DOCSLIB.ORG

A Community of Contrasts Asian Americans in the United States: 2011

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Community of Contrasts Asian Americans in the United States: 2011 Asian American Center for Advancing Justice A Community of Contrasts Asian Americans in the United States: 2011 Cyrus Chung Ying Tang Foundation Principal Researcher and Co-author Co-author REVISED This report was made possible by the following sponsors: the Wallace H. Coulter Foundation, Cyrus Chung Ying Tang Foundation, and Bank of America. The statements made and views expressed are solely the responsibility of the authors. Welcome 1 ORDER FORM Introduction 2 Publications are available in print or on the Asian American Center for Advancing Justice website Executive Summary 3 (www.aajc.advancingjustice.org) where they can be downloaded or printed free of charge. All orders for paid copies must be prepaid. Sorry, but we cannot process orders or invoice for future payments. For questions Population 6 about ordering reports, please call (202) 296-2300. Economic Contributions 11 Asian American Center for Advancing Justice, 1140 Connecticut Ave., Suite 1200, NW, Washington, DC 20036 Civic Engagement 13 ASIAN AMERICAN CENTER community through advocacy, ORDER INFORMATION FOR ADVANCING JUSTICE research, education, and coali- Amount Immigration 17 tion building. ALC is the oldest Title Ordered Quantity Cost Postage Enclosed The Asian American Center for legal organization in the country A Community of Contrasts Age 23 Advancing Justice (Advancing defending the civil rights of Asian Asian American in the United States: 2011 $10 ea. $4 ea. $ Justice) is a leading Asian American and NHPI communi- Language 24 American civil rights and social ties and focuses on the needs justice organization comprising of low-income, immigrant, and Donation: Education 30 four equal and independent underserved communities. q affiliates: the Asian American included with credit card billing Income 33 Justice Center (AAJC) , Asian While well known in their indi- q check included Pacific American Legal Center vidual spheres for their work Employment 39 (APALC), Asian American Institute and expertise, the affiliates of Total $ (AAI), and Asian Law Caucus Advancing Justice have come Housing 43 (ALC). Its mission is to promote a together to build a stronger, more fair and equitable society for all by cohesive regional and national Health 46 working for civil and human rights civil and human rights infra- Name: and empowering Asian Americans structure for the Asian American Policy Recommendations 50 and Native Hawaiians and Pacific community. We use our resources Organization: Islanders (NHPIs) and other under- to provide valuable information to Address: Ethnic Group Highlights 55 served communities. the community, work to address more issues in more places, City: State: ZIP: Glossary 58 Each affiliate’s staff has valuable impact a greater number of public Phone Number: E-mail: expertise and deep experience. debates, and help the voices of Appendix A: AAJC is one of the nation’s Asian Americans, NHPIs, and FedEx Number (if applicable): Race & Ethnicity 59 leading experts on issues of other marginalized and under- importance to the Asian American served communities be heard. Appendix B: community and has enacted a Asian Americans by State 60 sweeping range of programs on Please email any questions Please select method of payment (prepayment is required for all orders): critical national concerns. APALC regarding the report to: Appendix C: q Check enclosed, payable to: Asian American Justice Center Asian Americans by County 61 is the nation’s largest legal organ- publications@advancingequality. ization addressing the needs of org. q Bill my credit card: q Visa q MasterCard Appendix D: Asian Americans and NHPIs by Credit Card Number: Socioeconomic Status 62 advocating for civil rights, provid- ing legal services and education, Name Technical Notes 64 and building coalitions. AAI is Expiration Date Amount $ the Midwest’s leading pan- Order Form 65 Asian organization dedicated to empowering the Asian American WELCOME For decades, Asian Americans form the Asian American Center and another on the economic have been among the fastest for Advancing Justice. As inde- contributions of Asian Americans growing racial groups in the pendent organizations under and NHPIs. United States. The Asian one umbrella, we will continue American population is larger to advance the goals we have We would like to thank the today than it