Physical-Chemical Properties of Complex Natural Fluids

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Physical-Chemical Properties of Complex Natural Fluids Physical-chemical properties of complex natural fluids Vorgelegt von Diplom-Geochemiker Diplom-Mathematiker Sergey Churakov aus Moskau an der Fakultät VI - Bauingenieurwesen und Angewandte Geowissenschaften - der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften - Dr. rer. nat. - genehmigte Dissertation Berichter: Prof. Dr. G. Franz Berichter: Prof. Dr. T. M. Seward Berichter: PD. Dr. M. Gottschalk Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 27. August 2001 Berlin 2001 D83 Abstract The dissertation is focused on the processes of transport and precipitation of metals in high temperature fumarole gases (a); thermodynamic properties of metamorphic fluids at high pressures (b); and the extent of hydrogen-bonding in supercritical water over wide range of densities and temperatures (c). (a) At about 10 Mpa, degassing of magmas is accompanied by formation of neary ‘dry’ salt melts as a second fluid phase, very strong fractionation of hydrolysis products between vapour and melts, as well as subvalence state of metals during transport processes. Based on chemical analyses of gases and condensates from high-temperature fumaroles of the Kudryavy volcano (i Iturup, Kuril Arc, Russia), a thermodynamic simulation of transport and deposition of ore- and rock-forming elements in high-temperature volcanic gases within the temperature range of 373-1373 K at 1 bar pressure have been performed. The results of the numerical simulations are consistent with field observations. Alkali and alkali earth metals, Ga, In, Tl, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn are mainly transported as chlorides in the gas phase. Sulfide and chloride forms are characteristic of Ge, Sn, Pb, and Bi at intermediate and low temperatures. Be, Al, and Si migrate as fluorides and oxides, while As and Sb as sulfides and oxides. More complex, oxyfluoride and oxychloride species are typical for Ti, Zr, V, Mo, W, and Re. Cd (at high temperatures) and Hg (within the whole temperature range) are transported in the native form. The calculations revealed some general regularities in the variation of element species in the gas phase at a low (1 bar) pressure and high temperatures. (b) Based on the thermodynamic perturbation theory, the equation of state (EOS) for the H-O-C-N-S-F-Cl-Br-I-B-Si-He-Ne-Ar-Kr fluid system has been developed. The EOS currently involves 98 different components and possess the following attractive features: 1) It is based on four substance specific parameters with clear physical meaning (dipole moment, polarizability and two parameters of the Lennard-Jones potential). 2) The EOS can be safely extrapolated to higher temperatures and pressures beyond the range of available P-V-T measurements. 3) The properties of fluid mixtures are determined from that of the pure fluid components. No additional parameters are involved. 4) New components can be easily added. The approach can be used as a basis for more general fluid systems involving strong electrolytes. (c) A series of Monte-Carlo and Molecular Dynamics simulations have been performed to study the extent of hydrogen-bonding in supercritical water over a wide range of temperatures and pressures. Depending on the P-T conditions, three different structural states of supercritical water were identified: 1) liquid-like structure dominated by the existence of the infinite percolating H-bonded network; 2) vapor-like structure dominated by separate low- molecular (<10-20 molecules) clusters; and 3) intermediate type, where clusters of any size can be found in the bulk fluid. The stability field of the third structural type approximately corresponds to the density interval of 0.55-0.7 g/cm3. Even at densities below 0.02 g/cm3 noticeable amounts of H-bonded clusters can be found in supercritical water. No significant density and temperature dependence of the relative abundance for topologically different water clusters of the small size was observed. The chain-like clusters were found to predominate under supercritical conditions over other possible cluster geometry. Zusammenfassung Die vorgelegte Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit (a) dem Transport und der Kristallisation von verschiedenen chemischen Komponenten in hochtemperierten Fumarolen; (b) den thermodynamischen Eigenschaften von georelevanten Fluiden bei hohen Drucken und Temperaturen; und (c) der Bildung von Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen im überkritischen Wasser über einen großen Dichtebereich. (a) Am Kudryavy Vulkan (Iturup, Kurilen Bogen, Rußland) werden hochtemperierte Exhalationen beobachtet. Dort steht ein andesitisches Magma bei 10 MPa mit zwei weiteren fluiden Phasen im Gleichgewicht. Dabei handelt es sich um eine sehr salzhaltige kochende flüssige Phase und einen wässrigen Dampf. Zwischen Dampf und Flüssigkeit sind die