Våldsbejakande Och Antidemokratiska Budskap På Internet

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Våldsbejakande Och Antidemokratiska Budskap På Internet Våldsbejakande och antidemokratiska budskap på internet Förord Den gängse mediebilden av våldsam extremism kan tyckas ligga långt från Statens medieråds ordinarie verksamhet. Medan extremismen ofta beskrivs i dramatiska termer av terrorism, attentat och kravaller handlar myndighetens verksamhet om mer vardagliga saker som åldersgränser på biofilmer och mediekunnighetsundervisning i förskolan. Men ingen människa föds till våldsverkare för politiska eller religiösa syften. Att rekryteras till och radikaliseras inom ramen för våldsbejakande och antidemokratiska extremistgrupper är en fråga om att mer eller mindre okritiskt tillgodogöra sig en världsbild där hat är drivkraften och våld det legitima medlet. I det samtida informationssamhället har internet i allt större utsträckning kommit att bli verktyget för att sprida antidemokratiska budskap med syfte att rekrytera nya medlemmar. Detta faktum ställer stora krav på oss människor, gammal som ung, att kritiskt förhålla oss till information och ibland hårt vinklade budskap som vi möter inom såväl traditionella som digitala medier. I oktober 2011 gav regeringen Statens medieråd i uppdrag att beskriva förekomsten av antidemokratiska budskap på internet och i sociala medier. Fokus är budskap riktade till ungdomar och som uppmanar till våld för en politisk eller ideologisk sak. Målet att skapa ett bredare kunskapsunderlag kring extremistiska internetmiljöer, dess innehåll och hur rekryteringsstrategier formuleras och kommuniceras. Allt i syfte att stärka unga i deras möte med sådana budskap. Statens medieråd har för genomförandet anlitat tre forskare som bidragit med varsin delstudie om tre olika extremistiska internetmiljöer. Den redaktionella inramningen är sedan skriven av Statens medieråd i samråd med de tre forskarna. Till arbetet har även en referensgrupp knutits med representanter från Brottsförebyggande rådet, Exit, Forum för levande historia, Rikspolisstyrelsen, Säkerhetspolisen och Ungdomsstyrelsen. Under kartläggningsarbetet har också löpande diskussioner förts med de två samtidigt verksamma utredningarna inom ramen för regeringens handlingsplan, Utredningen om ett effektivare arbete mot främlingsfientlighet samt Utredningen för ett förebyggande arbete mot våldsbejakande extremism. Denna kartläggning är på flera sätt unik ur ett internationellt perspektiv. Detta gäller också de förslag till åtgärder som vi ger i rapporten. De iakttagelser som görs i de tre delstudierna är pionjärarbeten avseende användningen av internet som spridningskanal för våldsbejakande och antidemokratiska budskap. Jag vill inför stundande läsning framhålla vikten av att läsa de tre delstudierna i sin helhet för att förstå de särdrag som utmärker respektive miljö och hur deras budskap utformas. Stockholm, maj 2013 Ewa Thorslund, direktör Statens medieråd 2 Innehåll Sammanfattning.................................................................................................................................7 Uppdrag och avgränsningar ............................................................................................................7 Resultat ..........................................................................................................................................8 Internetmiljöernas gemensamma drag .......................................................................................9 Internetmiljöernas unika budskap ............................................................................................ 11 Mekanismer för rekrytering och radikalisering .......................................................................... 13 Föreslagna åtgärder ...................................................................................................................... 17 1 Uppdrag och avgränsningar ........................................................................................................... 23 1.1 Studiernas praktiska genomförande ........................................................................................ 27 2 Inledande definitioner ................................................................................................................... 30 2.1 Vad är våld och våldsbejakande? ............................................................................................. 30 2.2 Vad är extremism? .................................................................................................................. 32 2.3 Vad är antidemokratiska budskap? ......................................................................................... 35 3 Mekanismer för radikalisering....................................................................................................... 39 4 Våldsbejakande och antidemokratiska högerextrema budskap på internet ................................. 43 4.1 Inledning ................................................................................................................................. 43 4.2 Tidigare forskning ................................................................................................................... 44 4.2.1 Vetenskapliga bidrag ........................................................................................................ 45 4.2.2 Utomvetenskaplig granskning av de högerextrema miljöerna .......................................... 47 4.2.3 Forskning om internet, nya medier och högerextremism ................................................. 48 4.3 Vilka är de högerextrema? ...................................................................................................... 50 4.3.1 Den högerextrema miljön på internet .............................................................................. 55 4.4 Disposition och metodologiska avgränsningar ......................................................................... 56 4.5 En översikt av de högerextrema aktörernas webbaserade kommunikation ............................. 59 4.5.1 Svenska Motståndsrörelsen ............................................................................................. 60 4.5.2 Nordfront.se .................................................................................................................... 61 4.5.3 Nordiska nationalsocialister ............................................................................................. 62 4.5.4 Svenskarnas Parti ............................................................................................................. 63 4.5.5 Förbundet Nationell Ungdom........................................................................................... 65 4.5.6 Nordisk Ungdom .............................................................................................................. 66 4.5.7 Övriga internetmiljöer...................................................................................................... 68 4.6 Den högerextrema kommunikationen på internet – kvalitativa analyser ................................. 72 4.6.1 Nyhetsförmedling som ideologiskt propagandaverktyg .................................................... 72 4.7 Kommunikativa former och strategier i sociala medier ............................................................ 81 4.7.1 Twitter ............................................................................................................................. 82 4.7.2 Högerextremt material på YouTube ................................................................................. 84 4.7.3 YouTube och de högerextrema rörelsernas visuella frontlinje .......................................... 88 4.7.4 Användarinteraktionen och YouTube-kommentarernas betydelse ................................. 100 4.7.5 Vikten av att synas – videoaktivism och YouTubefilmernas rörelsekognitiva dimension . 102 4.7.6 Facebook som rekryteringsplattform ............................................................................. 105 4.8 Avslutande kommentarer och slutsatser ............................................................................... 109 4.8.1 Den högerextrema kommunikationens egenskaper och dess rekryteringspotential ....... 111 4.8.2 Maskulin gemenskap ..................................................................................................... 113 4.8.3 Radikaliseringstendenser ............................................................................................... 114 Förkortningar ............................................................................................................................. 116 5 Våldsbejakande och antidemokratiska vänsterautonoma budskap på internet .......................... 118 5.1 Inledning, syfte och utgångspunkter ..................................................................................... 118 3 5.2 Disposition och metodologiska avgränsningar ....................................................................... 120 5.3 Vilka är de autonoma? .......................................................................................................... 121 5.3.1 Vad vill de autonoma? ................................................................................................... 122 5.4 Tidigare forskning ................................................................................................................. 125 5.4.1 Våld och maskulinitet..................................................................................................... 127 5.4.2 Scenen ..........................................................................................................................
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