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a city of immigrants A CITY OF IMMIGRANTS CITY OF A M. Teresa Baer

Indianapolis: A City of Immigrants tells the story of from around the world who chose from and the , bringing religions such as , , , and Hindu- ’s capital for their home. The booklet opens with the Indians who lived in the ism to the city. It also became a refuge for immigrants from war-torn countries such as Vietnam until they moved west in 1818. White Protestants whose ancestors hailed from , and poor countries such as . Today, the city’s Hispanic, Indian, and Asian populations are Wales, Scotland, and northern quickly replaced the natives and were followed by poor growing rapidly. Together with the older established groups and incoming —including Irish Catholics, who came to build and railroads. Numerous Germanic people arrived numerous Native Americans—Indianapolis is more diverse and culturally rich than ever before. during the mid-nineteenth century, including Protestants, Catholics, and . African American M. Teresa Baer is the managing editor of family history publications at the Indiana Historical indentured servants and free blacks also helped to create and develop Indianapolis. After the Society. She is the editor of the IHS magazine The Genealogist: Connections, online Civil War, southern blacks poured into the city. publications, and family history and children’s books, including and ethnic At the end of the nineteenth century, thousands of eastern and southern Europeans, fleeing war histories. Baer compiled the award-winning IHS research guide Finding Indiana Ancestors, and political unrest, also landed in Indianapolis. American anti-immigration laws slowed immi- and she has authored magazine articles and book chapters on both historical and gration until World War II. From that point, Indianapolis welcomed students and professionals genealogical topics. INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY INDIANA Indianapolis: A City of Immigrants is available for purchase or as a Indianapolis: A City of Immigrants Teacher’s Guide is available as a free pdf download at shop.indianahistory.org/indyimmigration free pdf download at http://www.indianahistory.org/immigrationguide

ISBN 978-0-87195-299-8 $11.99 www.indianahistory.org | (317) 232-1882 See our complete catalog of IHS Press publications at www.indianahistory.org Eugene and Marilyn Glick Indiana History Center Book design, Stacy Simmer | Indiana Historical Society 450 West Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-3269 Printed in the of America INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY

Indianapolis - Cover.indd 1 6/4/12 4:12 PM Kilarney (Ireland), 12 Middle Easterners, 39-41, 50 Population, 15, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 32, Sing, Kanwal Prakash “K. P.” (illus.), 42 , 35, 47 Kingan and Company, 12, 13 Middleton, Harvey N., 23–24 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 44 Skillman, Becky, 49 Vietnamese, 37 Korea, 35 Military Park, 29, 57 , 4, 6 Slavs, 28 Vincennes, 4, 21 Korean Language School, 36 Mill Creek Meeting house, 10 Presbyterians, 36 Slovenes, 29–30, 57 , 8 Korean War, 35, 47 Mills, Caleb, 10 A Proposed Guide for Instruction in Morals, 19 Slovenian National Home, 29 Volmer, Charles, 18 Koreans, 37 (WI), 17 Puebla, First Battle of, 44 Soccer (illus.), 48 Vonnegut, Bernard, 19 Kotlyar, Sasha (illus.), 50 Minevich, Igor (illus.), 50 , 44, 46 SOL (Student Organization of Latinos), 49 Vonnegut, Catharine Blank (Mrs. Clemens), , 23, 27, 50 Minidoka camp (ID), 35 “Pull factors,” 8 Sons of the American Revolution, 25 19 Kuwait, 40 , 10 , 37 South America, 47 Vonnegut, Clemens, 18–19 Monaghan, Ellen, 12 “Push factors,” 8 , 23 Vonnegut, Clemens, Jr., 19 La Plaza, vi, 44, 46, 49; Summer Discovery Monaghan, Maggie. See Carr, Maggie Pushner, Mary. See Turk, Mary Pushner Southport/ Meridian school area, 36 Vonnegut, Franklin, 19 Program, 48; staff and Tu Futuro Monaghan (Mrs. Ignaz) Soviet Union, 31 Vonnegut, George, 19 Program students (illus.), 46 Monaghan, Timothy, 12 Spain, 46 Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr., 19 La Touraine (ship), 30 (), 4 , 10, 22 Srednje Gorica (), 30 Vonnegut Hardware Company (illus.), 18 Lafayette, 4 Monument Circle, 40 Quintana, Jesus “Jesse,” 47 , 41 Lagadon, Maria, 37 Moravian missionaries, 15 Qulali, Amani (illus.), 41 Su Casa Columbus Hispanic/Latino Center, , 4, 6, 7 Lake , 27, 37 Morgan Health Center, 24 49 Wages, 11 Laos, 35, 36 Mouth of , 56 Ramadan, 43 , 15 Wales, 8, 15 Latin America, 46, 47; map of countries Muenster (), 18 Rapp, Johann Georg, 15 Syria, 39, 40 , p. 15 (illus.), 46 , 39, 41, 55; (illus.), 42–43 Refugee Resource and Research Institute of Syrians, 39, 40, 41, 57 Street, 18; corridor, 57; (illus.), 8 Latino/a Youth Collective: quilt (illus.), 49 , 36 Indianapolis, 37 Waterman’s Farm Market, 37 Latvia, 31 Republicans, 22 , 10, 54 Watson, Juana, 47, 49; (illus.), 49 Laughlin, Mary. See Carr, Mary Laughlin Nashville (TN), 23 Reuben Family Foundation, 54 Terre Haute, 27 Waverly, 11 Lebanese, 40, 57 National Association for the Advancement Richens Timm Academy of Irish Dance, 12 Tibet, 41 tribe, 4 Lebanon, 39, 40 of Colored People, 25 Richmond (IN), 34 Tipton, John, 10 West Indianapolis corridor, 57 Lewis, James Otto, 6 (US 40), 8, 11 Riszk, Francis, 39 Treaty of , 6 Western Yearly Meeting of (Quaker) Liechtenstein, 15 National Turnfest celebration (illus.), 19 , 15, 31 Treaty of Saint Mary’s, 10 Church, 10 Lincoln, Abraham, 22 Nationalities Council of Indiana, 50 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 24 Tsang, Alfred, 32; (illus.), 34 Westphalia (Germany), 18 Lithuania, 31 Native Americans, 2, 4–7, 53 Rosa, Melinda de la, 37 Tucker, John, 21 , 4, 10, 11, 54 Lively, Cheney, 21 , 41 Rosa, Wili de la (illus.), 37 Turk, Frank, 30 Winona Hospital, 23 Ljubljana (Slovenia), 30 New Harmony, 15 Russell, May Lin (illus.), vi Turk, Ignaz, 30 , 10 Lockerbie Square, 56 , 11 Russia, 15, 27, 39 Turk, John, 30 Wishard Memorial Hospital, 23 Lorraine (), 15 Nguyen, Jason (illus.), 36 Turk, Leona, 30 , 19, 23, 39, 47 Luxembourg, 15 Nicholas H. Noyes Jr. Memorial Saint Anthony , 12 Turk, Louise. See Zore, Louise Turk (illus.), 30 World War II, 7, 19, 24, 31, 34, 37, 56 Foundation, 54 Saint Bridget Catholic Church, 12 Turk, Mary (illus.), 30 Malleable Castings Company, 28, 29 Nick Shaheen’s Oriental Rug Emporium, 39 Saint George Orthodox Christian Church, 55 Turk, Mary Pushner (Mrs. Ignaz) (illus.), 30 Yohn, Frederick C., 6 Manual Training High School, 18 Charitable Trust, 54 Saint George Orthodox Church, 39 Turkey, 39, 40 Young Men’s Christian Association, 24 Marion County, 4, 7, 11, 15, 37, 44 , 8, 10, 22, 23 Saint John Catholic Church, 12, 13 Turks, 40 , 31 Mason’s Union Lodge Number 1, p. 22 North Central school area, 36 Saint Joseph Hospital (Anderson), 23 Turngemeinde (Turnvein), 19 Avenue, 32, 57 of 1787, p.21 Saint Mary Catholic Church, 47 Zainabia Center, 40 McCarty, Kate. See Carr, Kate McCarty Saint Patrick Catholic Church, 12, 47 U.S. Air Force, 34 Zenhom, Salwa (illus.), 41 McCarty, Lawrence, 12 Ohio, 10 Saint Patrick’s Day, 13 U.S. Army Air Corps, 34 Zionsville, 57 McCormick, Amos (illus.), 10 Old , 10, 15 Saint Vincent Hospital, 23 U.S. Colored Troops: Twenty-eighth Zore, Ferdinand (Fred) (illus.), 30 McCormick, James, 10 Oriental Exclusion Act (1924), 32 Sakura Japanese Restaurant, 35 Regiment, 22 Zore, John (illus.), 30 McCormick, John, 10 Overall, James, 21 San Francisco (CA), 11 U.S. Federal Census: (1830), 21; (1910), 32; Zore, Joseph A. (illus.), 30 McCormick, Samuel, 10 Santa Comes to Town event, 46 (1990), 37; (2000), 41; (2010), 37 Zore, Joseph S. (illus.), 30 Medicare, 52 Paik, Chinok Chang, 36 (Puerto Rico), 46 Umemura, George, 35 Zore, Louis (illus.), 30 Meharry Medical (Nashville, TN), 23 Paik, Han Won, 36 Saudi Arabia, 40 Umemura, Jean Kanno (Mrs. George), 35 Zore, Louise Turk (Mrs. Joseph A.) (illus.) 30 Menden (Germany), 17 , 41 Schricker, Henry F. (IN ), 24 Union Station, 42 Zore, Ludmilla (Millie) (illus.), 30 Merritt, Pauline, 22 Palestine, 40 Scotland, 8, 15 United Arab Emirates, 40 Zore, Paulina (Polly) (illus.), 30 Meshingomesia (illus.), 7 Passover Seder, 50 Scots, 56 United Methodists, 47 Zore, Victor (illus.), 30 Methodist Hospital, 23 Pearl Harbor, 34 Scots-Irish, 11, 56 United Negro College Fund, 24 Zore, Victoria (daughter of Joseph S.) (illus.), Methodists, 36 , 8, 10, 11 “Seaside Girls” dance, vi University of , 44 30 Metocinyah, 7 Pentecostals, 47 Seattle (WA), 54 University of London, 23 Zore, Victoria Sebanc (Mrs. Joseph S.) (illus.), , 47, 50 Perry , 55 Sebanc, Victoria. See Zore, Victoria Sebanc University of , 23 30 Mexico, 44, 46, 50 Peru, 44 Second Baptist Church, 21 Zuppardo, Giuseppe (Joe): citizenship Miami Nation of Indians, 4, 6, 7 Peterson, Amy, 54 Shaheen, Nickoliss (illus.), 40 Vandalia freight depot, 13 document (illus.), 29 Michigan, 10 Peterson, Bart, 49 tribe, 4 Venezuela, 44, 46 Michigan-Indiana border, 6 Philippine Islands, 37 Sicily, 29 Vereins, 17, 18 Middle East, 2; map of countries (illus.), Plainfield, 10, 43, 57 Sidney and Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 23 Vietnam, 35, 36 40–41 , 27 Sikhism, 42

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Indianapolis - Cover.indd 2 6/4/12 4:12 PM Indianapolis a city of immigrants M. Teresa Baer

www.indianahistory.org | (317) 232-1882 Eugene and Marilyn Glick Indiana History Center 450 West Ohio Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-3269 Indiana Historical Society | Indianapolis 2012

2012 Indiana Historical Society Press. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Printed in United States of America Baer, M. Teresa, 1956– Indianapolis : a city of immigrants / M. Teresa Baer. This book is a publication of the Indiana Historical Society Press p. cm. Eugene and Marilyn Glick Indiana History Center Includes bibliographical references and index. 450 West Ohio Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-3269 USA ISBN 978-0-87195-299-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Immigrants—Indiana— http://www.indianahistory.org | Telephone orders 1-800-447-1830 Indianapolis—History—Juvenile literature. 2. Indianapolis (Ind.)—Ethnic Fax orders 1-317-234-0562 | Online orders @ http://shop.indianahistory.org relations—Juvenile literature. 3. Indianapolis (Ind.)—History—Juvenile The paper in this publication meets the minimum requirements of . I. Title. National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for F534.I39A23 2012 Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39. 48–1984 977.2’52—dc23 2012003214

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 3 6/12/12 10:45 AM ThO ank Y U TO OUR GENEROUS DONORS

PRESENTING SPONSOR CONTRIBUTING SPONSORS

Gerald and Dorit Paul

The Reuben Family Foundation, Inc.

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Editors’ Note The political boundaries of nations are ever example, that Turkey appears on both ethnic groups. Although this may cause changing. For the purposes of this booklet, the European and Middle Eastern maps. concern, this rather arbitrary decision was written for high school students and a In a similar vein, ethnic designations change made because even individuals within a audience, we have chosen the from time to time. The editors of this particular group often disagree upon most current maps to depict national and booklet have used 2000 and 2010 U.S. designations for their group in both the regional boundaries. It is for this reason, for census headings as a guide for the various historical record and in today’s media.

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 4 6/12/12 10:45 AM To Jim Wills for ongoing support; and to past and present members of the Indiana Historical Society Press and the –Purdue University, Indianapolis School of Liberal Arts for their gifts of education and mentoring.

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 5 6/12/12 10:45 AM Acknowledgments The author is grateful for the assistance of the following individuals: Sergio Aguilera; The Efroymson Family Fund, a fund of the CICF; Elaine Rosa, Indiana Historical Society, for consultation on the development of the booklet; Wendy L. Adams and Karen M. Wood, freelance editors, and Lois Allis, IHS Press intern for research assistance; Ray E. Boomhower and Kathleen M. Breen, IHS Press editors. The author would also like to thank the scholars who reviewed a draft of this booklet: Robert G. Barrows, Indiana University–Purdue University, Indianapolis Nancy Conner, Indiana Humanities Council John A. Herbst, Indiana Historical Society Wilma L. Moore, Indiana Historical Society Elaine Rosa, Indiana Historical Society

May Lin Russell of Indianapolis performs the “Seaside Girls” dance Participants in the Summer at the second annual Asian Festival presented by the Asian American Discovery Program at La Plaza Alliance and Indy at Garfield Park, May 2009. in Indianapolis.

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 6 6/12/12 10:45 AM Contents The First 2 1 Native Americans and Europeans Indianapolis Beginnings 8 2 American Settlers from the British Isles Indiana’s Capital Grows 15 3 Call Indianapolis Home The Northern City of Indianapolis 21 4 An African American Journey Indianapolis as Refuge 27 5 Eastern and Southern Europeans Flock to the City The Circle City Thaws 32 6 Asians Migrate Slowly but Steadily to Indianapolis New Faces in Indianapolis 39 7 Middle Easterners and Asian Indians at the Indianapolis Welcomes Its Southern Neighbors 44 8 Hispanics Become Hoosiers A Twenty-first-Century City 50 9 The Indianapolis Mosaic Indianapolis: A City of Immigrants is available for purchase or as a Appendix 1 54 free pdf download at shop.indianahistory.org/indyimmigration Indianapolis’s Immigrant Welcome Center Appendix 2 56 Indianapolis: A City of Immigrants Teacher’s Guide is available as a Indianapolis Neighborhood Map free pdf download at http://www.indianahistory.org/immigrationguide Appendix 3 58 Time Line of Immigrant Arrivals into Indianapolis Photograph Credits 61 Selected Bibliography 62 Index 64

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 7 6/12/12 10:45 AM The First Hoosiers Native Americans and Europeans

veryone on earth comes from somewhere. But first—Asia and Europe—and eventually they made Native Americans were the first people to settle in the ancestors of most people did not originate their way to the . The first people who the land we know as “Indiana”—which means the E in the country where their descendants live came to America were later called “Indians” by land of Indians. The stories of the different tribes of today. They moved here from elsewhere. Christopher Columbus. Scientists and social histori- these people are much the same as the stories of Biologists and other scientists along with archae- ans believe they came from Asia. Because they were people everywhere: A group of people lives in an ologists and other social historians have tracked the here first, the ones who came after them—from area where there is sufficient food to eat, where the first human beings to Ethiopia in Africa. From there Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and new Asians— weather is temperate enough to survive, and where they spread around the globe over millions of years. called them natives. Today, these first there are materials to shelter them from cold, rain, living within the United States are known as Native and heat. Naturally, people moved to places close to Africa Americans.

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 8 6/12/12 10:45 AM Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 1 6/12/12 10:45 AM When a group of people, such as a tribe, grows too and in the days of British colonial large to live in an area—when food or water grows America (1763–76). By the American scarce, when the weather becomes too difficult Revolution (1776–83) when the first for too long, or when predators (either animals or people known as Americans came to other tribes) are threatening to extinguish them— Indiana, there were several tribes here— then part or all of the tribe packs up and moves the Miami, Potawatomi, Wea, Shawnee, away (migrates) to a new place that will sustain and a few others. Most lived along the

them. Sometimes they fight battles to win land Wabash River, but some, such as the Artist George Winter lived in Indiana from 1837 to settled by others. Delaware, lived along portions of the White River, 1844 and captured scenes of Native Americans in Such movements of tribes occurred in and around near the present-day Marion–Hamilton County Logansport and elsewhere in the state. Here he depicts an encampment of Indians in the Indiana wilderness. Indiana before and after Europeans came. Indians line, and in northern Morgan County. fought each other and different groups of Europe- Native Americans sustained themselves by growing fur of animals abundant to North America, such as ans in the age of the French fur trader (1534–1763) food, gathering herbs, nuts, berries, mushrooms, beavers, and also seeking converts to the Roman roots, and other forest Catholic faith. Fur traders were stationed in what life, and by hunting. This became Montreal, Quebec, but they also traveled was their economy. They with, lived among, and intermarried with natives. added to their economy A few French people were among the first whites by trading first with the to settle in Indiana, near present-day Fort Wayne, Europeans and then Lafayette, and Vincennes. Their descendants, fami- with the Americans. The lies of mixed French and native heritage, helped French had come to Americans led by capture America primarily seek- Vincennes from the British during the American ing both a trade in the Revolution.