Hydrolyseprodukte stark fraktioniert. Generell sind die thermodynamischen Eigenschaften aller drei fluiden Phasen stark unterschiedlich, was sich auf die Wertigkeit, die Speziation, die Fraktionierung, die Transporteigenschaften von Elementen und deren Ausfällung in Form von Mineralen auswirkt. Basierend auf chemischen Analysen der Gase und deren Kondensate wurde ein physikalisch-chemisches Modell des Transportes und der Abscheidung von Erzen beziehungsweise gesteinsbildender Komponenten angefertigt. Die Ergebnisse der numerischen Simulationen sind mit den Feldbeobachtungen konsistent. Alkali- und Erdalkalimetalle sowie Ga, In, Tl, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu und Zn werden in der Gasphase hauptsächlich in chloridischer Form transportiert. Für Ge, Sn, Pb und Bi sind bei tiefen und mittleren Temperaturen sulfidische und chloridische Komplexe charakteristisch. Be, Al und Si werden in der Form von fluoridischen und oxidischen Komplexen und As und Sb als sulfidische und oxidische Komplexe transportiert. Höher komplexe Oxysulfid- und Oxychloridverbindungen sind für die Elemente Ti, Zr, V, Mo, W und Re typisch. Cd wird bei höheren Temperaturen und Hg über den gesamten Temperaturbereich in elementarer Form transportiert. Mit Hilfe der thermodynamischen Berechnungen konnten einige Gesetzmäßigkeiten des Transport und der Ausfällung von Elementen in hochtemperierten Fumarolen erarbeitet werden. (b) Unter Verwendung der thermodynamischen „Störungstheorie“ wurde eine Zustandsfunktion für Fluide im System H-O-C-N-S-F-Cl-Br-I-B-Si-He-Ne-Ar-Kr entwickelt. Die Zustandsfunktion berücksichtigt 98 verschiedene Spezies und besitzt die folgenden Merkmale: 1. die Zustandsfunktion basiert lediglich auf vier substanzspezifischen Parameter mit jeweils eindeutiger physikalischer Bedeutung (Dipolmoment, Polarisierbarkeit und die beiden Parametern des Lennard-Jones Potentials); 2. die Zustandsfunktion kann zu hohen Drucken und Temperaturen extrapoliert werden; 3. die Eigenschaften der einzelnen Spezies in Mischungen kann aus den Eigenschaften des jeweils reinen Fluids abgeleitet werden, und werden keine zusätzliche Parameter benötigt; 4. weitere Spezies können relativ einfach hinzugefügt werden. (c) Um die Bedeutung von Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen im überkritischen Wasser über einen weiten Temperatur- und Druckbereich zu untersuchen, wurde eine Serie von Monte-Carlo und Molekulardynamischen Simulationen angefertigt. In Abhängig von Dichte und Temperatur konnte im überkritischen Wasser zwischen drei verschiedenen „Stukturzuständen“ unterschieden werden: 1. die „flüssige“ Struktur ist durch eine völlige Vernetzung von H2O-Molekülen über Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen charakterisiert; 2. in der „gasförmigen“ Struktur dominieren einzelne Cluster aus wenigen (<10-20) Molekülen; und 3. in der „intermediären“ Struktur scheinen Cluster jeder Größe vorzukommen. Das Stabilitätsfeld der „intermediären“ Struktur findet man im wesentlichen in einem Dichtebereich von 0.55 bis 0.70 g/cm3. Jedoch selbst bei Dichten unter 0.02 g/cm3 konnten noch deutliche Konzentrationen von Clustern festgestellt werden. Am häufigsten scheinen kettenähnliche Cluster vorzukommen. Die Konzentration von H2O-Clustern unterschiedlicher Strukturen scheinen jedoch weder eine Funktion der Dichte noch der Temperatur zu sein. :ghlZpby <^bkk_jlZpbbhoZjZdl_jbah\ZgguZ ijhp_kkuljZgkihjlZbhleh`_gbyjm^guo we_f_glh\ ba \ukhdhl_fi_jZlmjguo \medZgbq_kdbo ]Zah\ [ l_jfh^bgZfbq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z fgh]hdhfihg_glguo nexb^h\ ijb \ukhdbo ^Z\e_gbyo b l_fi_jZlmjZo k kljmdlmjZbjZkijhkljZg_ghklv\h^hjh^guok\ya_c\k\_jodjblbq_kdhc\h^_\rbjhdhf bgl_j\Ze_l_fi_jZlmjb^Z\e_gbc Z IjbFJZ^_]ZaZpbykbebdZlguojZkieZ\h\khijh\h`^Z_lkyhl^_e_gb_f khe_\_]h jZkieZ\Z dZd \lhjhc nexb^ghc nZau bgl_gkb\gufb ijhp_kkZfb njZdpbhgbjh\Zgbyijh^mdlh\]b^jhebaZf_`^mnexb^hfb jZkieZ\hfkm[\Ze_glguf khklhygb_f f_lZeeh\ \ ]Zah\hc nZa_ b \ukhdhc qmkl\bl_evghklvx khklZ\Z nexb^ghc nZau d ijhp_kkZf hleh`_gbc fbg_jZevguo km[ebfZlh\ K bkihevah\Zgb_f ^Zgguo obfbq_kdboZgZebah\nmfZjhevguo]Zah\bkm[ebfZlh\\medZgZDm^jy\uc hBlmjmi DmjbevkdZy h\Z ijh\_^_gh l_jfh^bgZfbq_kdh_ fh^_ebjh\Zgb_ ijhp_kkh\ ljZgkihjlZhleh`_gbyjm^guobihjh^hh[jZamxsbowe_f_glh\\bgl_j\Ze_l_fi_jZlmj D ijb ^Z\e_gbb[Zj ;ueh ihdZaZgh qlh j_amevlZlu qbke_ggh]h fh^_ebjh\Zgby gZoh^ylky \ ohjhr_f khhl\_lkl\bb k ihe_\ufb gZ[ex^_gbyfb LZd s_ehqgu_ b s_ehqgha_f_ebgu_ f_lZeeu Z lZd`_, Ga, In, Tl, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu b Zn ij_j_ghkylky \ ]Zah\hc nZa_ ]eZ\guf h[jZahf \ \b^_ oehjb^guo kh_^bg_gbc Kmevnb^gu_boehjb^gu_nhjfuoZjZdl_jgu^eyGe, Sn, 3EbBi ijbgbadbobkj_^gbo l_fi_jZlmjZo%H$ObSi fb]jbjmxl\\b^_oehjb^h\bhdkb^h\\lh\j_fydZdAs b Sb- \ \b^_ kmevnb^h\ b hdkb^h\Ti, Zr, V, 0R : b5Hi_j_ghkylky \ \b^_ keh`guo hdkboehjb^guo b hdkbnlhjb^guo fhe_dme Cd ijb \ukhdbo l_fi_jZlmjZo b Hg \h \k_f l_fi_jZlmjghf bgj_j\Ze_ ljZgkihjlbjmxlky
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