Tidewater Native Peoples and Indianness in Jim Crow Virginia

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Tidewater Native Peoples and Indianness in Jim Crow Virginia Constructing and Contesting Color Lines: Tidewater Native Peoples and Indianness in Jim Crow Virginia By Laura Janet Feller B.A., Westhampton College of the University of Richmond, 1974 M.A., The George Washington University, 1983 A Dissertation submitted to The Faculty of the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 31, 2009 Dissertation directed by James Oliver Horton Benjamin Banneker Professor of American Studies and History The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of The George Washington University certifies that Laura Janet Feller has passed the Final Examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy as of December 4, 2008. This is the final and approved form of the dissertation. Constructing and Contesting Color Lines: Tidewater Native Peoples and Indianness in Jim Crow Virginia Laura Janet Feller Dissertation Research Committee: James Oliver Horton, Benjamin Banneker Professor of American Studies and History, Dissertation Director Teresa Anne Murphy, Associate Professor of American Studies, Committee Member John Michael Vlach, Professor of American Studies and of Anthropology, Committee Member ii Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank the committee members for expert guidance that was probing and humbling as well as encouraging. Each of them handled the challenges of working with an older student with grace and aplomb. Another of the great pleasures of this dissertation process was working in a variety of archives with wonderful facilities and staff. It was a privilege to meet some of the people who are stewards of records in those repositories. Constance Potter of the National Archives is not only a long-time friend but also an expert guide to the complexities of U.S. census records. Brent Tarter, Sandy Treadway, and Patricia Ferguson Watkinson help make the Library of Virginia as welcoming as its facilities are well appointed. Many thanks also go to Regina Rush and others at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia, to Robert S. Cox of the American Philosophical Society, to Darlene Slater Herod of the Virginia Baptist Historical Society, to Leanda Gahegan of the National Anthropological Archives, and to the staff of the manuscript department at the William R. Perkins Library of Duke University for their commitment to preserving the remarkable collections in their care and for making research in those collections so much fun. The author expresses deep gratitude to Marie Tyler-McGraw for her unfailing humor, expert advice, and willingness to take long walks in the midst of her own packed life, and to Walter Feller and Judith Miller Feller for their generosity and interest in this project. As anyone who has been married while a graduate student knows, the greatest debt of all is owed to a spouse; John Fleckner was and is endlessly patient, wise, and enthusiastic about this project, and he deserves more thanks than words can express. iii Abstract of Dissertation Constructing and Contesting Color Lines: Tidewater Native Peoples and Indianness in Jim Crow Virginia Indian peoples in the United States have faced many challenges to their group and individual identities as Native Americans over centuries of cultural exchange, demographic change, violence, and dispossession. For Native Americans in the South those challenges have arisen in the context of the idea of “race” as a two-part black-white social, cultural, and political system. This dissertation explores how groups and individuals in tidewater Virginia created, re-created, claimed, re-claimed, retained and maintained identities as Indians after the Civil War and into the 1950s, weathering decades of the ever-stranger career of Jim Crow. They did this in the face of varied pressures from white Virginians who devoted enormous political and social effort to the construction of race as a simple binary division between black and white people. In the era after the Civil War, tidewater Indians coped by creating new tribal organizations, churches, and schools, presenting theatrical productions that used pan- Indian symbols, and maintaining separations from their African American neighbors. To some extent, they acquiesced in whites’ notions about the “inferior” racialized status of African Americans. In late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century tidewater Virginia, while contending with, and sometimes adapting, popular ideas about “race” and “blood purity,” organized tidewater Virginia Indians also drew from a sense of their shared histories as descendants of the Algonquian Powhatan groups, and from pan-Indian imagery. This project explores how popular ideas about “race” shaped their world and their efforts to position themselves as red rather than black or white, while whites worked iv to construct “race” along a black-white “color line.” v Table of Contents Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………iii Abstract of Dissertation………………………………………………………………..iv Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………...vi List of Tables…………………………………………………………………….