DOCSLIB.ORG

Backgrounds, Experiences and Responses to Online Hate Speech: a Comparative Cross-Country Analysis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Backgrounds, Experiences and Responses to Online Hate Speech: a Comparative Cross-Country Analysis Backgrounds, Experiences and Responses to Online Hate Speech: A Comparative Cross-Country Analysis This report was produced within the framework of the project "PRISM - Preventing, Redressing and Inhibiting hate speech in new Media”, co-funded by the European Union and coordinated by Associazione Arci The report was elaborated by: Olga Jubany and Malin Roiha, Universitat de Barcelona Based on the national reports by: La Ligue de l’enseignement, France (M. Roturier, E-L. Gay & M. Schoger) ARCI and CITTALIA, Italy (M. Giovannetti & C. Minicucci) FDP, Romania (I. Codreanu) UB, Spain (O. Jubany, M. Roiha, J. Bestard & A. Martínez) ROTA, UK (R-E. Preotescu) Disclaimer The content of this report does not reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Responsibility for the information and views expressed therein lies entirely with the authors. 2 Table of Contents PART I – Setting the Scene....................................................................................................................... 5 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1. Definitions of hate speech ....................................................................................................... 6 1.2. Previous research and concepts in relation to online hate speech ........................................ 7 2. Methodology, scope and sample .................................................................................................. 11 2.1. State-of-the-Art ..................................................................................................................... 11 2.2. Mapping of far right groups’ uses of social media ................................................................ 11 2.3. Interviews with professionals and young social media users ............................................... 12 PART II – Analysing the data: Transnational comparison ...................................................................... 14 3. Freedom of speech versus hate speech ........................................................................................ 14 4. Contexts and target groups of hate speech .................................................................................. 16 5. Hate speech on social media and other online channels .............................................................. 17 5.1. Mapping of online hate speech: Uses of social media by xenophobic groups ..................... 20 5.1.1. Facebook ....................................................................................................................... 21 5.1.2. Twitter ........................................................................................................................... 22 5.1.3. YouTube ......................................................................................................................... 22 5.1.4. Content in relation to hate speech................................................................................ 22 5.1.5. Observations from the interviews ................................................................................. 23 5.1.6. Concluding observations on the social media mapping ................................................ 24 5.2. Young social media users and online hate speech ................................................................ 25 5.2.1. Uses of and approaches to social media by young people ........................................... 25 5.2.2. The concept of hate speech in the eyes of young people ............................................. 26 5.2.3. Experiences of and reflections on online hate speech .................................................. 26 6. Responses and reactions to online hate speech ........................................................................... 30 6.1. Responses and reactions by young people ........................................................................... 30 6.2. Responses and reactions to online hate speech by institutions and organizations ............. 33 6.2.1. Law enforcement agencies ............................................................................................ 33 6.2.2. Prosecution .................................................................................................................... 34 6.2.3. Civil society organizations ............................................................................................. 34 6.2.4. Media and social media ................................................................................................. 35 3 PART III - Concluding remarks and recommendations .......................................................................... 37 7. Recommendations for preventing, redressing and inhibiting online hate speech ....................... 37 7.1. Education and awareness raising .......................................................................................... 37 7.2. Responsibility of opinion makers and media professionals .................................................. 38 7.3. Legal measures and law enforcement .................................................................................. 38 7.4. Online communities and social media platforms: responsibility and transparency ............. 38 7.5. Recommendations by country .............................................................................................. 