ACTA

XXXIII Annual Conference

5-7 September 2002 Stockholm

Swedish Presentations

IALHI Projects

National Presentations Karin Compiled

Edited c/o April Box

Arbetarrörelsens

1124,

2003

Englund

by

IALHI: by:

SE-ill

and

81

Klaus

arkiv

STOCKHOLM,

Misgeld

och

bibliotek

(ARAB)

Sweden

/

Labour

Movement

Archives

and

Library

4.

5.

3.

2.

III.

1.

3.

2.

II.

I.

Table

1.

Stockholm,

XXXIII

ACTA

International

South

New

between

KARK:

•

•

•

• People’s

•

• The

IALHI

and

Creating

research

and

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its

The

Foreword,

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of

People’s

for

People’s Henning

The

Belgian first

of

Documents

in

Genesis:

Per-Gunnar contents

IALHI the

Life

Welfare

Swedish

Annual

Africa

the

Social

democracy,

Projects

Photo

People’s

OECD

archives,

100

House

program

of

an

Presentations

5-7

British

Karin

Volkshuizen,

Gender

Comintern

International years,

Houses

Association

Houses

Labour Grelle

Developing

Democracy

State

Labour

archive

September

Conference

on

countries,

Projects

and

House:

Ottosson

Isles

Pia

Englund

on

Gender

Karin

Margareta

at

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National

in

History

and

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the

Pursiainen Movement

project,

(English

Switzerland,

Archive,

People’s

the

transformation

access

in

Crossroads:

Englund

Brigitte

Archival

Walter

and

of

(English

the

2002

Danish

Project

Presentations

Stahl

an

Labour

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/

Friedrich

to

KvrillAnderson

en

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Archives

example

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de

women’s

Database,

francais),

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equivalent

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A

en

and

in historical

of

History

francais),

History

Lang

Ebert

of

Sweden:

and

the

Kias

history

national

Göran

Jennifer

welfare

of

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Foundation,

Bevil

Amark

in

Ruskin

and

Jenneke

Institutions

meeting

the

sources

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co-operation

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social

Haynes

state

celebrates

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in

places

scientific

Sweden

Fischer

77

75

73

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45

43

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13

3 1

FOREWORD

Karin Englund Secretary General IALHI

The XXXIIIrd IALHI conference was held in September 2002 in Stockholm, organised by the Swedish Labour Movement Archives and Library (ARAB). Stockholm was chosen as the venue for the conference 2002 because of the th100 anniversary of the host institution, ARAB.

Since the year of 2000 the ACTA publications have had a wider scope than before. In addition to the scientific lectures of the conferences, the IALHI project presentations and the presenta tions of the host country and member projects have also been included. This publication therefore includes the different presentations at the conference, both of the IALHI related projects and the presentations by the members. Two themes were discussed during the work shops of the first day of the conference: Gender issues and Peoples’ Houses. The workshop on Gender was organised by Jenneke Quast at the International Institute of Social History and the workshop on Peoples’ Houses by Margareta Stahl at ARAB. The papers from those work shops are also included in this publication.

