Ethnic Geography Specialty Group Newsletter Volume 21, Number 2 Fall 2015 Ethnic Geography Specialty Group Newsletter Editors: Thomas D. Boswell (University of Miami) and Richard N. Gioioso (Saint Joseph's University) Fall 2015

EGSG Officers Table of Contents

Past Chair: Heather Smith (University of List of EGSG Officers...... 1 North Carolina-Charlotte) REP VIII Conference in Kent, OH.. . . . 1 Current Chair: Heike Alberts (University Biographies...... 2 of Wisconsin- Oshkosh) Necrology: Susan W. Hardwick...... 3 Vice Chair: Madhuri Sharma (University of Ethnic Geography in the News ...... 7 Tennessee-Knoxville) EGSG Standing Committees...... 28 Secretary/Treasurer: Edris Montalvo Photo Essay: Remembering Susan W. (Cameron University) Hardwick by Heike Alberts...... 35 Board of Directors: Sean Crotty, (Texas Christian University) Holly Barcus (Macalester College) Paul McDaniel (Immigration Policy Center) Remember: REP VIII to Michael Webb (University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill) Be Held In Kent, Ohio Qingfang Wang (University of North September 21-23, 2016 Carolina-Charlotte) Stavros Constantinou (Ohio State University-Mansfield) Garciela Sandoval (Student Member, Texas State University-San Marcos) Webmaster Committee for EGSG: Ezra Zeitler (University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire) http://www.unl.edu/ag/geography/ethnic/ José R. Diaz-Garayua (University of Louisville) Amelia Laurel Schubert (University of Colorado-Boulder) Newsletter Co-Editors: Thomas D. Boswell (University of Miami) Kent, Ohio Richard N. Gioioso (Saint Joseph’s Univ.)

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full-ride support to attend Chapel Hill for For more information about the 8th undergraduate study. A distinctive feature of the Race, Ethnicity, and Place Conference program was its support of summer experiences that immersed scholars in leadership development, please go to its website at: public safety, private enterprise, and international http://rep-conference.binghamton.edu/ travel. I participated in Outward Bound, worked for Pan American Airlines in New York City, explored BIOGRAPHIES OF TWO OF variations of use and representation across urban public space in Western Europe, and interned for EGSG’S STELLAR the Los Angeles Police Department based out of MEMBERS the South Central Division. My experience at North Carolina was transformative. Coming from one of the most Biography of EGSG’s multi-cultural cities in the world, I was perplexed Heather Anne Smith by the socio-spatial divisions I noticed on campus – most whites lived closest to the center of campus in the historic dorms of red brick and ivy, while most blacks lived on the other side of campus closest to the sports facilities and in high density residential towers. It was my first exposure to what segregation looked like on the ground and I sought out classes to help me better understand these dynamics. This led me to the Department of Geography and, in particular, to the classrooms of April Veness and John Florin. The Geographers at UNC Chapel Hill took good care of me – guiding me in directions that would fundamentally transform my life and set the foundation for my career as a Geographer. Dr. Veness encouraged me to write about my experiences in Los Angeles as grounded examples I am Canadian - born and raised on the of the theories I was learning in class about edge of the Scarborough Bluffs in Toronto, homelessness, race and racism, displacement, and Canada. My mother was a high school English urban inequity. Dr. Florin invited me to a and Art teacher and my father a Staff departmental guest lecture by an Urban Social Superintendent with the Metropolitan Toronto Geographer from the University of British Police Force. When thinking about college, law Columbia. I remember vividly sitting on the floor, seemed a wise path and a university within among a standing room only crowd, transfixed as commuting distance to home a frugal choice. David Ley talked about his work on gentrification However, geography intervened. in Canadian cities. The process he described was When I was 18, I was presented with the one I recognized as unfolding in the eastside unexpected opportunity to attend the University Toronto neighborhood where I had gone to high of North Carolina at Chapel Hill through the school. generosity of the John Motley Morehead My passion for all things urban and Scholarship. Modelled after the Rhodes, the geographic was solidified, but there were no further Morehead-Cain (as it is now called) provides urban geography classes for me to take at Chapel

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Hill. Dr. Florin suggested that I spend my junior assimilation, acculturation and integration; year abroad at Bristol University in the United inclusion and exclusion; heterolocalism were Kingdom. I spent a magical year in Bristol explored in classes taken with David and Dan auditing Peter Haggett’s spatial diffusion class Hiebert. The applicability of these concepts to real- and learning the foundations of urban economic word geographies was made evident through the geography from Nigel Thrift for whom I wrote various seminars, workshops, community my very first papers on London as a World City, conversations and research opportunities offered circuits of capital, and gentrification. I still have through the Metropolis Project. them - written in long hand. In the fall of 1999, I returned to North Queen’s University in Kingston Ontario Carolina to take up a position as Assistant followed for my Masters – again, in Geography. Professor of Geography at the University of North Supervised by Evelyn Peters and funded by the Carolina at Charlotte. For the last 16 years I have Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation had the great fortune to work in partnership with (CMHC) I explored the marginalization of lone tremendously talented students and colleagues both parent families in suburban public housing within and beyond the university on ways in which complexes in Toronto. Under the patient to deepen scholarly and community based guidance of Mark Rosenberg, I overcame my understanding of the transnational dynamics of fear of statistics, and as a research assistant for Latino migration into the US South. Together we Peter Goheen embraced the wonder of historical have used concepts and tools of geography to build geography and the value of archival research. interventions that ensure primary care access for A Canadian Social Sciences and newly arrived Latino immigrants, that help both Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) receiving and arriving communities understand and Doctoral Fellowship supported my enrollment in adjust to rapid cultural change, that provide the PhD program in Geography at the University tangible infrastructure for greater integration and of British Columbia. It was under the inclusivity. extraordinary tutelage and mentorship of David At UNC Charlotte my teaching, research, and Ley that I conducted my doctoral dissertation on outreach in the area of urban, ethnic, and socio-spatial polarization in the Downtown immigrant geography has always been supported Eastside and served as a research assistant for and encouraged. So too has my long standing the Vancouver Center of Excellence for involvement in the Ethnic Geography Specialty Research on Immigration and Integration in the Group. Metropolis (RIIM). David’s and my work on As I hope this narrative conveys, mentoring concentrated poverty and immigrant settlement and colleagueship has been a critical ingredient in in major Canadian cities was the launching pad my professional path and many who have shaped for what has become the primary research and the more recent phases of my career are members advocacy focus of my career – immigrant and leaders of this very special specialty group. settlement, integration, and receptivity. UBC From the very first business meeting to which I was was also my introduction to ethnic geography. It invited by Wei Lei and Carlos Teixeira, the EGSG was through an independent study with David has been an invigorating source of intellectual that I first encountered the work of some of the exchange and deeply appreciated mentoring and Ethnic Geography Specialty Group’s friendship. It has been one of the most inclusive Distinguished Scholars - Ceri Peach, Wilbur and welcoming professional groups with whom I Zelinsky, Susan Hardwick, Audrey Kobayashi, have had the privilege to work. Kay Anderson, Wei Li, and others. The As I write, I am sitting in my flat in Kingston- complexities of ethnic economies; labor market Upon-Thames looking out at the river and city segmentation; enclaves and ghettos; beyond. For the next academic year, I am serving

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as the Resident Faculty Director of the UNCC- Settlement, the Geography of Housing, and Kingston University London Study Abroad Population Geography. Exchange program. While my primary roles are His research interests in settlement and student advising and collaborative program urban geography are in part a product of his building between UNCC and KUL, I am also biography: he is a “new” Canadian who using the opportunity to develop new courses emigrated from the Azores islands (owned by for students who will join me in future years for summer and spring break abroad courses. A key Portugal) four decades ago. Like many component of these will, of course, be immigrants, he first settled in an ethnic theoretical and field-based exploration of the neighbourhood, specifically the “Quartier ethnic and immigrant geographies of British Portugais/Little Portugal” in Montreal. Later he cities. Beyond that, I look forward to returning moved to Toronto, where he chose to reside in to the US equipped with new thinking about its “Little Portugal,” which is very close to both how best to use community engaged and Toronto’s“Little Italy” and the colourful participatory research to build more receptive Kensington Market – which served as and inclusive cities both at home and abroad. reception areas for more than a century for immigrants from all over the world. Living in Biography of EGSG’s such rich multicultural environment greatly Carlos Teixeira shaped the way he perceived the impact of immigrant groups on Canadian cities and their neighbourhoods: from an early research focus on the formation and residential mobility of Portuguese immigrants in Montreal and Toronto to his current interest in immigrant subjects ranging from population and migration issues to housing and ethnic entrepreneurship. His research interests today include urban and social geography, with an emphasis on housing and ethnic entrepreneurship and the social structure of North American cities. Since moving to Kelowna in 2005, Carlos Carlos Teixeira has concentrated his research on two major projects that examined the housing experiences Carlos obtained his BSc and a MSc and coping strategies of recent immigrants, first degrees in geography from the Université du Québec à Montréal, and earned his PhD in in a mid-sized Canadian city (Kelowna) in the geography from York University in 1993. Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, and He is currently a Full Professor in geography second in the outer suburbs of Vancouver at the University of British Columbia – (Richmond and Surrey). While immigrants Okanagan, in Kelowna (Canada), where he continue to arrive in Canada’s traditional teaches introductory courses in Human metropolitan gateway areas, recent data from Geography, and upper-level courses in the Canadian census has sparked significant Urban Social Geography, Migration and interest in immigrant dispersal to new