By this 1807 license , governor of the , permitted Benoit Besayon of Knox County to trade with the Miami Indians on the Wabash River. Trading with Native Americans was one of the ways Americans began to develop an economy in Indiana. Indians would sell pelts they harvested from beaver, deer, and other animals to American fur traders for money. The traders would sell the natives items such as tools, weapons, and cookware. In turn, American fur traders auctioned off pelts to companies to make clothing, blankets, and other items. 4

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 2 6/12/12 10:45 AM 5

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 3 6/12/12 10:45 AM In this painting artist Frederick C. Yohn shows the victory of George Rogers Clark and the French and Indian townspeople of Vincennes over British forces in 1779, during the American Revolution. The towns- people helped win back their town and the fort and became loyal citizens of the fledgling United States.

Not long after winning independence from Great Britain, Americans began coming to Indiana in droves, moving the Indians onto bits of land called reservations and eventually pushing most of them out of the state. The Delaware in central Indiana agreed to move west according to the 1818 Saint Mary’s (Ohio) treaty, also signed by the Miami. However, some Native Americans along the Wabash River stayed by becoming landowners and others returned from exile. Such large numbers Indians lived communally, sharing their land among were here by the mid- and late nineteenth century all their people rather than owning individual that Indiana had two tribes, the Potawatomi along plots. Individual natives raised crops or hunted or the Michigan-Indiana border, and the Miami Tribe gathered food or made clothing for all the people of Indiana, along the Wabash River in north-central in their community—not just for their own family. Indiana. Even though Indians joined Christian churches, they Americans quickly became the majority of people kept their ancient spiritual beliefs. in the state. Many Americans did not like the Indi- Americans, especially those who had just won a ans because they lived differently than Americans. war to free themselves from the British king and to create a democracy, believed in individual free- dom. They were excited to have the opportunity to A painting of Chief Francis Godfroy, of French and Miami heritage, in 1827 at the Treaty of Fort Wayne, Indiana, by artist James Otto Lewis.

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Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 4 6/12/12 10:45 AM support their families by themselves and wanted a prosperous economy with roads, schools, busi- to be independent, own land individually, and nesses, and thriving towns. Consequently, Indians build personal . They also wanted to build either kept to themselves on the land they owned or they tried to blend into the American culture. Often, they kept their ethnicity a secret in order to be accepted, and some were thought of as blacks. After enduring a century on reser- vations or in hiding, many Native Americans served during World War II. Afterward, large proportions of Native Americans moved to urban Meshingomesia areas to attend college or work in Meshingomesia was chief of about the era’s booming factories. By 2000 one-third of the who stayed more than 39,000 Native Americans in Indiana when the tribe was removed from more than 150 tribes lived in to Territory in 1846. He was born Indiana. Today, more of these Native around 1800, son of Chief Metocinyah. Americans call Marion County home While living a traditional Native American than any other Indiana county— life on Miami lands north of Indianapolis enriching Indianapolis’s economy as along the Wabash River, Meshingomesia became a Baptist and encouraged his well as its culture. people to adapt to American ways. As the elected chief of all the Miami in Indiana, he refused to sell the Miami lands, declaring it was for the young men, women, and children of his tribe. Due to this firm stance, shared by other Miami from the mid-nineteenth century to the Native Americans from many tribes present, the is gather each year for a powwow at the a strong part of Indiana’s culture in the Eiteljorg Museum in Indianapolis. twenty-first century. 7

Credit:Indianapolis-A Indiana City of Immigrants-COMPOSITEState Archives, Commission - NOT SPREADS.indd on Public 5 Records 6/12/12 10:45 AM Indianapolis Beginnings American Settlers from the British Isles

efore a treaty with the Delaware signed northern tier of southern states, for example, Once the British colonies became well established, away the area where Indianapolis now sits, Virginia and North Carolina, or from eastern northwestern Europeans came for a variety of “pull B Americans began migrating here. They had states, particularly Pennsylvania. Their parents factors,” which were incentives to immigrate to originally moved into from the and often their grandparents had lived in colonial America. They came to join family members or America, arriving from northwestern neighbors. Those with money intended to better Europe—England, Wales, Scotland, themselves through owning and cultivating land. northeastern Ireland, Germany, and The less-fortunate immigrants sought to learn a France. The reasons they left their trade or to work, save money, and purchase land. native countries fall into a handful They tended to live within communities that shared of categories called “push factors.” their country of origin, language, and religion. They Most immigrants left to escape war, desired to become self-sufficient farmers and per- famine, religious persecution, a lack haps own businesses. of good farm land, or other economic As land on the East Coast became more crowded, reasons. the colonists moved west and south to the natural

This drawing depicts Washington Street in the village of Indianapolis in 1825. Settlers were just starting to clear the forest and build what would become the state capital. Washington Street became part of the National Road in 1829, expanding east and west across the middle of the state and connecting the East and West Coasts of the United States.

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 6 6/12/12 10:45 AM Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 7 6/12/12 10:45 AM Credit: W. H. Bass Photo Company Collection, Indiana Historical Society

barrier formed by the , which run from Canada to . After the Revolutionary War, Americans broke across the Appalachians, moving west from Pennsylvania or north and west from new states such as Tennessee and . Their journeys were a continuation of their families’ quests for self-sufficiency and the right to live according to their chosen values rather than by a state’s values. The two groups of Americans, from the East and the , continued moving into the Old Northwest Territory (which became the states of Ohio, Indiana, , Michigan, Wisconsin, and part of northeastern Minnesota) as the Treaty of Saint Mary’s (1818) opened up the center of Indiana for settlement. Indiana legislators, working in the state’s first capital, Corydon, determined to Amos McCormick came to - napolis as an infant in fall 1820. establish a new state capital in central Indiana. His father, Samuel, and Samuel’s Commissioners led by selected brothers, John and James, and their “the east bank of the White River at the mouth of families were among the earliest Fall Creek” for a town to be called Indianapolis. The settlers in the new capital. Descen- community was laid out or “platted” in 1821. This photo of Aletha Coffin at her dants of early Irish immigrants flax wheel was published in a 1908 to the British North American The first American settlers who came to Indianapo- yearbook for the Western Yearly Meeting of Friends colonies, the McCormick families lis from the East and the South had disagreements. (Quaker) Church in Plainfield, Indiana. A widow from traveled from Pennsylvania to In general, easterners, especially members of the North Carolina, Coffin joined the Mill Creek Meeting Ohio and then to Indiana. In this Friends or Quaker churches, opposed slavery, while house near Amo, Hendricks County, Indiana, in 1853. Quakers from North Carolina had been settling the 1909 photograph Amos is sitting southerners were in favor of it or neutral about at the table that the Indiana state area since 1820. it. In time, easterners such as and commissioners used when they Caleb Mills advocated the establishment of pub- were selecting the site for the city. Samuel’s family moved to Hen- lic schools, whereas many southerners were wary dricks County in 1836. about government involvement in education. 10

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 8 6/12/12 10:45 AM The Irish Come to Indianapolis Indianapolis’s growth was initially hindered by its The and roads brought new businesses lack of natural transportation routes. The White and people to Indianapolis—new American River was too shallow for boats much of the year, settlers and foreign workers, especially and there were no roads. So, it was quite a boon Irish and Germans, who were building the to Indianapolis when Indiana began constructing transportation systems. The Irish arriving a canal system in the 1830s. The Central Canal in in the nineteenth century were a differ- Marion County was completed in 1836, although ent group than earlier Scots-Irish immi- it was never connected to the state’s other canals. grants, Protestants whose families had Two years later the National Road (US 40, which immigrated to America from northeastern originally ran east to west from Atlantic City, New Ireland and whose ancestors had originated Jersey, to San Francisco, California) was completed in Scotland. The Irish who worked on the through the young town. canals and roads were primarily Catholic. They had come to escape the massive industrial development of their country, a process that was pushing them off their traditional farms and depriving them of a means to earn a This map created in 1939 by Harry O. Garman shows living. both built and proposed canals in Indiana during the Recruiters looking for canal workers trav- nineteenth century. As the map shows, Central Canal was eled to New York and Pennsylvania offer- finished only from Broad Ripple to Bluffs (now Waverly), Indiana. ing wages of $10 per month. They enticed thousands to come and build Indiana’s have a major canal and highway by 1840, but it canals, primarily the very poor Irish immi- also had new groups of foreign residents, Irish and grants, who arrived daily in eastern harbors. Germans in particular. Other new Irish and German immigrants A potato famine in Ireland, as well as the building signed up to help build the National Road of railroads from the through across Indiana. Not only did Indianapolis the Civil War (1861–65), brought many more poor

This advertisement from 1837 attempts to lure workers to build Indiana’s Central Canal by offering $20 per month, food, lodging, and the availability of cheap land for farming. The thousands of Irish and Germans who helped build Indiana’s transportation routes—canals, roads, and railroads—vastly increased Indiana’s ability to attract businesses and develop its economy. 11

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 9 6/12/12 10:45 AM Irish Catholics to Indianapolis. Irish immigrants had and participated in church and community activi- Martin and Kate had three children and were mem- a difficult life in Indianapolis at first. Contemporary ties. The Irish tended to settle on what became bers of Saint Bridget Parish. accounts relate that Americans disliked their Catho- the near west side of town in Saint Anthony and Another sketch describes the life of John E. Carr, lic religion and were initially horrified by canal Saint John Parishes and on the near south side in who was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin, in 1863. and road crews’ shantytowns, drunkenness, public areas that would be known as Irish Hill and Foun- John’s parents were both from Ireland, his father, fighting, and poverty. Over time, however, the Irish tain Square. In addition to working in construc- Manies Carr, from County Donegal and his mother, in Indianapolis settled into lives with stable working tion and on railroad jobs, Irishmen also worked in Mary (Laughlin) Carr, from Dublin. Manies was conditions. They raised and educated their families the Kingan meatpacking company, which began a tanner and currier. After living in Wisconsin, recruiting workers in Ireland in 1862, or as the family moved to Indianapolis in 1881, where policeman or firemen. Many Irish women Manies died two years later. One of John’s brothers worked as domestic servants in wealthy died in a railroad accident, one sister married and private Indianapolis homes. moved to , another married and stayed in The History of the Catholic Church in Indianapolis, and an unmarried brother also resided Indiana by Charles Blanchard contains in Indiana’s capital. For more than twelve years John numerous biographical sketches of Irish worked in the boiler shops of the Big Four Railroad Catholic immigrants who settled in Company in Brightwood, a neighborhood on India- Indiana. Among these are sketches for napolis’s east side. Then he began working in the several individuals named Carr. Martin insurance industry, first as a solicitor, working his Carr, who was born in County Galway, way up to assistant manager within four years. John Ireland, in 1851, immigrated to India- married Maggie Monaghan, daughter of Timothy napolis in 1871, and first worked for the and Ellen Monaghan, both natives of Ireland, in railroads. Within a few years, he was Indianapolis in 1892. However, Maggie died five working as a stable hand at Kingan and years later. Along with many other Irish, John was a Company, where he was in charge of member of Saint Patrick Parish. two horses. Eventually, the company Blanchard also relates a brief history of the Patrick owned sixty horses, and Martin was and Ellen (Cook) Carroll family of Kilarney, County foreman of twelve stable men. He Kerry, Ireland, through their son Thomas P. Carroll, married Kate McCarty, whose father, who was born in 1871 and came to Indianapolis in Lawrence McCarty, was from Ireland. 1892. Thomas had four brothers and two sisters.

A member of the Richens Timm Academy of Irish Dance performs for a crowd at the Indianapolis Irish Fest, 2004. 12

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 10 Credit: Indianapolis Irish Fest 6/12/12 10:45 AM Samuel Kingan brought his meatpacking plant from northern Ireland to Indianapolis in 1862, where it continued in business until 1966. The Irish made up a large portion of Kingan’s workforce.

His mother and three brothers stayed in Ireland; depot, then at Kingan’s until 1898. After that time, its economy and increasingly blended into main- his father, one brother, and two sisters immigrated he worked for the Big Four Freight Depot. Thomas stream American society. Today, the Indianapolis to America. Of those who immigrated, one sister was a member of Saint John Catholic Church in community savors the annual celebrations of Saint lived in Ohio with her husband. Another sister, . Patrick’s Day and Irish Fest, as well as Irish music, Kate, worked as a housekeeper for Patrick, John, and The children and grandchildren of Irish immigrants food, and beer year-round. Thomas. John became a member of the fire depart- thrived in Indianapolis for the most part. The city ment, and Thomas worked at the Vandalia freight came to accept the Irish because they improved

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Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 11 6/12/12 10:45 AM Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 12 6/12/12 10:45 AM Indiana’s Capital Grows Germans Call Indianapolis Home

y the , there were more immigrants came other than the German states not a single nation but more than thirty small king- than 1,700 individuals in Marion County who and Ireland included: England (359 residents), doms, duchies, principalities, and city states. B had been born in Ireland, representing around France (211), Scotland (185), Switzerland (88), Can- German-speaking people came to the United States 26 percent of the county’s foreign-born popula- ada (84), Italy (19), Wales (18), Holland (13), and a during the British colonization era and were among tion. As large as this group was, however, German smattering of other European countries. Only nine the earliest Americans in the Old Northwest. Many immigrants were present in even greater numbers. immigrants were non-European; one was African. In fought alongside George Rogers Nearly 4,000 German-born people lived in Marion addition, there were 825 . Clark during the Revolutionary War and William County according to the 1860 federal census, con- One of every five people in the Indianapolis area Henry Harrison during the War of 1812. German- stituting nearly 60 percent of the county’s foreign- in 1860 came from a German-speaking region, speaking Moravian missionaries lived among and born population. in Europe. This included present-day Germany taught to the central Indiana Delaware Of Indianapolis’s 18,611 residents in 1860, less than and areas in: Austria, Hungary, Russia, Bohemia, in the . German religious leader Johann Georg one-third were born outside the country. In Marion Romania, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Italy, Alsace, Rapp brought a group of utopian Christian follow- County as a whole, the countries from which Lorraine, and Luxembourg, where pockets of people ers to New Harmony, Indiana Territory, in 1814. were of German ethnic origin. Germany itself was

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 13 6/12/12 10:45 AM After 1815 German immigration increased dra- Europeans, including Germans, were producing matically. Germans left a Europe that had tasted a far fewer products on their home-based looms at republican government through the revolutionary higher costs. They could not compete with English efforts of Napoleon Bonaparte, who ultimately was industries. Then, when industrialization did come to defeated. Many Germans—Protestants, Catholics, the German states, such improvements as mechan- and Jews—preferred American democracy over the ical looms not only put home weavers out of work kings and princes that were regaining power, and but they also required a smaller workforce, leaving they disliked the compulsory military conscription many without a livelihood. policies of those rulers. In addition to the attractions of a republican form The economy was also a factor. Europe was expe- of government and abundant economic opportu- riencing poor harvests at a time of overpopula- nity, German families living in the United States tion. Meanwhile, industrialization in England was wrote to relatives and friends in the “old countries,” undermining traditional cottage industries on the encouraging them to come to America. These continent. For example, machine-woven cloth costs words of encouragement, multiplied many times much less money to produce than traditional hand- over in letters and German-language newspapers, woven cloth. England was producing large quantities resulted in Germans pouring into America through of such products and selling them cheaply, while other the mid-nineteenth century. Many German-speak- ing families brought money to buy land in southern and central Indiana, where they settled as farmers prior to the Civil War. Many poor Germans worked along- side the Irish on Indiana’s canals, Published in 1833, this German roads, and railroads, following the immigration guide introduced travel routes they were building the United States to Germans. It described the country’s religion, A factory produces items of politics, society, and included clothing faster and cheaper than reports on German settlements. one or two seamstresses making clothing in their homes. This photo is of Kahn’s Tailoring Fac- tory in Indianapolis in 1907. The factory employed many Jewish immigrants. 16

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 14 6/12/12 10:45 AM Workers for the Guedelhoefer Wagon Company in front of the store, circa 1915. In 1873 German immigrant John Guedelhoefer founded a wagon company that special- ized in making delivery wagons for ice, dairy, and bakery products. The company remained in the Guedelhoefer family for a century. Pictured here are Harry Guedelhoefer, in straw hat; John Guedelhoefer, to left of car; and August Guedelhoefer (owner of company) to right of car.

into Indianapolis and settling there. Indianapolis states. They were middle-class intellectuals who Germans added greatly to the city’s economy by moved to American cities such as Indianapolis, specializing in a variety of occupations: they were , and Milwaukee. They became influential carpenters, shoemakers, tailors, coopers, black- politically, promoting the abolition of slavery, equal smiths, grocers, and merchants. They settled just rights for women, and education as the basis of northeast of the capitol and on the south side of progress, and opposing temperance movements. town, where they built Christian churches and Jew- The “Forty-Eighters” believed in reason rather than ish meeting houses and clustered in the neighbor- religion and socialism rather than capitalism. They hoods around them. established clubs, called “vereins” to foster personal A separate wave of Germans began arriving in 1848 fitness, the arts, mutual aid, and politics. and after, fleeing a failed revolution in the German

This petition for naturalization for Friedrick Buesking from 1921 states that Buesking was born in Menden, Germany, in 1854 and his wife, Ellen, was born near Menden. At the time of this petition, they had three children and were farmers in Cumberland, Indiana, just east of Indianapolis. 17

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 15 6/12/12 10:45 AM In the latter part of the nineteenth century, Indianap- and opened numerous parochial and secular olis’s German American immigrants established more schools where German was taught. Through the than fifty vereins. For example, in 1867 Indianapolis efforts of Indianapolis school board members such German immigrant farmers on the city’s south side as Clemens Vonnegut, German Americans intro- formed the Gardeners Benefit Society of Indianapolis duced physical education and manual technical to promote farming while keeping within the highest training into the city’s public school system, creat- possible standards. Many of the members estab- ing the nation’s oldest school of physical education lished greenhouses and truck gardens, providing (now part of Indiana University in Indianapolis) and year-round vegetables to the city’s markets. To join, also in Manual Training High School, which opened one had to be between twenty-one and fifty years in 1894. of age and physically healthy. Members received A native of Muenster, Westphalia, Vonnegut health and death benefits, and the society also (1824–1906) came to Indiana in 1851 after travel- loaned money to help new immigrant members. ing to on business. He opened a German immigration increased after the Civil War general merchandise store with partner and former through the 1880s, mostly from the eastern Ger- schoolmate Charles Volmer. Vonnegut took sole man states. Indianapolis’s German Americans were control of the business in 1858, changing it to a involved in politics, education, and the arts. They hardware store. The Vonnegut Hardware Company published several German-language newspapers did business in downtown Indianapolis for more than a hundred years.

