) and the new group (De- 1 extract the names of the groups that mocracia Nacional) and use them Log-out of you g-mail account. correspond to your country in ques- as a query in quotation marks. Go to the local Google search engine tions and ignore the rest, then find Again you will receive a new set of for your country. In case of Spain it the URL and include in a Google results in which this 3 groups will most is google.es. Design a broad query Spread sheet. Let’s say in this first step likely be associated with other groups. that you think will output extreme you found two main groups: España Let’s say you found 4 new groups. Add right groups in Spain. For exam- 2000 and Plataforma per Catalyuña. them to the spreadsheet. Proceed to ple we used: “Grupos de Extrema perform a new query this time using derecha en España” (in English: figure 02 all 7 group names in quotation marks. Extreme right groups in Spain).

figure 01 5 3 Repeat until either the same Go back to Google.es. Now use results keep coming back or you the names of the groups you found on do not find any new group. 2 the previous article as a query using After performing the query you will quotation marks. In this case: [“España be returned a set of results, some of 2000” “Plataforma Catalunya”]. You them will be “lists”. We use the terms will be returned a fresh set of results 6 list in a broad sense. For example, a that contain ideally not the two groups The last groups to come up news article in that reviews the most used as query but also new ones that in the lists can be thought of as influential extreme right wing parties will be associated with them somehow more marginal. Therefore, one last will usually include a number of these (associational snowballing). Go through step is to take the last 5 groups parties across the article. You might the results, select the names of the new and use them as query terms. find that the article refers to parties or groups and add them to the spreadsheet. Ideally you will receive a new set groups from not only the country in For example: the article contained the of even more marginal groups. Re- which you are querying bit also refers new name of Democracia Nacional. peat until no more results are found. to other international groupings. figure 03 Appendix 89

LIST-MAKING THROUGH ASSOCIATIVE QUERY-SNOWBALLING

Part II: Finding expert lists (for comparing with and 5 eventually adding to the You will have three sets of web list): lists. In order to compile them into one final expert lists use the “list comparison tool”. 1 Search for literature that men- tions the extreme right wing in Part III: The Final list. Web Spain. Academic articles and case list + expert list studies usually have their own col- lection of group names. We suggest using Google Scholar to query in the In order to compile the web list and original language or in English, again the expert list use again the com- figure 02 in broad search terms. For example: parison tool. Take note of the cases [extreme right-wing Spain]. From that are unique either for the expert First result from Google.es query the results explore and chose ap- or the web. Consider including the for right-wing extremist groups proximately three articles that you have experts’ uniques in the spreadsheet, in Spain, mentioning two groups, detected containing “lists” (remember thereby comprising your final list. Plataforma Catalunya and Espana lists do not always look like lists). Here one also takes note of what 2000 (highlighted by authors). Groups’ the web yields in comparison to the names and URLs entered into spread- expert, comparing for example episte- sheet. Screenshots of web browser 2 mologies (how lists are made) as well and Excel, 4 September 2012. Extract the names of the groups, and as ontologies (who makes the list). search for the groups’ URLs if they are not included. Make a list of all groups and URLs. This is the experts’list.

3 Compare the web list (associative query-snowballing technique) with the experts’ list, using the list comparison tool, Compare Lists, https://tools. digitalmethods.net/beta/ analyse/.

4 Take note of the cases that are figure 03 unique to the expert list (or to the web). Query the group’s name in a Associative query- snowball- leading search engine, and ascer- ing technique, second iteration. tain whether it has one or more Results of the Google.es query for URLs. Retain those groups on the figure 01 Plataforma Catalunya and Espana experts’ lists that have a web pres- 2000 yields a third group, Democ- ence, i.e., one or more associated Google.es results of a query for racia Nacional, which is then added URLs claiming to represent or give right-wing extremist groups in Spain. to the spreadsheet, with its URL. significant voice to the group. Screenshot, 4 September 2012. Screenshots, 4 September 2012.