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destinations outside major urban centres, Wei Li (Editors) (2015). The Housing and especially the suburbs and more, recently, in Economic Experiences of Immigrants in U.S. small/mid-sized cities. Rapid population and Canadian Cities. Toronto: University of growth and concentration of immigrants and Toronto Press. minorities in these new destinations have led As active outside the university as he is to an increasing demand for affordable inside of it, Carlos Teixeira has a record of housing. The evidence from his research involvement in the community. In 2003, while indicates that new immigrants face still in Toronto, he nominated that city’s numerous difficulties (e.g., high rents, historic Kensington Market to become a overcrowding, poor-quality housing, and national heritage site – a designation that the discrimination) in the rental housing market. federal government approved in 2007. He has The shortage of appropriate housing services received several awards since joining UBCO, and programs is also a major gap in the including: (a) the Ethnic Geography servicing of settlement in these regions. Distinguished Scholar Award, 2011, presented From 2007 to 2012, Carlos enriched and by the Ethnic Geography Specialty Group; (b) broadened his experience as a scholar and two nominations for the UBC Okanagan Award researcher by serving as the national co- for Excellence in Research (2010/20011 and ordinator for the housing and 2014/2015); (c) the UBC Okanagan Provost’s neighbourhoods research domain of the Award for Public Education through Media Metropolis Project. During this time, he was Award 2010-2011; (d) the Medal for also the Housing and Neighbourhoods Professional Merit 2009 from the Autonomous domain leader for Metropolis British Region of Azores, and (d) the Order – Columbia. According to Carlos: “Canadian “Comendador – Ordem do Infante D. Henrique geographers like myself have tried to find 2006” from the Portuguese government – one solutions to the numerous housing problems of the highest awards a Portuguese citizen that immigrants face in Canada’s rental and residing oversees can receive for work in homeownership markets. I strongly believe service of the Portuguese diaspora. He is also that, as geographers, we need to continue co-founder of the Ethnic Geography Specialty doing the best research possible, but that our Group where he has made many friends work should also make a difference; that is, throughout the years. to change the ‘real world’ and to influence public policy.” His recent publications NECROLOGY include the following: Carlos Teixeira, Wei EGSG Morns the Passing of One of Its Li and Audrey Kobayashi (Editors) (2012). Most Popular and Productive Members Immigrant Geographies of North American Cities. Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford Susan Hardwick University Press, and Carlos Teixeira and

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In-Memoriam Department of Geography, University of Susan W. Hardwick 1945-2015 Oregon) Susan Hardwick passed away on the evening of November 11 after a short battle with cancer. She passed peacefully surrounded by family in Eugene, Oregon, where she was a Professor Emirita of Geography at the University of Oregon. Prior to her tenure at the University of Oregon, Susan held positions as an Instructor of Geography at Cosumnes River Community College, Sacramento; and as a Professor of Geography at both California State University-Chico and Texas State University-San Marcos. During her distinguished career Susan was a prolific researcher and publisher, with Susan W. Hardwick a number of self and co-authored books and articles. Susan’s research results appeared in Editor’s Tribute to such journals as the Annals of the Susan Hardwick Association of American Geographers, The I am so sorry to hear about the passing of Geographical Review, The Journal of Susan Hardwick. The world will be a little Geography, American Journal of Canadian poorer without her because she was such an Studies, and Journal of Geography in energetic and bright light. Higher Education. In 2003 Susan was Susan is one of those rare individuals who elected president of the National Council for always saw the "good" in other people. I don't Geographic Education. remember her ever saying anything derogatory In addition to her numerous academic about another person. In addition, she was an achievements, Susan created a legacy of indefatigable scholar who got the most out of teaching, service, collaboration, and her considerable abilities. mentoring of graduate and undergraduate Talk about timing, we were so fortunate in students. Her passion, radiant smile, and being able to feature Susan by publishing a limitless energy supported and inspired biography of her life and career in the last issue countless people in Geography and (Spring 2015) of the Ethnic Geography other disciplines. Susan is survived by her Specialty Group Newsletter. husband Don, along with three sons and three grandchildren.(Written by: Tom Ptak,

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I will always remember the grace Susan From 2009 to 2014, 1 million Mexicans brought to the AAG's Ethnic Geography and their families (including U.S.-born Specialty Group. We were so fortunate to children) left the U.S. for Mexico, according to have her among us a colleague and a friend. data from the 2014 Mexican National Survey News Flash: Heike Alberts informs me of Demographic Dynamics (ENADID). U.S. that the EGSG Awards Committee has just census data for the same period show an voted in favor of awarding the EGSG estimated 870,000 Mexican nationals left Career Award to Susan posthumously. Mexico to come to the U.S. This means that the (Written by: Thomas D. Boswell, net flow from Mexico to the U.S. is now Department of Geography, University of negative, with a net loss of about 140,000 from Miami, Co-Editor, Ethnic Geography 2009 to 2014. Specialty Group Newsletter. A majority of the 1 million who left the Note: Heike Alberts has assembled some U.S. for Mexico between 2009 and 2014 left of photos of Susan that appear on the last their own accord, according to the Mexican pages of this Newsletter. government’s ENADID survey data. Six-in-ten Ethnic Geography (61%) return migrants – those who reported they had been living in the U.S. five years In The News earlier but as of 2014 were back in Mexico – (Editor’s Norte: Please remember that if cited family reunification as the main reason you quote or use information from one of for their return. By comparison, 14% of these articles to give credit to the author and Mexico’s return migrants said the reason for to the journal, newsletter, or newspaper their return was deportation from the U.S., and from which it came and not the EGSG only a small share (6%) gave employment Newsletter. I have freely excerpted parts of reasons. these articles for the EGSG Newsletter.) The overall flow of Mexican immigrants between the two countries is at its smallest More Mexicans Leaving Than since the 1990s, mostly due to a drop in the Coming to the U.S. number of Mexican immigrants coming to the Ana Gonzalez-Barrera U.S. This decline is likely due to several Pew Research Center (November 19, 2015) factors, including the slow recovery of the U.S. More Mexican immigrants have economy after the Great Recession and stricter returned to Mexico from the U.S. than have enforcement of U.S. immigration laws, migrated to the U.S. since the end of the particularly at the U.S.-Mexico border. Great Recession, according to a Pew (The complete report can be found at: Research Center analysis of newly available http://www.pewhispanic.org/files/2015/11/201 government data from both countries. 5-11-19_mexican-immigration__FINAL.pdf)

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Asians Taking Heat Off Hispanics country's population. Some took a darker tenor, By Esther J. Cepeda noting that Asians are driving a "surge in U.S. Albuquerque Journal (October 4, 2015) immigrant population." Have you heard the news? Asians will Boston College history professor Arissa displace Hispanics as the largest foreign- Oh picked up on the tone of some of the born group in the U.S. by 2055. I, for one, coverage, commenting on Twitter: "Can't help am thrilled because the pressure will be off. but feel like these stories have subtext of 'watch As someone who happily lived in a time out, the Asians are taking over!” back when the "Hispanic community" was Yep,. there'll be more of that, and soon not a commodity described almost strictly in we'll see the marketing angle, too. In fact, the terms of its number of immigrants or University of Georgia's Selig Center for consumer purchasing power, I will be Economic Growth has already started delighted to see the Latino moment in the projecting the numbers: "The Asian market, sun pass into history. I can't wait to say comprised of 18.3 million Americans, will be goodbye to the “fate of the nation rests on $825 billion in 2015 and grow to $1.1 trillion you” hyperbole from policymakers. in 2020." And these figures probably don't And good riddance to the “ we're going account for offensive corporate attempts to to take over America” demographic glee by capitalize on Chinese New Year, Japan's Ocean Latino activists reacting to years of Day, the Philippines' National Hero Day and oppressive media coverage that almost any other cultural touchstone that might trend exclusively depicts Hispanics as on Twitter or turn a buck. low-income, foreign, and poorly educated. In this I do not envy the Asian-American Demographers have been talking about population. Once they become even more of a rising Asian immigration for several years. media sensation they'll have to endure any But the Pew Research Center's new report, number of silly, poorly worded, which coincides with the 50-year stereotype-laden articles that will present facts anniversary of the Immigration and about them as though they are all brand-new Nationality Act of 1965, got a lot of play last visitors from a far-away land. week resulting in breathless headlines Writing on the Latino Rebels blog, reminiscent of those about Hispanics. novelist Jonathan Marcantoni recently wrote Asians are, according to different media about how tiresomely this plays itself out for outlets, "set to surpass Latinos" or are "on Hispanics. pace to overtake Hispanics," as if there were some sort of competition underway. Other “Latino issues, as they are presented publications were sunnier, saying Asian in the media and in our communities, immigrants would "propel" or "prop up" the have more or less calcified and threaten to become parody," he said.

