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The Hydrologic Cycle the Earth’S Water

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The Hydrologic Cycle the Earth’S Water THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE THE EARTH’S WATER • HOW MUCH WATER IS ON OUR PLANET? • 70% OF THE EARTH’S SURFACE IS COVERED WITH WATER. • 97% OF THAT WATER IS SALTWATER • 3% IS FRESHWATER FRESHWATER ON EARTH • 3% OF THE EARTH’S WATER IS FRESHWATER. • OF THAT 3%, ONLY 1% OF THE EARTH’S FRESHWATER IS FOUND ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE. • THE DISTRIBUTION OF EARTH’S FRESHWATER: • 1% IN LAKES AND RIVERS, 30% IS GROUNDWATER, AND 68% IN ICE CAPS AND GLACIERS. • GROUNDWATER- WATER THAT SOAKS INTO THE GROUND AND REMAINS IN THE GROUND. COMPONENTS OF THE EARTH SYSTEM • EARTH SYSTEM- THE INTERACTION OF THE SPHERES OF THE EARTH. • THE SPHERES INVOLVED IN THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE ARE: • LITHOSPHERE • HYDROSPHERE • CRYOSPHERE • BIOSPHERE • ATMOSPHERE WHAT IS THE LITHOSPHERE? • LITHOSPHERE-THE SOLID EARTH, LAND. • ALSO KNOWN AS THE “ROCK SPHERE” • THIS IS THE GROUND YOU ARE STANDING ON AND THE ROCK BELOW YOU. WHAT IS THE HYDROSPHERE? • HYDROSPHERE- THE LIQUID ON EARTH, WATER. • ALSO KNOWN AS “WATER SPHERE”. • THIS INCLUDES ALL OF THE RIVERS, LAKES AND OCEANS OF EARTH. WHAT IS THE CRYOSPHERE? • CRYOSPHERE- THE ICY EARTH, ICE • ALSO KNOWN AS THE “ICY COLD SPHERE” • THIS IS THE FROZEN PART OF EARTH INCLUDING THE GLACIERS, ICEBERGS, AND ICECAPS. WHAT IS THE BIOSPHERE? • BIOSPHERE- THE PART OF THE EARTH WHERE YOU FIND LIVING THINGS, AND PARTS OF THE LITHOSPHERE, HYDROSPHERE, AND ATMOSPHERE. • ALSO KNOWN AS THE “LIFE SPHERE” WHAT IS THE ATMOSPHERE? • ATMOSPHERE- THE GASEOUS EARTH, AIR • ALSO KNOWN AS THE “AIR SPHERE” • THIS IS THE AIR THAT SURROUND THE EARTH WHAT IS THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE? • HYDROLOGIC CYCLE- THE CYCLING OF WATER IN AND OUT OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND BETWEEN ALL OF THE EARTH’S COMPONENTS. • THIS IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE “WATER CYCLE” • ALL OF THE WATER ON OUR PLANET IS RECYCLED. EACH MOLECULE OF WATER IS RECYCLED OVER AND OVER AGAIN. • WATER IS THE PRIMARY MEDIUM BY WHICH ENERGY AND MATTER MOVE AND ARE CIRCULATED THROUGHOUT THE EARTH’S COMPONENTS. THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE HOW DOES THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE WORK? • WATER ENTERS THE ATMOSPHERE BY EVAPORATION AND BY TRANSPIRATION FROM LEAVES. • EVAPORATION- PROCESS BY WHICH ENERGY FROM THE SUN CAUSES WATER ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH TO CHANGE TO WATER VAPOR, THE GAS PHASE OF WATER, THE FIRST STEP IN THE WATER CYCLE. • TRANSPIRATION- THE PROCESS BY WHICH MOISTURE IS CARRIED THROUGH PLANTS FROM ROOTS TO SMALL PORES ON THE UNDERSIDE OF LEAVES, WHERE IT CHANGES TO VAPOR AND IS RELEASED TO THE ATMOSPHERE. • IT CONDENSES AND FALLS FROM THE ATMOSPHERE AS PRECIPITATION. • CONDENSATION- PROCESS BY WHICH WATER VAPOR CHANGES BACK INTO A LIQUID, THE SECOND STEP OF THE WATER CYCLE. • PRECIPITATION– THE PROCESS BY WHICH WATER RETURNS TO THE EARTH IN THE FORM OF