Observe the Unique Properties of Water in Everyday Life
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Application of Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles to Enhance Rheological and Filtration Properties of Water Based Muds at HPHT Condit
Application of Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles to Enhance Rheological and Filtration Properties of Water Based Muds at HPHT Conditions Sean Robert Smith1, Roozbeh Rafati*1, Amin Sharifi Haddad1, Ashleigh Cooper2, Hossein Hamidi1 1School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom, AB24 3UE 2Baroid Drilling Fluid Laboratory, Halliburton, Dyce, Aberdeen, United Kingdom, AB21 0GN Abstract Drilling fluid is of one of the most important elements of any drilling operation, and through ever advancing technologies for deep water and extended reach drillings, enhancement of drilling fluids properties for such harsh conditions need to be investigated. Currently oil based fluids are used in these types of advanced drilling operations, as their performance at high pressure and high temperature conditions, and deviated wells are superior compared to water based fluids. However, the high costs associated with using them, and environmental concerns of such oil base fluids are drawbacks of them at the moment. In this study, we tried to find a solution for such issues through investigation on the potential application of a new nano-enhanced water base fluid for advanced drilling operations. We analysed the performance of water base drilling fluids that were formulated with two type of nanomaterials (aluminium oxide and silica) at both high and low pressure and temperature conditions (high: up to 120 oC and 500 psi, low: 23 oC and 14.7 psi). The results were compared with a base case drilling fluid with no nanomaterial, and they showed that there is an optimum concentration for aluminium oxide nanoparticles that can be used to improve the rheological and filtration properties of drilling fluids. -
“Mining” Water Ice on Mars an Assessment of ISRU Options in Support of Future Human Missions
National Aeronautics and Space Administration “Mining” Water Ice on Mars An Assessment of ISRU Options in Support of Future Human Missions Stephen Hoffman, Alida Andrews, Kevin Watts July 2016 Agenda • Introduction • What kind of water ice are we talking about • Options for accessing the water ice • Drilling Options • “Mining” Options • EMC scenario and requirements • Recommendations and future work Acknowledgement • The authors of this report learned much during the process of researching the technologies and operations associated with drilling into icy deposits and extract water from those deposits. We would like to acknowledge the support and advice provided by the following individuals and their organizations: – Brian Glass, PhD, NASA Ames Research Center – Robert Haehnel, PhD, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers/Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory – Patrick Haggerty, National Science Foundation/Geosciences/Polar Programs – Jennifer Mercer, PhD, National Science Foundation/Geosciences/Polar Programs – Frank Rack, PhD, University of Nebraska-Lincoln – Jason Weale, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers/Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Mining Water Ice on Mars INTRODUCTION Background • Addendum to M-WIP study, addressing one of the areas not fully covered in this report: accessing and mining water ice if it is present in certain glacier-like forms – The M-WIP report is available at http://mepag.nasa.gov/reports.cfm • The First Landing Site/Exploration Zone Workshop for Human Missions to Mars (October 2015) set the target -
Usgs Water Data
USGS WATER RESOURCES ONLINE PLACES TO START USGS Water home page http://water.usgs.gov/ USGS Water data page http://water.usgs.gov/data/ USGS Publications Warehouse http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/ USGS National Real-Time Water Quality http://nrtwq.usgs.gov/ USGS Water Science Centers http://xx.water.usgs.gov/ (where “xx” is two-letter State code) USGS WATER DATA NWIS-Web http://waterdata.usgs.gov/ NWIS-Web is the general online interface to the USGS National Water Information System (NWIS). Discrete water-sample and time-series data from 1.5 million sites in all 50 States. Results from 5 million water samples with 90 million water-quality results are available from a wide variety of retrieval methods including standard and customized map interfaces. Time-series retrievals include instantaneous measurements back to October 2007, soon to include the longer historical record. BioData http://aquatic.biodata.usgs.gov/ Access to results from more than 15,000 macroinvertebrate, algae, and fish community samples from more than 2,000 sites nationwide. StreamStats http://streamstats.usgs.gov/ssonline.html A map-based tool that allows users to easily obtain streamflow statistics, drainage-basin characteristics, and other information for user-selected sites on streams. Water Quality Portal http://www.waterqualitydata.us/ A cooperative service sponsored by USGS, EPA, and NWQMC that integrates publicly available water-quality data from the USGS NWIS database and the EPA STORET data warehouse. NAWQA Data Warehouse http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/data.html A collection of chemical, biological, and physical water quality data used in the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program, drawn partly from NWIS and BioData. -