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"No matter which country you highly educated, they come with ready skill sets come from in Latin America, your and they're coming prepared and ready to issues are eventually whittled away contribute to the progress of this country. And until they can fit into the isn't that the whole point of the Immigration putrid-smelling box that is and Nationality Act of 1965?" immigration. ... No matter what we It certainly is. And if only logic and do, we cannot escape the subject of rigorous fact-checking surrounded this nation's us being foreigners. Here, and yet immigration debate, our new Asian arrivals not here. The modern Latino could be spared the backlash of what will movement is predominantly driven inevitably degrade into hysterical rhetoric about not just by our outsider status but an "Asian invasion." by our obnoxiously overwhelming Are Criminal Justice Reforms and desire to no longer be outsiders." Immigration Policy at Odds? Marisa Franco and Jeronimo Saldaña However, we Hispanics are really not Fox News Latino (October 21, 2015) outsiders any more. As Mary C. Waters, The Department of Justice recently co-author of a recent report by the National announced a decision to release 6,000 people Academies of Sciences on the assimilation from federal prison. As part of that of immigrants, said at a recent National announcement, agency officials noted that 1/3 Immigration Forum event: "Overall, of the people released are immigrants who will immigrants are integrating as fast or faster be quickly deported. There is a clear and than immigrants did coming from Europe a troubling pattern where policy reforms in the century ago." criminal justice system do not extend to One bright spot for Asians is that immigrants in the criminal justice or stereotypes of them as "model minorities" immigration enforcement systems. The glaring are simplistic and not wholly accurate, question is: why not? they'll act as a sort of shield from the worst For some, there is a hope for reintegration, of the immigrant haters who like to while for others there is no chance whatsoever complain about our nation taking in only because our immigration policy is still poor and undereducated people. grounded in mass criminalization. It's time for Speaking at the same forum as Waters, that to change. Whether because of the human Mee Moua, the Executive Director of Asian or monetary costs, lack of effectiveness, or the Americans Advancing Justice, told the clear bias that runs rampant, there is a audience: "We have a diverse group of re-examination occurring of the War on Drugs immigrants coming from Asian countries and the mass incarceration system. Reforms in that are at different points of readiness to these domains, however, are not being contribute to this country. They're more

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considered in the immigration enforcement drug infractions." Imagine that - vetoing system; in fact, the trend is going in the legislation that sought to bring Californians one opposite direction. An act that, for citizens, crucial step closer to treating all people equal may no longer warrant a criminal charge under the law. Meanwhile, thousands of much less incarceration, for immigrants families across the U.S. continue to face the often means a double punishment of a harsh brunt of our draconian drug laws. prison sentence and possible deportation. In her groundbreaking report, U.S.: Drug Already immigrants receive harsher Deportations Tearing Families Apart, Human sentences inside of the criminal justice Rights Watch Researcher Grace Meng notes system than citizens. that "even as many U.S. states are legalizing As sentencing reform victories are and decriminalizing some drugs, or reducing making mandatory minimums increasingly sentences for drug offenses, federal obsolete, politicians are still proposing the immigration policy too often imposes exile for very same approach to enforce immigration the same offenses. Americans believe the law. (One bill proposed by Louisiana's punishment should fit the crime, but that is not Senator was narrowly defeated on the hill on what is happening to immigrants convicted of Tuesday.) If these policies have proven to be what are often relatively minor drug offenses." ineffective and inhumane in drug policy, Attorney General Loretta Lynch embodied what makes anyone think they are well that double standard in one breath when she suited for immigration policy? was asked about the planned release of people The War on Drugs has wreaked havoc from prison. She said: both domestically and abroad. Over 40,000 immigrants are deported for drug offenses "The Sentencing Commission made each year - resulting in more than some changes in the way sentences one-quarter of a million people forcibly would be calculated. A number of removed in the past seven years alone. This cases are being referred to judges and double standard, along with hateful rhetoric it will be the courts who decide if and that targets 'felons not families', inflicts when someone is released. Once that serious harm on countless communities. happens, if that happens, we expect One recent example of an effort to those individuals will hopefully be reform the immigration system through the able to be re-integrated into society. A lens of criminal justice took place in vast number of them are not going to California, but was thwarted when Gov. stay here; a vast number of them are Jerry Brown vetoed legislation that the L.A. eligible for deportation and will be Times called a "new approach [that] would removed." treat potential citizens the same way full citizens are treated when it comes to minor

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As we near the anniversary of President negative attitudes in relation to immigration Obama's immigration executive action, relief levels are more likely found among those who remains elusive at the federal level while are unemployed than those who are employed. millions remain ensnared in the mass People’s views about their personal and deportation system. The administration their countries’ economic situations may be the continues to punish immigrants rather than strongest predictors of their views of implement much needed relief and reform. immigration. Those who perceive economic To ensure that emerging reforms in criminal situations as poor or worsening are more likely justice that reduce prison populations are not to favor lower immigration levels into their just replaced by immigration policies that countries. The reverse is also true: those who fill them, it's time for the double standard to perceive their individual or their countries’ end. economic situations as good or improving are (Note: Marisa Franco is based in Phoenix, more likely to want to see higher levels of Arizona and is the co-founder of Mijente immigration. and Director of the “Not1More Deportation Although people’s outlooks on their Campaign.” Jeronimo Saldaña is the national economy, personal standard of living, legislative and organizing coordinator for and household income are strong indicators the “Drug Policy Alliance” in Pheonix.) of their views of immigration levels in their How The World Views Migration countries, these do not appear to be such strong (Executive Summary) predictors of people’s opinions about Neli Esipova, Julie Ray, Anita Pugliese, competition between national workers and and Dato Tsabutashvili immigrants in their countries’ labor markets. International Organization for Migration Public opinion as to whether migrants compete Negative and positive opinions toward with national workers for jobs is, however, immigration exist in every region and every generally aligned with opinion about country; however, certain sociodemographic immigration levels: among the countries characteristics are more consistently surveyed, on average, residents who do not see associated with favorable or opposing migrants as wanting the jobs citizens in their attitudes to immigration. This study finds countries want tend to be more open to that adults with a university degree are immigration in their countries. typically more likely than those with lower How the World Views Migration provides, levels of education to want to see for the first time, an insight into public immigration kept at its present level or attitudes toward immigration worldwide. The increased in their countries. Similarly, findings presented here – based on younger people generally tend to be more interviews with over 183,000 adults across positive toward immigration. In contrast, more than 140 countries between 2012 and 2014 – represent the first steps toward

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understanding the lenses through which region are more likely to favor decreased people view immigration at a global level. immigration levels than the same or higher Adults surveyed in Gallup’s World Poll levels. were asked two questions about Among the Key Findings of the Report immigration: (1) In your view, should Are the Following: immigration in this country be kept at its Geography of Immigration Attitudes: present level, increased or decreased? (2) Do # Worldwide, people are generally more you think immigrants mostly take jobs that likely to want immigration levels in their citizens in this country do not want (e.g. countries to either stay at their present low-paying or not prestigious jobs), or levels (22%) or to increase (21%), rather mostly take jobs that citizens in this country than to see immigration levels decreased want? (34%). Foremost among the report’s findings # People in Europe are the most negative in is that in every major region of the world – the world toward immigration, with the with the important exception of Europe – majority (52%) saying immigration levels people are more likely to want immigration in their countries should be decreased. levels in their countries to either stay at the # In seven of the top 10 migrant destination present level or to increase, rather than to countries (United States, Canada, decrease. This contrasts with the negative Australia, United Arab Emirates, Saudi perceptions of migration often portrayed in Arabia, Germany and France), majorities the media in certain regions of the world. say immigration should be increased or European residents appear to be, on stay the same, while more than half of the average, the most negative globally toward respondents in the remaining three immigration, with the majority believing (Russian Federation, United Kingdom immigration levels should be decreased. and Spain) say immigration levels should However, there is a sharp divergence in decrease. opinions among residents in Northern Economics of Immigration Attitudes: and Southern Europe. The majority of adults # Adults who live in countries with the in Northern European countries – except for highest unemployment rates are the most those in the United Kingdom – would like negative toward immigration to their immigration levels to either stay the same or countries. Nearly half of adults in increase, while most residents countries with unemployment rates higher in Southern European countries would prefer than15 per cent believe immigration to have lower levels of immigration to their should decrease. countries. # Residents of high-income economies More broadly, residents in less than half overall are much more likely to say of the 40 countries in the larger European

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immigrants take jobs citizens do not immigration to their countries and vice want (58%) than that they take jobs that versa. citizens want (18%). In all other # In the Russian Federation, however, economies, residents are more likely to residents’ predominantly negative attitudes say immigrants take the jobs that toward immigration (70% of respondents citizens want. desire lower levels) run directly counter to # In all top 10 migrant destination the country’s policies to raise immigration countries – which are also all levels. high-income economies – many more Special Focus: G20 Economies: respondents say that immigrants take # Attitudes toward immigration in the G20 jobs that residents do not want than say countries as a group mirror global they take jobs that residents want. attitudes: every fifth person in this group Demographics of Immigration Attitudes: wants immigration to stay at the present # Adults with a university degree are level and every fifth person wants it to more likely than those with lower levels increase. Within the G20, there are clearly of education to want to see immigration vast differences in opinion. kept at its present level or increased. # In South Africa, the Russian Federation, # Those younger than age 44 are likely to the United Kingdom, Turkey, Italy and have an opinion about immigration and Mexico, more than half of adults would they are more likely to favor increasing like to see immigration decreased, while in immigration levels. the European Union as a whole (a member # Compared with others in the workforce, of the G20 in itself), nearly half (48%) those who are not working but actively would like to see lower levels of looking for employment and able to immigration. At the same time, majorities begin work are considerably more likely of adults would like to see immigration to want immigration decreased (40% increased or be kept at the present level in of the unemployed versus 33% of Japan, the Republic of Korea, Saudi those not unemployed). Arabia, Germany, Brazil, the United Government Policies and Immigration States, Canada and Australia. Attitudes: # Adults with a university degree are more # People’s attitudes and government likely than those with lower levels of policies toward immigration seem to be education to want to see immigration generally aligned. When public opinion kept at its present level or increased. toward immigration is, on average, # Views about immigration are more negative, government policies are positive in major cities in Saudi Arabia aimed at decreasing the level of and in China than they are in the rest of their respective countries. In Saudi Arabia,

