The Water Molecule
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Pr Rediction N of Rel Refere M Ative De Ence to C Master O Civil E Ensity Of
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ethesis@nitr Prediction of Relative Density of Sand with Particular Reference to Compaction Energy A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Technology in Civil Engineering Shuvranshu Kumar Rout DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROURKELA August, 2009 Prediction of Relative Density of Sand with Particular Reference to Compaction Energy A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Technology in Civil Engineering By Shuvranshu Kumar Rout Under the Guidance of Prof. C. R. Patra Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela August 2009 National Institute of Technology Rourkela CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “Prediction of relative density of sand with particular reference to compaction energgy” submitted by Mr Shuvranshu Kumar Rout in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Master of Technology in Civil Engineering at National Institute of Technology, Rourkela is an authentic work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance. To the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied in the thesis has not been submitted to any other University / Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma. Date: Dr. C. R Patra Professor Dept. of Civil Engg. National Institute of Technologgy Rourkela – 769008 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I sincerely express my deep sense of gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Prof. Chittaranjan Patra for his expert guidance, continuous encouragement and inspiration throughout the course of thesis work. -
Sodium Chloride (Halite, Common Salt Or Table Salt, Rock Salt)
71376, 71386 Sodium chloride (Halite, Common Salt or Table Salt, Rock Salt) CAS number: 7647-14-5 Product Description: Molecular formula: NaCl Appearance: white powder (crystalline) Molecular weight: 58.44 g/mol Density of large crystals: 2.17 g/ml1 Melting Point: 804°C1 Density: 1.186 g/ml (5 M in water)2 2 Solubility: 1 M in H2O, 20°C, complete, clear, colorless 2 pH: 5.0-8.0 (1 M in H2O, 25°C) Store at room temperature Sodium chloride is geologically stable. If kept dry, it will remain a free-flowing solid for years. Traces of magnesium or calcium chloride in commercial sodium chloride adsorb moisture, making it cake. The trace moisture does not harm the material chemically in any way. 71378 BioUltra 71386 BioUltra for molecular biology, 5 M Solution The products are suitable for different applications like purification, precipitation, crystallisation and other applications which require tight control of elemental content. Trace elemental analyses have been performed for all qualities. The molecular biology quality is also tested for absence of nucleases. The Certificate of Analysis provides lot-specific results. Much of the sodium chloride is mined from salts deposited from evaporation of brine of ancient oceans, or recovered from sea water by solar evaporation. Due to the presence of trace hygroscopic minerals, food-grade salt has a small amount of silicate added to prevent caking; as a result, concentrated solutions of "table salt" are usually slightly cloudy in appearance. 71376 and 71386 do not contain any anti-caking agent. Applications: Sodium chloride is a commonly used chemical found in nature and in all body tissue, and is considered an essential nutrient. -
Uncovering Evidence for Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals That Elicit Differential Susceptibility Through Gene-Environment Interactions
toxics Review Uncovering Evidence for Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals That Elicit Differential Susceptibility through Gene-Environment Interactions Dylan J. Wallis 1 , Lisa Truong 2 , Jane La Du 2, Robyn L. Tanguay 2 and David M. Reif 1,* 1 Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; [email protected] (L.T.); [email protected] (J.L.D.); [email protected] (R.L.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is linked to myriad disorders, charac- terized by the disruption of the complex endocrine signaling pathways that govern development, physiology, and even behavior across the entire body. The mechanisms of endocrine disruption in- volve a complex system of pathways that communicate across the body to stimulate specific receptors that bind DNA and regulate the expression of a suite of genes. These mechanisms, including gene regulation, DNA binding, and protein binding, can be tied to differences in individual susceptibility across a genetically diverse population. In this review, we posit that EDCs causing such differential responses may be identified by looking for a signal of population variability after exposure. We begin Citation: Wallis, D.J.; Truong, L.; La by summarizing how the biology of EDCs has implications for genetically diverse populations. We Du, J.; Tanguay, R.L.; Reif, D.M. then describe how gene-environment interactions (GxE) across the complex pathways of endocrine Uncovering Evidence for Endocrine- signaling could lead to differences in susceptibility. We survey examples in the literature of individual Disrupting Chemicals That Elicit susceptibility differences to EDCs, pointing to a need for research in this area, especially regarding Differential Susceptibility through the exceedingly complex thyroid pathway. -