has ever been in our always worked toward—promot- sponsors who made this report nation’s history, growing both in ing a fair and equitable society possible, including the Wallace places like California and New for all, strengthening civil and H. Coulter Foundation, the Cyrus York, where large Asian American human rights, and empowering Chung Ying Tang Foundation, communities have existed for Asian American, Native Hawaiian and Bank of America. decades, and in parts of the coun- and Pacific Islander (NHPI), and try like the South, where smaller other vulnerable communities. We would also like to thank communities have more recently those who contributed to grown to a critical mass. A publication of the Asian this report, including staff at American Center for Advancing the Asian Pacific American As our communities grow, Justice, A Community of Legal Center (Deisy Del Real, Asian Americans are making Contrasts: Asian Americans in Victoria Wilson, Dan Ichinose, significant contributions to the United States 2011 draws and Karin Wang) and Asian the economy and developing upon data from the 2010 Census, American Justice Center (Marita greater political power. At the American Community Survey, Etcubañez, Terry Ao-Minnis, and same time, our population is and other sources to provide Olivia Chow). Special thanks to incredibly diverse. With parts of a detailed portrait of the Asian the National Coalition of Asian the community thriving, those American community in the Pacific Americans (NCAPA) and who struggle seem invisible. United States. The report also our colleagues in Congress and Many Asian Americans con- includes a number of policy philanthropy, who provided criti- tinue to face language barriers recommendations based on the cal guidance on the content and and struggle economically. The data that address critical con- structure of this report. current recession poses even cerns facing Asian Americans greater challenges to this vulner- throughout the country. able population. This national report is the Karen K. Narasaki At this time of both challenge second in a series and will be President and Executive Director and opportunity, four organi- followed by regional reports on AAJC zations—the Asian American Asian American and NHPI com- Institute, Asian American Justice munities in California, the West, Center, Asian Law Caucus, and the Midwest, the South, and the Asian Pacific American Legal Northeast. Additional reports Stewart Kwoh Center—have deepened their are also planned, including one President and Executive Director affiliation and come together to focused on the NHPI community APALC INTRODUCTION Asian Americans come from all It not only includes data on more manageable and likely to walks of life. Some are doc- population, but key socioeco- be used. tors or lawyers; others work nomic characteristics such as in restaurants or nail salons. age, immigration, language, The report draws these data from Many were born in the United education, income, employ- numerous sources. While data States; most are immigrants. ment, housing, and health. from the U.S. Census Bureau, Our ancestors hail from many In gathering these data at the including the 2010 Census, countries, including Bangladesh, national level, this report has American Community Survey, Burma, Cambodia, China, India, two main goals. Survey of Business Owners, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Current Population Survey, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, the First, it works to provide dis- and American Housing Survey, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, aggregated data on discrete provide a wealth of information Thailand, and Vietnam. We Asian American ethnic groups. on Asian American communi- are Americans. Given the social and economic ties, they are not comprehensive. diversity within Asian American This report supplements Census Asian Americans have been communities, these data are criti- Bureau data with data from among our nation’s fastest cal to understanding and serving other sources, including the growing racial groups since dis- a population that includes both Centers for Disease Control and criminatory immigration quotas affluent, third-generation English Prevention, U.S. Department of were eliminated in 1965 and now speakers and low-income refu- Education, U.S. Department of make up 6% of the country’s total gees, many among the poorest Homeland Security, and U.S. population. This rapid growth, in our nation. Department of State. coupled with