sign in sign up
<<
Home , Hydrosphere, Phosphorus cycle, Rock cycle, Water cycle

CC121_001_009_RE_L1_889407.indd 1 1 2 1 _ 0 0 1 _ 0 0 9 _ R E

_ Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. L 1 _ 8 8 9 4 0 edn setas h at ytm System The Reading Essentials The The SystemsEarth SystemsEarth andInteractions System The Earth in . Thesedissolvedsubstancesmovewiththewater. moves fromplacetoplace.Manysubstancesdissolveeasily in theatmosphere,waterhydrospherecontinuously surface, intheatmosphere,andlivingthings.Likegases . SmalleramountsofwateraredeepbeneathEarth’s Earth’s surface—inoceans,,,icesheets,and that containsallofEarth’s water. Mostofthewaterison helping transportmatterandenergyamongEarthsystems. nitrogen andoxygen.Gasesintheatmospheremovefreely, around theotherEarthsystems.Theatmosphereismainly particles ofmattercalledtheatmosphere.Itformsalayer hydrosphere, thegeosphere,andbiosphere. of thesesmallersystemsaretheatmosphere, together, orinteract,andmakethelargerEarthsystem.Four system, too.Likeyou,Earthhassmallersystemsthatwork together andmakeonebigsystem—yourbody. Earthisa 7 this lesson,reread thestatements to seeifyou have changedyour mind. if you agree withthestatement oraDifyou disagree. After you’ve read whether you agree ordisagree withthem.Place anAintheBefore column What doyou think? . i n eoeSaeetAfter Statement Before d d Below theatmosphereishydrosphere,system The outermostEarthsystemisamixtureofgasesand Your bodycontainsmanysystems.Thesesystemswork

1 3. 2. 1. makesupthehydrosphere. Most carbon on Earth isintheatmosphere. carbononEarth Most constant over time. remains The amountofwater onEarth Readthethree statements below anddecide system? make upthelarger Earth 1. Identify as you read thislesson. Cycle. Complete thetable column the other column and column table. Labelone inatwo- andthe carbon cycle Make a Table • • Key Concepts cycle? inthephosphorus interact systems How doEarth cycle? inthecarbon interact systems How doEarth 3TUDY#OACH Reading Check What systems Contrast the

225 44/6/10 5:06:26PM / 6 / 1 0

5 : 0 6 : 2 6

P M M P

5 3 : 6 0 : 5

0 1 / 6 / 44/6/10 5:06:35 PM Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. tures lead to polar lead to tures caps. weather and . weather • The water influences The • • Increasing global tempera- change coastal landforms. change coastal and . the air. gas and debris into and erosion, , deposition. • Wind causes weathering causes weathering Wind • eject eruptions Volcanic • cause and ice Water • tsunamis and Hurricanes • Earth systems interact by exchanging matter and . Earth systems interact by exchanging matter and energy. The water cycle is an example of interaction among Earth The largest Earth system is the geosphere, or the solid or the solid the geosphere, is Earth system largest The on Earth make up the . All living systems. It is the continuous movement of water on, above, surface, as shown in the figure at the top and below Earth’s moves within the hydrosphere and of the next page. Water into other Earth systems. The table above describes some of these interactions. Matter The table above describes some of these interactions. Matter and energy often change in form as they flow between systems. Because organisms live in air, water, , and rocks, the water, live in air, Because organisms organisms all other Earth systems. Living biosphere is within survive water from the gases from the atmosphere, using nutrients in soil and rocks. hydrosphere, and Earth. The geosphere includes the thin layer of soil and rocks layer of soil and the thin geosphere includes Earth. The of Earth. underlying layers and all the surface on Earth’s materials in this is mainly solid, the geosphere Because in the atmosphere than the gases more slowly system move move, they the hydrosphere. As the materials or the water in energy and matter. slowly transport Interactions Among Earth Among Interactions Systems Cycle Water The The Geosphere The Biosphere The Interactions Among Earth Among Interactions Systems Biosphere Geosphere Hydrosphere weathering, erosion, and erosion, weathering, fuel formation. during carbon dioxide photosynthesis. functions. for habitats. life nutrients for provide functions. harmful solar radiation. protect organisms from from organisms protect • to contribute Organisms • and use • need water All organisms • Rising change levels • in the geosphere Materials • The ozone layer helps layer ozone The • 2