……vii Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….1 Chapter One: Not Black and Not White: Contexts for Constructing Native Identities in the South from Slavery to the 1920s……………… ……………28 Chapter Two: Making the 1924 “Racial Integrity” Law: Defining Whiteness, Blackness, and Redness in a Modernizing, Bureaucratizing State……….66 Chapter Three: Constructing Native Identities in Tidewater Virginia between 1865 and 1930: Reservations, Organizations, and Public Ceremonies…...................140 Chapter Four: “Conjuring:” Ethnologists and “Salvage” Ethnography among Tidewater Native American Peoples………………………………………………...206 Chapter Five: In the Aftermath of the “Racial Integrity” Law……………………….275 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………358 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………….364 vi List of Tables Table One ……………………………………………………………….283 Table Two………………………………………………………………..285 vii Introduction The challenge is not only to recognize the fluidity of race, but to find ways of narrating events, social movement, and the trajectory of individual lives in all their integrity along the convoluted path of an ever-shifting racial reality.1 Matthew Frye Jacobson One narrative that illuminates the “ever-shifting racial reality” in America is the story of how individuals and communities in tidewater Virginia created, re-created, and publicly claimed and re-claimed Native American identities after the Civil War and into the 1950s, weathering decades of the ever-stranger career of Jim Crow. They did this in the face of varied pressures from white Virginians who devoted enormous political and social effort to the construction of race in Virginia as a black-white binary system. A 1924 Virginia “miscegenation” law, an “Act to Preserve Racial Integrity,” exemplifies those efforts. That law demonstrated how racialized justifications for segregation could be joined to national eugenic debates of the 1920s. It also punctuated decades of efforts by white individuals to deny that anyone in Virginia was “really” Indian, based upon the notion that all Virginians who said they were Indian were at best racially “mixed” and had some white or African “blood.” Thus, in late nineteenth- and twentieth-century Virginia, the popular “one drop” idea of what makes one an African American came together with ideas about “blood quantum” and “purity” of racialized “blood,” at a time when tidewater Native people were constructing, re-constructing, and maintaining identities as Indians in the aftermath of emancipation and in the era of Jim Crow. While sometimes contending with, and sometimes adapting for their own purposes, popular ideas about “blood” purity and 1Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998), 275. 1 racialized identities, organized tidewater Virginia Indians also drew from a sense of their shared, localized histories as descendants of the Algonquian Powhatan groups, and from pan-Indian symbols. This project explores how popular ideas about “race” pervaded their efforts, even as they worked to position themselves as “red” rather than black or white, while whites worked to construct of “race” along a black-white “color line.” The organized tidewater Indian groups persisted in their fight for acceptance of their Indian identities despite their lack of distinctive languages and the fact that for more than a century they had been perceived by outsiders as having lost most of the material culture that many whites regarded as markers of “real” Indians. Organized tidewater Natives’ campaigns, institutions, and representations of Indian identity illuminate a part of the story of the construction of “race” in America, but also some of the complications raised by questions about how “ethnic” groups form and persist in the United States. How can we best talk about the histories of “race” and ethnicity in America? How can a shared sense of a common history contribute to construction of ethnic or racialized boundaries, compared to other factors such as a shared land base, parentage, or language? How is it that for Native Americans, whites so often have assumed and even imposed the notion that the only valid Native tradition is one that, if not totally static, has a documentable track stretching “unbroken” back through many generations? For American Indians nationally, part of this dynamic has been that
Recommended publications
  • Nanjemoy and Mattawoman Creek Watersheds
    Defining the Indigenous Cultural Landscape for The Nanjemoy and Mattawoman Creek Watersheds Prepared By: Scott M. Strickland Virginia R. Busby Julia A. King With Contributions From: Francis Gray • Diana Harley • Mervin Savoy • Piscataway Conoy Tribe of Maryland Mark Tayac • Piscataway Indian Nation Joan Watson • Piscataway Conoy Confederacy and Subtribes Rico Newman • Barry Wilson • Choptico Band of Piscataway Indians Hope Butler • Cedarville Band of Piscataway Indians Prepared For: The National Park Service Chesapeake Bay Annapolis, Maryland St. Mary’s College of Maryland St. Mary’s City, Maryland November 2015 ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of this project was to identify and represent the Indigenous Cultural Landscape for the Nanjemoy and Mattawoman creek watersheds on the north shore of the Potomac River in Charles and Prince George’s counties, Maryland. The project was undertaken as an initiative of the National Park Service Chesapeake Bay office, which supports and manages the Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail. One of the goals of the Captain John Smith Trail is to interpret Native life in the Middle Atlantic in the early years of colonization by Europeans. The Indigenous Cultural Landscape (ICL) concept, developed as an important tool for identifying Native landscapes, has been incorporated into the Smith Trail’s Comprehensive Management Plan in an effort to identify Native communities along the trail as they existed in the early17th century and as they exist today. Identifying ICLs along the Smith Trail serves land and cultural conservation, education, historic preservation, and economic development goals. Identifying ICLs empowers descendant indigenous communities to participate fully in achieving these goals.