The Vonnegut Hardware Company on Washington Street in Indianapolis, 1878. Founded by Clemens Vonnegut in 1858, the company remained in the Vonnegut family until 1965.

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Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 16 6/12/12 10:45 AM Vonnegut became well known for his civic leader- A supporter of free thought—a humanist, anti- Members of the German Gardeners Benefit Society, ship. In 1851 he, along with several of Indianapolis’s religious, proscience movement among German a group centered on Indianapolis’s south side, at a picnic in German Park in 1911. German leaders, formed the Indianapolis Turner immigrants—Vonnegut became a prominent Society (Turngemeinde or Turnvein), a venue for member in Indianapolis’s Free-Thinkers Society German immigrants to discuss liberal political and during the 1870s and 1880s. In 1889 he published a languages other than English, religions other than social views, and a platform from which to promote free-thought tract, A Proposed Guide for Instruction , and political views other than their German language, culture, and physical education. in Morals. own. Beer-drinking Germans and Irish were reviled In 1859 Vonnegut assisted in establishing Indianap- Vonnegut married German immigrant Catharine especially after they gained their citizenship and olis’s German-English Independent School, which Blank in 1853, and they had four sons: Clemens loudly proclaimed anti-temperance opinions. Dur- taught lessons in both German and English. He also Jr. (1853–1921), Bernard (1855–1908), Franklin ing World War I hysteria against Germans became supported an 1869 law authorizing the teaching of (1856–1952), and George (1860–1952). His great- the American norm, as America joined the British German in public schools. grandson, Jr. (1922–2007), was a and French against Germany and its allies. In a notable author of backlash against German culture Indiana schools From 1898 Das Deutsche Haus in American counter- were banned from teaching the German language. downtown Indianapolis was home culture novels. Anti-Germanism did not last through the Great to many German organizations. Depression or World War II, however, as Americans However, because of anti-German The Germans in of German heritage made a conscious decision to sentiment during World War I, the Indianapolis suffered make their ethnic background secondary to their name was changed to the Ath- discrimination from enaeum in 1918. Pictured here is loyalty to the United States. the National Turnfest celebration nativistic Ameri- at Das Deutsche Haus in 1905. cans who loathed

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Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 17 6/12/12 10:45 AM Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 18 6/12/12 10:45 AM The Northern City of Indianapolis An African American Journey

ewly arrived Irish and German immigrants cloak of indentured servitude. Some early recorded attacked the family of James Overall, and in 1845 suffered discrimination and endured blacks in Indianapolis were servants of two city John Tucker was murdered by drunken white men N occasional acts of hatred from Americans planners. One servant, Cheney Lively, became a in downtown Indianapolis. Article XIII of Indiana’s who feared immigrants would take their jobs or property owner. revised 1851 constitution barred blacks from enter- influence their society with strange customs. Later Prior to the Civil War blacks could not vote, serve ing the state. generations, however, increasingly blended into on or in the , testify in court against Perhaps because of the antiblack environment, mainstream society. In contrast, Indiana’s African whites, and there were no provisions for black chil- Indianapolis’s pre-Civil War, African American Americans and their descendants suffered racial dren to receive a public education. An 1831 Indiana population was never more than 5 percent. By discrimination for nearly two centuries. law required blacks entering the state to post a 1840 only 195 blacks lived in Indianapolis, most The first African Americans in Indiana were enslaved $500 bond. Many blacks indentured themselves to working at manual labor or as domestic servants by French people, living mostly around Vincennes. raise the money. The 1830 federal census high- in white households. They started black churches, Although the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and lights this reality: of twenty-one households in the such as Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church the Indiana Constitution of 1816 forbade slavery, capital containing blacks, only five were headed by (1836) and the Second Baptist Church (1846). As it existed in Indiana. If slave owners emancipated blacks—Lively and four men, two of whom became with other immigrant communities, the churches their slaves, the practice often continued under the victims of hate crimes. In 1838 an angry white mob provided help to the needy, schools for children,

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 19 6/12/12 10:45 AM and safe places to discuss political and social issues. in conventions to discuss ways to improve their and moved to Indianapolis before 1870. A widow, Indianapolis blacks also started mutual-aid societ- people’s conditions, to fight colonization societ- Goff was concerned about elderly ex-slaves. Along ies and fraternal organizations, such as the Mason’s ies that wanted to send them to Africa, and to use with other black Indianapolis women, she founded Union Lodge Number 1, begun in 1842. political means to gain citizenship rights. the Alpha Home Association in 1883, a nursing The pre-Civil War were filled with increas- The Civil War brought many changes. A large per- home for elderly and infirm African Americans. Goff ing tension between whites and blacks in India- centage of Indiana’s African Americans enrolled in worked as a maid for Pauline Merritt, who donated napolis, reflecting the growing American national the Twenty-eighth Regiment of U.S. Colored Troops. the land and house for the home, which opened in agitation over slavery. Factions such as the Quakers Blacks from the upper South fled north in droves, July 1886. Goff served as president for one year and and German abolitionists opposed nativists who more than doubling Indiana’s black population by died in Indianapolis in 1898. wanted to rid the city of blacks and foreigners. 1870. More blacks came to Indianapolis than any- Indianapolis’s African Americans built their com- Meanwhile, the city’s African Americans gathered where else in the state. By 1900 blacks comprised munity in a variety of ways, simultaneously helping nearly 10 percent of the city’s population. to add to the city’s economy. Black teachers and TUNISIA The Civil War also changed federal and state laws. ministers operated all-black schools and served MOROCCO By 1870 black men had voting rights and as community leaders, helping to create a black ALGERIA could sit on juries. Nonetheless, from middle class. The few blacks able to obtain higher WESTERN LIBYA EGYPT SAHARA the 1860s through the 1960s, African education began entering professions such as law, CAPE Americans in Indianapolis as medicine, and business. Along , just VERDE MAURITANIA MALI northwest of the city’s center, restaurants, saloons, NIGER ERITREA elsewhere struggled against SENEGAL SUDAN groceries, barbershops, dentists, blacksmiths, cater- GAMBIA CHAD discrimination in edu- DJIBOUTI GUINEA BISSAU BURKINA FASO ers, clubs, and other black businesses developed. GUINEA BENIN cation, employment, NIGERIA COTE GHANA CENTRAL ETHIOPIA African American newspapers such as the Indianap- SIERRA LEONE D'IVOIRE AFRICAN housing, and public CAMEROON LIBERIA TOGO REPUBLIC accommodations. African olis Recorder gave a voice to the community, and SOMALIA SAO TOME & PRINCIPE individuals such as Lillian Thomas Fox (1866–1917) EQUATORIAL GUINEA CONGO Americans countered RWANDA GABON also wrote about the black community in white DEM. REP. BURUNDI discrimination by working OF CONGO newspapers. Map of African through mutual-aid organiza- Nations, circa 2003. tions and taking political Meanwhile, blacks were voting Republican, the ANGOLA COMOROS action. One Indianapolis party of . By 1880 the first black ZAMBIA MALAWI resident who helped start Hoosier was elected to a state political office—Indi- MOZAMBIQUE ZIMBABWE a mutual aid society was anapolis’s James Hinton was elected to the Indiana NAMIBIA MADAGASCAR BOTSWANA former slave Eliza Goff, General Assembly. Three other African Americans

SWAZILAND who was born in North succeeded him, including Indianapolis school- LESOTHO Carolina during the 1820s teacher Gabriel Jones.

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Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 20 6/12/12 10:45 AM During World War I, African Americans began a native-born, white, Protestant Americans, “great migration,” which was the movement of achieved statewide power in the 1920s. people from the rural South to cities in the North. One of the hundreds of African Americans In 1910, 89 percent of blacks lived in the South, who came to central Indiana in the 1920s nearly three-fourths of them in rural areas. By 1970 was Harvey N. Middleton (1895–1978), an half of African Americans lived in the North, most African American doctor born into a South in cities. Indianapolis’s population was more than Carolina farm family. At the age of ten, 12 percent African American by 1930. Blacks fled Middleton watched as his mother lay seri- the South following an insect infestation, which ously ill and a white doctor did nothing to devastated cotton crops, looking for better oppor- help her. With his parents’ encouragement, tunities in war-created jobs and hoping to escape he decided to become a doctor. He gradu- racial segregation. Most Indianapolis migrants ated from Benedict College in Columbia, were disappointed; only menial jobs were avail- South Carolina, in 1919, went to University Church supper at the Bethel African Methodist Episcopal able to blacks and after the war discrimination did for three years, and received his medical degree at Church in downtown Indianapolis, circa 1960. not subside. The Ku Klux Klan, which supported Meharry Medical College in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1926. now Sidney and Lois Eskenazi Hospital), but due In 1928 Middleton came to segregation practices he could only volunteer in to Anderson, Indiana, the outpatient clinic. During this time, he started joining the staff at Saint a private practice, giving electrocardiograms on Joseph Hospital. He a cardiette machine he had purchased. From the moved to Indianapolis late 1920s through 1940s Middleton completed in 1936 and wanted postgraduate studies in heart disease at Harvard to practice medicine Medical School, the University of Michigan, and the at Indianapolis’s City University of London, England. He later joined the Hospital (later Wis- staffs of: Indianapolis City, Saint Vincent, Method- hard Memorial and ist, Community, and Winona Hospitals.

Some southern slaveholders who immigrated to Indiana brought their slaves and signed them into indentured servitude, according to territorial laws. This 1809 document from Harrison County, Indiana, states that Jacob Ferrel, a slave from North Carolina, would receive a horse, a cow, and his freedom in exchange for serving thirteen years as an indentured servant for the family that had previously owned him. 23

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 21 6/12/12 10:45 AM Middleton became a civic leader, helping to estab- in the early 1950s and served on the Young Men’s service and into the cities for jobs. President Frank- lish the Morgan Health Center adjacent to Flanner Christian Association’s board. lin D. Roosevelt’s administration enforced equity in House, an African American social-service agency As Middleton was becoming established in India- hiring practices for government-contracted work, on Indianapolis’s near north side. He cochaired the napolis, World War II erupted, breaking down barri- and Indiana governor Henry F. Schricker’s admin- state campaign for the United Negro College Fund ers for African Americans who flocked into military istration encouraged employment of black work- ers. Black migration increased again and remained steady the rest of the century. By 1990 blacks comprised more than 20 percent of Indianapo- lis’s residents. At the end of World War II, Afri- can Americans renewed their fight

Indianapolis Recorder offices, circa 1907. This newspaper began operation on Indiana Avenue around 1900 with a focus on African Americans in local communities. Black-owned businesses, such as the Recorder, helped expand Indianapolis’s downtown economy. After 1920, many blacks also worked in the city’s industrial sector, providing labor that was crucial for economic growth. 24

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 22 6/12/12 10:45 AM against discriminatory practices, aided by organi- zations such as the National Association for the African American Advancement of Colored People, which had many World War I soldier, white members as well as black. As a result, in Les Brown, from Indiana a 1949 law barred segregated schools; laws Indianapolis, circa 1917. in 1961 and 1963 outlawed discrimination in access to jobs and in public places such as restaurants, and in 1965 a Fair Housing Law passed. Backing these up was the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964. After struggling against prejudicial laws, African American Hoosiers were finally on legal footing with all other Americans—whether native- or foreign-born.

As of 2010 nearly 30,000 people had emigrated from the African continent to central Indiana. Representing about 3.3 percent of Marion County’s population, they include people from 150 cultures and 7 language groups. War refugees, students, and professionals are among these African immi- grants. Many study to become American citizens, such as Kidist Harting from Ethiopia, shown here at her citizenship ceremony in November 2010 with members of the Indianap- olis chapter of the Sons of the American Revolution, Stuart Hart (left) and Ron Darrah (right), who helped officiate at the ceremony. Doctor Henry Lytle Hummons with his nurse and two young patients at an Indianapolis clinic, 1919.

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Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 23 6/12/12 10:46 AM Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 24 6/12/12 10:46 AM Indianapolis as Refuge Eastern and Southern Europeans Flock to the City

Pre-World War I Immigration The prejudice that African Americans suffered in In Russia new laws freed peasants from serfdom to Having been separated for generations, various the early twentieth century was shared by new large landholders, but mechanizing was townspeople spoke a language in different dia- immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, pushing thousands of laborers off farms at the same lects, wore different clothing, cherished different most impoverished Jews or Catholics. New time that anti-Jewish laws in Russian lands were memories, practiced religion in different ways, told of immigration sprang from political turmoil roiling displacing Jews. In wave after wave, southern and different stories, and played different music. To an in lands between western Europe and Russia and in eastern Europeans came to America. By the turn of outsider, they seemed similar, but to people from the Balkan region. These immigrants were peasants the twentieth century their different languages, reli- different villages, they were not. from tiny villages and farms within huge empires. gions, and cultures evoked fear, anger, and violent In Indiana the majority of these immigrants added “Nationalist” forces were striving to consolidate acts in the nativist population, and they became substantially to the state’s economy by working in places with similar backgrounds and cultures, targets of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s. the toughest jobs—coal mining near Terre Haute, breaking up the empires and creating struggles that Although eastern and southern European immi- in Lake County’s steel mills, and extracting natural neither concerned nor helped the peasants. grants came from places we know today as Italy, gas and oil in north-central Indiana. Similar to the Greece, Hungary, Poland, and Russia, grouping early Irish, they lived in crowded temporary shacks them within nations they never knew seems ironic.

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 25 6/12/12 10:46 AM Celebration of Greek Independence Day by the Greek School students of Indianapolis, April 1939.

ICELAND and earned little money (much of which they sent immigrants helped grow the city’s economy home). Most eastern Europeans were young males, in a variety of ways. Besides working at railroad

trying to save money to purchase land back home jobs, Indianapolis’s Italian immigrants peddled SWEDEN FINLAND and become farmers. Many left, only to return, fruits and vegetables. Greeks opened dry cleaners, NORWAY some again and again. Unable to start a new life in restaurants, florists, bakeries, and taverns. Hungar- RUSSIA ESTONIA

their homeland but with few connections to Ameri- ians worked in slaughterhouses, meat- IRELAND LATIVA cans, they huddled in their close-knit communi- packing companies, and at Malleable LITHUANIA ties, single men in boardinghouses, several families Castings Company. Eastern European Jews NETHERLANDS BELARUS

living in a house, surrounded by people from their worked in garment and shoe manufacturing, BELGIUM GERMANY POLAND LUXEMBOURG home villages. as bakers, and sold fruit and sundries in stalls CZECH REPUBLIC UKRAINE FRANCE outside the City Market. AUSTRIA MOLDOVA Few southern and eastern Europeans came to Indi- SWITZERLAND HUNGARY SLOVENIA anapolis before 1900. In 1910 there were 663 Ital- In Indianapolis, Holy Rosary CROATIA ROMANIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA ians, 290 Greeks, 861 Hungarians, and 1,260 people Catholic Church was started for ITALY AND MONTENEGRO [FORMERLY YUGOSLAVIA] BULGARIA SPAIN Map of the identified as “Russian,” who were of various origins, Italians on the southeast end of MACEDONIA TURKEY ALBANIA European mostly Slavic, and about 80 percent Jewish. These downtown. Greeks established GREECE nations, circa 2003. 28 MALTA

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 26 Map of the European nations, circa 1995 6/12/12 10:46 AM Credit: Robert M. Jr. and Connie A. McBirney, eds., Peopling Indiana: The Ethnic Experience (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1996), 316. Holy Greek Orthodox Church in a rented Jewish people had come to America throughout the Citizenship document of Giuseppe (Joe) room on South Meridian Street, living around Mili- nineteenth century, and founded the Indianapo- Zuppardo, recorded in Indianapolis in January 1941. Zuppardo immigrated to the tary Park and east around Highland Park. Hungar- lis Hebrew Congregation in 1856. Isolated from United States in 1922 from southern Italy. ians settled in Haughville on the near west side of these “” in numerous ways, newly Indianapolis. The majority were Roman Catholic, arrived eastern European Jews lived, worked, and although some joined Hungarian Reformed and conducted religious services alongside their fellow American Presbyterian churches, and many were eastern Europeans, such as a south-side neighbor- Jewish. hood where Jews organized a synagogue in 1870 and purchased a building on South Meridian in 1882. Because census takers a century ago tended to count immigrants as part of national groups, some ethnic groups, such as Slovenes, were lost in the early counts. Originally from the Balkan area adjoining Italy and the Germanic states, Slovenes began coming to Indiana in response to recruitment from the states’ mines and mills. The majority settled in Haughville, on the west side of India- napolis, and worked at Malleable Cast- ings Company. They established Holy Trinity Roman Catholic Church and school and the Slovenian National Home for recreational activities. By 1920 approximately 1,200 Slovenes lived in Indianapolis.