Why do Why d d n What other i . 7 0 4 9 8 8 _ 1 Reading Check L _ Earth The System Reading Essentials E R Geosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere _ 9 226

Interpreting Tables Interpreting 3. Name

2. Explain materials in the geosphere in the geosphere materials slowly? move interactions can you name? interactions can you 0 0 _ 1 0 0 _ 1 2 1 CC121_001_009_RE_L1_889407.indd 2 CC121_001_009_RE_L1_889407.indd 3 1 2 1 _ 0 0 1 _ 0 0 9 _ R E

_ Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. L 1 _ 8 8 9 4 0 edn setas h at ytm System The Earth Reading Essentials The RockCycle form—either quicklyorovermillionsofyears. system usuallystaysthesame,butitmightchangestateor new places.Theamountofmaterialcyclingthrougheach water caneroderocksandsedimentdepositthemin plants canweatherrocksintosediments.Wind andflowing through weatheringanderosion.Forexample, hydrosphere, andbiosphereinteractwiththegeosphere occur onornearEarth’s surface.Theatmosphere, deep withinEarth.Others,likeweatheringanderosion, rocks fromoneformtoanother. Someprocesseshappen among Earthsystems.Itistheseriesofprocessesthatchange cycle andamongEarthsystems. changes state,itmovesthermalenergywithinthewater becomes solidiceorgaseouswatervapor. Aswaterflowsor 7 . i n d d The rockcycle,shownbelow, isanothertypeofinteraction Water isnotjustaliquid.Sometimesitchangesstateand

3 Uplift Igneous Weathering and erosion rocks Runoff Cooling and Transpiration The WaterCycle The RockCycle Uplift and pressure Extreme Extreme compaction, cementationcompaction, Uplift Deposition, Melting temperatures and pressure Metamorphic Sedimentary Extreme Extreme rocks rocks andpressure? is formed through extreme atmosphere aswater vapor? Earth’s into the surface move liquidwater from processes inthewater cycle interactions. systems and on Earth book to organize your notes afour-column chart Make 4. Identify 5. Name Water Visual Check Visual Check Cycle Cycle What kind ofrock What kind What Carbon Cycle Phosphorus Cycle 227 44/6/10 5:06:38PM / 6 / 1 0

5 : 0 6 : 3 8

P M M P

0 5 : 6 0 : 5

0 1 / 6 / 44/6/10 5:06:50 PM Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. , and 2 in fossil fuels Carbon stored stored Carbon ). Several Photosynthesis 2 fires and fires directly into the is the series of is the series 2

Decomposition Decomposition to the atmosphere. Even 2 Trace the path of carbon in Trace carbon cycle

from the atmosphere. 2 The The Carbon Cycle Carbon The Burning fossil fuels Carbon dioxide Carbon in the atmosphere Cellular Cellular respiration respiration dissolves in water. dissolves in water. 2 How does carbon leave the biosphere? Cellular respiration Some elements are so important to life that scientists scientists life that to so important are elements Some Carbon leaves the hydrosphere and enters the geosphere During photosynthesis, plants use , CO During photosynthesis, plants by water by water Carbon Carbon in organisms quickly returns CO the figure above as it is released from the geosphere during the figure above as it is released Carbon from the geosphere enters the volcanic eruption. a dioxide (CO atmosphere as the trace gas carbon study their individual cycles among Earth systems. Carbon systems. Carbon among Earth individual cycles study their of these elements. one is water can warm and release dissolved CO more carbon enters the atmosphere and the soil when matter is buried Sometimes organic organisms die and decay. deep in the geosphere, where it can form fossil fuels. Ocean when sedimentary rocks form on the ocean floor. Processes of the Carbon Cycle of the Carbon Processes processes then remove CO to the hydrosphere as a dissolved material. Carbon moves to the hydrosphere as a dissolved from the atmosphere to the hydrosphere when atmospheric CO water and make simple sugars. As a result, carbon leaves the water and make simple sugars. of rocks Weathering atmosphere and enters the biosphere. atmosphere and transports it also removes carbon from the atmosphere. As carbon moves through Earth systems, the total amount of carbon in the carbon cycle remains about the same. The Carbon Cycle Carbon The processes that continuously move carbon among Earth among carbon systems. move that continuously processes Absorption of released by released Absorption of carbon dioxide carbon dioxide carbon dioxide carbon dioxide What role What role Which 4