significant social and economic diversity, make Second, it presents these data Together, these data paint a Asian Americans a complicated in a way that is accessible to fuller, more nuanced picture group to understand and serve. community organizations, of one of our country’s most elected and appointed officials, diverse and rapidly changing A Community of Contrasts: government agencies, founda- racial groups. They will help Asian Americans in the United tions, and corporations looking stakeholders across the nation States 2011 is the second in to better understand and serve better respond to and serve our an ongoing series of reports Asian American communities. community of contrasts. that attempt to promote a bet- Because quantitative data on ter understanding
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Blacks and Asians in Mississippi Masala, Barriers to Coalition Building
    Both Edges of the Margin: Blacks and Asians in Mississippi Masala, Barriers to Coalition Building Taunya Lovell Bankst Asians often take the middle position between White privilege and Black subordination and therefore participate in what Professor Banks calls "simultaneous racism," where one racially subordinatedgroup subordi- nates another. She observes that the experience of Asian Indian immi- grants in Mira Nair's film parallels a much earlier Chinese immigrant experience in Mississippi, indicatinga pattern of how the dominantpower uses law to enforce insularityamong and thereby control different groups in a pluralistic society. However, Banks argues that the mere existence of such legal constraintsdoes not excuse the behavior of White appeasement or group insularityamong both Asians and Blacks. Instead,she makes an appealfor engaging in the difficult task of coalition-buildingon political, economic, socialand personallevels among minority groups. "When races come together, as in the present age, it should not be merely the gathering of a crowd; there must be a bond of relation, or they will collide...." -Rabindranath Tagore1 "When spiders unite, they can tie up a lion." -Ethiopian proverb I. INTRODUCTION In the 1870s, White land owners recruited poor laborers from Sze Yap or the Four Counties districts in China to work on plantations in the Mis- sissippi Delta, marking the formal entry of Asians2 into Mississippi's black © 1998 Asian Law Journal, Inc. I Jacob A. France Professor of Equality Jurisprudence, University of Maryland School of Law. The author thanks Muriel Morisey, Maxwell Chibundu, and Frank Wu for their suggestions and comments on earlier drafts of this Article. 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinatown and Urban Redevelopment: a Spatial Narrative of Race, Identity, and Urban Politics 1950 – 2000
    CHINATOWN AND URBAN REDEVELOPMENT: A SPATIAL NARRATIVE OF RACE, IDENTITY, AND URBAN POLITICS 1950 – 2000 BY CHUO LI DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Landscape Architecture in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2011 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor D. Fairchild Ruggles, Chair Professor Dianne Harris Associate Professor Martin Manalansan Associate Professor Faranak Miraftab Abstract The dissertation explores the intricate relations between landscape, race/ethnicity, and urban economy and politics in American Chinatowns. It focuses on the landscape changes and spatial struggles in the Chinatowns under the forces of urban redevelopment after WWII. As the world has entered into a global era in the second half of the twentieth century, the conditions of Chinatown have significantly changed due to the explosion of information and the blurring of racial and cultural boundaries. One major change has been the new agenda of urban land planning which increasingly prioritizes the rationality of capital accumulation. The different stages of urban redevelopment have in common the deliberate efforts to manipulate the land uses and spatial representations of Chinatown as part of the socio-cultural strategies of urban development. A central thread linking the dissertation’s chapters is the attempt to examine the contingent and often contradictory production and reproduction of socio-spatial forms in Chinatowns when the world is increasingly structured around the dynamics of economic and technological changes with the new forms of global and local activities. Late capitalism has dramatically altered city forms such that a new understanding of the role of ethnicity and race in the making of urban space is required.
