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Introduction to Chemistry

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Introduction to Chemistry Introduction to Chemistry Author: Tracy Poulsen Digital Proofer Supported by CK-12 Foundation CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook Introduction to Chem... materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based Authored by Tracy Poulsen collaborative model termed the “FlexBook,” CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and 8.5" x 11.0" (21.59 x 27.94 cm) distribution of high-quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide Black & White on White paper an adaptive environment for learning. 250 pages ISBN-13: 9781478298601 Copyright © 2010, CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org ISBN-10: 147829860X Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made Please carefully review your Digital Proof download for formatting, available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share grammar, and design issues that may need to be corrected. Alike 3.0 Unported (CC-by-NC-SA) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc- sa/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Commons from time to time (the “CC License”), We recommend that you review your book three times, with each time focusing on a different aspect. which is incorporated herein by this reference. Specific details can be found at http://about.ck12.org/terms. Check the format, including headers, footers, page 1 numbers, spacing, table of contents, and index. 2 Review any images or graphics and captions if applicable. 3 Read the book for grammatical errors and typos. Once you are satisfied with your review, you can approve your proof and move forward to the next step in the publishing process. To print this proof we recommend that you scale the PDF to fit the size of your printer paper. 1 www.ck12.org Table of Contents 6.2: Solution Formation .................................................................................................... 121 Course Objectives by Chapter .................................................................................................. 5 6.3: Concentration ............................................................................................................. 124 Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemistry & the Nature of Science............................................... 8 6.4: Colligative Properties ................................................................................................ 128 1.1: The Process of Science ................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 7: Describing Chemical Reactions .......................................................................... 134 1.2: Hypothesis, Law, & Theory ......................................................................................... 14 7.1: Chemical & Physical Change .................................................................................... 134 1.3: Graphing ...................................................................................................................... 18 7.2: Reaction Rate ............................................................................................................. 137 Chapter 2: The Structure of the Atom .................................................................................... 24 7.3: Chemical Reactions and Equations ............................................................................ 145 2.1: Early Ideas of Atoms ................................................................................................... 24 7.4: Balancing Chemical Equations ................................................................................. 148 2.2: Further Understanding of the Atom ............................................................................ 28 7.5: Types of Reactions..................................................................................................... 153 2.3: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons in Atoms ................................................................. 35 7.6: Stoichiometry ............................................................................................................. 159 2.4: Atomic Mass ................................................................................................................ 41 7.7: Reversible reaction & Equilibrium ............................................................................ 165 2.5: The Nature of Light ..................................................................................................... 43 7.8: Equilibrium Constant ................................................................................................. 168 2.6: Electron Arrangement in Atoms .................................................................................. 50 7.9: The Effects of Applying Stress to Reactions at Equilibrium ..................................... 171 Chapter 3: The Organization of the Elements ......................................................................... 55 Chapter 8: Describing Acids & Bases .................................................................................. 177 3.1: Mendeleev’s Periodic Table ........................................................................................ 55 8.1: Classifying Acids and Bases ...................................................................................... 177 3.2: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids ............................................................................. 59 8.2: pH............................................................................................................................... 180 3.3: Valence Electrons ........................................................................................................ 61 8.3: Neutralization............................................................................................................. 184 3.4: Families and Periods of the Periodic Table ................................................................. 62 8.4: Titration ..................................................................................................................... 186 3.5: Periodic Trends ............................................................................................................ 65 Chapter 9: Energy of Chemical Changes .............................................................................. 190 Chapter 4: Describing Compounds ......................................................................................... 71 9.1: Energy ........................................................................................................................ 190 4.1: Introduction to Compounds ......................................................................................... 71 9.2: Endothermic and Exothermic Changes...................................................................... 191 4.2: Types of Compounds and Their Properties ................................................................. 74 9.3: Oxidation – Reduction ............................................................................................... 194 4.3: Names and Charges of Ions ......................................................................................... 78 Chapter 10: Nuclear Changes ............................................................................................... 201 4.4: Writing Ionic Formulas ................................................................................................ 84 10.1: Discovery of Radioactivity ...................................................................................... 201 4.5: Naming Ionic Compounds ........................................................................................... 86 10.2: Types of Radiation ................................................................................................... 203 4.6: Covalent Compounds & Lewis Structures................................................................... 90 10.3: Half-life & Rate of Radioactive Decay .................................................................... 209 4.7: Molecular Geometry .................................................................................................... 94 10.4: Applications of Nuclear Changes ............................................................................ 213 4.8: Polarity & Hydrogen Bonding ..................................................................................... 97 10.5: Big Bang Theory ...................................................................................................... 219 Chapter 5: Problem Solving & the Mole .............................................................................. 104 Unit 3: Gases ......................................................................................................................... 222 5.1: Measurement Systems ............................................................................................... 104 11.1: Gases and Kinetic Theory ........................................................................................ 222 5.2: Scientific Notation ..................................................................................................... 109 11.2: Gas Laws.................................................................................................................. 226 5.3: Math in Chemistry ....................................................................................................
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