Physical-Chemical Properties of Complex Natural Fluids
Physical-chemical properties of complex natural fluids Vorgelegt von Diplom-Geochemiker Diplom-Mathematiker Sergey Churakov aus Moskau an der Fakultät VI - Bauingenieurwesen und Angewandte Geowissenschaften - der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften - Dr. rer. nat. - genehmigte Dissertation Berichter: Prof. Dr. G. Franz Berichter: Prof. Dr. T. M. Seward Berichter: PD. Dr. M. Gottschalk Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 27. August 2001 Berlin 2001 D83 Abstract The dissertation is focused on the processes of transport and precipitation of metals in high temperature fumarole gases (a); thermodynamic properties of metamorphic fluids at high pressures (b); and the extent of hydrogen-bonding in supercritical water over wide range of densities and temperatures (c). (a) At about 10 Mpa, degassing of magmas is accompanied by formation of neary ‘dry’ salt melts as a second fluid phase, very strong fractionation of hydrolysis products between vapour and melts, as well as subvalence state of metals during transport processes. Based on chemical analyses of gases and condensates from high-temperature fumaroles of the Kudryavy volcano (i Iturup, Kuril Arc, Russia), a thermodynamic simulation of transport and deposition of ore- and rock-forming elements in high-temperature volcanic gases within the temperature range of 373-1373 K at 1 bar pressure have been performed. The results of the numerical simulations are consistent with field observations. Alkali and alkali earth metals, Ga, In, Tl, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn are mainly transported as chlorides in the gas phase. Sulfide and chloride forms are characteristic of Ge, Sn, Pb, and Bi at intermediate and low temperatures. -
Impact of Solute Molecular Properties on the Organization of Nearby Water: a Cellular Automata Model
Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures Vol. 7, No. 2, April - June 2012, p. 469 - 475 IMPACT OF SOLUTE MOLECULAR PROPERTIES ON THE ORGANIZATION OF NEARBY WATER: A CELLULAR AUTOMATA MODEL C. MIHAIa, A. VELEAb,e, N. ROMANc, L. TUGULEAa, N. I. MOLDOVANd** aDepartment of Electricity, Solid State and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Romania bNational Institute of Materials Physics, Bucharest - Magurele, Romania cDepartment of Computer Science, The Ohio State University - Lima, Ohio, USA dDepartment of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University - Columbus, Ohio, USA e"Horia Hulubei” Foundation, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania The goal of this study was the creation of a model to understand how solute properties influence the structure of nearby water. To this end, we used a two-dimensional cellular automaton model of aqueous solutions. The probabilities of translocation of water and solute molecules to occupy nearby sites, and their momentary distributions (including that of vacancies), are considered indicative of solute molecular mechanics and hydrophatic character, and are reflected in water molecules packing, i.e. ‘organization’. We found that in the presence of hydrophilic solutes the fraction of water molecules with fewer neighbors was dominant, and inverse-proportionally dependent on their relative concentration. Hydrophobic molecules induced water organization, but this effect was countered by their own flexibility. These results show the emergence of cooperative effects in the manner the molecular milieu affects local organization of water, and suggests a mechanism through which molecular mechanics and crowding add a defining contribution to the way the solute impacts on nearby water. -
Hydraulics Manual Glossary G - 3
Glossary G - 1 GLOSSARY OF HIGHWAY-RELATED DRAINAGE TERMS (Reprinted from the 1999 edition of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Model Drainage Manual) G.1 Introduction This Glossary is divided into three parts: · Introduction, · Glossary, and · References. It is not intended that all the terms in this Glossary be rigorously accurate or complete. Realistically, this is impossible. Depending on the circumstance, a particular term may have several meanings; this can never change. The primary purpose of this Glossary is to define the terms found in the Highway Drainage Guidelines and Model Drainage Manual in a manner that makes them easier to interpret and understand. A lesser purpose is to provide a compendium of terms that will be useful for both the novice as well as the more experienced hydraulics engineer. This Glossary may also help those who are unfamiliar with highway drainage design to become more understanding and appreciative of this complex science as well as facilitate communication between the highway hydraulics engineer and others. Where readily available, the source of a definition has been referenced. For clarity or format purposes, cited definitions may have some additional verbiage contained in double brackets [ ]. Conversely, three “dots” (...) are used to indicate where some parts of a cited definition were eliminated. Also, as might be expected, different sources were found to use different hyphenation and terminology practices for the same words. Insignificant changes in this regard were made to some cited references and elsewhere to gain uniformity for the terms contained in this Glossary: as an example, “groundwater” vice “ground-water” or “ground water,” and “cross section area” vice “cross-sectional area.” Cited definitions were taken primarily from two sources: W.B. -