    [Show full text]
  • A Community of Contrasts: Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders in Orange County Addresses This Critical Challenge by Doing Two Things
    2014 A COMMUNITY Cyrus Chung Ying Tang Foundation OF CONTRASTS Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders in Orange County ORANGE www.calendow.org COUNTY This report was made possible by the following sponsors: The Wallace H. Coulter Foundation, Cyrus Chung Ying Tang Foundation, Wells Fargo, and The California Endowment. The statements and views expressed are solely the responsibility of the authors. CONTENTS ORGANIZATIONAL DESCRIPTIONS TECHNICAL NOTES Welcome 1 Introduction 2 Executive Summary 3 Map 5 Measuring the characteristics of racial and ethnic groups Demographics 6 Since 2000, the United States Census Bureau has allowed those responding to its questionnaires to report one or more Asian Americans Advancing Justice - Orange County Economic Contributions 9 racial or ethnic backgrounds. While this better reflects America’s diversity and improves data available on multiracial popula- The mission of Asian Americans Advancing Justice (“Advancing Civic Engagement 10 tions, it complicates the use of data on racial and ethnic groups. Justice”) is to promote a fair and equitable society for all by Immigration 12 working for civil and human rights and empowering Asian Language 14 Data on race are generally available from the Census Bureau in two forms, for those of a single racial background (referred Americans and Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPI) Education 16 to as “alone”) with multiracial people captured in an independent category, and for those of either single or multiple racial and other underserved communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Transformative Effects of Immigration Law: Immigrants’ Personal and Social Metamorphoses Through Regularization1
    Transformative Effects of Immigration Law: Immigrants’ Personal and Social Metamorphoses through Regularization1 Cecilia Menjívar Sarah M. Lakhani University of Kansas University of California, Berkeley This article examines the enduring alterations in behaviors, practices, and self-image that immigrants’ evolving knowledge of and partici- pation in the legalization process facilitate. Relying on close to 200 interviews with immigrants from several national origin groups in Los Angeles and Phoenix, the authors identify transformations that indi- viduals enact in their intimate and in their civic lives as they come in contact with U.S. immigration law en route to and as a result of reg- ularization. Findings illustrate the power of the state to control indi- viduals’ activities and mind-sets in ways that are not explicitly formal or bureaucratic. The barriers the state creates, which push immigrants to the legal margins, together with anti-immigrant hostility, create con- ditions under which immigrants are likely to undertake transformative, lasting changes in their lives. These transformations reify notions of the deserving immigrant vis-à-vis the law, alter the legalization pro- cess for the immigrant population at large, and, ultimately, shape in- tegration dynamics. INTRODUCTION Recent scholarship has highlighted the effects of immigration law, through the legal statuses it creates, on various aspects of immigrants’ lives. Researchers 1 We would like to thank Sebástien Chauvin, Jaeeun Kim, Walter Nicholls, and Michele Waslin, as well as the AJS reviewers, for their insightful comments. We would also like to thank the audience members who commented during presentations to the Gould School of Law at the University of Southern California, the Department of Sociology at UCLA, the © 2016 by The University of Chicago.
    [Show full text]
  • Parenting, Identity and Culture in an Era of Migration and Globalization: How Bangladeshi Parents Navigate and Negotiate Child-Rearing Practices in the Usa
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations Dissertations and Theses October 2018 PARENTING, IDENTITY AND CULTURE IN AN ERA OF MIGRATION AND GLOBALIZATION: HOW BANGLADESHI PARENTS NAVIGATE AND NEGOTIATE CHILD-REARING PRACTICES IN THE USA Mohammad Mahboob Morshed University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2 Part of the International and Comparative Education Commons Recommended Citation Morshed, Mohammad Mahboob, "PARENTING, IDENTITY AND CULTURE IN AN ERA OF MIGRATION AND GLOBALIZATION: HOW BANGLADESHI PARENTS NAVIGATE AND NEGOTIATE CHILD-REARING PRACTICES IN THE USA" (2018). Doctoral Dissertations. 1373. https://doi.org/10.7275/12682074 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2/1373 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PARENTING, IDENTITY AND CULTURE IN AN ERA OF MIGRATION AND GLOBALIZATION: HOW BANGLADESHI PARENTS NAVIGATE AND NEGOTIATE CHILD-REARING PRACTICES IN THE USA A Dissertation Presented by MOHAMMAD MAHBOOB MORSHED Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY September 2018 College of Education © Copyright by Mohammad Mahboob Morshed 2018 All Rights Reserved PARENTING, IDENTITY AND CULTURE IN AN ERA OF MIGRATION AND GLOBALIZATION: HOW BANGLADESHI PARENTS NAVIGATE AND NEGOTIATE CHILD-REARING PRACTICES IN THE USA A Dissertation Presented by MOHAMMAD MAHBOOB MORSHED Approved as to style and content by: ____________________________________ Jacqueline R.
