Introduction to Chemistry Author: Tracy Poulsen Digital Proofer Supported by CK-12 Foundation CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook Introduction to Chem... materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. 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To print this proof we recommend that you scale the PDF to fit the size of your printer paper. 1 www.ck12.org Table of Contents 6.2: Solution Formation .................................................................................................... 121 Course Objectives by Chapter .................................................................................................. 5 6.3: Concentration ............................................................................................................. 124 Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemistry & the Nature of Science............................................... 8 6.4: Colligative Properties ................................................................................................ 128 1.1: The Process of Science ................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 7: Describing Chemical Reactions .......................................................................... 134 1.2: Hypothesis, Law, & Theory ......................................................................................... 14 7.1: Chemical & Physical Change .................................................................................... 134 1.3: Graphing ...................................................................................................................... 18 7.2: Reaction Rate ............................................................................................................. 137 Chapter 2: The Structure of the Atom .................................................................................... 24 7.3: Chemical Reactions and Equations ............................................................................ 145 2.1: Early Ideas of Atoms ................................................................................................... 24 7.4: Balancing Chemical Equations ................................................................................. 148 2.2: Further Understanding of the Atom ............................................................................ 28 7.5: Types of Reactions..................................................................................................... 153 2.3: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons in Atoms ................................................................. 35 7.6: Stoichiometry ............................................................................................................. 159 2.4: Atomic Mass ................................................................................................................ 41 7.7: Reversible reaction & Equilibrium ............................................................................ 165 2.5: The Nature of Light ..................................................................................................... 43 7.8: Equilibrium Constant ................................................................................................. 168 2.6: Electron Arrangement in Atoms .................................................................................. 50 7.9: The Effects of Applying Stress to Reactions at Equilibrium ..................................... 171 Chapter 3: The Organization of the Elements ......................................................................... 55 Chapter 8: Describing Acids & Bases .................................................................................. 177 3.1: Mendeleev’s Periodic Table ........................................................................................ 55 8.1: Classifying Acids and Bases ...................................................................................... 177 3.2: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids ............................................................................. 59 8.2: pH............................................................................................................................... 180 3.3: Valence Electrons ........................................................................................................ 61 8.3: Neutralization............................................................................................................. 184 3.4: Families and Periods of the Periodic Table ................................................................. 62 8.4: Titration ..................................................................................................................... 186 3.5: Periodic Trends ............................................................................................................ 65 Chapter 9: Energy of Chemical Changes .............................................................................. 190 Chapter 4: Describing Compounds ......................................................................................... 71 9.1: Energy ........................................................................................................................ 190 4.1: Introduction to Compounds ......................................................................................... 71 9.2: Endothermic and Exothermic Changes...................................................................... 191 4.2: Types of Compounds and Their Properties ................................................................. 74 9.3: Oxidation – Reduction ............................................................................................... 194 4.3: Names and Charges of Ions ......................................................................................... 78 Chapter 10: Nuclear Changes ............................................................................................... 201 4.4: Writing Ionic Formulas ................................................................................................ 84 10.1: Discovery of Radioactivity ...................................................................................... 201 4.5: Naming Ionic Compounds ........................................................................................... 86 10.2: Types of Radiation ................................................................................................... 203 4.6: Covalent Compounds & Lewis Structures................................................................... 90 10.3: Half-life & Rate of Radioactive Decay .................................................................... 209 4.7: Molecular Geometry .................................................................................................... 94 10.4: Applications of Nuclear Changes ............................................................................ 213 4.8: Polarity & Hydrogen Bonding ..................................................................................... 97 10.5: Big Bang Theory ...................................................................................................... 219 Chapter 5: Problem Solving & the Mole .............................................................................. 104 Unit 3: Gases ......................................................................................................................... 222 5.1: Measurement Systems ............................................................................................... 104 11.1: Gases and Kinetic Theory ........................................................................................ 222 5.2: Scientific Notation ..................................................................................................... 109 11.2: Gas Laws.................................................................................................................. 226 5.3: Math in Chemistry ....................................................................................................