    [Show full text]
  • Ew Kenyon and the Twelve
    CHRISTIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE PO Box 8500, Charlotte, NC 28271 Feature Article: JAW755-1 WHAT'S WRONG WITH THE FAITH MOVEMENT (PART ONE): E. W. KENYON AND THE TWELVE APOSTLES OF ANOTHER GOSPEL by Hank Hanegraaff This article first appeared in the Christian Research Journal, volume 15, number 3 (1993). For further information or to subscribe to the Christian Research Journal go to: http://www.equip.org SYNOPSIS What's wrong with the "Faith" movement? Its leaders include many of the most popular television evangelists. Its adherents compose a large percentage of charismatic evangelical Christians. Its emphases on faith, the authority of the believer, and the absolute veracity of Scripture could appear to be just what today's church needs. And yet, I am convinced that this movement poses one of the greatest contemporary threats to orthodox Christianity from within. Through it, cultic theology is being increasingly accepted as true Christianity. This article will highlight several serious problems with the Faith movement by providing an overview of its major sources and leaders. Part Two will focus on the movement's doctrinal deviations as represented by one of its leading proponents.1 ITS DEBT TO NEW THOUGHT It is important to note at the outset that the bulk of Faith theology can be traced directly to the cultic teachings of New Thought metaphysics. Thus, much of the theology of the Faith movement can also be found in such clearly pseudo-Christian cults as Religious Science, Christian Science, and the Unity School of Christianity. Over a
    [Show full text]
  • The BG News September 16, 1997
    Bowling Green State University ScholarWorks@BGSU BG News (Student Newspaper) University Publications 9-16-1997 The BG News September 16, 1997 Bowling Green State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/bg-news Recommended Citation Bowling Green State University, "The BG News September 16, 1997" (1997). BG News (Student Newspaper). 6205. https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/bg-news/6205 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University Publications at ScholarWorks@BGSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in BG News (Student Newspaper) by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@BGSU. Directory SPORTS 6 OPINION 2 TODAY *<™^^™s Switchboard 372-2601 Tom searches for the elusive Lunatic Fringe Classified Ads 372-6977 Display Ads 372-2605 Volleyball Editorial 372-6966 Sports 372-2602 Falcons return from 1 -3 4 Entertainment 372-2603 3 California trip with heads NATION 4 Story Idea? Give us a call hazy weekdays from I p/n. lo 5 pm., or held high National diet drugs recalled e-mail: "[email protected]" High 83 Low: 57 TUESDAY September 16,1997 Volume 84, Issue 14 The BG News Bowling Green, Ohio "Serving the Bowling Green community for over 75 years # Lecture series committed to cultural topics □ The fourth annual La during the 1970s. Francisco CabaniUas, assistant Mesa Oblicua Lecture professor in Romance Lan- Series promotes multi- guages, said he will discuss the cultural diversity history of salsa music, how it draws from different Latin through education, dia- American traditions and how it logue and interaction.
