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Earth Systems and Interactions The Earth System Earth Systems and Interactions Key Concepts • How do Earth systems What do you think? Read the three statements below and decide interact in the carbon whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column cycle? if you agree with the statement or a D if you disagree. After you’ve read • How do Earth systems this lesson, reread the statements to see if you have changed your mind. interact in the phosphorus Before Statement After cycle? 1. The amount of water on Earth remains constant over time. 2. Hydrogen makes up the hydrosphere. 3. Most carbon on Earth is in the atmosphere. 3TUDY#OACH Earth Systems Make a Table Contrast the carbon cycle and the Your body contains many systems. These systems work phosphorus cycle in a two- together and make one big system—your body. Earth is a column table. Label one system, too. Like you, Earth has smaller systems that work column Carbon Cycle and together, or interact, and make the larger Earth system. Four the other column Phosphorus of these smaller systems are the atmosphere, the Cycle. Complete the table hydrosphere, the geosphere, and the biosphere. as you read this lesson. The Atmosphere Reading Check The outermost Earth system is a mixture of gases and 1. Identify What systems particles of matter called the atmosphere. It forms a layer make up the larger Earth around the other Earth systems. The atmosphere is mainly system? nitrogen and oxygen. Gases in the atmosphere move freely, helping transport matter and energy among Earth systems. The Hydrosphere Below the atmosphere is the hydrosphere, the system that contains all of Earth’s water. Most of the water is on Earth’s surface—in oceans, glaciers, lakes, ice sheets, and rivers. Smaller amounts of water are deep beneath Earth’s Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill of a division © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Copyright surface, in the atmosphere, and in living things. Like gases in the atmosphere, water in the hydrosphere continuously moves from place to place. Many substances dissolve easily in water. These dissolved substances move with the water. Reading Essentials The Earth System 225 CC121_001_009_RE_L1_889407.indd121_001_009_RE_L1_889407.indd 1 44/6/10/6/10 55:06:26:06:26 PPMM The Geosphere The largest Earth system is the geosphere, or the solid Earth. The geosphere includes the thin layer of soil and rocks on Earth’s surface and all the underlying layers of Earth. Because the geosphere is mainly solid, materials in this system move more slowly than the gases in the atmosphere Reading Check or the water in the hydrosphere. As the materials move, they 2. Explain Why do slowly transport energy and matter. materials in the geosphere move slowly? The Biosphere All living organisms on Earth make up the biosphere. Because organisms live in air, water, soil, and rocks, the biosphere is within all other Earth systems. Living organisms survive using gases from the atmosphere, water from the hydrosphere, and nutrients in soil and rocks. Interactions Among Earth Systems Biosphere Geosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere • The ozone layer helps • Wind causes weathering • The water cycle influences protect organisms from and erosion. weather and climate. harmful solar radiation. • Volcanic eruptions eject • Increasing global tempera- • Plants use oxygen and gas and debris into the air. tures lead to melting polar carbon dioxide during ice caps. photosynthesis. Hydrosphere • All organisms need water • Water and ice cause for life functions. weathering, erosion, and • Rising sea levels change deposition. Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill of a division © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Copyright habitats. • Hurricanes and tsunamis change coastal landforms. Geosphere • Materials in the geosphere provide nutrients for life functions. • Organisms contribute to weathering, erosion, and fossil fuel formation. Interpreting Tables Interactions Among Earth Systems 3. Name What other Earth systems interact by exchanging matter and energy. interactions can you name? The table above describes some of these interactions. Matter and energy often change in form as they flow between systems. The Water Cycle The water cycle is an example of interaction among Earth systems. It is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below Earth’s surface, as shown in the figure at the top of the next page. Water moves within the hydrosphere and into other Earth systems. 