Glossary of Terms
GLOSSARY OF TERMS For the purpose of this Handbook, the following definitions and abbreviations shall apply. Although all of the definitions and abbreviations listed below may have not been used in this Handbook, the additional terminology is provided to assist the user of Handbook in understanding technical terminology associated with Drainage Improvement Projects and the associated regulations. Program-specific terms have been defined separately for each program and are contained in pertinent sub-sections of Section 2 of this handbook. ACRONYMS ASTM American Society for Testing Materials CBBEL Christopher B. Burke Engineering, Ltd. COE United States Army Corps of Engineers EPA Environmental Protection Agency IDEM Indiana Department of Environmental Management IDNR Indiana Department of Natural Resources NRCS USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service SWCD Soil and Water Conservation District USDA United States Department of Agriculture USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service DEFINITIONS AASHTO Classification. The official classification of soil materials and soil aggregate mixtures for highway construction used by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Abutment. The sloping sides of a valley that supports the ends of a dam. Acre-Foot. The volume of water that will cover 1 acre to a depth of 1 ft. Aggregate. (1) The sand and gravel portion of concrete (65 to 75% by volume), the rest being cement and water. Fine aggregate contains particles ranging from 1/4 in. down to that retained on a 200-mesh screen. Coarse aggregate ranges from 1/4 in. up to l½ in. (2) That which is installed for the purpose of changing drainage characteristics. -
Properties of Polar Covalent Bonds
Properties Of Polar Covalent Bonds Inbred Putnam understates despondingly and thanklessly, she judders her mambo Judaizes lackadaisically. Ish and sealed Mel jazz her Flavia stull unhasp and adsorb pugnaciously. Comtist and compartmental Kirk regularizes some sims so gutturally! Electronegativity form is generated by a net positve charge, not symmetrical and some of polar covalent bond is nonpolar covalent bond polarity That results from the sharing of valence electrons is a covalent bond from a covalent bond the. These negatively charged ions form. Covalent bond in chemistry the interatomic linkage that results from the. Such a covalent bond is polar and cream have a dipole one heir is positive and the. Chemistry-polar and non-polar molecules Dynamic Science. Chapter 1 Structure Determines Properties Ch 1 contents. Properties of polar covalent bond always occurs between different atoms electronegativity difference between bonded atoms is moderate 05 and 19 Pauling. Covalent character of a slight positive charge, low vapour pressure, the molecules align themselves away from their valence shell of electrons! What fee the properties of a polar molecule? Polar bonds form first two bonded atoms share electrons unequally. Has a direct latch on many properties of organic compounds like solubility boiling. Polar covalent bond property, causing some properties of proteins and each? When trying to bond property of properties are stuck together shifts are shared. Covalent bonds extend its all directions in the crystal structure Diamond tribute one transparent substance that peddle a 3D covalent network lattice. Acids are important compounds with specific properties that turnover be dis- cussed at burn in. -
Synthesis and Investigation of the Properties of Water Soluble Quantum Dots for Bioapplications
Synthesis and Investigation of the Properties of Water Soluble Quantum Dots for Bioapplications A Thesis by Fatemeh Mir Najafi Zadeh Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Recruitment for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry Supervisor: A/Prof. John A.Stride Co-supervisor: A/Prof. Marcus Cole School of Chemistry Faculty of Science August 2014 The University of New South Wales Thesis/ Dissertation Sheet Surname or family name: Mir Najafi Zadeh First name: Fatemeh Other name/s: Abbreviation for degree as given in the University calendar: PhD School: Chemistry Faculty: Science Title: Synthesis and Investigation of the Properties of Water Soluble Quantum Dots for Bioapplications Abstract Semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots (QDs) have received a great deal of attention over the last decade due to their unique optical and physical properties, classifying them as potential tools for biological and medical applications. However, there are some serious restrictions to the bioapplications of QDs such as water solubility, toxicity and photostability in biological environments for both in-vivo and in-vitro studies. In this thesis, studies have focused on the preparation of highly luminescent, water soluble and photostable QDs of low toxicity that can then be potentially used in a biological context. First, CdSe nanoparticles were synthesized in an aqueous route in order to investigate the parameters affecting formation of nanoparticles. Then, water soluble CdSe(S) and ZnSe(S) QDs were synthesized. These CdSe(S) QDs were also coated with ZnO and Fe2O3 to produce CdSe(S)/ZnO and CdSe(S)/Fe2O3 core/shell QDs. The cytotoxicities of as-prepared CdSe(S), ZnSe (S) and CdSe(S)/ZnO QDs were studied in the presence of two cell lines: HCT-116 cell line as cancer cells and WS1 cell line as normal cells. -