    [Show full text]
  • Independent Freedpeople of the Five Slaveholding Tribes
    Anderson 1 “On the Forty Acres that the Government Give Me”1: Independent Freedpeople of the Five Slaveholding Tribes as Landholders, Indigenous Land Allotment Policy, and the Disruption of Racial, Gender, and Class Hierarchies in Jim Crow Oklahoma Keziah Anderson Undergraduate Senior Thesis Department of History Columbia University April 15th, 2020 Seminar Advisor: Professor George Chauncey Second Reader: Professor Celia Naylor 1 Kiziah Love, interview with Jessie R. Ervin, spring 1937, Colbert, OK, in The WPA Oklahoma Slave Narratives, ed. T. Lindsay Baker and Julie Philips Baker (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996), 262. See Appendix 6 for a full transcript of Kiziah Love’s slave narrative. © 2020 Anderson 2 - Notice - None of the work included in this document may be cited or quoted without express written permission from the author. © 2020 Anderson 3 - Table of Contents - Acknowledgements 4 Introduction 5-15 Chapter 1: “You’ve an Indian Not a Negro”: Racecraft, 15-36 Land Allotment Policy, and Class Inequalities in Post-Allotment and Post-Statehood Oklahoma Racecraft and Land Use in the Pre-Allotment Period 15 Racecraft, Blood Quantum, and Ideology in the Jim Crow South & Indian Territory 18 Racecraft in the Allotment Process: Blood Quanta, One-Drop-of-Blood Rules, and Land Land Allotments, Indigeneity, and Racecraft in Post-Statehood Oklahoma 25 Chapter 2: The Reshaping of Gender in the Post-Allotment and 38-51 Post-Statehood Period: Independent Freedwomen Landowners, the (Re)Establishment of Black Infrastructure, and
    [Show full text]
  • Proposed Finding
    This page is intentionally left blank. Pamunkey Indian Tribe (Petitioner #323) Proposed Finding Proposed Finding The Pamunkey Indian Tribe (Petitioner #323) TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................... ii INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................1 Regulatory Procedures .............................................................................................1 Administrative History.............................................................................................2 The Historical Indian Tribe ......................................................................................4 CONCLUSIONS UNDER THE CRITERIA (25 CFR 83.7) ..............................................9 Criterion 83.7(a) .....................................................................................................11 Criterion 83.7(b) ....................................................................................................21 Criterion 83.7(c) .....................................................................................................57 Criterion 83.7(d) ...................................................................................................81 Criterion 83.7(e) ....................................................................................................87 Criterion 83.7(f) ...................................................................................................107
    [Show full text]
  • Jim Crow Laws to Pass Laws to Their Benefit
    13, 1866. It stated that "No state shall deprive any person of life, Name liberty, or property without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." Many states got around this amendment by creating their own laws. Whites still held the majority of seats in the state legislatures, so it was easy Jim Crow Laws to pass laws to their benefit. Several states made marriage or even dating between races a crime. You could be put in prison for such a By Jane Runyon crime. Some vigilantes took the law into their own hands and hanged anyone they thought might be breaking this law. Vigilantes are people Many people believed that who try to enforce a law without the help of regular law enforcement. the end of the Civil War The hangings by these vigilantes were called lynchings. The Ku Klux would bring great changes to Klan became infamous as a vigilante group. the lives of slaves in the South. They were given There were several types of Jim Crow laws enforced during this time. freedom from slavery by the Louisiana had a law that made black passengers ride in separate President of the United States. railroad cars. A black man named Homer Plessey took the railroad to They were declared to be court saying this law was unconstitutional. The U.S. Supreme Court citizens of the United States. ruled that as long as the railroad cars used by the blacks were As citizens, they were guaranteed certain rights by the Constitution.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkeytimes June 2011A