    [Show full text]
  • Akla Stands with Asian American and Pacific Islander (AA/PI) and Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC) Communities of Alaska
    ALASKA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION PO BOX 81084, FAIRBANKS, AK 99708 WWW.AKLA.ORG WWWWWW.AKLA.ORG AkLA stands with Asian American and Pacific Islander (AA/PI) and Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC) Communities of Alaska The Alaska Library Association stands with library workers, patrons, and the communities we serve, who are discriminated against and are subject to violence based on their race or ethnicity. We do this in support of our colleagues in the Asian Pacific American Librarians Association (APALA “Statement Against Anti-Asian Violence”) and the Black Caucus of The American Library Association (BCALA “Statement Condemning Increased Violence and Racism Towards Black Americans and People of Color”). To this day, many Alaskans are living with trauma resulting from America’s legacy of cultural erasure and racism. In particular, Alaska Natives have suffered and continue to suffer. Despite brave and tireless advocacy by individuals and organizations, institutional racism and systems of oppression remain to this day, resisting growing efforts to tear them down. Many Asian American and Pacific Islander, Black, Indigenous and other People of Color make Alaska their home today. The city of Anchorage boasts the three most ethno-racially diverse neighborhoods in the country1. AA/PI and BIPOC people represent ~42% of Alaska’s total population and are integral to our libraries and the communities we serve (U.S. Census Quick Facts Alaska). As of 2019, 7.9 percent of Alaskans reported Asian or Pacific Islander descent and Alaska Economic Trends (2014) reported that, “people of Asian and Pacific Islander descent form the fastest-growing racial group in Alaska, expanding by 60 percent between 2000 and 2010 — a gain of more than 17,000 people.” Libraries, at their core value, are communities where all are welcome.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing American Population
    The Legal Profession Faces New Faces: How Lawyers' Professional Norms Should Change to Serve a Changing American Population By Liwen Maht If a client earnestly asks a lawyer to participate in a cow-sacrificing ceremony to ensure a propitious legal outcome, should the lawyer sharpen her steak knives and attend?' The lawyer might first consult her own con- science. Assuming she has no irreconcilable, personal opposition to sacri- ficing animals, she might consider legal ethics and the social norms of the legal profession. Social norms about how to work with clients are embed- ded within the Model Rules of Professional Responsibility. Unfortunately, adherence to these norms more likely satisfies the expectations of other attorneys than the expectations of the client. The legal profession faces the challenge of meeting the needs of a changing American demographic and adapting to serving clients with different cultural norms. Serving a client with different cultural bearings presents both great peril and opportunity for a lawyer. The explosion of Latino and Asian American populations in recent years increases the likelihood that lawyers will encounter clients who subscribe to different social norms.2 A look at lawyers' own social norms reveals that the American bar is fixated on his- torical lawyering roles, rather than serving the rapidly changing American demographic. Latino and Asian immigrant groups are less likely to com- port with the profession's time-worn view that clients are autonomous Copyright © 2005 California Law Review, Inc. California Law Review, Inc. (CLR) is a California nonprofit corporation. CLR and the authors are solely responsible for the content of their publications.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Are Cambodian Americans? April 2015