39 8. Concluding remarks ....................................................................................................................... 44 References ............................................................................................................................................. 44 Annex I: Methodological tools .............................................................................................................. 48 Annex II: National reports on online hate speech in France, Italy, Romania, Spain and the UK .......... 52 4 PART I – Setting the Scene 1. Introduction International- and EU-institutions are paying increasing attention to the phenomenon of online hate speech and acknowledge this as a growing problematic across and beyond Europe. In this regard, the 2015 ECRI report highlights online hate speech as one of the main trends of the previous year, emphasising that “hate speech through social media is rapidly increasing and has the potential to reach a much larger audience than extremist print media were able to reach previously”. Also UNESCO has recently focused on this growing issue, mapping and analysing the existing initiatives to combat online hate speech in their comprehensive 2015 report “Countering online hate speech". In addition to this, governments are recently beginning to take the issue of online hate speech more seriously, reflected for example in the plan of the French president Francois Hollande to introduce a law that would make companies like Google and Facebook accomplices in crimes of hate speech if users post content deemed extremist by the government.1 This, however, can be perceived rather as a reflection of their heightened surveillance of possible terrorist groups, than an effort to protect the rights of vulnerable groups targeted by hate speech. More interesting in this regard is the recent call from the Germany's Minister of Justice in relation to the current (September 2015) refugee crisis, to increase the efforts to combat hateful xenophobic speech. This has lead to an agreement by Facebook to work with Germany's Ministry of Justice, internet service providers, and other social networks to form a task force for flagging and removing hateful content more quickly.2 However, there is a clear gap between this growing awareness among authorities and institutions, and the actual efforts devoted to gathering empirical data on online hate speech. This is where the PRISM3 research aims to contribute, with the objective of providing research and common solutions to prevent and contrast online hate speech across Europe. The present report provides a comparative analysis of the research carried out in five European countries, France, Italy, Romania, Spain and the UK, within the framework of the PRISM project. The PRISM research is primarily qualitative, based on 149 face-to-face interviews with professionals and social media users, as well as on a mapping of the social media use by selected xenophobic and far right groups. The focus of the project is on xenophobic and racist hate speech on the Internet, with an emphasis on social media, whilst also taking into account other arenas of online interaction, such as comments sections of digital newspapers and general discussion forums. Furthermore, the qualitative part of the study has a special focus on the experiences of young social media users, as those having 1 Bloomberg, January 27, 2015, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-27/france-seeks-to- sanction-web-companies-for-posts-pushing-terror 2 Wall Street Journal September 14, 2015 “Facebook Outlines Measures to Combat Racist and Xenophobic Content”, http://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-outlines-new-measures-to-combat-racist-and-xenophobic- content-1442242351 3 “Preventing Redressing & Inhibiting Hate Speech in New Media”, 2014-2016, with financial support from the Fundamental Rights and Citizenship Programme of the European Union. http://prismproject.eu. 5 fully integrated social media into their day-to-day living, and with potential to make a change.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Free, Hateful, and Posted: Rethinking First Amendment Protection of Hate Speech in a Social Media World
    Boston College Law Review Volume 60 Issue 7 Article 6 10-30-2019 Free, Hateful, and Posted: Rethinking First Amendment Protection of Hate Speech in a Social Media World Lauren E. Beausoleil Boston College Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr Part of the First Amendment Commons, and the Internet Law Commons Recommended Citation Lauren E. Beausoleil, Free, Hateful, and Posted: Rethinking First Amendment Protection of Hate Speech in a Social Media World, 60 B.C.L. Rev. 2100 (2019), https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr/vol60/iss7/6 This Notes is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Boston College Law Review by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Boston College Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FREE, HATEFUL, AND POSTED: RETHINKING FIRST AMENDMENT PROTECTION OF HATE SPEECH IN A SOCIAL MEDIA WORLD Abstract: Speech is meant to be heard, and social media allows for exaggeration of that fact by providing a powerful means of dissemination of speech while also dis- torting one’s perception of the reach and acceptance of that speech. Engagement in online “hate speech” can interact with the unique characteristics of the Internet to influence users’ psychological processing in ways that promote violence and rein- force hateful sentiments. Because hate speech does not squarely fall within any of the categories excluded from First Amendment protection, the United States’ stance on hate speech is unique in that it protects it.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Social Media on Perceptions of Racism, Stress Appraisal, and Anger Expression Among Young African American Adults