How do EarthHow d d n i . 7 0 4 9 8 8 Key Concept Check Concept Key _ 1 Reading Check L Visual Check Visual _ Earth The System Reading Essentials E R _ 9 processes add carbon processes the atmosphere? to dioxide it? remove Which processes 228

8. Explain

7. Describe

6. Examine systems interact in the systems carbon cycle? does photosynthesis play in play does photosynthesis the carbon cycle? 0 0 _ 1 0 0 _ 1 2 1 CC121_001_009_RE_L1_889407.indd 4 CC121_001_009_RE_L1_889407.indd 5 1 2 1 _ 0 0 1 _ 0 0 9 _ R E

_ Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. L 1 _ 8 8 9 4 0 levels ofatmosphericCO the atmosphere.Otheractivitiescanindirectlyincrease amount ofCO CO might becutdownforagricultureordevelopment.More of CO read later. CO to takeinCO edn setas h at ytm System The Earth Reading Essentials atmospheric CO atmosphere occurnaturally. Humans andtheCarbon Cycle Reservoirs Carbon elements incompounds. table above.OnEarth,mostcarboniscombinedwithother storage places,withinallEarthsystems,asshowninthe is or not limitedtothebiosphere.Carbonisinreservoirs, substance inlivingorganisms.Butasyoujustread,carbon electricity ortopowervehicles,CO volcanic eruptioncanreleaselargeamountsofCO smallest carbonreservoir, atmosphericCO the air. ButnotallchangesintheamountofCO carbon dioxidegas(CO and tissuesofallorganismsaremadeorganiccompounds. complex organicmolecules,suchassugarsandstarches. Cells exist ascarbonatoms.Itiscombinedwithotherelementsin ,andoil,whichformunderground. carbon. Carbonalsoisstoredasfossilfuels,suchcoal, containsthemineralcalcite,which is combinedwithotherelementsinmineralsthatformrocks. 7 . yrshr 4,0 dissolved CO organic molecules CO 40,000 3,000 750,000 Geosphere (lower mantle) 750 ) Geosphere (crustand Hydrosphere Biosphere Atmosphere Carbon Reservoirs i n d d Human activitiescausesomechangesinlevelsof Carbon in the biosphere is stored in organisms. It does not Carbon inthebiosphereisstoredorganisms.Itdoesnot In theatmosphereandhydrosphere,carbonexistsas Most ofEarth’s carbonisstoredinthegeosphere.Carbon 2

remainsintheatmospherebecausetherearefewertrees

5 2 intheatmosphereoccurnaturally. Forexample,a 2 2 duringphotosynthesis. 2 inthehydrosphereisdissolvedwater. intheatmosphereaffectsclimate,asyouwill 2 . Whenpeopleburnfossilfuelstogenerate Afterwater, carbonisthemostabundant Carbon Reservoirs 2 ). Thoughtheatmosphereis 2 . Forexample,largetractsofforests (billions oftons) 5,0 mineralsandrocks 750,000 Carbon Somechangesintheamount 2 + isreleaseddirectlyinto 2 isimportant.The androcks 2 inthe Form 2 2 into gas 2 gas organisms? substances inliving the two mostabundant 10. Identify amount inthebiosphere? atmosphere compare to the the amountofcarbonin 9. Compare Interpreting Tables R remains Earth fromplantoranimal natural gasthatforminthe fuels suchascoal,oil,and fossil fuels EVIEW Reading Check V OCABULARY How does What are 229 44/6/10 5:07:08PM / 6 / 1 0