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for example, the percentage of residents The Hispanic population reached a new in Riyadh who would like to see higher high of 55.4 million in 2014 (or 17.4% of the immigration levels in the country is total U.S. population), an increase of 1.2 similar to that in the rest of the country, million (2.1%) from the year before. However, but adults in this city are also more that 2.1% rate continues a trend of slower likely to want to see immigration levels growth that began in 2010. kept the same. Hispanic population growth had peaked # In Istanbul, residents are more likely earlier, in the 1990s. From 1995 to 2000, than the rest of their fellow Turks to annual average growth was 4.8%, and growth want to see a decrease in immigration has declined since then. From 2010 to 2014, levels in their country: nearly two in the annual average growth had dropped to three respondents in Istanbul (65%) 2.2%. Part of the reason for this decline in would like to see lower levels, population growth is the slowdown in compared with 51 per cent in the rest of immigration from Latin America, and in the country. particular, from Mexico. (Source: How The World Views Migration, The Census Bureau’s annual population International Organization for Migration, estimates detail the nation’s demographics in a Geneva, Switzerland, 2015. Neli Esipova, variety of categories, including race and Julie Ray, Anita Pugliese, Dato ethnicity, geography, and age. For example, the Tsabutashvili Main Authors and Frank county with the largest Hispanic population by Laczko, Marzia Rango Contributing far is Los Angeles County in California (4.9 Authors.) million), followed by Harris County in Texas Hispanic Population Reaches (1.9 million) and Miami-Dade County in Record 55 Million, But Florida (1.8 million). Growth Has Cooled From 2010 to 2014, the Hispanic population declined in 11 counties that have Jens Manuel Krogstad and Hispanic populations of 10,000 or more, Mark Hugo Lopez located in Alabama (Jefferson), Arizona (Santa PEW Research Center (June 25, 2015) Cruz), Florida (Hardee), Georgia (Clayton and The U.S. Hispanic population has been DeKalb), New Mexico (Rio Arriba, San Juan, a key driver of the country’s population and San Miguel) and Texas (Duval, Hale and growth since at least 1970. But the group’s Willacy). The biggest decline came in DeKalb growth has slowed in recent years, and that County in suburban Atlanta, where the trend continued in 2014, as evidenced by Hispanic population was 64,279 in 2014, down new figures released early today by the U.S. 4% from 2010. Census Bureau. The data showed no change in ranking among the states with the highest Hispanic

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populations. California still leads the list found that by 2023 immigrants will account for (15.0 million), followed by Texas (10.4 more than one in seven U.S. residents (51 million) and Florida (4.8 million). Together, million) — the largest share (14.8%) ever these three states account for more than half recorded in American history.(1) Driven largely (55%) the Hispanic population. But their by legal immigration, not illegal immigration, share is down from 58% in 2000, reflecting the immigrant population will grow to nearly a wider dispersion of the nation’s Hispanic one in five U.S. residents (78 million) by 2060, population over the past decade and a half. the Bureau projects. The total U.S. population In addition, the new Census Bureau will grow to almost 417 million — 108 million estimates show that Hispanics, with a more than in 2010. median age of 29 years, are younger than Among the Census Bureau’s Major Findings: most other racial or ethnic groups. By # Total net immigration (the difference comparison, the median age for between the number coming and going) non-Hispanic blacks is 34; it’s 43 for will increase steadily over the next 45 non-Hispanic whites and 36 for Asians. But years, totaling 64 million.(2) Hispanics are growing older: In 2010, the # Absent a change in current policy, the group’s median age was 27, up from 26 in Census Bureau projects that in 2023 the 2000. nation's immigrant population (legal and Immigrant Population to Hit illegal) will reach 14.8 percent (51 Highest Percentage Ever in 8 Years million) of the total U.S. population — the U.S. Census Bureau: 1 in 7 U.S. highest share ever recorded in American history.(3) Residents Will Be Foreign-Born # The Bureau also projects that the Karen Zeigler and Steven A. Camarota immigrant population will grow nearly (April 2015) four times faster than the native-born Center for Immigration Studies, population, reaching 15.8 percent (57 Backgrounders and Reports million) of the nation's population in 2030, While they did not receive much 17.1 percent (65 million) in 2040, and 18.8 attention when they were released last percent (78 million) in 2060.(4) month, new projections from the Census # To place these numbers into historical Bureau (Projections of the Size and context, as recently as 1990, immigrants Composition of the U.S. Population: 2014 were 7.9 percent (20 million) of the total to 2060, March 2015 U.S. Census Bureau.) U.S. population.(5) show the enormous impact of immigration # The nation's total population will grow to on the U.S. population. For the first time, the 417 million by 2060 — 108 million more Bureau projected the future size of the than in 2010.(6) This increase is roughly immigrant (foreign-born) population and equivalent to adding the combined

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populations of California, Texas, New million indicate that only slightly more than York, Florida, and Massachusetts to the one-fourth of the total foreign-born population country.(7) is comprised of illegal immigrants. The scale of # The new projections indicate that, legal immigration is much larger than illegal absent a change in immigration policy, immigration and as a result it exerts a much immigrants who will arrive in the future greater impact on population projections. plus their descendants will account for (Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant roughly three-fourths of future U.S. Population Residing in the United States: population increase.(8) January 2012, Department of Homeland # Other interesting findings in the Security.) projections show the rapid aging of the 2. Summary Table 1 from the new projections immigrant population. In 2015, shows net immigration over the next 20 years. immigrants accounted for 13 percent of Net immigration does include the movement of the population 65 and older, roughly native-born Americans in and out of the equal to their share of the overall country, but natives exert very little influence population. But by 2060 there will be on these figures because the departure of 25.3 million immigrants in this age Americans is roughly offset by those returning group, accounting for 26 percent of all to the country, as shown in Summary Table 2. persons over 65.9 The table shows, for example, that the End Notes (Methodology Used in Making immigrant population will grow 17 million These Estimates) from 2015 to 2034. Further, the number of 1. In recent years, on average, 1.1 million deaths among this population, given its age and green cards (for new legal permanent gender as shown in Summary Table 5, can be immigrants) have been issued annually. estimated at seven to eight million over those (Yearbook of Immigration Statistics.) As 20 years. Adding growth in the foreign-born to shown in (Summary Table 1 of the new deaths in this population for the next 20 years projections, net immigration (the difference comes close to total net immigration over this between those entering and leaving the period of slightly more than 26 million. This country) is estimated at 1.24 million per year means that most net immigration is among the in 2015, rising slowly but steadily through foreign-born. This is not surprising given that 2060. Allowing for the out-migration of many more immigrants arrive than leave the legal immigrants, net legal immigration is country each year, whereas this is not the case still roughly 800,000 a year, which means among the native-born. It should be added that that it accounts for about two-thirds of net the number of people arriving each year is immigration as reported in the new significantly higher than net immigration, projections. It should be added that DHS which is the balance between those arriving in estimates of the illegal population of 11.4 the country and those departing. The Census

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Bureau provides only the net figures for each 7. The total is based on state populations from year and does not report in- and the 2010 Census. out-migration separately. However, based on 8. The Census Bureau has not published what information is provided in the methods different population scenarios varying the statement released with the estimates, the impact of immigration, so we cannot say Bureau is projecting out-migration of the exactly what share of total national population foreign born of 300,000 to 400,000 a year, will be due to future immigration in these new rising through 2060 as the foreign-born projections. However, there is no question that population from which out-migration occurs future immigration must account for about grows. (Methodology, Assumptions, and three-fourths of the future increase. We can see Inputs for the 2014 National Projections, the enormous role of immigration in driving U.S. Census Bureau.) future U.S. population increase in Summary 3. Historical numbers from the decennial Table 2 of the new Census Bureau projections, censuses can be found at the Census which shows that the foreign-born will grow by Bureau's website – www.census.gov. They 35 million from 2015 to 2060, accounting for show that, in 1890, the foreign-born share 37 percent of population growth. Furthermore, reached 14.77 percent of the U.S. population the Census Bureau states that there will be 39.8 and fell for a time, but again reached 14.70 million births to foreign-born women over this percent in 1910. These two figures represent time period. Together, this equals 78 percent of the highest share ever recorded. (Table 2 of population growth, 2015 to 2060. The birth the new projections shows that the figures can be found in Projections of the Size foreign-born will reach 14.79 percent in and Composition of the U.S. Population: 2014 2023, making it the highest percentage every to 2060, March 2015 U.S. Census Bureau. It recorded. If one rounds the percentages, then should be noted that some of these births will the new all-time high will not be reached be to immigrants already in the country and the until 2024, at 14.9 percent. birth figures do not include estimates of 4. Summary Table 2 of the Census Bureau's mortality among those born in the future. On new projections shows that the immigrant the other hand, the foreign-born birth figures do population will grow 81 percent from 2015 not include births to descendants of immigrants to 2060, compared to growth of 22 percent who will arrive between now and 2060, which for the native-born population. are part of the projections and represent the full 5. Historical numbers from the decennial impact of future immigration. There is no censuses can be found at the Census question that future immigrants plus their Bureau's website (www.census.gov). descendants will account for the overwhelming 6. Summary Table 2 of the Census Bureau's share of population growth. Prior projections new projection shows the total population, also clearly indicate this is the case. Projections immigrant and native-born, through 2060. developed by the Center for Immigration