Calcium Chloride CAS N°:10043-52-4
OECD SIDS CALCIUM CHLORIDE FOREWORD INTRODUCTION Calcium chloride CAS N°:10043-52-4 UNEP PUBLICATIONS 1 OECD SIDS CALCIUM CHLORIDE SIDS Initial Assessment Report For SIAM 15 Boston, USA 22-25th October 2002 1. Chemical Name: Calcium chloride 2. CAS Number: 10043-52-4 3. Sponsor Country: Japan National SIDS Contact Point in Sponsor Country: Mr. Yasuhisa Kawamura Director Second Organization Div. Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 100 4. Shared Partnership with: 5. Roles/Responsibilities of the Partners: • Name of industry sponsor Tokuyama Corporation /consortium Mr. Shigeru Moriyama, E-mail: [email protected] Mr. Norikazu Hattori, E-mail: [email protected] • Process used 6. Sponsorship History • How was the chemical or This substance is sponsored by Japan under ICCA Initiative and category brought into the is submitted for first discussion at SIAM 15. OECD HPV Chemicals Programme ? 7. Review Process Prior to The industry consortium collected new data and prepared the the SIAM: updated IUCLID, and draft versions of the SIAR and SIAP. Japanese government peer-reviewed the documents, audited selected studies. 8. Quality check process: 9. Date of Submission: 10. Date of last Update: 2 UNEP PUBLICATIONS OECD SIDS CALCIUM CHLORIDE 11. Comments: No testing (X) Testing ( ) The CaCl2-HPV Consortium members: (Japan) Asahi Glass Co., Ltd. Central Glass Co., Ltd. Sanuki Kasei Co., Ltd. Tokuyama Corporation [a global leader of the CaCl2-HPV Consortium] Tosoh Corporation (Europe) Brunner Mond (UK) Ltd. Solvay S.A. (North America) The Dow Chemical Company General Chemical Industrial Products Inc. Tetra Technologies, Inc. -
Application of Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles to Enhance Rheological and Filtration Properties of Water Based Muds at HPHT Condit
Application of Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles to Enhance Rheological and Filtration Properties of Water Based Muds at HPHT Conditions Sean Robert Smith1, Roozbeh Rafati*1, Amin Sharifi Haddad1, Ashleigh Cooper2, Hossein Hamidi1 1School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom, AB24 3UE 2Baroid Drilling Fluid Laboratory, Halliburton, Dyce, Aberdeen, United Kingdom, AB21 0GN Abstract Drilling fluid is of one of the most important elements of any drilling operation, and through ever advancing technologies for deep water and extended reach drillings, enhancement of drilling fluids properties for such harsh conditions need to be investigated. Currently oil based fluids are used in these types of advanced drilling operations, as their performance at high pressure and high temperature conditions, and deviated wells are superior compared to water based fluids. However, the high costs associated with using them, and environmental concerns of such oil base fluids are drawbacks of them at the moment. In this study, we tried to find a solution for such issues through investigation on the potential application of a new nano-enhanced water base fluid for advanced drilling operations. We analysed the performance of water base drilling fluids that were formulated with two type of nanomaterials (aluminium oxide and silica) at both high and low pressure and temperature conditions (high: up to 120 oC and 500 psi, low: 23 oC and 14.7 psi). The results were compared with a base case drilling fluid with no nanomaterial, and they showed that there is an optimum concentration for aluminium oxide nanoparticles that can be used to improve the rheological and filtration properties of drilling fluids. -
The Chemical Origin of Behavior Is Rooted in Abiogenesis
Life 2012, 2, 313-322; doi:10.3390/life2040313 OPEN ACCESS life ISSN 2075-1729 www.mdpi.com/journal/life Article The Chemical Origin of Behavior is Rooted in Abiogenesis Brian C. Larson, R. Paul Jensen and Niles Lehman * Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, OR 97207, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (B.C.L.); [email protected] (R.P.J.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-503-725-8769. Received: 6 August 2012; in revised form: 29 September 2012 / Accepted: 2 November 2012 / Published: 7 November 2012 Abstract: We describe the initial realization of behavior in the biosphere, which we term behavioral chemistry. If molecules are complex enough to attain a stochastic element to their structural conformation in such as a way as to radically affect their function in a biological (evolvable) setting, then they have the capacity to behave. This circumstance is described here as behavioral chemistry, unique in its definition from the colloquial chemical behavior. This transition between chemical behavior and behavioral chemistry need be explicit when discussing the root cause of behavior, which itself lies squarely at the origins of life and is the foundation of choice. RNA polymers of sufficient length meet the criteria for behavioral chemistry and therefore are capable of making a choice. Keywords: behavior; chemistry; free will; RNA; origins of life 1. Introduction Behavior is an integral feature of life. Behavior is manifest when a choice is possible, and a living entity responds to its environment in one of multiple possible ways. -