    NEWSLETTER OF THE LENAPE INDIAN TRIBE OF DELAWARE VOL #52 JUNE 2011 Turkey Times He’ All My Relations, at Delaware State University (DSU) in honor of The Confederation of Sovereign Nentego-Lenape DSU’s commitment to providing educational Tribes is a clear indication the Indigenous Peoples of the opportunities for our citizens during a time of Delaware Bay region speak with one voice. I am now educational prohibition for Indian people. On May happy to announce the Nanticoke Indian Tribe of Sussex 1st we celebrated the Lenape culture as guest of the County, Delaware has officially joined the Confederation. Camden Historical Society during their ‘Spring Confederation member Tribes are the Lenape Indian Festivities’. Tribe of Delaware, the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Indian We have many challenges during this difficult Tribe of New Jersey and the Nanticoke Indian Tribe. economic period. The chore of Tribal leaders is to This is a historic time for all three Tribal communities and I transform these challenges into opportunities, to commend the efforts of the Tribal leadership and their review the ways in which we do things and to look supporters who embrace the mission of the Confederation. for additional resources that will allow our Tribal Let us celebrate the renewed strength of the ‘Circle of Our government to continue to offer services and Communities’. programs. Your support during these critical times is As we move from the ‘Season of the New Beginnings’ welcomed and very encouraging. Becoming an to the’ Season of Growth and Nurturing’ (Summer Soltice), enrolled citizen is the first step. Our Citizenship we remember our Mothers and Grand-Mothers for it is they Committee is committed to assisting all Elders who who have guided our actions.
    [Show full text]
  • A Community of Contrasts: Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders in Orange County Addresses This Critical Challenge by Doing Two Things
    2014 A COMMUNITY Cyrus Chung Ying Tang Foundation OF CONTRASTS Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders in Orange County ORANGE www.calendow.org COUNTY This report was made possible by the following sponsors: The Wallace H. Coulter Foundation, Cyrus Chung Ying Tang Foundation, Wells Fargo, and The California Endowment. The statements and views expressed are solely the responsibility of the authors. CONTENTS ORGANIZATIONAL DESCRIPTIONS TECHNICAL NOTES Welcome 1 Introduction 2 Executive Summary 3 Map 5 Measuring the characteristics of racial and ethnic groups Demographics 6 Since 2000, the United States Census Bureau has allowed those responding to its questionnaires to report one or more Asian Americans Advancing Justice - Orange County Economic Contributions 9 racial or ethnic backgrounds. While this better reflects America’s diversity and improves data available on multiracial popula- The mission of Asian Americans Advancing Justice (“Advancing Civic Engagement 10 tions, it complicates the use of data on racial and ethnic groups. Justice”) is to promote a fair and equitable society for all by Immigration 12 working for civil and human rights and empowering Asian Language 14 Data on race are generally available from the Census Bureau in two forms, for those of a single racial background (referred Americans and Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPI) Education 16 to as “alone”) with multiracial people captured in an independent category, and for those of either single or multiple racial and other underserved communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Pioneer's Big Lie
    COMMENTARIES PIONEER'S BIG LIE Paul A. Lombardo* In this they proceeded on the sound principle that the magnitude of a lie always contains a certain factor of credibility, since the great masses of the people in the very bottom of their hearts tend to be corrupted rather than consciously and purposely evil, and that, therefore, in view of the primitive simplicity of their minds, they more easily fall a victim to a big lie than to a little one, since they themselves lie in little things, but would be ashamed of lies that were too big. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf' In the spring of 2002, I published an article entitled "The American Breed" Nazi Eugenics and the Origins of the Pioneer Fund as part of a symposium edition of the Albany Law Review.2 My objective was to present "a detailed analysis of the.., origins of the Pioneer Fund"3 and to show the connections between Nazi eugenics and one branch of the American eugenics movement that I described as purveying "a malevolent brand of biological determinism."4 I collected published evidence on the Pioneer Fund's history and supplemented it with material from several archival collections-focusing particularly on letters and other documents that explained the relationship between Pioneer's first President, 'Paul A. Lombardo, Ph.D., J.D., Director, Program in Law and Medicine, University of Virginia Center for Bioethics. I ADOLF HITLER, MEIN KAMPF 231 (Ralph Manheim trans., Houghton Mifflin Co. 1971) (1925). 2 Paul A. Lombardo, "The American Breed" Nazi Eugenics and the Origins of the Pioneer Fund, 65 ALB.