5 : 0 7 : 0 8

P M M P

2 1 : 7 0 : 5

0 1 / 6 / 44/6/10 5:07:12 PM Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. phosphorus The Greenhouse Greenhouse The processes in the is a greenhouse gas. gas. greenhouse is a 2 in the atmosphere increase, more increase, in the atmosphere 2 CO . These gases keep Earth from becoming from becoming gases keep Earth . These ), compounds formed from phosphorus ), compounds formed from phosphorus 4 . are gases in the atmosphere that absorb and reradiate thermal thermal and reradiate absorb that atmosphere in the gases are is the series of processes that move phosphorus among Earth that move is the series of processes When levels of CO When levels Some important elements do not cycle through all Some important elements do not Global warming can cause coastal flooding as ice caps can cause coastal flooding as Global warming Plants absorb phosphorus from soil or water. Animals Plants absorb phosphorus from soil or water. The figure on the top of the next page illustrates the The figure on the top of the next Dissolved molecules move in liquid water gases the Sun from energy to support life. cold too phosphorus cycle help move phosphorus through the phosphorus cycle help move phosphorus the biosphere. Phosphorus geosphere, the hydrosphere, and element. It exists as does not exist in as an (PO Earth systems. One example is phosphorus (FAHS fuh rus). One example is phosphorus (FAHS systems. Earth atmosphere. Phosphorus does not exist in the melt and rises. These changes might cause rises. These changes might melt and sea level and harming to change, altering habitats around the world living organisms. thermal energy is absorbed and reradiated. Earth’s average Earth’s and reradiated. energy is absorbed thermal is called increases. This phenomenon surface temperature global warming. decomposing organisms. through the water cycle. Eventually, the phosphates reach through the water cycle. Eventually, lake bottoms or the seafloor and are deposited along with . The phosphorus becomes part of new sedimentary rocks that form from the deposited sediment. take in phosphorus when they eat plants or when they eat other animals that have eaten plants. These phosphates return to the soil as part of animal waste or as part of and oxygen. phosphorus starts Earth’s processes of the phosphorus cycle. surface release at Earth’s out in the geosphere. Rocks exposed The phosphates either phosphates when they weather. enter the hydrosphere. remain in the soil or dissolve and The Phosphorus Cycle The of the Phosphorus Cycle Processes Greenhouse Gases Greenhouse cycle systems

= 0.02 × How do EarthHow 0.02 6

d = d n i . 7 0 2% 4 9 8 8 Key Concept Check Concept Key _ 1 L _ Multiply the total mass of Multiply the total the decimal. by 0.44 kg phosphorus 22 kg fertilizer decimal point two places places decimal point two the left.to Change the percentage Change the percentage a of phosphorus to the moving decimal by Earth The System Reading Essentials E R _ Math Skills Math 9 230

12. Explain

11. Use Percentages Percentages 11. Use much phosphorus is in How a 10-kg bag of 20-5-10 fertilizer? b. 8 percent potassium, in that percent 8 much phosphorus How order. of fertilizer?is in a 22-kg bag a. You can use percentages to to use percentages can You types of many out figure a example, For problems. lawn24-2-8 labeled fertilizer nitrogen, 24 percent contains and phosphorus, 2 percent systems interact in the systems phosphorus cycle? 0 0 _ 1 0 0 _ 1 2 1 CC121_001_009_RE_L1_889407.indd 6 CC121_001_009_RE_L1_889407.indd 7 1 2 1 _ 0 0 1 _ 0 0 9 _ R E

_ Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. L 1 _ 8 8 9 4 0 Clearing thetreesinrainforestsdisturbsphosphoruscycle. or die, newplantgrowthquicklytakesup thephosphorus. phosphorus inrainforests.Astheplantsdroptheirleaves phosphorus cycle.Forexample,plantsstoremostofthe disturb thecarboncycle.Humanscanalso edn setas h at ytm System The Earth Reading Essentials Humans andthePhosphorusCycle Phosphorus Reservoirs a majorsource ofphosphorus. of theirphosphorusinthesestructures.Animalwastealsois component ofteeth,bones,andshells.Animalsstoremost membranes andtransferenergy. Italsoisanimportant elementfororganisms.Itisneededtomakecell a necessary biosphere recyclesfairlyquickly. Likecarbon,phosphorusis might notreenterthephosphoruscycleformillionsofyears. rocksontheoceanfloor incorporated intosedimentary hydrosphere overlongperiodsoftime.Phosphates atmosphere. liquid water. However, itdoesnotevaporateandenterthe moves throughthewatercycleasadissolvedsubstancein you justread,phosphatesdissolveinwater. Phosphorus used injewelry. Turquoise isalsoaphosphatemineral. minerals isapatite(Apuhtite).Turquoise isamineraloften minerals containingphosphates.Themostcommonofthese 7 . i n Plants d d In contrast,thephosphorusstoredinorganisms Phosphorus cyclesthroughthegeosphereand forphosphorus.As The hydrosphereisanotherreservoir