226 The Earth System Reading Essentials CC121_001_009_RE_L1_889407.indd121_001_009_RE_L1_889407.indd 2 44/6/10/6/10 55:06:35:06:35 PPMM The Water Cycle Precipitation Visual Check Condensation 4. Identify What processes in the water cycle move liquid water from Evaporation Transpiration Earth’s surface into the Runoff atmosphere as water vapor? Ocean Lake Transpiration Water is not just a liquid. Sometimes it changes state and becomes solid ice or gaseous water vapor. As water flows or changes state, it moves thermal energy within the water cycle and among Earth systems. The Rock Cycle The rock cycle, shown below, is another type of interaction among Earth systems. It is the series of processes that change Make a four-column chart book to organize your notes rocks from one form to another. Some processes happen on Earth systems and deep within Earth. Others, like weathering and erosion, interactions. occur on or near Earth’s surface. The atmosphere, Water Rock Carbon Phosphorus hydrosphere, and biosphere interact with the geosphere Cycle Cycle Cycle Cycle through weathering and erosion. For example, rain and plants can weather rocks into sediments. Wind and flowing water can erode rocks and sediment and deposit them in new places. The amount of material cycling through each system usually stays the same, but it might change state or form—either quickly or over millions of years. The Rock Cycle Sediments Deposition, compaction, cementation Weathering Sedimentary and erosion rocks Visual Check 5. Name What kind of rock Uplift Extreme Uplift is formed through extreme Uplift temperatures and pressure temperature and pressure? Igneous Extreme rocks temperatures Metamorphic and pressure rocks Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill of a division © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Copyright Cooling and Melting crystallization Magma Reading Essentials The Earth System 227 CC121_001_009_RE_L1_889407.indd121_001_009_RE_L1_889407.indd 3 44/6/10/6/10 55:06:38:06:38 PPMM The Carbon Cycle Some elements are so important to life that scientists study their individual cycles among Earth systems. Carbon is one of these elements. The carbon cycle is the series of processes that continuously move carbon among Earth systems. The Carbon Cycle Visual Check Carbon Carbon dioxide 6. Examine Which released by in the atmosphere Photosynthesis processes add carbon volcanism dioxide to the atmosphere? Burning fossil fuels Forest Which processes remove it? fires and deforestation Absorption of carbon dioxide by water Cellular respiration Decomposition Carbon stored in fossil fuels Processes of the Carbon Cycle Trace the path of carbon in the figure above as it is released from the geosphere during a volcanic eruption. Carbon from the geosphere enters the atmosphere as the trace gas carbon dioxide (CO2). Several Reading Check processes then remove CO from the atmosphere. 2 Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill of a division © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Copyright 7. Describe What role During photosynthesis, plants use sunlight, CO , and does photosynthesis play in 2 the carbon cycle? water and make simple sugars. As a result, carbon leaves the atmosphere and enters the biosphere. Weathering of rocks also removes carbon from the atmosphere and transports it to the hydrosphere as a dissolved material. Carbon moves from the atmosphere to the hydrosphere when atmospheric CO2 dissolves in water. How does carbon leave the biosphere? Cellular respiration Key Concept Check in organisms quickly returns CO2 to the atmosphere. Even 8. Explain How do Earth more carbon enters the atmosphere and the soil when systems interact in the organisms die and decay. Sometimes organic matter is buried carbon cycle? deep in the geosphere, where it can form fossil fuels. Carbon leaves the hydrosphere and enters the geosphere when sedimentary rocks form on the ocean floor. Ocean water can warm and release dissolved CO2 directly into the atmosphere. As carbon moves through Earth systems, the total amount of carbon in the carbon cycle remains about the same. 228 The Earth System Reading Essentials CC121_001_009_RE_L1_889407.indd121_001_009_RE_L1_889407.indd 4 44/6/10/6/10 55:06:50:06:50 PPMM Interpreting Tables Carbon Reservoirs 9. Compare How does Carbon Carbon Reservoirs Form the amount of carbon in the (billions of tons) atmosphere compare to the Atmosphere 750 CO2 gas amount in the biosphere? Biosphere 3,000 organic molecules Hydrosphere 40,000 dissolved CO2 gas Geosphere (crust and 750,000 minerals and rocks upper mantle) Geosphere (lower mantle) 750,000+ minerals and rocks Carbon Reservoirs After water, carbon is the most abundant substance in living organisms. But as you just read, carbon is not limited to the biosphere. Carbon is in reservoirs, or storage places, within all Earth systems, as shown in the table above. On Earth, most carbon is combined with other elements in compounds. Reading Check Carbon in the biosphere is stored in organisms. It does not 10. Identify What are exist as carbon atoms. It is combined with other elements in the two most abundant substances in living complex organic molecules, such as sugars and starches. Cells organisms? and tissues of all organisms are made of organic compounds. In the atmosphere and the hydrosphere, carbon exists as carbon dioxide gas (CO2). Though the atmosphere is the smallest carbon reservoir, atmospheric CO2 is important. The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere affects climate, as you will read later. CO2 in the hydrosphere is dissolved in water. Most of Earth’s carbon is stored in the geosphere.
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