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Studies and Decision Demographics in 2012 children violated their right to "equal show that future immigration will account protection" under the Constitution, noting that for 75.5 percent of population growth from their schools were severely under-resourced 2010 to 2050 and 82 percent from 2010 compared to nearby white schools, and the through 2060. Our projection matches prior plaintiffs' experts testified on the negative Census Bureau projections in terms in impact segregation has on children's migration, births, and deaths. (Steven A. self-esteem. Defendants in the case -- four Camarota, ("Projecting Immigration's Impact school districts -- argued that Mexican students on the Size and Age Structure of the 21st had poor hygiene, carried diseases, and were Century American Population," Center for intellectually inferior. Immigration Studies, 2012.) Our findings The case -- which was decided in the are similar to those published by the Pew plaintiffs' favor -- never made its way to the Hispanic Center in 2008, which concluded Supreme Court, and thus its impact was never that new immigrants and their descendants felt on a federal level. But soon after, will account for 82 percent of population California became the first state to ban growth through 2050. (Jeffrey S. Passel and state-sponsored school segregation. D'Vera Cohn, ("U.S. Population Projections: It's now 2015, and while much has 2005-2050", Pew Hispanic Center, 2008. changed in California, much has remained the Latino School Segregation: same. Segregation is no longer based on The Big Education Problem That official policies or law -- called de jure No One Is Talking About segregation -- but based on voluntary housing or schooling choices. Still, the Golden State Separate and unequal. remains the most segregated one in the country Rebecca Klein for Latino students, according to research from The Huffington Post (October 26, 2015) the UCLA's Civil Rights Project, which studies Nearly a decade before the Supreme civil rights issues. Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education To be an average Latino student in made segregated schooling of black students California today means that you likely attend a unconstitutional, a group of five school that is 84 percent nonwhite, with high Mexican-American families in California rates of concentrated poverty. It means you live fought for integrated schools in Mendez v. in a two-tiered society where only 20 percent of Westminster. It was in 1946. For years, the Latino students taking the SAT in California state's Mexican-American students had are deemed college-ready, compared to 41 languished in inferior "Mexican schools" to percent of students statewide. which they were assigned based on name California's situation is extreme. Its Latino and complexion. Plaintiffs in the case argued population is exceptionally large and that the segregation of Mexican-American exceptionally segregated. But the state's issues

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are symptomatic of a long-term, nationwide Project. Brown v. Board of Education focused trend of Latinos quietly becoming the most specifically on African-American students. In segregated minority population of students 1973, the Supreme Court ruling in Keyes v. in the country, the UCLA center has found. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado, In 2011, the typical Latino student recognized that Latino students also have a attended a school that was 57 percent Latino, right to integrated schools, but the case had according to the UCLA research. minimal impact. When African-American and Comparatively, an average black student white students were being bussed away from student attended a school that was 49 their neighborhood schools to help achieve percent black. A typical white student racial balance, Latinos were mostly ignored. attended a school that was 73 percent white. "We're stuck in a black-white paradigm that WHY IS NO ONE TALKING ABOUT doesn't work quite the same way for Latinos," THIS? Gándara said. There is a dearth of research on how Jennifer Lee, an Associate Professor of segregation impacts Latino students sociology at the University of Indiana, predicts specifically, although there are plentiful data that in the coming years, we will start to see on how racial isolation impacts more research about the schooling of Latino African-Americans. As efforts to address students. "With this increase in the Latino African-American segregation have faltered, population I think there are lots of scholars who public discourse on growing Latino are very interested the Latino student segregation remains elusive. community. It just takes time," she said. "We "We've been through a demographic can't extrapolate studies on African-American revolution with almost no policy attention to students to Latino students." the racial dimensions of these changes," With little research on the topic, it is Gary Orfield, co-director of the Civil Rights difficult to come up with potential fixes. "We Project at UCLA, told The Huffington Post. have to really understand what it is we're "It's not exactly true that anyone is paying studying," said Lee. "We can't assume the attention to black segregation either -- we're mechanisms are the same across different a third of the century into kind of doing populations -- or all Latino students." nothing and a quarter of the century into David Garcia, an Associate Professor at systematically dismantling what we did Arizona State University, ran for the state's earlier." superintendent of public instruction in 2014 Little attention has been paid to the and lost. During his campaign, he did not hear issue of Latino segregation because the issue of school segregation brought up segregation has historically been a once, he said, "not even by minority groups." black-white issue, said Patricia Gándara, "The entire discussion from how we come to Orfield's co-director at the Civil Rights study it really comes out of the South and in the

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'60s and blacks and whites," said Garcia. segregation during his work under the Obama Meanwhile, Western states -- those that administration, but there is some speculation typically have some of the largest that his replacement, John King, will put the populations of Latino students -- are studied issue back on the political map. King, who will less frequently. start in the job in December, served as the state education commissioner in New York before spending the past few months as an adviser to Would You Like to Write a Book Duncan. Review for the In New York, King enacted a grant EGSG Newsletter? program that will use $25 million to encourage If so, please contact Tom Boswell at more affluent students to attend certain the e-mail address listed below. Your high-poverty, struggling schools. In September, review should be no more than two pages single-spaced (12 point type) and should he emphasized the importance of integrated contain full bibliographic information schools at a National Coalition on School about the book. Also, the book you Diversity conference. review must have been published since It is now impossible to ignore the role that 2010. You will have to obtain a copy of Latino students play in the issue of school the book yourself because EGSG does not segregation. If King does focus his attention on have resources to buy books. Remember, school diversity, it is likely that the issue of a book review is a nice CV item. Latino segregation will receive more attention [email protected] than it ever has before. (Note: This article can also be found at: National Institute of Latino Policy, October 29, Research on the issue of Latino school 2015. www.latinopolicy.org.) segregation is also somewhat complicated Latino Race and Ethnicity, by the diversity within this group of and Proposed Changes students, Garcia noted. Latino students may for the 2020 Census experience segregation differently depending Angelo Falcon (June 29, 2015) on when they came to this country or where National Institute for Latino Policy (NiLP) their family is from, for example. "I think By 2017, the Census Bureau is required to first and foremost in the conversations I've recommend questions for the 2020 Census to had, people want to know how Latino the Congress and among the issues that this students are doing" in school, Garcia said. will involve is how the Bureau plans to count "Who they are attending with does not rise race and ethnicity. The Census currently asks to the level of public discussion." two questions, one of one's Hispanic identity U.S. Secretary of Education Arne and the other on one's race. There are currently Duncan largely ignored the issue of school

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proposals under consideration to combine considering changing the way it counts the U.S. both questions into one as a way to improve population for the 2020 Census by combining the quality of these racial-ethnic data. the separate race and 5 Hispanic questions it However, this proposal has proven to be currently uses into one question. Would you controversial in some quarters. In the recent agree with this change?" While a plurality "Fact Tank" report below by the Pew oppose this change (38 percent), a close 35 Research Center, they outline problems with percent support it, with 19 percent stating they the Census Bureau's current understanding do not know enough about it to give an of race in the Latino community. opinion. It is interesting to note that the Pew There is, therefore, currently no consensus findings on Latino concepts of race and on this Census issue among Latino leaders, ethnicity are nearly the opposite of those in indicating the need for further community an April NiLP survey of 345 Latino opinion education on the issues involved in the leaders in the United States. Asked how they proposed changes in how the Census Bureau would characterize Latinos along general plans to collect racial and Hispanic data in the racial and ethnic lines, two-thirds of the 2020 Census. With only 4 percent feeling that Latino opinion leaders (66 percent) feel that the Census Bureau should not be collecting Latinos are primarily an ethnic/national such racial and ethnic data, there is a near origin group, compared to only 6 percent consensus that the Bureau should be doing so. who see it primarily as a racial group. A There were, however, some racial quarter (25 percent) thinks Latinos are a differences in response to this question by the combination racial and ethnic/national origin Latino opinion leaders. While pluralities of group. those identifying racially as White (44 percent) This NiLP survey is not based on a sample and those identifying as some other race (40 but is a close approximation of an Latino percent) oppose combining the race and elite poll, raising questions of whether there Hispanic questions into one, the largest is a significant difference in racial-ethnic percentage of those identifying racially as perceptions between Latino leaders and the Black (42 percent) favor combining the general Latino population. This could be questions into one. This last finding is based on generation, socio-economic level, surprising since the groups raising serious and other factors and in these ways tends to questions about valuable racial information that complicate how the Latino community and would be lost by combining these questions are its leaders will respond to the Census largely Afro-Latino. proposals to change the race and ethnic Further surprising is that two-thirds (67 questions. percent) of those identifying specifically as In the NiLP survey, the Latino opinion Afro-Latino support combining the questions. leaders were asked: "The Census Bureau is Support for the combined question was