John Bova Conti emigrated from the Italian island of Sicily to Indianapolis, where he opened a successful Italian grocery store.

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Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 27 6/12/12 10:46 AM One Slovenian was Joseph S. Zore (ca. 1871–1929), who immigrated to the United States in 1892 from what was then Austria. On August 29, 1902, Zore married Victoria Sebanc, who had emigrated from what would become the of Slovenia, Ljubljana. Sebanc, a maid who could read and write, had arrived at Ellis Island, New York City, twenty days before she and Zore were married. For much of his life, Zore worked for an Indianapolis foundry as a patternmaker. He became a U.S. citizen in 1906 in Marion County. In the 1920s he owned and operated a soft drink saloon at his residence in Haughville. Joseph and Victoria had eight children: Joseph A. (born 1904), John (born 1905), Victor (born 1908), Victoria (born 1910), Ludmilla (born 1912), Ferdinand (born 1914), Louis (born 1919), and Paulina (born 1921). Another Haughville Slovenian was Ignaz Turk (1881–1928), originally from Bucka, a small town southeast of Ljubljana. Turk immigrated to the United States in September 1900 aboard La Top: Mary Pushner Turk with her twin girls Touraine. On the ship’s manifest, Turk stated he was (right) Mary and (left) Louise, ca. 1909. a tailor, but by 1910 his occupation was molder at a Above: The Joseph S. Zore family, circa Haughville foundry. In July 1902 Turk married Mary 1920s. Clockwise from center, Seated: Joseph S., Louis, Victoria, Paulina (Polly). Pushner (1883–1962) in Indianapolis. Mary was Back Row, left to right: Ludmilla (Millie), from Srednje Gorica, in what is currently Italy. She Ferdinand (Fred), Joseph A., Victor, John, had also immigrated in 1900. Ignaz and Mary had and Victoria five children: Frank (1903–1986), John (1904–1927), Right: The Zore and Turk families were Louise (1908–1998), Mary (1908–2000), united on June 16, 1926, when Joseph A. and Leona (1914–1981). Zore married Louise Turk (one of the twins).

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Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 28 6/12/12 10:46 AM A U.S. Law Curtails Immigration As thousands of southern and eastern Europeans who had revolted against their communist govern- than in ethnic pockets and they assimilated more poured into America, many Americans became ment, fled to the United States soon after a revolt quickly into American culture. Nevertheless, the increasingly unhappy, complaining that immigrants failed in 1956. descendants of the earlier groups have combined took American jobs, sent the money home, spoke Eastern and southern Europeans arriving in the with the later arrivals to reinvigorate and celebrate unintelligible languages, and isolated themselves mid-1950s joined the children and grandchildren their common heritage and identity through ethnic in impoverished neighborhoods. Public pressure of the earlier immigration waves. These later festivals, clubs and associations, food, dress, stories, resulted in a 1924 federal law severely curtailing the immigrants tended to live as individuals rather and music. annual number of immigrants entering the United States. Until 1965, when the law was changed, immigration quotas were kept very low. The two world wars and the cold war between the democratic West, headed by America and west- ern Europe, and communist countries, headed by the Soviet Union and , affected the types of individuals who came to Indiana. The 1940 census shows immigrants in Marion County from Bul- garia, Czechoslovakia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Yugoslavia, as well as the places mentioned above, and the 1980 census also shows the Soviet Union. Many were political refugees fleeing Nazi Germany or the communism of the Soviet Union. Many immigrants were highly educated and had held positions in government, universities, and big business. After World War II, individuals who had lived in refugee camps came to the United States as Mr. and Mrs. Berek Kaplan arrived in Indianapolis in March 1949 as Jewish refugees displaced by World War II. “Displaced Persons.” When the Soviet Union, in rare They are shown here at the Hotel Michigan with their moments, lifted its ban on migration, those who two children, Rosza, age three, and Moszesz, age two. left were also considered Displaced Persons. Around 200,000 Hungarians, known as “Freedom Fighters,”

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Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 29 6/12/12 10:46 AM The Circle City Thaws Asians Migrate Slowly but Steadily to Indianapolis

Chinese and Japanese Hoosiers Change is the key to understanding immigration As their country opened to outside influence, laws, Indiana was home to only a handful of during the last decades of the nineteenth century many Chinese were recruited to help build the vast Chinese and Japanese prior to 1900. Most of the and the first half of the twentieth century. As in railway systems across the American West. How- Chinese lived in Indianapolis, along Fort Wayne and Europe, empires were crumbling in Asia during this ever, Americans did not want them to stay. Their Massachusetts Avenues, where they ran laundries, period. Asians had long traded with the West, sup- hairstyles, clothes, language, and Confucian values restaurants, and social clubs. The 1910 census plying tea, spices, and other commodities. Western were totally unfamiliar to Americans. Fear and showed 273 Chinese in the state. governments wanted to increase profits by con- prejudice, along with political disputes between Exemptions to the immigration laws during some trolling the trade, and so they forced the ancient, the American and Chinese governments, led to the periods allowed students, teachers, merchants, gov- self-contained regimes of China and into Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, denying immigra- ernment officials, ministers, newspaper editors, and trade agreements. Stresses from this fundamental tion and citizenship rights for most Chinese. The tourists to come to the United States. Thus, Chinese change—to realize that other people besides them- 1924 Oriental Exclusion Act barred immigration who came from the 1880s through 1950 were stu- selves were powerful and to step outside of their and naturalization for all Asians. dents attending American and people from traditional ways of interacting—eventually led to From 1943 through 1965, U.S. immigration laws China’s elite classes. One of these was Alfred Tsang, the transformation of cultures thousands relaxed slowly, eventually permitting an annual who was born in New York, but lived in China from of years old. quota of Asians into the country and allowing them age three through fourteen. His father was a treaty to become citizens. As a result of the exclusion

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 30 6/12/12 10:46 AM Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 31 6/12/12 10:46 AM U.S. Army Air Corps airman merchant who was denied U.S. citizenship under Pearl Harbor in 1941, the U.S. government relo- Alfred Tsang, age twenty-one, the exclusion laws. Nevertheless, he permitted cated more than 110,000 from during World War II. Tsang was Tsang to join the U.S. Army Air Corps during World the West Coast to guarded internment camps. born in New York, but raised in China until age fourteen. He War II. After the war, Tsang finished his education Meanwhile, during World War II, 33,000 Japanese and his family came to Indiana and became an engineer, moving to Indianapolis in Americans fought in the U.S. military or served as after he retired from the U.S. 1967. He and his wife raised three children. Tsang interpreters or doctors, and some attended Air Force. Tsang earned a law was one of the founders of the Indianapolis Asso- college. degree from Indiana Univer- sity and worked as an Indiana ciation of in 1973. At age forty- in Richmond, Indiana, and the deputy attorney general until five he returned to school to study law and was the Disciples of Christ, headquartered in Indianapo- retiring. He pursued civic and volunteer work and deputy state attorney general in the 1980s. lis, helped bring many former Japanese internees several writing projects before his death in 2010. Only a handful of Japanese came to to Indiana. By 1960 more than 1,000 Japanese Indiana before 1945. After Japan bombed Americans lived in the state, including war brides of American soldiers and Japanese professionals.

NORTH KOREA MONGOLIA JAPAN SOUTH KOREA

KYRGYZSTAN Map of the Asian TAJIKISTAN CHINA nations, circa 2003.

TAIWAN

NEPAL

BANGLADESH

MYANMAR LAOS [FORMERLY BURMA]

THAILAND VIETNAM CAMBODIA

BRUNEI

MALAYSIA

SINGAPORE INDONESIA

INDONESIA EAST TIMOR 34

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 32 6/12/12 10:46 AM George and Jean (Kanno) Umemura are typical of Japanese Americans who moved to Indianapolis. Their families were relocated to ’s Minidoka camp from Seattle, Washington. George, Jean, and her sister attended different midwestern universi- ties. After being released from the internment camp, Jean’s parents moved to Michigan, where Jean and George were married. The couple and their children moved to Indianapolis when and Company recruited George, and Jean taught school for thirty years. They helped found the Hoosier Chapter of the Japanese American Citizens League, George serving as its first president in 1976. K orean, Vietnamese, and Southeast Asian Hoosiers In 1980 Indiana was home to around 8,000 Chi- nese and Japanese Americans and more than 7,000 individuals from Korea, Vietnam, Laos, and Cam- bodia. The immigration of Koreans and Southeast Asians to the United States was due generally to the cold war and particularly to the Korean War (1950–53), and the Vietnam War (1950–75). Korean college students, orphans adopted by Americans, and wives of U.S. servicemen began arriving in the United States in the 1950s. Indiana’s colleges attracted hundreds of Korean stu- Manager Nopihisa Iwamoto of the Sakura Japanese Restaurant, Indianapolis, dents, many of whom became doctors, engineers, cuts a piece of tuna as he prepares to make some sushi, circa 2007. Chinese American leans against a statue of the school’s bulldog mascot during a tour of the campus shortly before he became its president in 2001. He served in this capacity until 2011. 35

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 33 6/12/12 10:46 AM and scientists. By the 1970s there were approxi- mately 800 in Indianapolis. Many of them were Protestants due to the mis- sionary work of Methodists and Presbyterians. They established an interfaith church, which split years later into several denominations, including Catholic and Baptist. They also started a Korean Language School for adopted children and their parents and other Korean Americans. Two Koreans who came to America as students were Han Won Paik and his wife Chinok Chang Paik, who settled in Indianapolis in 1962. Both enjoyed careers at Indiana University–Purdue University, Indianapolis—Han was a physics and Chi- nok taught math and statistics. They raised three children, and Chinok later worked as an actuary at Jason Nguyen, a graduate student in ethnomusicology at an Indianapolis insurance company. Indiana University, Bloomington, plays a Vietnamese mono- chord Dan Bau at the second annual Asian Festival presented Following the Vietnam War, America began accept- by the Asian American Alliance and Indy Parks and Recreation ing refugees from communist regimes in Vietnam, at Garfield Park in 2009. Laos, and Cambodia. Waves of refugees arrived after 1975. During the late 1980s, this immigration literate. A 1983 national study of the jobs where included increasing numbers of nonrefugee immi- Southeast Asian refugees were working reflects grants. By 1990 there were almost 3,500 Southeast their range of educational levels—from profes- Asian immigrants in Indiana. Of these, 600 Viet- sional/technical to farmers/fishers. The religious namese, 76 Laotians, and 106 Cambodians lived in beliefs of Southeast Asians are predominantly Marion County. Buddhist, with strong influences from Catholicism, While most Vietnamese refugees could read and , and animism, a belief in spirits of natural write, less than half from the other areas were things and creatures.

Seventeen-year-old Laung Khan Kho Khai at Chin National Day festivities in 2010 in Indianapolis. He and his family are Burmese (present-day Myanmar) refugees who fled their country due to its current military govern- ment. According to various sources, between 5,000 and 8,000 Burmese refugees lived in the central Indiana area in 2010, many of them in the Southport/ Perry Meridian and North Central school areas. 36

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 34 6/12/12 10:46 AM Filipino Hoosiers The Philippine Islands were a U.S. colony from 1898 tripled since 1990; and those with Philippine and until 1946, when they achieved full independence. Korean ancestry nearly doubled. Indianapolis had Therefore, few immigrated to Indiana until more than 17,000 Asian American residents in after World War II. A few college students were 2010, most from China, the Philippines, Korea, attending Purdue and Indiana Universities as early Vietnam, and Japan, in that order. as 1904. Filipinos who had served in the U.S. armed In the twenty-first century, Indiana’s civic, business, forces during World War II and their families settled and educational leaders enjoy strong partnerships here after 1945. The largest group of Filipinos, with their counterparts in Asian countries. These English-speaking professionals and their families, partnerships draw students, professionals, and big came after 1965, when national quotas ended and business into the state, bringing both jobs and preference was given to individuals with skills con- annual revenue. In 2007 Asian-owned businesses in sidered important to the United States. This group Indiana (including Asian Indians) employed nearly has contributed greatly to the field of medicine. 25,000 people and earned sales of $3.4 billion. Filipinos have made important contributions to the Indianapolis community. Two examples are Maria Lagadon, a Spanish teacher in the Indianapolis Pub- Wili de la Rosa in 2010. De la Rosa immi- lic Schools, who founded the Barangay (social) Club grated to Indianapolis from the Philippines of Indianapolis for Filipinos in 1960; and Rolando A. in 2007 with his wife, Melinda, and their DeCastro of the Indiana University School of Den- three youngest children, joining family in tistry, who was also a medical illustrator and artist the area. Since then he has volunteered and the coeditor of a textbook on oral surgery. in many capacities, most notably helping Filipinos also own hundreds of small businesses in immigrant refugees from Burma, Africa, Indiana. The 1990 census showed a Filipino popu- and Iraq. The refugees grow crops as part of a farm program created by a partnership lation of nearly 5,000, dispersed throughout the among the Refugee Resource and Research state, with the largest concentrations in Marion and Institute of Indianapolis, local churches, Lake Counties. and Waterman’s Farm Market. The refugees The U.S. Census of 2010 indicates a large popu- keep half the produce and donate the other lation of in Indiana—nearly half to a local food bank. 704,000. The numbers with Chinese ancestry

37

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 35 6/12/12 10:46 AM Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 36 6/12/12 10:46 AM New Faces in Indianapolis Middle Easterners and Asian Indians at the Crossroads

Middle Easterners Prior to World War I, the Ottoman Empire, which When the Ottoman Empire was strong, its armies state’s transportation and industrial center. In the had reigned over the Balkans, most of southwest protected its Christian minorities, who were impor- Francis Riszk and Najeeb and David Kafoure Asia, the north African coast, and what is now tant for European trade. As the empire weakened, were peddlers in the capital city. David and Saada Turkey since the mid-1500s, was crumbling. While the feared for their safety. Having long Kafoure opened a dry-goods store, which thrived eastern Europeans fled to America in droves when been in contact with American missionaries, many for fifty years. Nick Shaheen’s Oriental Rug Empo- the Austrian–Hungarian and Russian Empires decided to move to the United States. Most early rium and Dayan’s Linen Store, owned by a Jew- were disintegrating, relatively few Middle Eastern- Middle Eastern immigrants belonged to religions ish Syrian, also conducted business in downtown ers came to the United States. It may be because associated with the Roman Catholic and Greek Indianapolis. most Ottoman people were Muslim and America Orthodox Churches, the Coptic (Egyptian Christian) In the 1920s, there were more than 3,500 Middle was primarily Christian and Jewish. Nearly all of Church, or were Protestant or Jewish. Easterners in Indiana. Indianapolis Syrians mainly the Middle Easterners who immigrated before the By 1890 only 216 Hoosiers claimed Middle Eastern lived on the city’s east and southeast sides, where 1920s were Christians from the areas known today ancestry. Initially employed as peddlers or factory they inaugurated a social club and built Saint as Lebanon, Syria, and Egypt. or farm workers, they saved money to start small George Orthodox Church. businesses. Many moved to Indianapolis, near the

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 37 6/12/12 10:46 AM Immigration from Middle Eastern countries dollars to the state’s economy each year through increased after a 1950 law permitted graduate tuition and living expenses. Exchange programs students and skilled technical workers to come to with Middle Eastern governments help fuel this the United States. There were more than 5,600 immigration. Through such a program initiated by with Middle Eastern ancestry in the state in 1960, Indiana University, Afghan students studied in Indi- including 905 Egyptians, Syrians, Turks, and Leba- ana throughout the 1960s and 1970s. After oil was nese in Indianapolis. By 1990 there were nearly discovered in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and the 9,000 Middle Easterners in Indiana, with around United Arab Emirates, education became 1,500 in Indianapolis from Afghanistan, Armenia, important to the wealthy classes in Assyria, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Kuwait, Lebanon, Pales- these states, and many wealthy tine, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Turkey. The numbers students were drawn to continue to grow in the twenty-first century. Indiana schools. KAZAKHSTAN A large portion of Middle Eastern immigrants prac- KYRGYZSTAN UZBEKISTAN tice Islam. One of several Indianapolis mosques is TAJIKISTAN BHUTAN

the Zainabia Center, primarily serving Iraqi families. TURKMENISTAN NEPAL AZERBAIJAN Some Middle Easterners have established cultural ARMENIA TURKEY AFGHANISTAN organizations, such as the American Turkish Asso- NORTH CYPRUS SYRIA INDIA ciation of Indiana, but more of them choose to CYPRUS IRAN LEBANON IRAQ PAKISTAN join professional and community organizations ISRAEL JORDAN KUWAIT rather than ethnic associations. BAHRAIN QATAR UNITED EGYPT ARAB OMAN Similar to Asian Americans, Middle SAUDI ARABIA EMIRATES Easterners come to central Indiana for education, adding millions of SRI LANKA Map of the YEMEN ERITREA Northeast African, SUDAN Middle Eastern, and Nickoliss Shaheen was DJIBOUTI Asian Indian nations, in the rug business on circa 2003. Monument Circle at ETHIOPIA the time this photo was taken during the 1930s. SOMALIA He is wearing traditional Syrian garb. Shaheen lived with his wife, two daughters, and mother-in-law on Delaware Street. The entire family was from Syria.

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 38 6/12/12 10:46 AM Egyptian American Amani Qulali opened the Cairo Café on Lafayette Road at the end of 2005. She is holding a plate of koshory, a traditional Egyptian dish.