7 Animals

Animal

waste Rocksinthegeosphereinclude Phosphate Phosphate in soil in soil Decomposers The PhosphorusCycle Decomposers Recallthathumanscan the Weathering of phosphate from rocks Runoff Runoff element phosphorus? living organisms usethe 13. Evaluate 14. Summarize phosphorus cycle? living thingsaffect the Visual Check Reading Check Phosphate incorporated into sedimentary rocksinto sedimentary into sedimentary rocksinto sedimentary Phosphate in solution How do How do 231 44/6/10 5:07:25PM / 6 / 1 0

5 : 0 7 : 2 5

P M M P

8 3 : 7 0 : 5

0 1 / 6 / 44/6/10 5:07:38 PM Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. from from Chemical runoff Large amounts Large of organic matter of organic uses up oxygen in water. uses up oxygen photosynthesizing plants. photosynthesizing Less light causes death of some of causes death light Less Aerobic decomposition (bacteria) decomposition Aerobic

e

a

g l a

e

m o m s e

u

c f

c a

s o

f r

k h

c t u i

s a h Increased levels of and of nitrates levels Increased

phosphates in rivers and ponds in rivers phosphates

r e

t

e d

t

n

i

a Heavy wash away Clearing also exposes soil. the phosphorus cycle. Other practices also can impact

s

w t

l

n u

important element makes the soil unproductive for future important element makes the crops. figure above, runoff from farms, homes, shown in the As Rain can wash the and factories can contain phosphorus. and lakes. Algae consume phosphorus into rivers, , population increases. As the phosphorus, and the algae use up oxygen in the water. excess algae decompose, they organisms. This harms fish and other aquatic the phosphorus released by decaying plants. The lack of this the phosphorus released by decaying

s

o

e r Humans and the Phosphorus Cycle the Phosphorus and Humans Death of fish and Death other aquatic organisms other aquatic How How 8

d d n the path of i . Residential Residential 7 and industrial runoff and industrial 0 4 9 8 8 _ 1 Reading Check L Visual Check Visual _ Earth The System Reading Essentials E R _ 9 232

16. Describe 15. Trace 15. Trace sewage. residential can farming affect the phosphorus cycle? 0 0 _ 1 0 0 _ 1 2 1 CC121_001_009_RE_L1_889407.indd 8 CC121_001_009_RE_L1_889407.indd 9 1 2 1 _ 0 0 1 _ 0 0 9 _ R E

_ Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. L 1 _ 8 8 9 4 0 edn setas h at ytm System The Earth Reading Essentials 3. 2. 1. greenhouse gas: cycle: carbon Mini Glossary 7 . trees takeinCO More CO Impact: i What doyouthink n Did you changeyour mind? agree withthestatement oraDifyou disagree. lesson. Fill intheAfter column withanAifyou Reread thestatements atthebeginning ofthe d describes itsimpact.Fillinthegraphicorganizeronrightforphosphoruscycle. The diagramontheleftidentifiesonehumanactivitythatdisturbscarboncycleand the relationshipbetweengreenhousegasesandlifeonEarth. Review thetermsandtheirdefinitionsinMiniGlossary. Write asentenceexplaining question aboutthecarbonorphosphoruscycleinspacebelow. Reviewtheinformationintableyoucreatedasreadlessonandwritea d reradiates thermalenergy from the Sun carbon among Earth systems carbon amongEarth

9 2 remains inatmosphere becausefewer the seriesofprocesses that continuously move 2 a gasintheatmosphere that absorbsand Human activity: forests of large tracts cutting down duringphotosynthesis. abnCcePhosphorusCycle Carbon Cycle phosphorus cycle: phosphorus cycle: Impact: lesson’s . and access your textbook to findthis Log onto ConnectED.mcgraw-hill.com phosphorus among Earth systems phosphorus amongEarth C onnect ED Human activity: the seriesofprocesses that move LESSON END OF 233 44/6/10 5:07:47PM / 6 / 1 0

5 : 0 7 : 4 7

P M