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strongest among those Latino opinion such as "Mexican," Hispanic" or "Latin leaders who considered Latinos to be American." primarily a racial group (55 percent in Federal policy defines "Hispanic" not as a support) or partially racial (40 percent). The race, but as an ethnicity. And it prescribes that largest percentage (44 percent) of those who Hispanics can in fact be of any race. But these consider Latinos to be primarily an ethnic or census findings suggest that standard U.S. national origin group opposed this proposal. racial categories might either be confusing or As the Census Bureau starts to conclude not provide relevant options for Hispanics to its testing of its proposals to make changes describe their racial identity. They also raise an in the race and ethnic questions for the 2020 important question long pondered by social Census, the Latino community needs to fully scientists and policymakers: Do Hispanics debate the issues involved in order to consider their Hispanic background to be part express its preferences to the Bureau and the of their racial background, their ethnic Congress. The juxtapositioning of the Pew background or both? with the NiLP findings indicates that this A new Pew Research Center survey of debate needs to take place sooner rather than multiracial Americans finds that, for two-thirds later. of Hispanics, their Hispanic background is a (Angelo Falcon is President, National part of their racial background - not something Institute for Latino Policy in New York City, separate. This suggests that Hispanics have a N.Y.) unique view of race that doesn't necessarily fit Is Being Hispanic A Matter within the official U.S. definitions. Of Race, Ethnicity, Or Both? This distinctive view of race is consistent Ana Gonzalez-Barrera and across demographic subgroups of Latino adults. Mark Hugo Lopez For example, 69% of young Latino adults ages Pew Research Center (June 15, 2015) 18 to 29 say their Latino background is part of When it comes to reporting their racial their racial background, as does a similar share identity, Latinos stand out from other of those in other age groups, including those 65 Americans. In the2010 census, for example, and older. Similar views are held among 94% of the U.S. population selected at least Hispanics who use Spanish as their main one of the five standard, government-defined language (67%) and those who use English as racial categories - white, black, Asian, their main language (66%). American Indian or Pacific Islander. But This finding sheds light on some of the among Latinos, just 63% selected at least challenges the Census Bureau has faced in one of these categories; 37% of Latinos, or asking Hispanics about their ethnic and racial 19 million, instead selected only "some other background in surveys. Since 1980, the Census race," with many offering write-in responses Bureau has asked everyone in the U.S. about their Hispanic origin separately from their race,

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and since 2000 it has allowed people to be 29% of the U.S. population by 2060, select more than one race in addition to their according to the Census Bureau. Between 1990 Hispanic background. and 2013, the nation's Hispanic population But attempts by the Census Bureau to grew faster than any other racial or ethnic reduce the use of the "some other race" group. category in the 2010 census by adding a note (Ana Gonzalez-Barrera is a Research Associate on the questionnaire explicitly stating that focusing on Hispanics, immigration and "Hispanic origins are not races" had limited demographics and Mark Hugo Lopez is impact. That year, 37% of Hispanic Director of Hispanic Research at the Pew respondents selected "some other race," not Research Center.) much smaller than the 42% who said the The Asian Disadvantage same in 2000. (That's Being Ignored) To address these challenges in By Tanzina Vega preparation for the 2020 decennial census, WDSU News 6 (New Orleans, LA) the Census Bureau is considering asking (October 14, 2015) everyone living in the U.S. about their race (Note: The notion of Asian-Americans as the or origin in a combined question. In other nation's "model minority" as evidence of the words, the form would ask people to identify declining significance of race grows as the their race or origin and would include Asian population continues to increase Hispanic along with black, white, Asian, dramatically, but there are some problems with American Indian and Pacific Islander. this model. For Latinos, who are usually Preliminary results from some unfavorably compared to Asians, this is an experiments using the combined question important debate to understand. Statement show that when Hispanic origin is integrated by:Angelo Falcón, President of the Natonal into the race question, a large majority of Institute for Latino Policy.) Latinos (81% on average) mark just the For some Asian Americans, it's a familiar Hispanic box and no other race category. yet troubling story. Recent articles in The New As the total number U.S. Hispanics has York Times ("The Asian Advantage") and The rapidly increased in the last few decades, the Economist ("The Model Minority is Losing Census Bureau has been under pressure to Patience") have focused on a racial group accurately measure racial identity of considered to be one of the most successful in Hispanics. For example, race and Hispanic America and the numbers are compelling. origin are used in the enforcement of Equal Overall, Asian Americans are more Employment Opportunity and other educated: More than half of Asian Americans anti-discrimination laws. At 54 million, 25 years and older (51.5%) have a bachelor's Hispanics make up 17% of the nation's degree or higher compared to 30% of the population, and they are projected to grow to

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general U.S. population. And they earn a lot Americans is 12.5%, well below the national more: $74,105 in median income versus rate of 15.5%. But among different Asian $53,657, according to Census Bureau's 2014 American groups, the rates vary significantly. American Community Survey. For Indian Americans, for example, the poverty However, behind the numbers is rate is 7.3%; for Chinese Americans it's 15.8%. another story. "When you dig a little bit it "There are still garment workers, and the shows that we are not all doing as well as people who give you your foot massage in society, the government and other Chinatown, there are still low wage workers," institutions would lead you to believe," said said Sylvia Chong, the director of the Asian Christopher Kang, the Director of the Pacific American Studies Minor at the National Council of Asian Pacific University of Virginia. "People don't see that. Americans. "We do have a very diverse That's an economic underclass." population and very diverse needs." High household incomes among Asian On Monday, Kang penned a response to Americans can also be explained by the fact the New York Times piece by Nicholas that some live in multi-generational homes Kristof that addressed the success of Asian with more than one person earning an income, Americans. Asking "Why are Asian- said Jennifer Lee, a sociology professor at the Americans so successful in America" is University of California at Irvine and the co- "uninformed" and "perpetuates stereotypes," author of the book "The Asian-American Kang wrote. Achievement Paradox". "In some cases you Specifically, Kang referenced the lower have parents, grandparents, an aunt, and some levels of educational attainment among children working," she said. groups like the Cambodian, Vietnamese, and Kang also counters the idea that Asian Hmong communities. In fact, US census Americans are "disproportionately stars" in data show that among those 25 years and America as Kristof says in his piece. Asian older just 15.3% of Hmong Americans, 18% American and Pacific Islanders represent just of Cambodian Americans and 28.4% of 2.6% of corporate board seats and 2% of Vietnamese Americans have a bachelor's executive officers of Fortune 500 companies, degree or higher. according to data from Leadership Education Meanwhile, 72.5% of Indian Americans for Asian Pacifics. in the same age group hold a bachelor's Kang was not alone in his critique of the degree or higher. And more than half of Times piece. Some took to Twitter to air their Chinese Americans and Korean Americans discontent. Arissa Oh, the author of "To Save hold advanced degrees. the Children of Korea" called Kristof's column Kang also cited poverty among Asian "Textbook Orientalism." Ellen Wu, the author Americans as another often ignored issue. of "The Color of Success: Asian Americans The overall poverty rate for Asian and the Origins of the Model Minority"

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questioned why people were so obsessed professional parents tend to model their with explaining the success of Asian parents, said Lee, of U.C. Irvine. Americans. However, that group was followed by a In an email sent from Nepal, Kristof second wave of Asian immigration a decade said that he was glad to see the conversation later that was comprised mostly of refugees his column provoked and thought readers from countries including Cambodia, Laos and raised some valid points. He added, Vietnam. These refugees often had much lower however, that he "wasn't much impressed by rates of educational attainment, little family the idea that Asian-Americans are a diverse support, and, in some cases trauma from group -- of course they are, but so are whites leaving war torn countries, experts said. and African-Americans and Latinos, and yet But Kristof's focus on the "Confucian it's still useful to look for lessons in data by emphasis on education" is concerning, said ethnicity." Lee. "The underlying tenet is that if groups To his credit, Kristof re-tweeted Kang's adopt "the right" cultural values and behaviors, piece calling it an "interesting critical take." they too can succeed," said Lee. "This According to Kristof, the larger point of his argument ignores a host of legal and piece was to question whether racial institutional factors that help some groups get discrimination still existed for Asian ahead more easily than others," she added. Americans despite the successes that some These assumptions often fuel stereotypes Asian Americans experience. "At the end of of Asian Americans like the "model minority" the day, many whites argue that the success concept which assumes that "there must be of Asian-Americans proves that the age of something intrinsic about Chinese culture or discrimination is over," Kristof told CNN Asian culture that are producing these Money, "And you simply have to respond to outcomes," said Lee. "They don't understand that argument head-on rather than elide it." how status and educational attainment is In his column, Kristof cites East Asia's reproduced from one generation to the next." long Confucian emphasis on education, Asian Americans who don't fit the mold of strong two-parent families, and an enduring the "model minority" - high achieving, work ethic as the primary reasons Asian hardworking, good at math and science for Americans do better than other groups. But example - can face devastating consequences, it may be better explained by history -- at Lee said. "They feel like ethnic outliers and least in part. they feel like failures if they don't live up to the After the Immigration and Nationality standards," she added. Act of 1965, the United States experienced a (Note: This article was copied from the NiLP wave of mostly highly educated East Asians, Report on News & Politics section of the including Chinese, Korean and Japanese National Institute for Latino Policy. October immigrants. Children of educated and