    Who Are Cambodian Americans? April 2015 Cambodian Asian U.S. The Cambodian American average American average average National population1 American population U.S. residents, 2013 320,000 19.2 million 316 million grew significantly faster Population growth, 2010–2013 15.5 percent 10.9 percent 2.4 percent than the U.S. average Population growth, 2000–2013 55 percent 62 percent 12 percent between 2000 and Top states of residence2 2013, and Cambodian California 117,773 6,161,975 38,332,521 Americans are much Massachusetts 32,544 457,340 6,692,824 Washington 26,238 709,237 6,971,406 more likely to be first- Pennsylvania 16,629 447,765 12,773,801 generation immigrants Texas 15,783 1,282,731 26,448,193 than the U.S. average. Total population in these states 208,967 9,059,048 91,218,745 Educational attainment3 Less than a high school degree 37 percent 14 percent 13.4 percent High school degree or equivalent 27 percent 16 percent 28 percent Bachelor’s degree or higher 14 percent 49 percent 29.6 percent Income and poverty4 Median 12-month household income $53,700 $71,709 $53,046 Share in poverty overall 18.8 percent 12.8 percent 15.7 percent Share of children in poverty 39 percent 13.6 percent 22.2 percent Share of seniors in poverty 5 percent 13.5 percent 9.3 percent 1 Center for American Progress | Who Are Cambodian Americans? Cambodian Asian U.S. American average American average average Civic participation5 Turnout among registered voters in 2012 62 percent 79 percent 87 percent Vote in 2012 (percent Obama/Romney) 77/23 68/31 51/47 Party identification (percent Democrat/ 26/5/68 33/14/53 24/32/38 Republican/neither) Language diversity6 Speak language other than English at home 81 percent 77/70 percent* 21 percent Limited English proficiency, or LEP 44 percent 35/32 percent* 8.5 percent Percent of linguistically isolated households 17 percent 17 percent 5 percent Most common languages: Mon-Khmer/Cambodian, spoken by 205,761 people Immigration and nativity7 Share who are foreign born 59 percent 66 percent 15 percent Share who are U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Are Laotian Americans? April 2015
    Who Are Laotian Americans? April 2015 Laotian American Asian American U.S. The Laotian American average average average National population1 population grew faster U.S. residents, 2013 246,000 19.2 million 316 million than the U.S. average Population growth, 2010–2013 6.3 percent 10.9 percent 2.4 percent between 2000 and Population growth, 2000–2013 25 percent 62 percent 12 percent 2013, and Laotian Top states of residence2 Americans are much California 79,331 6,161,975 38,332,521 more likely to be first- Texas 16,419 1,282,731 26,448,193 Minnesota 14,831 279,984 5,420,380 generation immigrants Washington 11,225 709,237 6,971,406 than the U.S. average. Georgia 8,229 420,533 9,992,167 Total population in these states 130,035 8,854,460 87,164,667 Educational attainment3 Less than a high school degree 32 percent 14 percent 13.4 percent High school degree or equivalent 30 percent 16 percent 28 percent Bachelor’s degree or higher 13 percent 49 percent 29.6 percent Income and poverty4 Median 12-month household income $58,000 $71,709 $53,046 Share in poverty overall 13.8 percent 12.8 percent 15.7 percent Share of children in poverty 39 percent 13.6 percent 22.2 percent Share of seniors in poverty 6 percent 13.5 percent 9.3 percent 1 Center for American Progress | Who Are Laotian Americans? Laotian American Asian American U.S. average average average Civic participation5 Turnout among registered voters in 2012 40 percent 79 percent 87 percent Vote in 2012 (percent Obama/Romney) 71/29 68/31 51/47 Party identification (percent Democrat/ *** 33/14/53 24/32/38 Republican/neither) Language diversity6 Speak language other than English at home 83 percent 77/70 percent* 21 percent Limited English proficiency, or LEP 41 percent 35/32 percent* 8.5 percent Share of linguistically isolated households 18 percent 17 percent 5 percent Most common language: Laotian, spoken by 150,600 people Immigration and nativity7 Share who are foreign born 59 percent 66 percent 15 percent Share who are U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Diaspora Philanthropy: the Philippine Experience
    Diaspora Philanthropy: The Philippine Experience ______________________________________________________________________ Victoria P. Garchitorena President The Ayala Foundation, Inc. May 2007 _________________________________________ Prepared for The Philanthropic Initiative, Inc. and The Global Equity Initiative, Harvard University Supported by The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation ____________________________________________ Diaspora Philanthropy: The Philippine Experience I . The Philippine Diaspora Major Waves of Migration The Philippines is a country with a long and vibrant history of emigration. In 2006 the country celebrated the centennial of