Ozone Questions and Answers
FRom THE WORLd’s #1 IN-flooR CLEANING SYSTEMS CompANY OZONE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WHY OZONATE MY POOL OR SPA? ANSWER: Pool owners who are concerned about the harmful effects of chlorine will be interested in reducing chlorine levels in the water. In particular, pools with chlorine-only systems can be harmful as the skin’s pores open up and ingest chlorine into the body. In some cases competitive swimmers will refuse to swim in a chlorine-only pool, and Olympic pools are generally ozonated for this reason. WHAT IS OZONE? ANSWER: Ozone is active oxygen, O3. Ozone occurs naturally in the earth’s atmosphere to protect us from the sun’s harmful rays. As single oxygen atoms are very unstable, they travel around in pairs which are written scientifically as O2. Ozone is made up of three oxygen atoms written as O3. When activated, it is called Triatomic Oxygen. HOW DOES OZONE WORK? ANSWER: Ozone is up to 50 times more powerful at killing bacteria and viruses than traditional pool chemicals and up to 3000 times faster. Ozone is faster than chlorine at killing bacteria because chlorine needs to diffuse through the cell wall and disrupt the bacteria’s metabolism. Ozone, however ruptures the cell wall from the outside causing the cell’s contents to fall apart. This process is known as “cellular lyses”. This process takes place in about 2 seconds. With ozone, after the destruction of the cell all that is left are carbon dioxide, cell debris and water. Once this process is complete ozone reverts back to oxygen O2; which makes ClearO3 a very eco-friendly product. -
Exploring Density
Exploring Density Students investigate the densities of different liquids and solids and understand how density may help identify a substance. Suggested Grade Range: 6-8 Approximate Time: 1 hour Relevant National Content Standards: Next Generation Science Standards Science and Engineering Practices: Developing and using Models Modeling in 6–8 builds on K–5 experiences and progresses to developing, using, and revising models to describe, test, and predict more abstract phenomena and design systems. • Develop and use a model to describe phenomena. Science and Engineering Practices: Analyzing and Interpreting Data Analyzing data in 6-8 builds on K-5 and progresses to extending quantitative analysis to investigations, distinguishing between correlation and causation, and basic statistical techniques of data and error analysis. • Analyze and interpret data to determine similarities and differences in findings. Disciplinary Core Ideas: PS1.A Structure and Properties of Matter Each pure substance has characteristic physical and chemical properties (for any bulk quantity under given conditions) that can be used to identify it. Common Core State Standard: 7NS 2. Apply and extend previous understanding of multiplication and division and of fractions to multiply and divide rational numbers. 3. Solve real-world and mathematical problems involving the four operations with rational numbers. Common Core State Standard: 7EE Solve real-life and mathematical problems using numerical and algebraic expressions and equations. 4. Use variables to represent -
Relation Between the Melting Temperature and the Temperature of Maximum Density for the Most Common Models of Water ͒ C
THE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 123, 144504 ͑2005͒ Relation between the melting temperature and the temperature of maximum density for the most common models of water ͒ C. Vegaa and J. L. F. Abascal Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain ͑Received 22 June 2005; accepted 16 August 2005; published online 11 October 2005͒ Water exhibits a maximum in density at normal pressure at 4° above its melting point. The reproduction of this maximum is a stringent test for potential models used commonly in simulations of water. The relation between the melting temperature and the temperature of maximum density for these potential models is unknown mainly due to our ignorance about the melting temperature of these models. Recently we have determined the melting temperature of ice Ih for several commonly used models of water ͑SPC, SPC/E, TIP3P, TIP4P, TIP4P/Ew, and TIP5P͒. In this work we locate the temperature of maximum density for these models. In this way the relative location of the temperature of maximum density with respect to the melting temperature is established. For SPC, SPC/E, TIP3P, TIP4P, and TIP4P/Ew the maximum in density occurs at about 21–37 K above the melting temperature. In all these models the negative charge is located either on the oxygen itself or on a point along the H–O–H bisector. For the TIP5P and TIP5P-E models the maximum in density occurs at about 11 K above the melting temperature. The location of the negative charge appears as a geometrical crucial factor to the relative position of the temperature of maximum density with respect to the melting temperature. -