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2016 Rage and social media: The effect of social media on perceptions of racism, stress appraisal, and anger expression among young African American adults Morgan Maxwell Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Health Psychology Commons, and the Social Psychology Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4311 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RAGE AND SOCIAL MEDIA USE: THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL MEDIA CONSUMPTION ON PERCEIVED RACISM, STRESS APPRAISAL, AND ANGER EXPRESSION AMONG YOUNG AFRICAN AMEIRCAN ADULTS A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University By: MORGAN LINDSEY MAXWELL Bachelor of Science, Howard University, 2008 Master of Science, Vanderbilt University, 2010 Master of Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, 2013 Director: Faye Z. Belgrave, Ph.D. Professor of Psychology Department of Psychology Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia April 18, 2016 ii Acknowledgements “No matter what accomplishments you make, somebody helped you”. -Althea Gibson To my mother and father Renee and Cedric Maxwell, to my soul sister Dr. Jasmine Abrams, to my loving friends and supportive family, to my committee members (Dr. Eric Benotsch, Dr. Joann Richardson, Dr. Shawn Utsey, and Dr. Linda Zyzniewski), to my incredible mentor and second mother Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyberbullying: a Narrative Review Tiffany Field* ISSN University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Fielding Graduate University, Miami, USA 2639-9938
    Open Access Journal of Addiction Therapy and Research Review Article Cyberbullying: A narrative review Tiffany Field* ISSN University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Fielding Graduate University, Miami, USA 2639-9938 *Address for Correspondence: Tiffany Field, Abstract University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, Fielding Graduate University, Miami, FL, 33101, A literature search was conducted using PubMed and PsycINFO to locate cyberbullying USA, Email: tfi [email protected] research that was published during the last 4 years. In this narrative review, cyberbullying Submitted: 04 August 2018 research is briefl y summarized and critiqued. The review is focused on the varying defi nitions and Approved: 20 August 2018 characteristics of cyberbullies, victims and bystanders. Highly variable prevalence rates have been Published: 21 August 2018 reported for cyberbullies, victims and bystanders as a function of age, gender, country, size of the social network and socioeconomic factors. In addition, the effects of cyberbullying are reviewed Copyright: 2018 Field T. This is an open including the frequent suicide attempts along with risk factors/predictors of cyberbullying which access article distributed under the Creative include previous cyberbullying, excessive internet use and lack of empathy, anger, narcissism and Commons Attribution License, which permits authoritarian/permissive parenting. To refl ect the recent literature, special attention is given to the unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction studies on victims of bullying. Research on cyberbullies and on prevention/intervention programs in any medium, provided the original work is for bullying is extremely limited despite the increasing prevalence of bullying and the rapidly properly cited accumulating literature. Methodological limitations include the primary focus on the prevalence of bullying and on the victims of bullying.
    [Show full text]
  • Jeune Nation Ivan Carel
    Document généré le 30 sept. 2021 03:28 Bulletin d'histoire politique Un mouvement de droite nationale contemporain : Jeune Nation Ivan Carel La mémoire d'octobre : art et culture Volume 11, numéro 1, automne 2002 URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1060579ar DOI : https://doi.org/10.7202/1060579ar Aller au sommaire du numéro Éditeur(s) Bulletin d'histoire politique Lux Éditeur ISSN 1201-0421 (imprimé) 1929-7653 (numérique) Découvrir la revue Citer cet article Carel, I. (2002). Un mouvement de droite nationale contemporain : Jeune Nation. Bulletin d'histoire politique, 11(1), 115–126. https://doi.org/10.7202/1060579ar Tous droits réservés © Association québécoise d'histoire politique; VLB Éditeur, Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d’auteur. L’utilisation des 2002 services d’Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d’utilisation que vous pouvez consulter en ligne. https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ Cet article est diffusé et préservé par Érudit. Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l’Université de Montréal, l’Université Laval et l’Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. https://www.erudit.org/fr/ Un mouvement de droite nationale contemporain: Jeune Nation Étudiant au doctorat en histoire IVAN CAREL UQAM INTRODUCTIONLe terme d' « extrême droite» utilisé de façon générique, est devenu depuis la fin du Second Conflit mondial un moyen de stigmatiser les différents mouvements et les personnes qui sont sensés s'y englober, court, circuitant ainsi les débats, discussions ou recherches sur une tendance politique se révélant dans les faits multiforme et complexe 1 • Si l'on peut effectivement parler de droite pour la plupart des mouvements qui sont ainsi désignés, il est cependant des personnes qui y sont incluses et qui re, vendiquent leur appartenance à la gauche, notamment depuis le début des années 1970.