Immigrants from the Middle East work as scien- tists, , engineers, doctors, and business people. For example, a Kurdish Syrian immigrant, Mazen Ayoubi, is founder and president of Archi- tecture International Consulting, with an office on the far north side of Indianapolis. Ayoubi is also a founding member of the Interfaith Alliance of India- KAZAKHSTAN napolis and serves on the Board of KYRGYZSTAN Trustees of HelpLead.org, an orga-

UZBEKISTAN TAJIKISTAN BHUTAN GEORGIA nization focused on building schools

TURKMENISTAN NEPAL BANGLADESH and learning centers in impoverished Salwa Zenhom is an Egyptian-born ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN Muslim who grew up in Indianapolis. TURKEY AFGHANISTAN areas around the world to promote self-reliance and economic stability in When this picture was taken in 2001 NORTH CYPRUS SYRIA INDIA she was a student at Indiana Univer- CYPRUS IRAN LEBANON IRAQ PAKISTAN partnership with local communities. sity–Purdue University, Indianapolis. ISRAEL JORDAN KUWAIT Asian Indians BAHRAIN QATAR UNITED EGYPT ARAB OMAN Asian Indians come from countries that lie highly educated individuals. Thus, Asian Indians can such as ethanol production, draw Asian Indians as SAUDI ARABIA EMIRATES between today’s Middle East and Asia, be found in Indiana’s universities and in the fields does e-business. According to a Duke University

SRI LANKA including India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, of medicine, engineering, and science. The 2000 study, Asian Indians founded more tech start-up Nepal, Bhutan, Tibet, and Sri Lanka. census showed that a great majority of Asian Indian companies in the United States than any other YEMEN ERITREA SUDAN Similar to their neighbors, most immigrants from Hoosiers had earned at least a bachelor’s degree. foreign-born group from 1995 through 2005. DJIBOUTI the Asian Indian region came to the United States There are also many business people among India- Rajan Gajaria, from Dow AgroSciences and the after 1960. Although less than 500 Asian Indians ETHIOPIA napolis’s Asian Indians. The 2011 Yellow Pages lists Board of Directors of the International Center of called Indiana home in 1960, there were nearly eighteen Asian Indian restaurants and at least one Indianapolis, states that Asian Indians are drawn SOMALIA 17,000 living in the state by 2004. More than 3,000 Asian Indian grocery store in and around the city. to Indiana and its capital city because of the high Asian Indians were living in the capital city in 2009. However, technology sectors attract most Asian quality of life, the low cost of living, the excellent Asian Indians began coming to the United States Indians, and they fill a crucial gap in the city’s labor colleges and universities, and the relatively low cost when the immigration laws were changed to favor markets. and tech-based agriculture, of conducting business. He also speaks favorably

41

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 39 6/12/12 10:46 AM Indian American Kanwal Prakash “K. P.” Singh holds up his passport while explaining that since 9/11 he is sometimes questioned because of his , and he keeps his passport with him to show his American citizenship. Singh was among of the growing diversity in Indianapolis and the Asian Indian Hoosiers bring a rich variety of reli- the firstA sian Indians to live in Indianapolis. growing acceptance by Hoosiers for its immigrant gious and cultural traditions. In Indianapolis Asian Having trained in India and the United States as populations. Indians belong to spiritual traditions of Hinduism, an artist and architect, he came to Indianapolis Sikhism, Buddhism, , Christianity, Islam, and in 1967 as the city’s senior urban planner. Singh Gajaria’s comments contrast starkly with descrip- others. They live in the suburban areas of India- has been a force in the preservation of Indianap- tions of Indiana from a century ago. One immigrant olis’s historic places such as Union Station, as who has witnessed the changes since the 1960s is napolis, not in ethnic enclaves, and come together well as serving as a cultural ambassador for new Kanwal Prakash Singh of India, one of Indianapolis’s socially with other American professionals or at the immigrants from his home country. earliest Asian Indian residents. An architect and India Community Center at West 56th Street and artist, trained in India and the United States, Singh Guion Road. Asian Indians of all backgrounds moved to Indianapolis when he became the senior and faiths also celebrate , the Festival of urban planner for the Department of Metropolitan Lights, in places across the city, with hun- Development in 1967. In 1972 he began his firm, dreds of Asian Indians and other Indianapolis K. P. Singh Designs, specializing in and residents. Originally a design. Since then, he has won many awards for his Hindu festival celebrat- community efforts, particularly in historic pres- ing the triumph of light ervation, including helping to save Indianapolis’s over darkness/good Union Station. He was the founding president of over evil, Diwali has the International Center of Indianapolis and works been adopted by Asian to communicate across cultures about cultural Indian Hoosiers as a and spiritual matters as well as about history and way to celebrate their architecture. In June 2011 Singh was awarded the pan-Indian heritage Hoosier Heritage Lifetime Achievement Award from in their new country Heritage Place in Indianapolis. Singh takes much of choice. joy in the influx of immigrants to Indiana in the twenty-first century, celebrating the rich heritage each group brings to the Hoosier heartland.

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 40 6/12/12 10:46 AM Rajinderbir Singh Bhullar of and Navjeet Bhullar of Indianapolis were married in a traditional Sikh ceremony at the Sahib of Indianapolis near Acton in November 2007.

Muslims gather for prayer inside the Islamic Society of North America Mosque in Plainfield, Indiana, during services to mark Eid-al-Fitr at the conclusion of the month of Ramadan in September 2010. 43

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 41 6/12/12 10:46 AM Indianapolis Welcomes Its Southern Neighbors Hispanics Become Hoosiers

ust as the Diwali festival has been transformed The spread of this celebration happened in con- Indianapolis: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Domini- in America to celebrate Asian Indian heritage, cert with increasing Hispanic immigration into the can Republic, , , , Jso too has become a day to United States. From 2000 to 2006 immigration Peru, and Venezuela. celebrate Hispanic heritage in the United States. numbers dramatically in Indiana as in the Just as other recent immigrants, Hispanics are On May 5, 1862, Mexican troops, many of them country, the largest proportion coming from Mex- drawn to America as “the land of opportunity.” armed only with machetes, defeated French invad- ico. Although the number of immigrants appears to They wish to have a better life for themselves and ing forces in the First Battle of Puebla. The second have declined during the recent recession, in 2000 their families, and they realize that they will be battle, a year later, drew in forces from California, there were less than 215,000 Hispanics in Indiana, much more likely to succeed in the United States many of them immigrants from Central and South while in 2009 there were nearly 390,000. Marion than in their home countries, which present vary- America. According to a source at the University of County’s numbers rose even faster, jumping from ing economic and political challenges. Here again, California at , it was these immigrant 33,000 to 84,000 within these few years. While Indiana provides a particular draw because of its Americans who started the tradition of Cinco de the largest percentage of Hoosier Hispanics come friendly business environment, high quality of life, Mayo in California to celebrate the initial victory. from Mexico, substantial numbers also come from low cost of living, and the welcome it displays to Since 1863 this celebration has spread across the Puerto Rico, whose residents are U.S. citizens, and newcomers. More than twenty-four nonprofit orga- nation. Today, Indianapolis residents join with Cuba, whose refugees from Fidel Castro’s com- nizations serve Indianapolis’s Hispanic population. Americans across the country, enjoying Latin munist dictatorship continue to flee to America. One of the oldest and largest is La Plaza, which American food, music, and beer on Cinco de Mayo. The following countries are also represented in serves people by “providing education, health, and

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 42 6/12/12 10:46 AM Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 43 6/12/12 10:46 AM MEXICO THE BAHAMAS CUBA PUERTO RICO

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC HAITI BELIZE social services, and business and economic devel- GUATEMALA HONDURAS EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA opment support while also sharing the richness of

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO COSTA RICA PANAMA the arts and culture of Latinos with the Indianapolis Map of the Latin VENEZUELA community.” In addition, in 2005 the Indianapolis

American nations, GALAPAGOS FRENCH GUIANA ISLANDS Chamber of Commerce joined with the city’s His- circa 2003. COLOMBIA panic Chamber of Commerce to form the Hispanic

ECUADOR Business Council. Hispanic immigrants tend to be less educated than their Asian and Middle Eastern counterparts. Many BRAZIL PERU have not finished high school. Consequently, more of them work in less-lucrative jobs in wholesale,

BOLIVIA retail, distribution, food services, construction, manufacturing, hotels, landscaping, and farming. A smaller proportion of them work in professional or PARAGUAY CHILE technical capacities, such as in the medical field.

URUGUAY ARGENTINA

R eunion of La Plaza staff, 2009. La Plaza serves the Hispanic com- munity in and around Indianapolis through education programs and health and social services. Cur- rently its staff includes individuals from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo, and Venezuela as well as people who have studied and/ or lived in Latin America or Spain. These students, part of Longtime executive director, La Plaza’s Tu Futuro Miriam Acevedo Davis (fourth Program, volunteered from right in back), hails from at the 2009 Santa Comes Puerto Rico. to Town holiday assistance/ health fair event. 46

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 44 6/12/12 10:46 AM Indiana has long drawn on Hispanics to fill out its workforce. After World War I, Indiana’s northern steel mills recruited Mexicans. Migrant workers from Central and South America traveled to Indiana to harvest fruits and vegetables starting in the mid- twentieth century, comprising nearly a quarter of the state’s farm labor. also brought some Latin American pharmaceutical pro- fessionals to Indianapolis during these years. Many migrant workers found employment in cities such as Indianapolis and eventually moved here. One such man was Jesus “Jesse” Quintana. Born in Mexico in 1928, he moved to and was married during the 1940s. Quintana obtained legal immigrant status in 1950. Working as a farm laborer, he traveled to Indiana. When weather left him jobless, Quintana came to Indianapolis and was quickly hired by the Indianapolis Union Rail- way. From 1952 through 1969 Quintana worked at The Parade of Flags at FIESTA Indianapolis recognizes the twenty Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America a burial vault manufacturing company. Thereafter, (and Brazil and Spain). The central Indiana Hispanic community includes people from Mexico, Cuba, Colombia, he worked for lumber companies and a roofing Argentina, and other countries. company until 1980 when he retired. Five of Quintana’s sons served in the military during 1998 there were Spanish-speaking churches from Quintana took English and citizenship classes to the Korean and Vietnam Wars. In 1990 one was the following denominations near downtown or become a U.S. citizen. Although he had only a fifth- a teacher in Indianapolis, another was a postal on the city’s east side: Baptist, Disciples of Christ, grade education from Mexico, he passed his tests worker, a third was a supervisor at a Veterans Hos- Jehovah’s Witnesses, United Methodist, Pentecos- and was naturalized in 1958. pital in California, and Quintana’s daughter worked tal, and nondenominational. Quintana played guitar in bands at Indianapolis’s for a loan company in Greenwood, Indiana. One Protestant Mexican American, whose story Latin American clubs and restaurants. During his Many from Indianapolis’s Hispanic community, began in the impoverished region of Hidalgo, retirement he played at schools and festivals as such as the Quintanas, belong to Saint Mary or Mexico, is Juana Watson. Watson immigrated to well. Saint Patrick Catholic parishes just east of down- Columbus, Indiana, in 1978, the bride of a Cum- town Indianapolis. These parishes offer Mass in mins executive. Before she became a U.S. citizen in Spanish. Many join Protestant churches as well. In 47

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 45 6/12/12 10:46 AM La Plaza promotes physical education through many of its programs. Pictured here are children playing futbol in La Plaza’s Summer Discovery Program. This game, known as soccer in the United States, is popular 48 throughout Latin America and the world.

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 46 6/12/12 10:46 AM SOL (Student Organization of Latinos) is a group from Ivy Tech that does volunteer 1996, she raised her three children and began work at FIESTA Indianapolis each year. La Plaza’s education programs promote her life’s work—helping new immigrants thrive postsecondary education for Hispan- and fostering education and understanding ics, taking students from elementary between the people of her first and chosen through high school and their parents on homes. Through the Friends of Hidalgo, a non- college visits throughout Indiana. profit organization that Watson started, twenty members of her Columbus church traveled with her to her birth village in 1991. Eventually, visi- tors included high school and college students, doctors, dentists, Indianapolis police officers, firefighters, and social workers as well as Mayor and Lieutenant Governor Becky Skill- a law-enforcement exchange program; the Indiana man. Today, Indiana University–Purdue University, Multi-Ethnic Conference; and Indiana Diversity Indianapolis students and faculty travel each year Women’s Network. Watson was an adviser for Gov- to Hidalgo to give much-needed care to area resi- ernor and the Institute of Mexicans dents while gaining invaluable firsthand experience Abroad and served on the Indiana Hispanic Latino with Latin American patients. Commission and as president of the consulting firm Watson’s journey has been rewarding. After learn- Eye 2 the World. Having won many awards, she is ing English and earning a high school diploma, she currently a college professor, motivational speaker, and storyteller. The Latino/a Youth Collective provides resources and earned a bachelor’s degree in Tourism Management opportunities for young people to engage in personal from IUPUI (1999), a master’s of Latin Ameri- Watson’s work helps Hispanic entrepreneurs who and community development. Since 2006 members can– Studies at IU Bloomington (2005), come to Indianapolis to start businesses as well have been sewing a DREAM quilt, with students’ goals and a doctorate of education from the Graduate as children and grandchildren of Indiana’s early and dreams, representing the immigrant community’s hope and power. Holding more than one thousand Hispanic immigrants. In 2007 there Theological Founda- squares, it has been replicated countrywide. tion (2008). She also were more than 8,500 Hispanic- founded or cofounded owned businesses in Indiana, which to most other immigrant children, most of the chil- the following organiza- employed more than 14,000 people, dren of Hispanic immigrants are born and educated tions: Su Casa Columbus with sales of $1.7 billion. In 2010 here. Consequently, they are generally better edu- Hispanic/Latino Center; the purchasing power of the state’s cated than their parents and work in every sector Badges without Borders, Hispanics totaled $7.8 billion. Similar and at all levels of Indiana’s economy.

Juana Watson at the Mexican Consulate in downtown Indianapolis, 2009. 49

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 47 6/12/12 10:46 AM A Twenty-first-Century City The Indianapolis Mosaic

wenty-first-century Indianapolis is blessed uncertain about their future in America. The recent American jobs and that the U.S. government should with food from around the world. One can influx of immigrants, mainly from Mexico, India, stop using tax dollars for education and social ser- Treadily find Mexican, Chinese, Indian, Greek, and China, as well as the recent economic reces- vices to immigrants, especially illegal immigrants. Jewish, Cajun, French, German, and Italian res- sion have brought immigration issues to a political Today’s speeches echo sentiments from the early taurants, and there are individual restaurants for head. Speaking loudly through news outlets and twentieth century when Ku Klux Klan members and Cuban, Ethiopian, and other ethnic foods. Walking sometimes with pickets, some Americans insist others worked successfully to severely limit immi- in the city’s downtown one can see and that immigrants should go home and quit taking gration; and they sound similar to the nineteenth- saris alongside baseball caps and busi- century rhetoric of Americans who wanted to stop ness suits. Throughout the year there the Irish, Germans, and Chinese from coming to the are festivals for different ethnic groups; United States and to send all blacks back to Africa. and each fall the Nationalities Coun- In similar ways, Mexicans, Asians, and Middle East- cil of Indiana hosts an International erners are made to feel unwanted in their new land. Festival, which “introduces thousands Although discrimination appears to be part of the of schoolchildren and adults to the story of all immigrant groups, many Indianapolis city’s wide range of culinary, historical, social, ethnic, and linguistic heritages.” Cousins Igor Minevich, ten (left) and Sasha Kot- Despite these celebrations and the lyar, thirteen, both students at the Hasten Hebrew city’s many government, business, Academy of Indianapolis, surveyed the crowd as and nonprofit organizations that serve they waited for the start of a Passover Seder at the Congregation B’Nai Torah synagogue. The religious ethnic populations, many immi- feast was held for nearly two hundred Russian Jew- grants—legal as well as illegal—feel ish immigrants in 1998.

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 48 6/12/12 10:46 AM Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 49 6/12/12 10:46 AM citizens believe it is detrimental to the city. India- napolis businesses are recruiting workers around the world. Meanwhile, organizations such as the Greater Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce are working to make immigrants feel welcome to ensure that central Indiana can compete in the twenty-first century’s global . In fact, the United States would suffer economi- cally without immigrants—both legal and illegal. Immigrants helped to build this nation and still help to build it. According to a 1990s bipartisan Con-

gressional study, immigration increases the labor Dancers from the Indianapolis Chinese Performing Arts end their performance at the second annual Asian supply, helping to bring the most capable people to Festival presented by the Asian American Alliance and Indy Parks and Recreation at Garfield Park in May 2009. places where there are jobs requiring their skills— from entry-level through professional positions. federal, and sales taxes for decades, adding greatly their children grasp English more easily, adapt The increased labor supply from legal and illegal to government coffers. Even when expenses for to living within both their ethnic and the wider immigrants helps provide goods and services at education and social services, such as Medicare, American culture, and often move into wider social lower costs to American consumers and contrib- are subtracted from the taxes immigrants pay, their circles than their parents. utes from $1 to $10 billion to the gross domestic paid taxes outweigh their expense, according to the During the process of assimilation into American product each year. Additionally, since the major- bipartisan study. culture, large groups, such as the Germans and ity of immigrants are young, they pay local, state, Moreover, the children and grandchildren of Chinese, usually form culture clubs where they immigrants attain higher levels of share the food, music, crafts, and stories from their education and better-paying jobs homelands. Smaller groups, whose first affinities A young girl paints Easter eggs, an than preceding generations, adding are to a tiny village rather than to a state such as activity enjoyed enhanced levels of productivity, Hungary, may join with villagers from the region throughout the spending power, and taxes to the they called home, forming panethnic associations. Western world for economy. For immigrants who These latter groups may choose symbolic foods, centuries. stay, the story usually brightens songs, dances, and even costumes to stand for the in other ways, too. While new variety of cultural icons each village cherished in immigrants often struggle with order to celebrate their similar cultures together. In language issues and hold tight to Indianapolis, organizations such as the India Com- traditions from their homelands, munity Center exemplify this phenomenon.