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15, 2015. For further information, geographies of black resistance and visit www.latinopolicy. org.) self-determination. The travel guide Links to the Green Book: represented, in effect, an alternative mapping of The Green Book and Mapping of American travel, tourism, and mobility that Civil Rights in America allowed people of color to circumvent/challenge racism by creating and Derek H. Alderman using a subaltern form of geo-spatial data. Department of Geography, University of If you are interested in knowing more Tennessee at Knoxville about the Green Book and possibly using it (October 2015) Next week begins Geography during Geography Awareness Week, please Awareness Week. This year’s theme is “The consult the links below. Power of Maps.” As you celebrate this # Digital copies of all Green Books. Try national day for observing the importance of looking up your town or city and see if it a geographic perspective, please consider had a place in the Green Book. exploring the power of maps in the context http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collection of civil rights and the history of race s/the-green-book#/?tab=about relations within the United States. # Other online versions of Green Book The Green Book is a good avenue for http://www.autolife.umd.umich.edu/Race/ teachers and students to explore the power R_Casestudy/Negro_motorist_green_bk.ht of maps and geographic information in the m historical African American experience and http://library.sc.edu/digital/collections/gree the black civil rights struggle. The Green nbook.html (includes searchable map) Book was a travel guide published during the # Book chapter: A Geographic Reading of days of Jim Crow segregation (from the the Green Book (by Alderman and 1930s to the 1960s) to assist black motorists Inwood, Teaching Ethnic Geography in in locating places that would not 21st Century) discriminate against them and where they http://web.utk.edu/~dalderma/Green_Book purchase food, fuel, and food. In the words .pdf of geographers Jerry Mitchell and Larianne # Lesson Plan: The Green Book: “Safe Collins, the Green Book allowed African Spaces” from Place to Place (by Mitchell Americans to find “safe spaces.” and Collins, The Geography Teacher) The Green Book listed African http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.10 American-friendly accommodations by state, 80/19338341.2013.854259 city, and street address—providing an # Article: Learning Activity using Green incredibly detailed look into the geographies Book (by Ken Foote, Southeastern of racism/white supremacy but also the Geographer) http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/south

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eastern_geographer/v052/52.4. However, those who do return often bring foote.html spouses and young children back with them, If you are interested in the idea of civil along with education and skills gained rights becoming an official theme for a elsewhere. future Geography Awareness Week, please This study reports on the factors that read the AAG op-ed below and consider influence decisions to move back to rural areas supporting the cause by signing a petition and the impacts that return migrants make on asking for an endorsement from the White home communities. Interviews at high school House. reunions show that limited rural employment http://news.aag.org/2015/07/op-ed-make-civ opportunities are barriers for those considering il-rights-a-geography-awareness-week-them a move back home. Those who do return find e/ and ways to secure employment, but are primarily https://petitions.whitehouse.gov//petition/en motivated by family considerations. Return dorse-geography-awareness-week-theme-foc migrants use skills and experiences acquired used-civil-rights elsewhere, and their commitment to their Thanks, places of origin, to start businesses, fill (Derek H. Alderman (twitter: @MLKStreet), professional positions, and take on leadership [email protected], Professor & Department roles in ways that uniquely impact rural Head, University of Tennessee.) communities. (The full report is available online at: Factors Affecting Former Residents’ www.ers.usda.gov/publications/err-economic- Returning to Rural Communities research-report/err185) John Cromartie, Christine von Reichert, Puerto Rico's Fiscal Crisis and Ryan Arthun Is America's Colonial Crisis United States Department of Agriculture, City and State (June 20, 2015) Economic Research Service By Angelo Falcón Economic Research Report Number 185 Puerto Rico's fiscal perils are currently in (May 2015) the news, playing off of the debt crisis of Throughout rural America, especially in Greece and forcing a comparison between the remote areas lacking scenic landscapes, two. With over $72 billion dollars of debt, hundreds of communities face the difficult Puerto Rico finds itself financially vulnerable, challenge of adjusting economically and since it is neither a sovereign nation nor a state socially to dwindling populations. High of the U.S., making comparisons with Greece school graduates leave for college, good- or even Detroit somewhat misleading. paying jobs, the military, or simply to see With an over-$600 million debt payment the world, and only a small number return. due on July 1st, many informed observers

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believe Puerto Rico is on the verge of defaulting. For an island with a poverty rate EGSG Standing Committees EGSG Awards Committee approaching 50 percent, a public debt that John Frazier, Binghamton University amounts to over $20,000 per inhabitant Susan Hardwick, University of Oregon (more than its median income of $19,518) Carlos Teixeira, University of British Columbia-Okanagan (Chair) and nearly 95 percent of its economic output Elizabeth Chacko, George Washington (compared to only 2.4 percent for the 50 University Kanika Verma, Texas State University states combined) is, well, quite Outstanding EGSG Dissertation Proposal unsustainable. In April, U.S. Treasury Susan Hardwick, University of Oregon Secretary Jacob Lew let officials in Puerto Paul McDaniel, Immigration Policy Center Holly Barcus, Macalester College Rico know that the United States would not Outstanding Ethnic Geography Student be bailing them out, a move reminiscent of Paper Fenda Akiwumi, University of South Florida President Gerald Ford's response to New Reuben Allen, Ball State University York City's 1975 fiscal crisis, which the Michael Webb, University of North Carolina- Daily News summed up on its front page as Chapel Hill AAG Program Committee "Ford To City: Drop Dead!" Heike Alberts, University of Wisconsin- While most of the attention in Puerto Oshkosh Carlos Teixeira, University of British Rico's case focuses on technical issues Columbia- Okanagan relating to the solvency of municipal bonds Graciela Sandoval, Texas State University-San and austerity measures, the history of U.S. Marcos Website Committee policies that have resulted in more than three Ezra Zeitler, University of Wisconsin-Eau and a half million Puerto Ricans being Claire (Webmaster) José R. Díaz-Garayua, University of Louisville treated as second class citizens goes largely Amelia Laurel Schubert, University of ignored. Puerto Rico, which is consistently Colorado-Boulder shortchanged in the federal budget, is Ad Hoc Student Committee Ana Sanchez, University of Binghamton currently facing looming Medicare cuts Matt Cook, University of Tennessee while the states receive increases-and this in Jennifer Hinojosa, University of Maryland Graciela Sandoval, Texas State University spite of the fact that the people of Puerto Kathryn Hamm Wright, University of Colorado- Rico have carried the full load of payroll Boulder taxes for the program! With a poverty rate of Newsletter Committee Thomas D. Boswell, University of Miami 45 percent (more than double that of Richard N. Gioioso, St. Joseph's University Mississippi), Puerto Rico has had serious long-term economic problems that, like its current massive public debt, have been has existed in a political twilight zone, mired in historically papered over. an endless and unproductive debate over its Ever since the United States took political status. Today, its future lies utterly in Puerto Rico from Spain in 1898, the island

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the hands of what everyone will agree is a In April, the National Institute for Latino dysfunctional United States Congress. Policy (NiLP) conducted a survey of 345 Although the people of Puerto Rico Latino leaders throughout the United States. have been U.S. citizens since 1917, they do Among other things, the survey asked what the not have the right to vote for the U.S. U.S. response to Puerto Rico's fiscal crisis President and are only represented in should be. Close to two-thirds (65.4 percent) of Congress by a single, non-voting member. In stateside Puerto Rican respondents thought the addition, bankruptcy laws available to U.S. United States should assist Puerto Rico with citizens are not available to Puerto Rican bankruptcy protections and financial assistance. residents. Just 14.3 percent supported total inaction on In the classic play and film, West Side the part of the United States, and only 5.1 Story more than fifty years ago, the recurring percent supported a full U.S. takeover of Puerto migrant disagreement about the virtues of Rico's finances. However, there appears to be the home country versus their new life in the much work to be done to mobilize the Latino United States between two of its major population around this issue, not to mention the Puerto Rican characters, Anita and general public. Bernardo, still resonates today. As one reads The Puerto Rican diaspora has many the news coverage of Puerto Rico's current political assets that can assist in mobilizing for fiscal crisis, it leads one to wonder if the action and have done so numerous times in the United States will be letting Puerto Rico past. There are four Puerto Rican voting "sink back in the ocean." But there is an members of Congress (two from New York and interesting difference from the situation they one each from Illinois and Idaho), numerous were debating musically half a century ago: other elected officials at the local and state Puerto Rico's population has been growing levels, and even an Associate Justice of the but not within its own borders. Instead the United States Supreme Court. They are not size of the stateside Puerto Rican population only largely concentrated in the influential is increasing well beyond that of the Island. region of the Washington, DC to Boston Will this growing Puerto Rican diaspora, corridor but also have become a major presence now a majority of the total Puerto Rican in the increasingly important battleground state population become the key to keeping the of Florida. This is particularly importnat as the territory afloat, playing the role of the 2016 U.S. Presidential election looms. The leading Puerto Rican character Maria uniting colonial paradox here is that Puerto Rico's the two gangs, the White Jets and the Puerto fiscal crisis has forced a mass migration to Rican Sharks standing in today for the Florida in ways that leverage its potential United States and Puerto Rico, in a common impact in Presidential elections. cause of survival? The American colonial bureaucracy cites its lack of authority to intervene. In the