    [Show full text]
  • Ideology, Social Basis, Prospects REPORT 2018
    European Centre for Democracy Development Center for Monitoring and Comparative Analysis of Intercultural Communications CONTEMPORARY FAR-RIGHTS Right radicalism in Europe: ideology, social basis, prospects REPORT 2018 Athens-London-Berlin-Paris-Moscow-Krakow-Budapest-Kiev-Amsterdam-Roma 1 Editor in Chief and Project Head: Dr. Valery Engel, Chairman of the Expert Council of the European Centre for Tolerance, principal of the Center for Monitoring and Comparative Analysis of Intercultural Communications Authors: Dr. Valery Engel (general analytics), Dr. Jean-Yves Camus (France), Dr. Anna Castriota (Italy), Dr. Ildikó Barna (Hungary), Bulcsú Hunyadi (Hungary), Dr. Vanja Ljujic (Netherlands), Tika Pranvera (Greece), Katarzyna du Val (Poland), Dr. Semen Charny (Russia), Dr. Dmitry Stratievsky (Germany), Ruslan Bortnik (Ukraine), Dr. Alex Carter (UK) Authors thank the Chairman of the European Centre for Tolerance, Mr. Vladimir Sternfeld, for his financial support of the project CONTEMPORARY FAR-RIGHTS Right radicalism in Europe: ideology, social basis, prospects Report “Contemporary far-rights. Right-wing radicalism in Europe: ideology, social base, prospects" is the result of the work of an international team of experts from 10 European countries. The report answers the question of what is the social basis of European right- wing radicalism and what are the objective prerequisites and possible directions for its development. In addition, the authors answer the question of what stays behind the ideology of modern radicalism, what the sources of funding for right-wing radical organizations are, and who their leaders are. Significant part of information is introduced for the first time. © European Center for Democracy Development, 2018 © Center for Monitoring and Comparative Analysis of Intercultural Communications, 2018 © Institute for Ethnic Policy and Inter-Ethnic Relations Studies, 2018 2 Introduction Radicalism is a commitment to the extreme views and concepts of the social order associated with the possibility of its radical transformation.
    [Show full text]
  • La Dialectique Néo-Fasciste, De L'entre-Deux-Guerres À L'entre-Soi
    La Dialectique néo-fasciste, de l’entre-deux-guerres à l’entre-soi. Nicolas Lebourg To cite this version: Nicolas Lebourg. La Dialectique néo-fasciste, de l’entre-deux-guerres à l’entre-soi.. Vocabulaire du Politique : Fascisme, néo-fascisme, Cahiers pour l’Analyse concrète, Inclinaison-Centre de Sociologie Historique, 2006, pp.39-57. halshs-00103208 HAL Id: halshs-00103208 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00103208 Submitted on 3 Oct 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 La Dialectique néo-fasciste, de l’entre-deux-guerres à l’entre-soi. Le siècle des nations s’achève en 1914. La Première Guerre mondiale produit d’une part une volonté de dépassement des antagonismes nationalistes, qui s’exprime par la création de la Société des Nations ou le vœu de construction européenne, d’autre part une réaction ultra-nationaliste. Au sein des fascismes se crée, en chaque pays, un courant marginal européiste et sinistriste1. Dans les discours de Mussolini, l’ultra-nationalisme impérialiste cohabite avec l’appel à l’union des « nations prolétaires » contre « l’impérialisme » et le « colonialisme » de « l’Occident ploutocratique » – un discours qui, après la naissance du Tiers-monde, paraît généralement relever de l’extrémisme de gauche.
    [Show full text]
  • La Nouvelle Droite, Ses Pompes Et Ses Œuvres D’Europe Action (1963) À La NRH (2002)
    La Nouvelle Droite, ses pompes et ses œuvres D’Europe Action (1963) à la NRH (2002) par Geoffroy Daubuis Après avoir bénéficié d’une forte publicité dans les années 1978- 1985, la mouvance néopaïenne dite « Nouvelle Droite » peut sembler aujourd’hui passée de mode. En réalité, son influence perdure, tant dans les milieux universitaires que dans les milieux nationalistes. Depuis une dizaine d’années, c’est principalement par les publica- tions d’histoire que la Nouvelle Droite atteint le grand public. Geoffroy Daubuis présente ici un historique de cette mouvance, en trois de ses aspects : I. La revue Europe Action, qui est à l’origine de la Nouvelle Droite. II. Le GRECE, qui en est le noyau dur depuis 1968. III. La NRH (Nouvelle Revue d’Histoire) qui assure depuis 2002 une diffusion « douce » de ses idées. Le