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Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 50 6/12/12 10:46 AM Most immigrants share a concern for relatives they left behind in “the old country.” American immigrants send billions of dollars of money and goods to their home countries each year. This charitable impulse extends to newcomers from Dancers from the Anderson their homelands. Immigrants, either individually (Indiana) Ballet Folklorico or through ethnic associations, have traditionally perform traditional Mexican dances in costume each year housed, fed, and clothed new immigrants, helped at FIESTA Indianapolis. them find jobs, and assisted them in navigating their new land. To most immigrants, a religious community becomes very important. A faith system helps con- nect the old and new lives of immigrants. Also, the building provides a place to meet others of a similar background, who are working through similar experiences. Immigrants often staunchly defend America. They support freedom, equal opportunity, civil rights, Indiana’s Native Americans were forced and building a better life through hard work. to leave the state because the earliest Throughout American history immigrants have Hoosiers disagreed with their communal fought alongside other Americans to defend these way of life. After nearly two centuries, ideals. Consequently, Indianapolis is home to Indianapolis is gaining a reputation for American veterans from countries around the world welcoming people from around the world who as well as Native American veterans. bring many different ways of life to the city— Photo of Indiana including the first people who lived on American Multiethnic Committee Conference participants in Indianapolis in 2008. This soil. In the twenty-first century, people from across committee was formed in 2007 to Indiana, the United States, and countries around help make Indiana a more welcoming place for the world live together in Indianapolis, creating a newcomers by bringing people and organizations mosaic of rich colors, tastes, and sounds, a city with together to share resources and ideas, to help opportunities for all. educate the public about changing demographics and globalization, and to research and maintain current information on multiethnic Indiana.

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Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 51 6/12/12 10:46 AM Appendix 1 Indianapolis’s Immigrant Welcome Center

s immigration increased at the begin- were U.S. immigrants at one time or have some To learn more about the Welcome Center of ning of the twenty-first century—with the related experience, so they can relate easily to new Indianapolis, consult its website, http://www Aencouragement of Indianapolis’s business immigrants. .immigrantwelcomecenter.org/, or call community—the city’s first lady, Amy Peterson, The Center enjoys partnerships with many orga- (317) 808-2326. led a research group in 2005 that focused on nizations in the city, especially its funders: Reuben immigrants’ needs. The group decided to create Family Foundation, Efroymson Family Fund, Clowes an organization in which community members Fund, Nina Mason Pulliam Charitable Trust, and would help new immigrants, similar to a program Nicholas H. Noyes Jr. Memorial Foundation. More in Seattle, Washington. Thus was born the Immi- than fifty other organizations support the Welcome grant Welcome Center of Indianapolis, a nonprofit Center, so that immigrants can obtain assistance organization that welcomes immigrants and helps with health care; legal, social, employment, and them establish roots in the city. Through volunteers training services; government agencies; public called “Natural Helpers” and community partners, transportation, education, and safety resources; the Center “connects newcomers to the resources, housing, financial aid; and other needs. services, and opportunities they need to fully par- The Center also collects information about how ticipate in the economic, civic, social and cultural to best meet immigrant needs, coordinates inter- life of the community.” agency services, and addresses barriers to access. Natural Helpers are volunteers living or working in Its small staff and volunteers immigrant communities that newcomers would are guided by a board of direc- naturally go to for help. Each one is at least bilin- tors, many of whom “work with The Immigrant Welcome gual, has attended a Helpers training program, or represent immigrant, refugee, Center of Indianapolis helps immigrants from and attends bimonthly workshops. Many of them and newcomer populations.” around the world become familiar with the city as it becomes their new home.

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Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 53 6/12/12 10:47 AM Appendix 2 Indianapolis Neighborhood Map 1 Mouth of Fall Creek: Commissioners 18 14 17 16 appointed by the Indiana legislature in Corydon decided to relocate the state’s capital near this place where Fall Creek empties into 6 the west fork of the White River. 2 & 3 Lockerbie Square & Germantown: The area around Lockerbie Street, just northeast of the TIBBS Circle in downtown Indianapolis, was an early

INDIANA AVE. home of Americans of Scottish and Scots-Irish WEST descent. They were among the earliest settlers in the capital city. By the mid-nineteenth

MERIDIAN

8 RURAL 1 9 SHERMAN century, German immigrants were also mak- 15 15 MASSACHUSETTS AVE. ing a home in the area just south of Lockerbie,

BELMONT NORTH WAYNE which became known as Germantown. 13 2 12 4 & 5 Irish Hill & Fountain Square: The neighbor- 11 MONUMENT CIRCLE 3 WASHINGTON WASHINGTON WASHINGTON 20 hoods known as Irish Hill and Fountain Square 20 became home to many Irish immigrants 4 during the nineteenth century. Many eastern SOUTH I-465 and southern Europeans also lived in Foun- tain Square beginning near the turn of the 19 10 twentieth century. After World War II a new influx of immigrants from the upper South, 5 particularly Kentucky and Tennessee, moved

WEST

EAST

MERIDIAN

TIBBS into these and other south, west, and east side

neighborhoods. I-465

SHELBY I-465

RAYMOND 7 INDIANAPOLIS

I-465

56

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 54 6/12/12 10:47 AM 6 10 15 18 Brightwood: Brightwood was a large neigh- Holy Rosary Catholic Church: Holy Rosary Fort Wayne and Massachusetts Avenues: India Community Center: Similar to other borhood that grew up around the foundries, Catholic Church was instituted for Italian Prior to the twentieth century, Indianapolis’s immigrants who have moved to Indianapolis or railroad shops, of the Bee Line Railroad Americans in Indianapolis between 1911 and meager Chinese population lived and worked in the last few decades, Asian Indians are dis- Company. The neighborhood was home to 1925. Since the 1980s the church has hosted along Fort Wayne and Massachusetts Ave- persed throughout the city and many reside many of the families who worked in the shops, an annual Italian street festival, drawing up to nues. Today, Asian Americans live throughout in the northern suburbs of Zionsville, Carmel, including numerous immigrants from England, 25,000 visitors in recent years. the Indianapolis area with concentrations in and Fishers. The India Association of Indianap- Ireland, and Germany. Carmel and Fishers on the north side, around olis owns a community center near Fifty-sixth 11 & 12 West Thirty-eighth Street, and in Perry Town- Street and Guion Road. 7 Military Park & Highland Park: Many Greek ship on the south side. German Gardeners Benefit Society: In 1867 immigrants lived near Holy Trinity Greek 19 & 20 German immigrants on the city’s south side Orthodox Church during the first part of the 16 West Indianapolis & Washington Street formed a society to organize the sale of pro- twentieth century—around Highland Park Saint George Orthodox Christian Church: Corridors: Hispanics, who have been moving duce from their many “truck gardens,” that is, (east of the Circle) and Military Park (west of Christian Syrians and Lebanese who emmi- into Indianapolis since the latter half of the fruit and vegetables grown in greenhouses and the Circle). Today, Holy Trinity Greek Ortho- grated from the Middle East around the turn twentieth century, live across the town and its trucked to all over the city. dox Church is in Carmel. of the twentieth century established Saint suburbs, with one of several concentrations in George Church north of Thirty-eighth Street west Indianapolis. While they have developed 8 13 on East Sherman Drive. There are plans in distinctive business districts along the west Chatham–Arch: This neighborhood just north Haughville: West of White River and north 2012 to sell this building and move the church and east sides of Washington Street, Mexican of Fort Wayne Avenue was a home to several of Washington Street, the neighborhood of north to Fishers. restaurants flourish throughout Marion early African American families. Over time, Haughville arose and grew as eastern and County. however, German American shopkeepers and southern Europeans, including Slovenes and 17 professionals became the primary inhabitants. Hungarians, poured into the west side of Indi- Islamic Center & Islamic bookstore: anapolis during the first part of the twentieth Muslims from Middle Eastern countries, who 9 century. Many African Americans and Hispanic have been coming to Indianapolis the last Indiana Avenue: Although African Ameri- Americans reside there today as well. few decades, live throughout the city and its cans originally settled on Indianapolis’s near suburbs. They have opened cultural establish- south side, by the 1880s most had moved 14 ments north of downtown and on the south to the area surrounding Indiana Avenue. The Indianapolis Hebrew Congregation & JCC: side, including the headquarters of the Islamic avenue boasted the black commercial district, Nineteenth-century German Jewish immi- Society of North America, which is a mosque including the newspaper. grants tended to live on the near south side, in Plainfield. There is also an Islamic Center During the first half of the twentieth century, while eastern European Jews lived among the started by the , an African Indiana Avenue was famous for its music ethnic groups they immigrated with. In the American group, as well as an Islamic book- scene. In ensuing years, blacks inhabited twentieth century, many Jewish people moved store near Saint George Orthodox Christian neighborhoods from Washington Street to to northern Marion County, establishing the Church on the northeast side of town. Forty-sixth Street. Similar to other ethnic Indianapolis Hebrew Congregation and the groups, today well-educated blacks tend to Jewish Community Center. live in Indianapolis’s suburbs.

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Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 55 6/12/12 10:47 AM Appendix 3 Time Line of Immigrant Arrivals into Indianapolis

Pre-1800 n Native American

1800–1840 n American settlers whose families originated in northwestern Europe— England, Wales, Scotland, Germany, France, northern Ireland—most Protestants BLACKS n Irish and Germans, including large numbers of Catholics n A few African Americans, most indentured servants

WHITES HISPANICS

MULTIETHNIC ASIAN NATIVES OTHER

Indianapolis Population Demography 2010 58

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 56 6/12/12 10:47 AM 1840–Civil War 1880s–1920 1940–1980s 1990–Present n German-speaking people from north- n People from southeastern Europe, n African Americans n Large numbers of poorly educated western Europe, including Protestants, particularly Greece, Hungary, Italy, n Japanese Americans released from U.S. Mexicans and other Hispanics, most Catholics, and Jews Poland, and Russia, including Slavic internment camps during World War II Catholic, some Protestant, most n people such as Slovenes, many laborers and small business owners Others from northwestern Europe n Jews escaping Holocaust Catholics and Jews n n African Americans—free blacks and Well-educated Asian Indians, many n n Refugees from Communist Cuba escaped slaves African Americans from southern working in technical fields states n Refugees from Soviet Union n n A few individuals from Canada, Italy, Asians, particularly Chinese, Japanese, n and Switzerland A few individuals from China n War refugees and students from Filipinos, Koreans, and Vietnamese n Christians and Jews from Syria and Korea, many Protestant n African Americans individuals from other Middle Eastern n War refugees from Vietnam, Cambo- n Native Americans Mid-1860s–1880 countries dia, and Laos, many Buddhist or Hindu n People from the Middle East, n African Americans—newly freed slaves n A few individuals from Mexico n Filipinos, most highly educated particularly Turkey, Egypt, and Syria, and former free blacks professionals many Islamic n German-speaking people from 1920s–1930s n Well-educated Asian Indians of many n People from African countries northwestern Europe, including faiths, including Sikhism, Hinduism, n Protestants, Catholics, and Jews n African Americans from southern and Buddhism Other individuals from across states the globe n Others from northwestern Europe n Uneducated Mexican laborers, most n Refugees from eastern and southern n Very few individuals from other Catholic Europe, including Jews and others ethnic groups n Native Americans from 150 different from Russia, Ukraine, Czechoslovakia, tribes Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia n Students, professionals, and techni- cal workers from Egypt, Syria, Turkey, n Mexican migrant workers Lebanon, and several other Middle n Little foreign immigration otherwise Eastern countries, many Islamic due to anti-immigration laws federally and locally

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Front cover Pgea 12 Pgea 29 Pgea 45 istockphoto.com Dancer: Indianapolis Irish Fest John Bova Conti store: Indiana Historical Society iStockphoto.com PAGE ii Pgea 13 Citizenship document: Indiana State Archives, Pgea 46 Commission on Public Records Indiana Historical Society Kingan trucks: Indiana Historical Society Map: Stacy Simmer ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Pgea 14 Pgea 30 La Plaza staff: La Plaza Mother and twins: Courtesy of Kathy Breen Dancers: Indianapolis Star Photo iStockphoto.com Students: La Plaza Zore family: Courtesy of Kathy Breen Feathers: iStockphoto.com Pgea 47 Pgea 16 Wedding couple: Courtesy of Kathy Breen Two boys: La Plaza Immigration guide: Indiana Historical Society Parade of Flags: La Plaza CONTENTS Factory: W. H. Bass Photo Company Collection, Pgea 31 Pgea 48 Kaplan family: Indiana Historical Society iStockphoto.com Indiana Historical Society La Plaza Pgea 3 Pgea 17 Pgea 33 Pgea 49 iStockphoto.com iStockphoto.com Wagon company: Indiana Historical Society SOL group: La Plaza Naturalization: Indiana Historical Society Pgea 4 Pgea 34 Quilt: Latino Youth Collective Alfred Tsang: Photo courtesy of Alfred Tsang Trade license: Indiana State Archives, Commission Pgea 18 Juana Watson: IUPUI Magazine photo by John R. Gentry, on Public Records Vonnegut Hardware: Indiana Historical Society Map: Stacy Simmer courtesy of IU Communications Bobby Fong: Indianapolis Star Photo Indian Camp: George Winter Collection, Tippecanoe Pgea 18–19 Pgea 50 County Historical Association German Gardeners Benefit Society: Indiana Historical Pgea 35 Igor Minevich and Sasha Kotlyar: Indianapolis Star Photo Pgea 5 Society Nopihisa Iwamoto: Indianapolis Star Photo Pgea 51 iStockphoto.com Pgea 19 Pgea 36 iStockphoto.com Pgea 6 Das Deutsche Haus: Indiana Historical Society Laung Khan Kho Khai: Indianapolis Star Photo Pgea 52 Jason Nguyen: Indianapolis Star Photo Chief Francis Godfroy: James Otto Lewis, The Aboriginal Port Pgea 20 Chinese dancers: Indianapolis Star Photo Folio (: Lehman and Duval, 1836) iStockphoto.com Pgea 37 Girl painting Easter eggs: iStockphoto.com Painting: Frederick C. Yohn, Fall of Fort Sackville (1923), Wili de la Rosa: Indianapolis Star Photo Indiana Historical Bureau, State of Indiana Pgea 22 Pgea 53 Map: Stacy Simmer Pgea 38 Mexican dancer: La Plaza Pgea 7 iStockphoto.com Indiana Multiethnic Committee: Indiana Multiethnic Powwow: iStockphoto.com Pgea 23 Conference Meshingomesia: Indiana Historical Society Indentured servitude document: Indiana Historical Society Pgea 40 Church supper: Indianapolis Recorder Collection, Indiana Nickoliss Shaheen: Bretzman Collection, Pgea 54 Pgea 8 Historical Society Indiana Historical Society Family groups: iStockphoto.com Washington Street scene: W. H. Bass Photo Company Map: Stacy Simmer Collection, Indiana Historical Society Pgea 24 Pgea 55 Indianapolis Recorder offices: Indianapolis Recorder Pgea 41 iStockphoto.com Pgea 9 Collection, Indiana Historical Society Salwa Zenhom: Indianapolis Star Photo iStockphoto.com Pgea 60 Newsboy: Indianapolis Recorder Collection, Indiana Amani Qulali: Indianapolis Star Photo iStockphoto.com Pgea 10 Historical Society Amos McCormick: W. H. Bass Photo Company Collection, Pgea 42 Back COVER Pgea 25 K. P. Singh: Indianapolis Star Photo Indiana Historical Society iStockphoto.com Doctor and nurse: Indiana Historical Society Aletha Coffin: Indiana Historical Society Les Brown: Indiana Historical Society Pgea 42–43 Mosque: Indianapolis Star Photo Pgea 11 Naturalization ceremony: M. Teresa Baer Advertisement: W. H. Bass Photo Company Collection, Pgea 43 Indiana Historical Society Pgea 26 Sikh wedding couple: Indianapolis Star Photo iStockphoto.com Map: Indiana Historical Society Pgea 28 Map: Stacy Simmer Greek schoolchildren: Indianapolis Recorder Collection, Indiana Historical Society

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Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 59 6/12/12 10:47 AM Selected Bibliography

