Hydrology 101 April 9, 2014

University of California, Davis Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources

Hydrology 101

ESM-121 Water Science and Management

Samuel Sandoval Solis, PhD Assistant Professor

Lecture 1

 Hydrology 101 : Surface and Groundwater - Hydrologic Cycle - Surface water principles - Groundwater Principles

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Precipitation

Runoff Evaporation Evapo- Transpiration Infiltration

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 A key concept of surface water hydrology - Mass Balance (Continuity Equation)  Accounts for addition, internal transfer, storage, and loss of water from a land unit P = ET + RO + GW + ΔS

 A drainage basin is an extent or an area of land where surface water from rain, melting snow, or ice converges to a single point at a lower elevation, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another waterbody, such as a river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, sea, or ocean.

http://stream2.cma.gov.cn/pub/comet/HydrologyFlooding/RunoffProcessesInternationalEdition/comet/hydro/basic_int/runoff/print.htm#page_1.0.0

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 Convective  Orographic

 Stratiform

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 Orographic

Mediterranean Climate - Dry Summers - Wet Winters

Atmospheric Rivers (Video)

http://www.latimes.com/science/la-me-atmospheric- rivers-20150119-story.html

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 Intensity (I) - Intensity (I) = Precipitation (P) / time (t) - I = P/t i.e. in/hour, mm/hour, etc.  Frequency ( Pr (x) ) - Frequency = Event / ( Total Events + 1 ) - Pr(x) = m/(n+1) i.e. 0.30 or 30%  Return Period (T) - Return Period = 1 / Frequency - T = 1 / Pr(x) - i.e. 2 years, 5 years, …  Intensity-Duration- Frequency Curves tells you how rare a given rain storm is

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Part of the precipitation which wets or adheres to above ground objects until return to the atmosphere through evaporation or sublimation

Steamflow Canopy Drip Throughfall

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 Evaporation  Transpiration Transfer of water from The process by which the plant land and water masses to extract water from the soil, the atmosphere utilize it, and expel it to the atmosphere

Evapotranspiration is dependent upon many factors including: soil cover, vegetation, solar radiation, humidity, wind, etc.

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 Transpiration The process by which the plant extract water from the soil, utilize it, and expel it to the atmosphere

 Factors Weather parameters Crop Factors Mngmt and Env. Conditions

Penman-Monteith (PM) equation

CIMIS

* FAO (1998). “Crop Evapotranspiration – Guidelines for computing crop water requirements”

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Oct/15/2012 Nov/15/2012 Dec/15/2012 Jan/15/2013 Feb/15/2013 Mar/15/2013 Apr/15/2013 May/15/2013 Jun/15/2013 Jul/15/2013 Aug/15/2013 Sep/15/2013

* CIMIS (2012). “ETo Map”

Oct/2012 Apr/2013 Oct/2010 Apr/2011 Nov/2012 May/2013 Nov/2010 May/2011 Dec/2012 Jun/2013 Dec/2010 Jun/2011 Jan/2013 Jul/2013 Jan/2011 Jul/2011 Feb/2013 Aug/2013 Feb/2011 Aug/2011 Mar/2013 Sep/2013 Mar/2011 Sep/2011

Dry Wet

* CIMIS (2012). “ETo Map”

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Process by which precipitation moves downwards through the surface and replenishes soil moisture, recharges aquifers and supports steamflows during dry periods

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http://stream2.cma.gov.cn/pub/comet/HydrologyFlooding/RunoffProcessesInternationalEdition/comet/hydro/basic_int/runoff/print.htm#page_1.0.0

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Rating Curve 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 Height (feet) Height 6 4 2 0 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Streamflow (cfs)

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Q=C*i*A Drainage Area (A) acres Runoff Coefficient (C) Intensity(i) in/hr

* CA Department of Transportation (2008). “Highway Design Manual” Chapter 810 Hydrology

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Groundwater = Water Completely filling Pores/Fractures

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Unsaturated Zone

Saturated Zone

AKA Vadose zone

 (“Zone of aeration”)

 above the water table

 soil pores contain either air or water

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Aquifers: Water bearing properties; this is the “saturated zone”  Confined: Soil or rock below the land surface that is saturated with water. There are layers of impermeable material both above and below it and it is under pressure  Unconfined: aquifer whose upper water surface (water table) is at atmospheric pressure, and thus is able to rise and fall

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Losing stream

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Gaining stream

 Aquiclude: contains water but cannot transmit it rapidly enough to furnish a significant supply to a well or spring.  Aquitard (“confining unit”): low- permeability zone that retards, but does not prevent, the flow of water. It does not readily yield water for beneficial uses but can serve as a ground water storage unit.  Aquifuge: Contains no geologic openings and cannot hold, transport water

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To be a good aquifer… 1 - good porosity (space between grains) 2 - good permeability (connection btwn pores)

 Cross contamination concerns  Subsurface contaminant transport

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Direction of Regional GW

Flow /groundwater/tle-emap99.html Map from: Map http://wwwdpla.water.ca.gov/sjd

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 GW flow velocity is proportional to the slope of the water table – steeper slope result in larger pressure difference between two points  Hydraulic conductivity – Corrects fro permeability difference between materials & viscosity of the solution

Volume of Water Vertical (Flow rate) Drop ݄ ܳൌܣ ܭൈ ݈

Cross-sectional Flow Distance area of flow Hydraulic Conductivity

Unconfined Aquifer 300 200

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from: U.S. Geological Survey, ‘Ground Water and the Rural Homeowner’

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 1 ft = 0.3048 m  1 m3 = 8.11x10-4 af 9 3 5  1 m3 = 28.3168x10 -3 ft3 10 m = 8.11x10 af 1 km3 = 0.811 maf  1 m3 = 35.3147 ft3  1 ha = 10,000 m2  1 m3 = 264 gal  1 acre = 43,560 ft2 9 3 9 = 0.4047 ha 10 m = 264x10 gal 3 = 4047 m2 1 km = 264 bg 1 km3/yr = 0.7234 bgd  1 gal = 3.785x10 -3 m3 = 3.785 L

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