the first surge of Filipinos to the United States in the very early 20th Century. Since then, there have been three somewhat distinct waves of migration. The first wave began when sugar workers from the Ilocos Region in Northern Philippines went to work for the Hawaii Sugar Planters Association in 1906 and continued through 1929. Even today, an overwhelming majority of the Filipinos in Hawaii are from the Ilocos Region. After a union strike in 1924, many Filipinos were banned in Hawaii and migrant labor shifted to the U.S. mainland (Vera Cruz 1994). Thousands of Filipino farm workers sailed to California and other states. Between 1906 and 1930 there were 120,000 Filipinos working in the United States. The Filipinos were at a great advantage because, as residents of an American colony, they were regarded as U.S. nationals. However, with the passage of the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934, which officially proclaimed Philippine independence from U.S. rule, all Filipinos in the United States were reclassified as aliens. The Great Depression of 1929 slowed Filipino migration to the United States, and Filipinos sought jobs in other parts of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • In 1983, the Late Fred Cordova
    Larry Dulay Itliong was born in the Pangasinan province of the Philippines on October 25th, 1913. As a young teen, he immigrated to the US in search of work. Itliong soon joined laborers In 1983, the late Fred Cordova (of the Filipino American National Historical Society) wrote a working everywhere from Washington to California to Alaska, organizing unions and labor strikes book called Filipinos: Forgotten Asian Americans, a pictorial essay documenting the history of as he went. He was one of the manongs, Filipino bachelors in laborer jobs who followed the Filipinos in America from 1763 to 1963. He used the word “forgotten” to highlight that harvest. Filipino Americans were invisible in American history books during that time. Despite lacking a formal secondary education, Itliong spoke multiple languages and taught himself about law by attending trials. In 1965, he led a thousand Filipino farm workers to strike Though Filipino Americans were the first Asian Americans to arrive in the U.S. in 1587 (33 against unfair labor practices in Delano, CA. His leadership in Filipino farm worker movement years before the Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock in 1620), little was written about the history paved the way for others to follow. Alongside Cesar Chavez, Larry Itliong founded the United of the Philippines or of Filipino Americans in the U.S. Although the U.S. has a long history with Farm Workers Union. Together, they built an unprecedented coalition between Filipino and the Philippines (including the Philippine-American War, American colonization from 1899-1946, Mexican laborers and connected their strike to the concurrent Civil Rights Movement.
    [Show full text]
  • The Invention of Asian Americans
    The Invention of Asian Americans Robert S. Chang* Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 947 I. Race Is What Race Does ............................................................................................ 950 II. The Invention of the Asian Race ............................................................................ 952 III. The Invention of Asian Americans ....................................................................... 956 IV. Racial Triangulation, Affirmative Action, and the Political Project of Constructing Asian American Communities ............................................ 959 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 964 INTRODUCTION In Fisher v. University of Texas,1 the U.S. Supreme Court will revisit the legal status of affirmative action in higher education. Of the many amicus curiae (friend of the court) briefs filed, four might be described as “Asian American” briefs.2 * Copyright © 2013 Robert S. Chang, Professor of Law and Executive Director, Fred T. Korematsu Center for Law and Equality, Seattle University School of Law. I draw my title from THEODORE W. ALLEN, THE INVENTION OF THE WHITE RACE, VOL. 1: RACIAL OPPRESSION AND SOCIAL CONTROL (1994), and THEODORE W. ALLEN, THE INVENTION OF THE WHITE RACE, VOL. 2: THE ORIGIN OF RACIAL OPPRESSION IN ANGLO AMERICA (1997). I also note the similarity of my title to Neil Gotanda’s
    [Show full text]