Sel de la terre. — I — A l’origine de la Nouvelle Droite : Europe Action A GÉNÉRATION SPONTANÉE n’existe pas plus dans l’ordre intellec- tuel que dans l’ordre physique, et l’on pourrait remonter fort loin pour L établir la généalogie de la Nouvelle Droite. Peut-être faudrait-il revenir à Celse et Porphyre, les polémistes païens de l’Antiquité, dont les attaques anti- chrétiennes préfigurent toutes celles qui viendront par la suite 1. Nous nous contenterons ici de remonter à la fondation d’Europe Action, en 1962-1963, dont les meneurs (Dominique Venner, Alain de Benoist 2, Jean Mabire, 1 — Sur Celse et Porphyre, voir le maître-ouvrage de Pierre DE LABRIOLLE, La Réaction païenne, étude sur la polémique antichrétienne du Ier au VIe siècle, Paris, Cerf, 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • Published As: Jackie Smith and Nicole Doerr, “Democratic Innovation in the U.S
    Published as: Jackie Smith and Nicole Doerr, “Democratic Innovation in the U.S. and European Social Forums” in A Handbook of the World Social Forums. J. Smith, S. Byrd, E. Reese, and E. Smythe, Eds. Paradigm Publishers. (2012) Chapter 18 Democratic Innovation in the U.S. and European Social Forums Jackie Smith and Nicole Doerr Democratization is an ongoing, conflict-ridden process, resulting from contestation between social movements and political elites (Markoff 1996; Tilly 1984). The struggle to make elites more accountable to a larger public has produced the democratic institutions with which we are familiar, and it continues to shape and reconfigure these institutions. It also transforms the individuals and organizations involved in social change, generating social movement cultures, norms and practices that evolve over time. In this chapter, we conceptualize the World Social Forum (WSF) process as part of a larger historical struggle over people’s right to participate in decisions that affect their lives. As other contributions to this volume have shown, the WSF has emerged from and brings together a diverse array of social movements, and has become a focal point for contemporary movements struggling against the anti-democratic character of neoliberal globalization. Neoliberalism’s threats to democratic governance result from its expansion of the political and economic authority of international financial institutions like the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade Organization; its hollowing out of national states through privatization, the international debt regime, and international trade policies; its privileging of 1 expert and technocratic knowledge over all other sources of knowledge; and its depoliticization of economic policymaking (Brunelle 2007; Harvey 2005; Markoff 1999; McMichael 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Vous Avez Dit Fascismes ?
    Vous avez dit Fascismes ? C'est en février 1981 que l'Union des écrivains avait rassemblé historiens, juristes, poètes, romanciers et essayistes du monde entier pour parler des fascismes. Pour adapter les textes issus de ce colloque aux contraintes de l'édition et aux dimensions d'un ouvrage modeste, des choix draconiens se sont imposés. Il a fallu couper, éliminer des contributions de grande qualité, pour ne garder que quelques textes exclusivement centrés sur le sujet même des fascismes. La quête de l'éditeur ne fût pas chose facile, malgré la pléiade de noms prestigieux qui honorent cette publication; et puis l'actualité nous a servi. Malgré la gauche au pouvoir, la bête immonde a pris de nouveaux visages. La conjoncture nationale et internationale a remis sur le devant de la scène une nouvelle droite agressive, un fascisme rampant; et l'atmosphère raréfiée de la ville de Dreux a fait écho à l'antisémitisme de certains milieux politiques à l'occasion du bombardement de Beyrouth. Droite et gauche ont puisé à nouveau à la source polluée du racisme, remis en scène avec plus d'impudeur que jamais. Vous avez dit fascismes? On peut polémiquer à l'infini sur le mot. Toujours est-il que les analyses serrées des stratégies culturelles de la Nouvelle Droite ou de la postérité du pétainisme nous semblaient constituer une part de choix dans l'élucidation des avatars de l'idéo- logie fasciste. C'est la première partie de ce livre. Ensuite viennent les témoignages de l'Europe, à l'Ouest comme à l'Est, du tiers monde, comme si entre hier et aujourd'hui presque aucune parcelle de la planète n'avait été épargnée.