RAIN, SNOW, SLEET, AND HAIL, THE THIRD STEP OF THE WATER CYCLE. HOW DOES THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE WORK? • WHEN WATER FALLS AS PRECIPITATION ON LAND, IT FOLLOWS TWO POSSIBLE PATHWAYS: • IT RETURNS TO THE HYDROSPHERE BY FLOWING AS RUNOFF FROM THE LAND SURFACE INTO STREAMS , RIVERS, LAKES, AND EVENTUALLY THE OCEAN. • SURFACE RUNOFF- WATER THAT ENTERS A RIVER OR STREAM AFTER A HEAVY RAIN OR DURING A SPRING THAW OF SNOW OR ICE. • IT RETURNS TO THE LITHOSPHERE BY INFILTRATION INTO THE GROUND BECOMING SOIL, WATER, OR GROUND WATER. THIS INFILTRATION HAPPENS WHEN WATER FLOWS THROUGH THE PORE SPACE ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE. • INFILTRATION- FLOW OF WATER FROM THE SURFACE INTO THE GROUND. ONCE ITS IN THE GROUND, IT BECOMES SOIL WATER OR GROUNDWATER. • PORE SPACE- SPACE BETWEEN PARTICLES OF SOIL. WATER MOVES THROUGH DIFFERENT DURING THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE • DURING THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE, WATER GOES THROUGH ALL THREE PHASES OF MATTER: • SOLID • WATER CAN FREEZE TO SNOW, HAIL, OR SLEET • LIQUID • WATER FALLS AS RAIN, AND BECOMES LIQUID DURING CONDENSATION • GAS • WATER BECOMES A GAS WHEN IT EVAPORATES WHAT IS NEEDED IN ORDER FOR THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE TO OCCUR? ENERGY THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AND ENERGY • WATER GAINS ENERGY: • DURING EVAPORATION • WATER RELEASES ENERGY: • DURING CONDENSATION • THAT ENERGY RELEASE FORMS CLOUDS TWO MAJOR FORCES DRIVE THE WATER CYCLE GRAVITY (PRECIPITATION) SOLAR ENERGY (EVAPORATION) WHERE DOES THE WATER GO AFTER PRECIPITATION? • ABOUT 76% OF THE WATER IS LOST TO EVAPORATION AND IMMEDIATELY REPEATS THE CYCLE • 32% RUN-OFF AND ENTERS RIVERS, LAKES, STREAMS, AND THE OCEAN • A SMALL PERCENT INFILTRATES INTO THE GROUNDWATER WHERE DO YOU THINK THE CYCLE BEGINS AND ENDS? THEY HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE AND POLLUTION • CONTAMINATION CAN OCCUR WITHIN ANY STEP OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE. • GROUNDWATER IS EASILY CONTAMINATED AS POLLUTION PRESENT IN THE SOIL OR IS SPILLED ON THE GROUND SURFACE THEN MOVES INTO THE GROUND WATER AND IMPACTS NUMEROUS WATER SOURCES. • CAN YOU THINK OF ANY OTHER PLACES WHERE CONTAMINATION WOULD OCCUR? OTHER TERMS YOU NEED TO KNOW IN THIS UNIT • WATERSHED- LAND AREA IN WHICH SURFACE RUNOFF DRAINS INTO A RIVER OR A SYSTEM OF RIVERS AND STREAMS. • RESERVOIR- ARTIFICIAL LAKE USED AS A SOURCE OF FRESHWATER. • PERMEABLE- TERM USED TO DESCRIBE MATERIAL THROUGH WHICH WATER CAN MOVE QUICKLY. • IMPERMEABLE- TERM USED TO DESCRIBE MATERIAL THROUGH WHICH WATER CANNOT MOVE QUICKLY • ZONE OF SATURATION- UNDERGROUND REGION IN WHICH ALL THE PORES ARE FILLED WITH WATER. • ZONE OF AERATION- RELATIVELY DRY UNDERGROUND REGION IN WHICH THE PORES ARE FILLED MOSTLY WITH AIR. OTHER TERMS YOU NEED TO KNOW IN THIS UNIT • WATER TABLE- SURFACE BETWEEN THE ZONE OF SATURATION AND THE ZONE OF AERATION THAT MARKS THE LEVEL BELOW WHICH THE GROUND IS SATURATED, OR SOAKED WITH WATER. • AQUIFER- LAYER OF ROCK OR SEDIMENT THAT ALLOWS GROUND WATER TO PASS FREELY. .
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