Archives, Libraries, and Research Facilities Aponte, Robert. “Latinos in Indiana: On the Throes Indiana: A Series of Briefing Papers Prepared by the Lindseth, Erik L., and Gregory H. Mobley. “Athenaeum Singer, Audrey, and Jill H. Wilson. “The Impact of the of Growth,” Statistical Brief no. 11, July 1999. Julian Sagamore Institute for Policy Research.” Indianapolis: Records, 1880–2002.” Collection guide. IUPUI Great Recession on Metropolitan Immigration Trends.” Samora Research Institute, Michigan State University, Sagamore Institute for Policy Research, February 2009. University Library Special Collections and Archives, Metropolitan Policy Program at Brookings, December East Lansing, MI. http://www.jsri.msu.edu/. http://www.sagamoreinstitute.org/mediafiles/ Indiana University–Purdue University, Indianapolis, 2010. http://www.brookings.edu/metro. ———. “Latinos in Indiana: Growth, Distribution, and impact-of-immigration.pdf. November 2000. Stats Indiana: Data Everyone Can Use. Indianapolis: Implications,” Statistical Brief no. 14, August 2002. Hirschman, Charles. “The Impact of Immigration on Middleton, Harvey Nathaniel. “Autobiography.” Box Indiana Business Research Center, Kelley School of Julian Samora Research Institute, Michigan State American Society: Looking Backward to the Future.” A, Folders 1 and 2, Harvey N. Middleton Papers, Business, Indiana University, with support from State of University, East Lansing, MI. http://www.jsri.msu.edu/. In “Border Battles: The U.S. Immigration Debates.” 1928–1978, M 0441. William Henry Memorial Indiana, , and Indiana Department of Bartlett, Lauren. “Cinco de Mayo Observance Is Brooklyn, NY: Social Science Research Council, July 28, Library, Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis, Indiana. Workforce Development. http://www.stats.indiana Important Because It Provides a Collective Identity for 2006. http://borderbattles.ssrc.org/. Mobley, Gregory H. “American Turners Records, 1853– .edu/index.asp. Latinos, Says UCLA Center.” UCLA Newsroom, May 4, Immigration Policy Center. “New Americans in Indiana.” 2004.” Collection guide. Special Collections Souchet-Moura, Katherine. Phone interview and e-mail 2007. http://newsroom.ucla.edu/portal/ucla/Cinco-de In “The Economic and Political Impact of Immigrants, and Archives, Indiana University–Purdue University, exchanges with M. Teresa Baer, Indiana Historical -Mayo-Observance-Is-Important-7891.aspx. Latinos, and Asians, .” Washington, DC: Indianapolis, April 2002. Society Press, March and April 2012. Braziel, Jana Evans. “History of Migration and Immigra- American Immigration Council, January 12, 2012. The Center. “Study Neighborhoods from the Proj- US Census Bureau: tion Laws in the United States.” Spring 2000. On Indiana Department of Natural Resources, ect on Religion and Urban Culture.” http://www.polis American Community Survey. http://www.census ACLAnet (American Comparative Literature Associa- of and Archaeology. “Marion .iupui.edu/RUC/Neighborhoods/. .gov/acs/. tion). http://www.umass.edu/complit/aclanet/ County History.” http://www.in.gov/dnr/historic/files Quintana, Jesus “Jesse.” Interview with Charles Guthrie, American Fact Finder. http://factfinder2.census.gov/. USMigrat.html. /marion_jewish.pdf. University of Indianapolis, March 12, 1990. Inter- Censtats Databases. “2010 Census: Indiana Profile”; Burger, Janice McCracken. Phone interview with Wendy Indiana Historical Bureau. “Black Settlers in Indiana.” view 1 of Hispanic Indianapolis Oral History Project. “Indiana: 2000: Census 2000 Profile.” August 2002. L. Adams, Indiana Historical Society Press, May 2011. The Indiana Junior Historian. Indianapolis, 1993. Transcribed by Dan Briere. Typescript in Hispanic Census 2000 Briefs and Special Reports. “The Arab Conner, Nancy Nakano. “Japanese and Japanese Indianapolis Historic Preservation Commission. Indianapolis: Personal Histories from an Emerging Population: 2000: Census 2000 Brief.” http://www Americans in Indiana.” Text of exhibit module from “Historic Areas of Indianapolis—Marion County” Community, Oral History Project, 1990, BV 3516–3525, .census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-23.pdf. “Bridges to Japan.” Indianapolis: Indiana , map. Indianapolis, June 1977. William Henry Smith Memorial Library, Indiana Histori- cal Society, Indianapolis, Indiana. Census ’90. “Congressional Districts of the 103rd August 2010. Indiana University Center, IU News Room. “Indiana Congress: Table 3. Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: Deal, Shirley. Phone interview with Wendy L. Adams, Census Results Show Population Gains and Losses All Rios, Jesus, and Steve Crabtree. “One in Four Latin 1990 (Indiana).” http://censtats.census.gov/. Indiana Historical Society Press, May 2011. over the Map” and “Indiana’s Census Shows Increasing Americans Wishes to Emigrate: United States Named as Preferred Destination by 33%,” January 21, 2008. Quick Facts. http://quickfacts.census.gov/. Diebold, Paul. “Indianapolis: Discover Our Shared Diversity.” Bloomington: Indiana University, February Gallup. http://www.gallup.com/poll/103837/One-Four Heritage Travel Itinerary.” http://www.nps.gov/history 10, 2011. http://newsinfo.iu.edu/news/page “State and County Quick Facts: Indiana,” November -Latin-Americans-Wishes-Emigrate.aspx/. /nr/travel/indianapolis/index.htm. /normal/17318.html. 4, 2010. —–—. “Latin Americans’ Motives for Migration: Poverty, Esipova, Neli, Julie Ray, and Rajesh Srinivasan. “Young, Indiana University–Purdue University, Indianapolis, Max “State and County Quick Facts: Indianapolis (City Unemployment Fail to Provide Complete Picture,” Less Educated Yearn to Migrate to the US: Canada More Kade German–American Center. “The German–Ameri- [Balance]), Indiana,” October 18, 2011. cans of Indianapolis.” IUPUI University Libraries. January 23, 2008. Gallup. http://www.gallup.com Attractive to Older, More Educated Adults.” Gallup, “State and County Quick Facts: Marion County, http://www.ulib.iupui.edu/kade/indianapolis.html. /poll/103837/Latin-Americans-Motives-Migration.aspx/ April 30, 2010. http://www.gallup.com/home.aspx. Indiana,” October 13, 2011. Kinghorn, Matt. “Recession Alters Indiana Migration ———. “Ambition and Emigration among Latin Ameri- Ferguson, Earline Rae. “A Community Affair: Afri- “US Federal Census Collection.” Transcribed, indexed, Trends.” Incontext 9, no. 4 (April 2008). Indiana Busi- cans: Those Who Are Driven to Succeed More Likely to can–American Women’s Club Work in Indianapolis, and digitized records from US Census Bureau data, ness Research Center, Indiana University Kelley School Want to Emigrate,” February 4, 2008. Gallup. http:// 1879–1917.” PhD diss., Indiana University, 1997. 1790–1930, from microfilm from National Archives of Business. http://www.incontext.indiana.edu/2010 www.gallup.com/poll/103837/Ambition-Emigration Library Open Collections Program. and Records Administration, Washington, DC. /may-june/article1.asp. -Latin-Americans.aspx. “Aspiration, Acculturation, and Impact: Immigration to Provo, UT: Ancestry.com/. http://search.ancestry Sarabia, Jenny. “Educational Challenges and Opportuni- the United States, 1789–1930.” http://ocp.hul.harvard Latham, Charles. “Harvey N. Middleton Papers, .com/. ties Faced by Latinos in Indiana—Indianapolis as a Case .edu/immigration/. 1928–1978 (M 0441).” Collection guide. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 2004. http://www Study.” Indianapolis: Commission on Hispanic/Latino Heet, Justin, and Courtney Burkey, John Clark, and .indianahistory.org/our-collections/collection-guides Affairs, 2004. http://www.in.gov/ichla/files/2004_ David G. Vanderstel. “The Impact of Immigration on /harvey-n-middleton-papers-1928-1978.pdf. Education_Report.pdf. 62

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 60 6/12/12 10:47 AM Books Periodicals Adams, Willi Paul. The German Americans: An Ethnic Hine, Darlene Clark. When the Truth Is Told: A History Born, Cathy. “The Indianapolis Gardeners Benefit Soci- Marsh, Tanya D. “Following the Bee Line: History of the Experience. American ed. Translated and adapted by of Black Women’s Culture and Community in Indiana, ety: German American Truck Farmers and Greenhouse Jacob and Katherine Sherman Family Sheds Light on the LaVern J. Rippley and Eberhard Reichmann. New York: 1875–1950. [Indianapolis]: The National Council of Growers on the City’s South Side, 1867–2009.” The Brightwood Neighborhood of Indianapolis.” The Hoosier Max Kade German-American Center, Indiana Univer- Negro Women, Indianapolis Section, 1981. Hoosier Genealogist: Connections 49, no. 1 (Spring/ Genealogist: Connections 50, no. 1 (Spring/Summer sity–Purdue University, Indianapolis, with the support of Phillips, Clifton J. Indiana in Transition: The Emergence Summer 2009): 57–61. 2010): 6–13. the German Information Center, 1993. of an Industrial Commonwealth, 1880–1920. History of Carpenter, Dan. “Inclusion and Exclusion: Indiana’s McDonald, Earl E. “The Negro in Indiana before 1881.” The Alpha Home Story: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow. Indiana, vol. 4. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau Chinese Community.” The Hoosier Genealogist 41, no. 4 Indiana Magazine of History 27 (December 1931): Indianapolis: The Alpha Home Association of Greater and Indiana Historical Society, 1968. (December 2001): 206–15. 291–306. Indianapolis, [1973?]. Polk’s Indianapolis (Marion County, Ind.) City Directory. “Congregations and Immigrant Communities.” Religion Model, Suzanne. “The Economic Progress of European Blanchard, Charles. History of the Catholic Church Indianapolis: R. L. Polk and Co., 1900s–1973. & Community, 4, no. 1 (Fall 1998). http://www.polis and East Asian Americans.” Annual Review of Sociology in Indiana. 2 vols. Logansport, IN: A. W. Bowen and Probst, George T., and Eberhard Reichmann. The .iupui.edu/RUC/Newsletters/Religion/vol4no1.htm. 14 (1988): 363–80. Company, 1898. Germans in Indianapolis, 1840–1918. Indianapolis: Conner, Nancy Nakano. “From Internment to Indiana: Moss, Richard. “Creating a Jewish American Identity Bodenhamer, David J., and Robert G. Barrows, eds. The German–American Center, Indiana University–Purdue Japanese Americans, the War Relocation Authority, in Indianapolis: The Jewish Welfare Federation and the Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and India- University, Indianapolis, and Indiana German Heritage the Disciples of Christ, and Citizen Committees in Regulation of Leisure, 1920–1934.” Indiana Magazine of napolis: Indiana University Press, 1994. Society, 1989. Indianapolis.” Indiana Magazine of History 102 (June History 103, (March 2007): 39–65. Divita, James J. Slaves to No One: A History of the Rafert, Stewart. The Miami Indians of Indiana: A Persis- 2006): 89–116. Rose, Gregory S. “The Distribution of Indiana’s Ethnic Holy Trinity Catholic Community in Indianapolis on the tent People, 1654–1994. Indianapolis: Indiana Histori- Dora, Bob. “Along the Wabash: Dora Family History and Racial Minorities in 1850.” Indiana Magazine of Jubilee of the Founding of Holy Trinity Parish. cal Society, 1996. Leads Back to Indiana’s Earliest Recorded European History 87 (September 1991): 225–60. [Indianapolis]: Holy Trinity Parish with the cooperation Sherman, John, and Jeffrey A. Wolin. New Faces at the Settlers.” The Hoosier Genealogist: Connections 50, no. ———. “Hoosier Origins: The Nativity of Indiana’s of the Ethnic History Project, Indiana Historical Society, Crossroads: The World in Central Indiana. Bloomington: 2 (Fall/Winter 2010): 68–79. United States-Born Population in 1850.” Indiana 1981. International Center of Indianapolis in association with Folsom, Burton W., Jr. “John Jacob Astor and the Fur Magazine of History 81 (September 1985): 201–32. Dunn, Jacob Piatt, Jr. Greater Indianapolis: The History, Indiana University Press, 2007. Trade: Testing the Role of Government; How an Entre- ———. “Upland Southerners: The County Origins of the Industries, the Institutions, and the People of a City of Sisson, Richard, Christian K. Zacher, and Andrew Robert preneur Provided Better Products at Lower Cost.” The Southern Migrants to Indiana by 1850.” Indiana Maga- Homes. 2 vols. : Lewis Publishing, 1910. Lee Cayton, eds. The American Midwest: An Interpretive Freeman: Ideas on Liberty 47, no. 6 (June 1997). http:// zine of History 82 (September 1986): 242–63. www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/john-jacob-astor ———. Indiana and Indianans: A History of Aboriginal and Encyclopedia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, Sample, Bradford. “A Truly Midwestern City: India- -and-the-fur-trade-testing-the-role-of-government/. Territorial Indiana and the Century of Statehood. 5 vols. 2007. napolis on the of the .” Indiana Chicago: American Historical Society, 1919. Smith, James P., and Barry Edmonston, eds. The New “In Search of Belonging: The Hispanic Religious Pres- Magazine of History 97 (June 2001): 129–47. ence in Indianapolis.” Religion & Community, 4, no. 1 Gibbs, Wilma L., ed. Indiana’s African–American Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects Wissing, Douglas. “Cook Good, Serve Generously, Price (Fall 1998). http://www.polis.iupui.edu/RUC Heritage: Essays from Black History News & Notes. of Immigration. Washington, DC: National Academy Modestly: The Shapiro’s Story.” Traces of Indiana and /Newsletters/Religion/vol4no1.htm. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1993. Press, 1997. Midwestern History 21, no. 4 (Fall 2009): 4–15. Giffin, William W. The Irish. Peopling Indiana, vol. 1. Sulgrove, Berry R. and Marion Hickey, Gail M. “Asian Indians in Indiana.” Indiana Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press, 2006. County, Indiana. Philadelphia: L. H. Everts and Magazine of History 102 (June 2006): 117–40. Glenn, Elizabeth, and Stewart Rafert. The Native Ameri- Company, 1884. Littlepage, Laura. “Latino Population Boom Impacts cans. Peopling Indiana, vol. 2. Indianapolis: Indiana Taylor, Robert M., and Connie A. McBirney, eds. Indianapolis.” In Central Indiana. January 2006. Center Historical Society Press, 2009. Peopling Indiana: The Ethnic Experience. Indianapolis: for Urban Policy and the Environment, Indiana Univer- Indiana Historical Society, 1996. sity School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University–Purdue University, Indianapolis. http://www .policyinstitute.iu.edu/PubsPDFs/157_06-C01.pdf.