    [Show full text]
  • Antisémitisme En Suisse Romande
    Rapport 2018 ANTISÉMITISME EN SUISSE ROMANDE 003 préface Vous êtes victime ou témoin d’un acte antisémite ? Depuis 2003, la CICAD Vous avez constaté se charge de collecter, un contenu antisémite d’enregistrer et d’ana- sur un média ou sur internet ? lyser les signalements des victimes, des Contactez-nous à l’adresse suivante : témoins ainsi que les [email protected]. documents et textes Ou remplissez le formulaire sur notre site internet : www.cicad.ch antisémites. La CICAD conseille et soutient les victimes d’antisémitisme dans leurs démarches. Chaque situation mérite une attention particuliè- re et une réponse adaptée. Rapport 2018 004 sommaire L’essentiel en bref 05 Analyse générale 06 Contexte européen et international 07 La Suisse 10 Principaux vecteurs d’antisémitisme en Suisse 11 Extrême-droite 11 Complotisme 13 Conflit israélo-palestinien 16 Négationnisme 16 Sécurité 18 Dispositif fédéral 18 Le cas de Bâle 18 La menace terroriste djihadiste persiste 19 Justice 19 Protection juridique des victimes d’antisémitisme 19 Le manque de disposition du Code pénal face aux symboles racistes et antisémites 20 Manque d’une définition claire de l’antisémitisme adoptée par les autorités 20 La « quenelle », geste antisémite 21 Recommandations 22 Statistiques 24 Actes antisémites répartis par catégorie 26 Actes antisémites répartis par mois 26 Actes antisémites répartis par sources 27 Rédaction Annexes 28 Méthodologie 29 Oscar Ferreira, Johanne Gurfinkiel A propos du terme « Antisémitisme » 30 Supervision Définition de l’antisémitisme 31 Alain Bruno
    [Show full text]
  • The Geopolitics of Laïcité in a Multicultural Age: French Secularism, Educational Policy and the Spatial Management of Difference
    The Geopolitics of Laïcité in a Multicultural Age: French Secularism, Educational Policy and the Spatial Management of Difference Christopher A. Lizotte A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2017 Reading Committee: Katharyne Mitchell, Chair Victoria Lawson Michael Brown Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Geography ©Copyright 2017 Christopher A. Lizotte University of Washington Abstract The Geopolitics of Laïcité in a Multicultural Age: French Secularism, Educational Policy and the Spatial Management of Difference Christopher A. Lizotte Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Katharyne Mitchell Geography I examine a package of educational reforms enacted following the January 2015 attacks in and around Paris, most notably directed at the offices of the satirical publication Charlie Hebdo. These interventions, known collectively as the “Great Mobilization for the Republic’s Values”, represent the latest in a string of educational attempts meant to reinvigorate a sense of national pride among immigrant-descended youth – especially Muslim – in France’s unique form of state secularism, laïcité. While ostensibly meant to apply equally across the nationalized French school system, in practice La Grande Mobilisation has been largely enacted in schools located in urban spaces of racialized difference thought to be “at risk” of anti-republican behavior. Through my work, I show that practitioners exercise their own power by subverting and adapting geopolitical discourses running through educational laïcité – notably global security, women’s rights, and communalism – are nuanced by school-based practitioners, who interpret state directives in the light of their institutional knowledge and responsiveness to the social and economic profiles of their student populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Hate Speech Ignited Understanding Hate Speech in Myanmar
    Hate Speech Ignited Understanding Hate Speech in Myanmar Hate Speech Ignited Understanding Hate Speech in Myanmar October 2020 About Us This report was written based on the information and data collection, monitoring, analytical insights and experiences with hate speech by civil society organizations working to reduce and/or directly af- fected by hate speech. The research for the report was coordinated by Burma Monitor (Research and Monitoring) and Progressive Voice and written with the assistance of the International Human Rights Clinic at Harvard Law School while it is co-authored by a total 19 organizations. Jointly published by: 1. Action Committee for Democracy Development 2. Athan (Freedom of Expression Activist Organization) 3. Burma Monitor (Research and Monitoring) 4. Generation Wave 5. International Human Rights Clinic at Harvard Law School 6. Kachin Women’s Association Thailand 7. Karen Human Rights Group 8. Mandalay Community Center 9. Myanmar Cultural Research Society 10. Myanmar People Alliance (Shan State) 11. Nyan Lynn Thit Analytica 12. Olive Organization 13. Pace on Peaceful Pluralism 14. Pon Yate 15. Progressive Voice 16. Reliable Organization 17. Synergy - Social Harmony Organization 18. Ta’ang Women’s Organization 19. Thint Myat Lo Thu Myar (Peace Seekers and Multiculturalist Movement) Contact Information Progressive Voice [email protected] www.progressivevoicemyanmar.org Burma Monitor [email protected] International Human Rights Clinic at Harvard Law School [email protected] https://hrp.law.harvard.edu Acknowledgments Firstly and most importantly, we would like to express our deepest appreciation to the activists, human rights defenders, civil society organizations, and commu- nity-based organizations that provided their valuable time, information, data, in- sights, and analysis for this report.
    [Show full text]