    [Show full text]
  • Seed Catalog V3
    Stillwater Valley Farm Seedlisting 2021 Hello and welcome to my third annual attempt at a descriptive catalog/formal seedlisting! In the past I have only used namelistings of seed, expecting that buyers do their own homework – but it is my hope that the descriptions on these pages will be of assistance, especially to those who may simply be curious. The purpose of this first page is to establish background and “ground rules”. I have always been a “farmer” ever since chewing down dirty carrots in my dad‟s garden, though I entered into seedkeeping after college. My beliefs and educational background established indigenous causes as something close to my heart, and beyond my basic self-sufficiency desires, the connection I feel to my seed is spiritual. It is something I take extremely seriously. I am not in this for profit; I am in this as “heart work” and a calling. I am a lone, economically challenged grower and I process and ship all of my seed by hand with no help. Therefore, I do not have a system for „buy it now‟ seeds and everything here is subject to my own whims and is only based on what I personally grow and provide. If you wish to obtain samples, these details will explain how. I understand they are long, but I ask you to read and respect them all. Informationals: – Varieties are offered in small quantities. I cannot provide poundage; please don‟t ask. A normal distribution of corn is approx. 200 seeds. A normal bean distribution is 20-30.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Mixed-Race Women in the United States During the Early Twentieth Century
    Of Double-Blooded Birth: A History of Mixed-Race Women in the United States during the Early Twentieth Century Jemma Grace Carter Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in American Studies at the University of East Anglia, School of Arts, Media, and American Studies January 2020 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived therefrom must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution. Abstract Often homogenised into broader narratives of African-American history, the historical experience of mixed-race women of black-white descent forms the central research focus of this thesis. Examining the lives of such women offers a valuable insight into how notions of race, class, gender and physical aesthetics were understood, articulated and negotiated throughout the United States during the early-twentieth century. Through an analysis of wide-ranging primary source material, from letters, diaries and autobiographies to advertisements, artwork and unpublished poetry, this thesis provides an interdisciplinary contribution to the field of Critical Mixed Race Studies, and African- American history. It builds on existing interpretations of the Harlem Renaissance by considering the significance of mixed-racial heritage on the formation of literature produced by key individuals over the period. Moreover, this research reveals that many of the visual and literary sources typically studied in isolation in fact informed one another, and had a profound impact on how factors such as beauty, citizenship, and respectability intersected, and specifically influenced the lives of mixed-race women.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sociopolitical Impact of Eugenics in America
    Voces Novae Volume 11 Article 3 2019 Engineering Mankind: The oS ciopolitical Impact of Eugenics in America Megan Lee [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/vocesnovae Part of the American Politics Commons, Bioethics and Medical Ethics Commons, Genetics and Genomics Commons, and the History Commons Recommended Citation Lee, Megan (2019) "Engineering Mankind: The ocS iopolitical Impact of Eugenics in America," Voces Novae: Vol. 11, Article 3. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Chapman University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Voces Novae by an authorized editor of Chapman University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Lee: Engineering Mankind: The Sociopolitical Impact of Eugenics in America Engineering Mankind: The Sociopolitical Impact of Eugenics in America Megan Lee “It is better for all the world, if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime, or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind…Three generations of imbeciles are enough.”1 This statement was made by U.S. Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. while presenting the court’s majority opinion on the sterilization of a seventeen-year old girl in 1927. The concept of forced sterilization emerged during the American Eugenics Movement of the early 20th century. In 1909, California became one of the first states to introduce eugenic laws which legalized the forced sterilization of those deemed “feeble-minded.” The victims were mentally ill patients in psychiatric state hospitals, individuals who suffered from epilepsy and autism, and prisoners with criminal convictions, all of whom were forcibly castrated.
    [Show full text]