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meantime, the hedge fund vultures are the Puerto Rican diaspora in the United States, circling Puerto Rico, sensing a fiscal death now numbering more than 4.6 million, to move spiral they can feed off and caring little the needle on resolving Puerto Rico's fiscal about the consequences for nearly four crisis. million residents as they manipulate a The bottom line is that Puerto Rico is the financial system largely devoid of any social United States' largest colony that it decided to conscience. take by force 117 years ago and has since The big question is whether this treated like a resented orphan that it has potential Puerto Rican diaspora political consistently undernourished politically and firepower can be mobilized effectively. economically. Puerto Rico's current fiscal crisis There is, for example, a bill before Congress is, in this sense, really a crisis of American that would place Puerto Rico under US colonial policies. Will the United States accept bankruptcy laws on a limited basis that responsibility for the negative consequences of would cover about two-thirds of its current its imperialist past? The irony would be if it is debt. However, while there is a consensus in the Puerto Rican diaspora that finally makes Puerto Rico across party lines supporting the United States' accountable on this issue. this measure, it is not getting much traction (Angelo Falcón is President of the National in Washington (so much for Puerto Rican Institute for Latino Policy (NiLP). For more "self-determination"!). There are those who, information, visit, www.latinopolicy.org.) in fact, feel that it does not go far enough. The reality is that there is a need for a The Puerto Rico Debt Crisis: Why more comprehensive approach by the United Congress Is Responsible States to address Puerto Rico's serious fiscal Guest Commentary crisis. Besides more comprehensive Nelson Torres-Ríos (August 4, 2015) Congressional action, the White House and National Institute for Latin Policy (NiLP) its Treasury Department need to become Puerto Rico, la Isla del Encanto, is in more proactive and creative, all a long-shot serious trouble. Fordecades, Puerto Rico given the existing party gridlock that exists. was showcased by the United States as a A large part of the problem is the lack successful experiment of capitalism vis-a-vis of recognition Puerto Rico gets from the socialism during the Cold War. In 1952, the American public, which translates into what Island was offered Commonwealth status as some refer to as "selective inattention" by the only option in the United States' effort to the federal government. The federal courts' remove Puerto Rico from the United characterization of Puerto Rico as "foreign Nations' list of territories that lacked self- in a domestic sense" nicely sums up its government. uniquely American colonial dilemma. The current thinking is that it might just be up to

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For years, Puerto Rico enjoyed the modification of the current territorial status to highest per capita income in all of Latin one that would remove the Island from the America. The island's economy, when Territorial Clause, whether as an Enhanced compared to other Latin American Commonwealth that resembles Free neighbors, was relatively strong, which Association, Independence, or Statehood. prompted an influx of immigrants from Congress has NEVER responded to the will of many of its Caribbean neighbors. the Puerto Rican people. However, like all relationships that are Today, the Island has a debt of over 70 built on ambiguity and opportunism, the billion dollars and Governor García Padilla has symptoms of a U.S. occupation and clearly stated that the debt cannot be paid. Why territorial status have manifested and is this an American problem? How did we get have become the signifiers of an urgent here? need for change. Since the U.S. invasion in 1898, Congress In the early 2000s, the U.S. Navy's has never asked the Puerto Rican people how bombing in Vieques was the uniting issue they want to resolve the status issue. By 1898, for Puertorriqueños. Puerto Ricans from all the U.S. had already decided that the territories over the world protested and finally to be acquired were to be held indefinitely and achieved the US Navy's withdrawal from were to be governed by the US Congress. The Vieques. The United States, to conceal the Supreme Court in its 1901 decision of Downes fact that Viequenses overwhelmingly wanted v. Bidwell held that Puerto Rico is a territory to oust the Navy, cancelled a of the U.S. appurtenant to but not a part of referendum that would have clearly the United indicated that the Navy had to leave. Sila States. María Calderoìn, our first female governor, The Jones Act Restrictions decided to run her own plebiscite, what we During the early twentieth century, very call in Puerto Rico, "plebiscito criollo," that meticulously, Congress began to shape the made headlines all over the world. Nearly way Puerto Rico would be governed. Puerto 70% of Viequenses favored the Navy's Rico is subject to the U.S. Commerce and withdrawal and by 2003, the Navy was Territorial Clauses and, as such, is restricted gone. in how it can engage with other nations. The Undoubtedly, Puerto Rico's problems Jones Act of 1917 made Puerto Ricans U.S. have always been a direct result of a citizens just in time to serve in World War I, relationship that for years the Puerto while the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 (P.L. Rican electorate has attempted to modify. 66-261), also known as the Jones Act, The Politics of the Plebiscite prevents foreign-flagged ships from carrying In 1967, 1993, 1998, and 2012, Puerto cargo between two United States ports (a Ricans went to the polls and requested a system called cabotage). In plain language,

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this means that foreign ships with goods political suicide by doing so. His proactive from other nations cannot stop in Puerto approach to this problem, however, is what Rico. Instead, they must proceed directly to a true leader more concerned for the future U.S. ports, to transfer the goods to US ships of his people does. Someone had to face and then send them to Puerto Rico. This Congress and shift a portion of the burden translates into exceedingly high prices of on those that have contributed to the goods sold on the Island to cover these evolution of this fiscal crisis. Congress has additional shipping costs. ruled over this Island for over a century and Additionally Puerto Rico, unlike states has left it without any economic tools or in the US, can also issue bonds exempt from incentives to allow its economy to prosper. federal, state, and local taxes, making it a Puerto Rico's hands are tied. very attractive bond haven. This was all The Role of Section 936 possible because Congress authorized it. Perhaps the biggest contributor to the However, Congress did not include Puerto economic crisis was the expiration of section Rico as eligible for Chapter 9 bankruptcy 936 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code which and seems unwilling to do so today. applied to Puerto Rico. This section To exacerbate the problem, under provided tax exemptions for U.S. Puerto Rico's Constitution, bondholders corporations that settled in Puerto Rico. must be paid before the government pays Between 2001 and 2012, Puerto Rico's debt anyone else. As such, the current situation in skyrocketed from 25 billion to nearly 73 Puerto Rico, if Congress fails to act, only billion. Many point to 1996 as the year that benefits the millionaires and the hedge funds this snowball effect of debt began to that are in line waiting to be paid. Y los develop, because that was the year it was Boricuas que se jodan... (Editor’s decided that 936 would be phased out. translation: “And the Puerto Ricans get The Rossello administration (1993- screwed.”) 2000) of the New Progressive Party, which How has Puerto Rico responded? In favors statehood, expanded the debt to finance its efforts to improve the island's projects such as the building of one of the most economy, Puerto Rico has requested expensive mass transit systems in the world, numerous times to be excluded from the and a new health care system, without taking Jones Act restrictions. To minimize and into account the effects of the phasing out of restructure the impact of the debt, Puerto 936 incentive. Rico has increased taxes and cut local Many in the Island welcomed this apparent spending, but soon realized that those sudden boom in infrastructure. Moreover, the efforts were insufficient. Gov. García statehood party believed that statehood was Padilla finally admitted that the debt lurking in the background, despite that many of cannot be paid and may have committed Rossello's cabinet members, such as Victor

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Fajardo, were in federal prison for fraud and Elimination of 936 – a Statehood Gambit misallocation of funds. The two plebiscites With this background, one would then held in 1993 and 1998, however, clearly ask why did the Rossello Administration not indicated that a majority of Puerto Ricans do more to protect and advocate for Section were not interested in statehood. 936? The answer is quite simple. Unfortunately, the Rossello Section 936 is not available to states. Administration did very little to combat the Advocating for economic incentives that elimination of Section 936 of the U.S. would fortify the Puerto Rican economy and Internal Revenue Code. In 1993, the press secure jobs under the current reported the following: Commonwealth status would translate into less votes for statehood. The logic was “Mr. Rossello himself has been that a spiraling downward economy, less than enthusiastic in defending devastating job loss, and the Island being theprogram. Both he and the forced to borrow money to pay its debt, island's current representative in would turn into a massive support for Washington,former Gov. Carlos statehood. By destroying Commonwealth, so Romero Barcelo, were they reasoned, statehood would conspicuously absent from a recent arrive on the express train. pro-936 demonstration in San Juan Even if you argue that statehood won in that attracted 100,000 people.” 2012, which it did not, who in Congress wants a state with so much debt? With a $73 Section 936 brought thousands of jobs billion debt, the likelihood of to the island. The whole economy of the statehood is slowly dissipating. Like Island was dependent on this incentive. Vieques, the current situation in Puerto Rico Once the incentive was gone, so were many is a symptom of the cancer like side effects jobs and many companies that chose to of colonial status. The island's lack of relocate to other Latin American nations. sovereignty, and political and economic Moreover, Congress failed to put in place an tools have conspired to raise the economic plan to offset the effects of 936 on fundamental constitutional question: Where the island, nor was it pressured by the Puerto does Congress get the power to hold a Rican government to do so. Unfortunately, territory of American citizens indefinitely under territorial status, Puerto Rico lacks without a detailed plan for self-government any significant political power to attract and democracy? Sooner or later, Congress investments; the Island is subject to will have to face its own demons and the Congressional action people of Puerto Rico. The time has come. first. Most of us are here now and we vote.

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We are going to remember who opposed Chapter 9 for Puerto Rico y vamos a Want to Contribute Something limpiar la casa (Editor’s translation: “And to the EGSG Newsletter? we are going to clean house.”) How about telling us about something you (Note: Nelson Torres Ríos is an attorney are working on or a project you have just who teaches criminal justice at CUNY's finished. Maybe you would like to tell us Hostos Community College in Bronx, New about a new innovative course you are teaching? Would you like to write a York. He can be reached at commentary on an topic dealing with ethnic [email protected].) or racial geography? How about commenting on any of the articles published in this issue of the Newsletter? If you feel so inclined, please contact: Tom Boswell [email protected]

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Remembering Susan W. Hardwick Photos by Heike Alberts

Susan and Jay, Chicago AAG Meeting Awards Luncheon

Awards Luncheon, Chicago AAG Meeting

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Susan, Johannes, and Heike Awards Luncheon, Chicago AAG Meeting

Having Some Fun: Wei and Susan Awards Luncheon, Chicago AAG Meeting

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Susan and Alan, Tampa AAG Meeting

Susan and Heike, NCGE Meeting in Dearborn

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Emily and Susan, Tampa AAG Meeting

John, Wei, Susan, and John, Awards Luncheon Chicago AAG Meeting

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Wilbur Zelinsky and Susan (Can you guess who is whom?)

Thank You Susan for your Friendship, Scholarship, and Grace!!!

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