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Acevedo, Miriam. See Davis, Miriam Acevedo Bulgaria, 31 DeCastro, Rolando A., 37 “Great Migration,” 23 Indiana Multiethnic Committee Conference Afghanistan, 40 Burma, 37 Delaware tribe, 4, 6, 8, 15 Greater Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce, (illus.), 53 Africa, 2, 37; map showing countries (illus.), Burmese, 36 Disciples of Christ, 34, 47 52 Indiana Territory, 4, 15 22 Butler University, 34 Displaced Persons, 31 Greece, 27 Indiana University, 18, 34, 36, 37, 40 African Americans, 14, 21–25, 57 Diwali (Festival of Lights), 42, 44 Greek Independence Day, 28 Indiana University School of Dentistry, 37 Alabama, 10 Cairo Café, 41 Dominican Republic, 44 Greek Orthodox Church, 39 Indiana University–Purdue University, Alpha Home Association, 22 Cambodia, 35, 36 Dow AgroSciences, 42 Greeks, 28, 55 Indianapolis (IUPUI), 36, 41, 49 Alsace (France), 15 Canada, 10, 15 Dublin (Ireland), 12 Guatemala, 44 Indianapolis Association of Chinese American Presbyterian Church, 29 Canals (illus.), 11 Guedelhoefer, August (illus.), 17 Americans, 34 American Revolution, 4, 6, 10, 15 Carmel, 55 Efroymson Family Fund, 54 Guedelhoefer, Harry (illus.), 17 Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce, 46 American Turkish Association of Indiana, 40 Carr, John E., 12 Earlham College, 34 Guedelhoefer, John (illus.), 17 Indianapolis Chinese Performing Arts: danc- Amo (IN), 10 Carr, Kate McCarty (Mrs. Martin), 12 Egypt, 39, 40 Guedelhoefer Wagon Company (illus.), 17 ers (illus.), 52 Anderson, 23 Carr, Maggie Monaghan (Mrs. John), 12 Egyptians, 40, 41 Indianapolis Department of Metropolitan Anderson Ballet Folklorico: dancers (illus.), Carr, Manies, 12 Eid-al-Fitr, 43 Hamilton County, 4 Development, 42 53 Carr, Martin, 12 Eiteljorg Museum, 7 Harrison, William Henry, 4, 15 Indianapolis Hebrew Congregation, 29, 55 Animism, 36 Carr, Mary Laughlin (Mrs. Manies), 12 El Salvador, 44 Harrison County: document (illus.), 23 Indianapolis Recorder, 22, 55; offices (illus.), Appalachian Mountains, 10 Carroll, Ellen Cook (Mrs. Patrick), 12 Eli Lilly and Company, 35, 47 Hart, Stuart (illus.), 25 24 Architecture International Consulting, 41 Carroll, John, 13 Ellis Island (New York City), 30 Harting, Kidist (illus.), 25 Indianapolis Turner Society, 19 Argentina, 44 Carroll, Kate, 13 England, 8, 15, 16, 57 Harvard Medical School, 23 Indianapolis Union Railway, 47 Armenia, 40 Carroll, Patrick, 12, 13 Ethiopia, 2, 25 Hasten Hebrew Academy of Indianapolis, 50 Indy Parks and Recreation, vi, 36, 52 Asia: maps of countries (illus.), 34 Carroll, Thomas P., 12, 13 Europe: map of countries (illus.), 28 Haughville, 29, 30, 57 Institute of Mexicans Abroad, 49 Asian American Alliance, vi, 36, 52 Castro, Fidel, 44 Europeans (Eastern and Southern), 27–31 HelpLead.org, 41 Interfaith Alliance of Indianapolis, 41 Asian Festival, vi, 36, 52 Catholics, 11, 12, 27, 29, 36, 39 Eye 2 the World, 49 Hendricks County, 10 International Center of Indianapolis, 42 Asian Indians, 41–43; map of countries Central America, 47 Heritage Place, 42 International Festival, 50 (illus.), 40–41 Central Canal, 11 Fair Housing Law, 25 Hidalgo (Mexico), 47, 49 Iran, 40 Asians, 32–37, 50 Chatham-Arch, 55 Fall Creek, 10, 54 Highland Park, 20, 57 Iraq, 37, 40 Assyria, 40 Chile, 44 Famines, 11 Hinduism, 36, 42 Ireland, 8, 15, 57 Athenaeum (illus.), 19 Chin National Day, 36 Ferrel, Jacob, 23 Hinton, James, 22 Irish, 10, 11–13, 16, 19, 50, 56 Atlantic City (NJ), 11 China, 31, 50 Festival of Lights. see Diwali Hispanic Business Council, 46 Irish Fest, 12, 13 Austria, 15, 30 Chinese, 32–35, 37, 50, 52, 57 FIESTA Indianapolis, 49, 53 Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, 46 Irish Hill, 12, 56 Austrian-Hungarian Empire, 39 Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, p. 32 Filipinos, 37 Hispanics, 44–49, 57 Islam, 40, 42, 57 Ayoubi, Mazen, 41 Cincinnati, 17 Fishers, 57 The History of the Catholic Church in Indiana, Islamic Center, 57 Cinco de Mayo, 44 Flanner House, 24, 25 12 Islamic Society of North America, 55; Badges without Borders, 49 City Hospital, 23 Flax wheel (illus.), 10 Holland, 15 Mosque, 43 Balkan region, 27, 29, 39 City Market, 28 Fletcher, Calvin, 10 Holy Rosary Catholic Church, 28, 55 Israel, 40 Bangladesh, 41 Civil Rights Act (1964), 25 Fong, Bobby (illus.), 34 Holy Trinity Catholic Church, 29 Italians, 28, 57 , 7, 36, 47 Civil War, 11, 15, 16, 18, 21 Fort Wayne Avenue, 32, 57 Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church, 29, 55 Italy, 15, 27, 29 Barangay Club, 37 Clark, George Rogers, 4, 15; (illus.), 6 “Forty-eighters,” 17 Honduras, 44 Ivy Tech, 49 Bee Line Railroad Company, 55 Clowes Fund, 54 Fountain Square, 12, 56 Hoosier Heritage Lifetime Achievement Iwamoto, Nopihisa (illus.), 35 Benedict College (Columbia, SC), 23 Coffin, Aletha (illus.), 10 Fox, Lillian Thomas, 22 Award, 42 Besayon, Benoit, 4 Colombia, 44 France, 8, 15 Hotel Michigan, 31 Japanese, 32–35, 37 Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church, Columbus (IN), 47 Free-Thinkers Society, 19 Hummons, Henry Lytle (illus.), 25 Japanese American Citizens League 21; (illus.), 23 Columbus, Christopher, 2 “Freedom Fighters,” 31 Hungarian Reformed Church, 29 (Hoosier Chapter), 35 Bhutan, 41 Community Hospital, 23 Friends. See Quakers Hungarians, 28, 31, 57 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 47 Big Four Railroad Company, 12; Freight Congregation B’Nai Torah, 50 Friends of Hidalgo, 49 Hungary, 15, 27, 52 Jewish Community Center, 57 Depot, 13 Conti, John Bova: grocery store (illus.), 29 Futbol (illus.), 48 Jews, 16, 27, 28, 29, 31, 50, 57 Blanchard, Charles, 12 Cook, Ellen. See Carroll, Ellen Cook Idaho, 35 Jones, Gabriel, 22 Blank, Catharine. See Vonnegut, Catharine Coptic (Egyptian Christian) Church, 39 Gajaria, Rajan, 42 Illinois, 10 Judaism, 42 Blank Corydon, 10, 54 Garfield Park, vi, 36, 52 Immigrant Welcome Center, 54 Bluffs. See Waverly County Donegal (Ireland), 12 Garman, Harry O., 11 Immigration quotas, 31, 32, 37 K. P. Singh Designs, 42 Bohemia, 15 County Galway (Ireland), 12 German Gardeners Benefit Society, 55; India, 41, 42, 50 Kafoure, David, 39 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 16 County Kerry (Ireland), 12 (illus), 18–19 India Association of Indianapolis, 57 Kafoure, Najeeb, 39 Boston University, 23 Cuba, 44 German immigration guide (illus.), 16 India Community Center, 42, 52, 57 Kafoure, Saada, 39 Brightwood, 12, 57 Cumberland , 17 German Park, 19 Indian tribes. See Native Americans and Kahn’s Tailoring Factory (illus.), 16 Broad Ripple, 11 (Columbus, IN), 47 German-English Independent School, 19 individual tribe names Kanno, Jean. See Umemura, Jean Kanno Brown, Les (illus.), 25 Czechoslovakia, 31 Germans, 11, 15–19, 50, 52, 56, 57 Indiana Avenue, 22, 24, 57 Kansas Territory, 7 Bucka (Slovenia), 30 Germantown, 56 Indiana Constitution of 1816, p. 21 Kaplan, Berek (illus.), 31 Buddhism, 42 Daniels, Mitch, 49 Germany, 8, 31, 57 Indiana Constitution of 1851: Article XIII, 21 Kaplan, Moszesz (illus.), 31 Buddhists, 36 Darrah, Ron (illus.), 25 Godfroy, Francis (illus.), 6 Indiana Diversity Women’s Network, 49 Kaplan, Rosza (illus.), 31 Buesking, Ellen (Mrs. Friedrick), 17 Das Deutsche Haus (illus.), 19 Goff, Eliza, 22 , 22 Kenosha (WI), 12 Buesking, Friedrick: petition for naturaliza- Davis, Miriam Acevedo (illus.), 46 Graduate Theological Foundation, 49 Indiana Hispanic Latino Commission, 49 Kentucky, 10, 56 tion (illus.), 17 Dayan’s Linen Store, 39 Great Depression, 19 Indiana Multi-Ethnic Conference, 49 Khai, Laung Kho (illus.), 36 64

Indianapolis-A City of Immigrants-COMPOSITE - NOT SPREADS.indd 62 6/12/12 10:47 AM Kilarney (Ireland), 12 Middle Easterners, 39-41, 50 Population, 15, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 32, Sing, Kanwal Prakash “K. P.” (illus.), 42 Vietnam War, 35, 47 Kingan and Company, 12, 13 Middleton, Harvey N., 23–24 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 44 Skillman, Becky, 49 Vietnamese, 37 Korea, 35 Military Park, 29, 57 Potawatomi tribe, 4, 6 Slavs, 28 Vincennes, 4, 21 Korean Language School, 36 Mill Creek Meeting house, 10 Presbyterians, 36 Slovenes, 29–30, 57 Virginia, 8 Korean War, 35, 47 Mills, Caleb, 10 A Proposed Guide for Instruction in Morals, 19 Slovenian National Home, 29 Volmer, Charles, 18 Koreans, 37 Milwaukee (WI), 17 Puebla, First Battle of, 44 Soccer (illus.), 48 Vonnegut, Bernard, 19 Kotlyar, Sasha (illus.), 50 Minevich, Igor (illus.), 50 Puerto Rico, 44, 46 SOL (Student Organization of Latinos), 49 Vonnegut, Catharine Blank (Mrs. Clemens), Ku Klux Klan, 23, 27, 50 Minidoka camp (ID), 35 “Pull factors,” 8 Sons of the American Revolution, 25 19 Kuwait, 40 Minnesota, 10 Purdue University, 37 South America, 47 Vonnegut, Clemens, 18–19 Monaghan, Ellen, 12 “Push factors,” 8 South Carolina, 23 Vonnegut, Clemens, Jr., 19 La Plaza, vi, 44, 46, 49; Summer Discovery Monaghan, Maggie. See Carr, Maggie Pushner, Mary. See Turk, Mary Pushner Southport/Perry Meridian school area, 36 Vonnegut, Franklin, 19 Program, 48; staff and Tu Futuro Monaghan (Mrs. Ignaz) Soviet Union, 31 Vonnegut, George, 19 Program students (illus.), 46 Monaghan, Timothy, 12 Spain, 46 Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr., 19 La Touraine (ship), 30 Montreal (Canada), 4 Quakers, 10, 22 Srednje Gorica (Italy), 30 Vonnegut Hardware Company (illus.), 18 Lafayette, 4 Monument Circle, 40 Quintana, Jesus “Jesse,” 47 Sri Lanka, 41 Lagadon, Maria, 37 Moravian missionaries, 15 Qulali, Amani (illus.), 41 Su Casa Columbus Hispanic/Latino Center, Wabash River, 4, 6, 7 Lake County, 27, 37 Morgan Health Center, 24 49 Wages, 11 Laos, 35, 36 Mouth of Fall Creek, 56 Ramadan, 43 Switzerland, 15 Wales, 8, 15 Latin America, 46, 47; map of countries Muenster (Germany), 18 Rapp, Johann Georg, 15 Syria, 39, 40 War of 1812, p. 15 (illus.), 46 Muslims, 39, 41, 55; (illus.), 42–43 Refugee Resource and Research Institute of Syrians, 39, 40, 41, 57 Washington Street, 18; corridor, 57; (illus.), 8 Latino/a Youth Collective: quilt (illus.), 49 Myanmar, 36 Indianapolis, 37 Waterman’s Farm Market, 37 Latvia, 31 Republicans, 22 Tennessee, 10, 54 Watson, Juana, 47, 49; (illus.), 49 Laughlin, Mary. See Carr, Mary Laughlin Nashville (TN), 23 Reuben Family Foundation, 54 Terre Haute, 27 Waverly, 11 Lebanese, 40, 57 National Association for the Advancement Richens Timm Academy of Irish Dance, 12 Tibet, 41 Wea tribe, 4 Lebanon, 39, 40 of Colored People, 25 Richmond (IN), 34 Tipton, John, 10 West Indianapolis corridor, 57 Lewis, James Otto, 6 National Road (US 40), 8, 11 Riszk, Francis, 39 Treaty of Fort Wayne, 6 Western Yearly Meeting of Friends (Quaker) Liechtenstein, 15 National Turnfest celebration (illus.), 19 Romania, 15, 31 Treaty of Saint Mary’s, 10 Church, 10 Lincoln, Abraham, 22 Nationalities Council of Indiana, 50 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 24 Tsang, Alfred, 32; (illus.), 34 Westphalia (Germany), 18 Lithuania, 31 Native Americans, 2, 4–7, 53 Rosa, Melinda de la, 37 Tucker, John, 21 White River, 4, 10, 11, 54 Lively, Cheney, 21 Nepal, 41 Rosa, Wili de la (illus.), 37 Turk, Frank, 30 Winona Hospital, 23 Ljubljana (Slovenia), 30 New Harmony, 15 Russell, May Lin (illus.), vi Turk, Ignaz, 30 Wisconsin, 10 Lockerbie Square, 56 New York, 11 Russia, 15, 27, 39 Turk, John, 30 Wishard Memorial Hospital, 23 Lorraine (France), 15 Nguyen, Jason (illus.), 36 Turk, Leona, 30 World War I, 19, 23, 39, 47 Luxembourg, 15 Nicholas H. Noyes Jr. Memorial Saint Anthony Catholic Church, 12 Turk, Louise. See Zore, Louise Turk (illus.), 30 World War II, 7, 19, 24, 31, 34, 37, 56 Foundation, 54 Saint Bridget Catholic Church, 12 Turk, Mary (illus.), 30 Malleable Castings Company, 28, 29 Nick Shaheen’s Oriental Rug Emporium, 39 Saint George Orthodox Christian Church, 55 Turk, Mary Pushner (Mrs. Ignaz) (illus.), 30 Yohn, Frederick C., 6 Manual Training High School, 18 Nina Mason Pulliam Charitable Trust, 54 Saint George Orthodox Church, 39 Turkey, 39, 40 Young Men’s Christian Association, 24 Marion County, 4, 7, 11, 15, 37, 44 North Carolina, 8, 10, 22, 23 Saint John Catholic Church, 12, 13 Turks, 40 Yugoslavia, 31 Mason’s Union Lodge Number 1, p. 22 North Central school area, 36 Saint Joseph Hospital (Anderson), 23 Turngemeinde (Turnvein), 19 Massachusetts Avenue, 32, 57 Northwest Ordinance of 1787, p.21 Saint Mary Catholic Church, 47 Zainabia Center, 40 McCarty, Kate. See Carr, Kate McCarty Saint Patrick Catholic Church, 12, 47 U.S. Air Force, 34 Zenhom, Salwa (illus.), 41 McCarty, Lawrence, 12 Ohio, 10 Saint Patrick’s Day, 13 U.S. Army Air Corps, 34 Zionsville, 57 McCormick, Amos (illus.), 10 Old Northwest Territory, 10, 15 Saint Vincent Hospital, 23 U.S. Colored Troops: Twenty-eighth Zore, Ferdinand (Fred) (illus.), 30 McCormick, James, 10 Oriental Exclusion Act (1924), 32 Sakura Japanese Restaurant, 35 Regiment, 22 Zore, John (illus.), 30 McCormick, John, 10 Overall, James, 21 San Francisco (CA), 11 U.S. Federal Census: (1830), 21; (1910), 32; Zore, Joseph A. (illus.), 30 McCormick, Samuel, 10 Santa Comes to Town event, 46 (1990), 37; (2000), 41; (2010), 37 Zore, Joseph S. (illus.), 30 Medicare, 52 Paik, Chinok Chang, 36 Santo Domingo (Puerto Rico), 46 Umemura, George, 35 Zore, Louis (illus.), 30 Meharry Medical College (Nashville, TN), 23 Paik, Han Won, 36 Saudi Arabia, 40 Umemura, Jean Kanno (Mrs. George), 35 Zore, Louise Turk (Mrs. Joseph A.) (illus.) 30 Menden (Germany), 17 Pakistan, 41 Schricker, Henry F. (IN governor), 24 Union Station, 42 Zore, Ludmilla (Millie) (illus.), 30 Merritt, Pauline, 22 Palestine, 40 Scotland, 8, 15 United Arab Emirates, 40 Zore, Paulina (Polly) (illus.), 30 Meshingomesia (illus.), 7 Passover Seder, 50 Scots, 56 United Methodists, 47 Zore, Victor (illus.), 30 Methodist Hospital, 23 Pearl Harbor, 34 Scots-Irish, 11, 56 United Negro College Fund, 24 Zore, Victoria (daughter of Joseph S.) (illus.), Methodists, 36 Pennsylvania, 8, 10, 11 “Seaside Girls” dance, vi University of California, 44 30 Metocinyah, 7 Pentecostals, 47 Seattle (WA), 54 University of London, 23 Zore, Victoria Sebanc (Mrs. Joseph S.) (illus.), Mexicans, 47, 50 Perry Township, 55 Sebanc, Victoria. See Zore, Victoria Sebanc University of Michigan, 23 30 Mexico, 44, 46, 50 Peru, 44 Second Baptist Church, 21 Zuppardo, Giuseppe (Joe): citizenship Miami Nation of Indians, 4, 6, 7 Peterson, Amy, 54 Shaheen, Nickoliss (illus.), 40 Vandalia freight depot, 13 document (illus.), 29 Michigan, 10 Peterson, Bart, 49 Shawnee tribe, 4 Venezuela, 44, 46 Michigan-Indiana border, 6 Philippine Islands, 37 Sicily, 29 Vereins, 17, 18 Middle East, 2; map of countries (illus.), Plainfield, 10, 43, 57 Sidney and Lois Eskenazi Hospital, 23 Vietnam, 35, 36 40–41 Poland, 27 Sikhism, 42

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Indianapolis - Cover.indd 2 6/4/12 4:12 PM INDIANAPOLIS

a city of immigrants A CITY OF IMMIGRANTS CITY OF A M. Teresa Baer

Indianapolis: A City of Immigrants tells the story of people from around the world who chose from Asia and the Middle East, bringing religions such as Buddhism, Islam, Sikhism, and Hindu- Indiana’s capital for their home. The booklet opens with the Delaware Indians who lived in the ism to the city. It also became a refuge for immigrants from war-torn countries such as Vietnam area until they moved west in 1818. White Protestants whose ancestors hailed from England, and poor countries such as Mexico. Today, the city’s Hispanic, Indian, and Asian populations are Wales, Scotland, and northern Ireland quickly replaced the natives and were followed by poor growing rapidly. Together with the older established groups and incoming Americans—including Irish Catholics, who came to build canals and railroads. Numerous Germanic people arrived numerous Native Americans—Indianapolis is more diverse and culturally rich than ever before. during the mid-nineteenth century, including Protestants, Catholics, and Jews. African American M. Teresa Baer is the managing editor of family history publications at the Indiana Historical indentured servants and free blacks also helped to create and develop Indianapolis. After the Society. She is the editor of the IHS magazine The Hoosier Genealogist: Connections, online Civil War, southern blacks poured into the city. publications, and family history and children’s books, including immigration and ethnic At the end of the nineteenth century, thousands of eastern and southern Europeans, fleeing war histories. Baer compiled the award-winning IHS research guide Finding Indiana Ancestors, and political unrest, also landed in Indianapolis. American anti-immigration laws slowed immi- and she has authored magazine articles and book chapters on both historical and gration until World War II. From that point, Indianapolis welcomed students and professionals genealogical topics. INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY INDIANA Indianapolis: A City of Immigrants is available for purchase or as a Indianapolis: A City of Immigrants Teacher’s Guide is available as a free pdf download at shop.indianahistory.org/indyimmigration free pdf download at http://www.indianahistory.org/immigrationguide

ISBN 978-0-87195-299-8 $11.99 www.indianahistory.org | (317) 232-1882 See our complete catalog of IHS Press publications at www.indianahistory.org Eugene and Marilyn Glick Indiana History Center Book design, Stacy Simmer | Indiana Historical Society 450 West Ohio Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-3269 Printed in the United States of America INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY

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