The Water Molecule
Seawater Chemistry: Key Ideas Water is a polar molecule with the remarkable ability to dissolve more substances than any other natural solvent. Salinity is the measure of dissolved inorganic solids in water. The most abundant ions dissolved in seawater are chloride, sodium, sulfate, and magnesium. The ocean is in steady state (approx. equilibrium). Water density is greatly affected by temperature and salinity Light and sound travel differently in water than they do in air. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are the most important dissolved gases. 1 The Water Molecule Water is a polar molecule with a positive and a negative side. 2 1 Water Molecule Asymmetry of a water molecule and distribution of electrons result in a dipole structure with the oxygen end of the molecule negatively charged and the hydrogen end of the molecule positively charged. 3 The Water Molecule Dipole structure of water molecule produces an electrostatic bond (hydrogen bond) between water molecules. Hydrogen bonds form when the positive end of one water molecule bonds to the negative end of another water molecule. 4 2 Figure 4.1 5 The Dissolving Power of Water As solid sodium chloride dissolves, the positive and negative ions are attracted to the positive and negative ends of the polar water molecules. 6 3 Formation of Hydrated Ions Water dissolves salts by surrounding the atoms in the salt crystal and neutralizing the ionic bond holding the atoms together. 7 Important Property of Water: Heat Capacity Amount of heat to raise T of 1 g by 1oC Water has high heat capacity - 1 calorie Rocks and minerals have low HC ~ 0.2 cal. -
Thermophysical Properties of Materials for Water Cooled Reactors
XA9744411 IAEA-TECDOC-949 Thermophysical properties of materials for water cooled reactors June 1997 ¥DL 2 8 fe 2 Q The IAEA does not normally maintain stocks of reports in this series. However, microfiche copies of these reports can be obtained from IN IS Clearinghouse International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramerstrasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria Orders should be accompanied by prepayment of Austrian Schillings 100,- in the form of a cheque or in the form of IAEA microfiche service coupons which may be ordered separately from the IN IS Clearinghouse. IAEA-TECDOC-949 Thermophysical properties of materials for water cooled reactors WJ INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY /A\ June 1997 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Nuclear Power Technology Development Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramerstrasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS FOR WATER COOLED REACTORS IAEA, VIENNA, 1997 IAEA-TECDOC-949 ISSN 1011-4289 ©IAEA, 1997 Printed by the IAEA in Austria June 1997 FOREWORD The IAEA Co-ordinated Research Programme (CRP) to establish a thermophysical properties data base for light and heavy water reactor materials was organized within the framework of the IAEA's International Working Group on Advanced Technologies for Water Cooled Reactors. The work within the CRP started in 1990. The objective of the CRP was to collect and systematize a thenmophysical properties data base for light and heavy water reactor materials under normal operating, transient and accident conditions. The important thermophysical properties include thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity, enthalpy, thermal expansion and others. -
Glossary of Terms
Glossary of English/Spanish Superfund & WQARF Terms (Note: You may access the bookmark menu at the left to navigate this document more efficiently.) Any ADEQ translation or communication in a language other than English is unofficial and not binding on the State of Arizona. Cualquier traducción o comunicado de ADEQ en un idioma diferente al inglés no es oficial y no sujetará al Estado de Arizona a ninguna obligación jurídica. A Absorption: The passage of one substance into or through another. Absorción: Absorción es el paso de una sustancia a través de otra. Acre-foot: A quantity or volume of water covering one acre to a depth of one foot; equal to 43,560 cubic feet or 325,851 gallons. Acre-pie: Una cantidad o volumen de agua que cubre un acre a una profundidad de un pie; es un equivalente a 43.560 pies cúbicos o 325.851 galones. Activated Carbon: Adsorptive particles or granules of carbon usually obtained by heating carbon (such as wood). These particles or granules have a high capacity to selectively remove certain trace and soluble materials from water. Carbono Activo: Partículas or gránulos de carbono que se obtienen generalmente por medio del calentamiento de carbono (como la madera). Estas partículas o gránulos tienen una alta capacidad de eliminar selectivamente ciertos rastros y materiales solubles del agua. Acute: Occurring over a short period of time; used to describe brief exposures and effects which appear promptly after exposure. Grave: Ocurre durante corto tiempo; se usa para describir breves exposiciones y los efectos que aparecen rapidamente después de una sola exposición.