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the our opportunities development. the ance those World the state tion cent state Second been Regardless reform. being, more of cussed. cutbacks has also increased changed came nuation which they they state hoims countries came During Reprinted eumsfond), by Department and tion Swedish A The Sweden’s historical Professor “Golden majority increased is Professor years changed. during is were were and dissolved, was For currently come In universitet, to At to of that War, in took thus Welfare The World the The (ATP), be international be completely. the from: have the its itself, Institute historians subjected were substantially. pp. most most appear unemployment of called decades symbolically to place the now and current social Age” party of of beginning membership 45-60; to welfare Among dramatically Annual Walter what From be already K/as War. in the History, interviewed an Reprint decades and extensive with proud proud study the going viewed to in progress the truce for of important policy other and normative to Amark crisis and mass since having In constitute Sweden Report major expansion Korpi social In perspective, State Swedish Social these basic intense of of, no. been most SOFI through of between The state the preceding Stockholm social OECD their as identified consequences 557, arrival the must it political in the once can 99, at cleavages been course we processes was at implemented a — character the advanced Research, in cause scientific the hotbed end Swedish new October scrutiny, 2000, the country’s standpoints in a scientists, at model also may be the a during again European countries. only somewhat the of seen same period Sweden of end the seen millenium, the support the of of with 1950s The women be University count the major of 2000. Institute in the of now social problems has of as of of turn industrialized distinguished the time Stockholm Bank both as crisis. of Sweden Second social the of social social the Crossroads a public and transitional deep in on reached fundamental Union the one national A quarter accelerating also began political of belated transition. onto and as the of problems Swedish admiring for 1 the common the 970s transition the Many research Sweden economic has, the welfare welfare. change. partly Social welfare debate of World that introduction the are century, to in situation of the public the University, parallel on the symbol, parties emerge labor the in people countries, unclear, a periods a nation. Research Tercentenary Transition dividing high and and what Swedish aspect broad century on postwar policies. War, earlier changes international When Internationally, state, from crisis debt OECD program market Swedish the a critical on of to levels aspects the have for serious a When majority of to but (Institutet of early changes the and Great studied phases support and well parties of after including welfare the construction welfare this these in After public periods Foundation can come the Swedish that during in new countries. public Swedish social basic poor young developed of obstacle kind the Depression character. economic turn 1 of countries’ on the were in of for internally. their for of 990s, ones occupational see state the state end the laws comparative youth the of features social yield a budget Sweden, the political welfare social out people welfare similar the (Riksbankens Swedish usual home other society. welfare of are unemployment of on over I has to 970s. to transforma welfare forskning), the unusually welfare integration answered the being the of policy current social be more deficits Extensive kinds before of in policy countries the nature struggles Second the the state welfare important. road state’s eleven that welfare superan most per- dis welfare state 1930s, and insur state Jubil has than has situa Stock the to has which have good that in and re 13 as spective, periods of rapid social, political and economic changes in some sense constitute “natural experiments,” with improved opportunities to investigate which roles different kinds of actors, structures and processes play in societal transformation. In research on social change, it is very fruitful to employ a long-term historical perspective. The overall goal for the research program Welfare States at the Crossroads is to study the transformation of the welfare state in comparative perspective, through cooperation be tween historians and social scientists. The time period studied extends from the late 1800s into the present day. The research is oriented towards studying the transformation of the wel fare state by analyzing the driving forces behind its emergence and institutional development, differences in its structure among advanced industrialized countries, and the consequences of these differences for citizens’ living conditions. Within the research program, we aim to as sess and to develop the forms of and opportunities for cooperation in the above mentioned research tasks between historians and social scientists. Sweden is compared with up to 17 other OECD countries, namely Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, (West) Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Swit zerland, Great Britain, and the United States. These countries have had an uninterrupted pe riod of democratic rule since the end of the Second World War. A considerable share of the research is focused on Sweden and upon the Nordic countries. The program started in 1996 and is to continue for a total of eight years.

The institutions of the welfare state In the countries included within our research program, welfare states can be seen as having had a common overall goal--to protect citizens against different kinds of economic risks which they meet in the course of their lifetimes. Despite these broad similarities of goals, we find striking differences between countries when we examine the institutional structure of the most important social insurance programs. In some countries, the right to support has been dependent on being able to pass a means test performed by public authorities. In other coun tries, citizens have been encouraged to self-help through voluntary and self-administered funds. In a number of other countries social insurance has been organized in the form of sepa rate programs differentiated by beneficiaries’ occupational affiliation. Depending upon whether one is a manual worker, salaried employee, farmer, or e.g. self-employed, one is there incorporated into a particular insurance program, each with its own conditions for benefits and differing levels of income replacement. Still other countries have incorporated all citizens into one and the same program, but have granted them flat-rate benefits, usually at a relatively low level. Here, it is left to the individual to take further steps to improve one’s standard of pro tection beyond the basic level. In some countries, however, institutions have emerged that not only provide for basic protection for all citizens, but which also provide for clearly earnings- related benefits, thereby enabling people to retain their accustomed standards of living. In order to fruitfully sort and categorize the information we have on the development of legislated social insurance programs in our sample of countries, we have developed a typol ogy which reflects aspects of institutional design discussed above. We have here departed from three dimensions in legislation on old age pensions and sickness insurance, namely crite ria for entitlement to benefits, principles for setting benefit levels, and the programs’ forms of governance. On the basis of these program dimensions, we can distinguish five ideal-typical institutional forms among the social insurance programs which have existed in our sample of countries since the late 1800s. These ideal-typical models have been designated as the tar geted, the voluntary state-subsidized and the state corporatist models, as well as the basic se curity model and the encompassing model. The fundamental structure of these ideal types is depicted in Figure 1, which departs from blueprints of the relationship between institutions and the social structure of industrial ized societies. The diamond-shaped fields reflect the socioeconomic structure of the popula

14

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Unemployment

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sion

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58

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halls

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position

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monies of integral the

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socialist

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leisure

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within in

(19). an

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operative

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led

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Wallonia

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democracy

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1881

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hygiene

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in

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were

(28).

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based

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up

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(30).

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print

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on

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France.

a

in

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made

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common

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1893,

the

be

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new

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Belgium

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the

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throughout

occurred

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successfully

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finance

organisational

an

optimism

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during

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substantial

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with

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was

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man,

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2

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was identity.

(31).

in

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struggle

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bakery,

the

cafés,

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remarked

at

associations,

number

an

to

created,

probably

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and

based

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celebration.

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1872.

the

Belgium.

longer

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merged

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rent

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in

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The

notion

member

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coal contributions

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example

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people

renovated centre

1881

years

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industrial

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on

a

a

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banquet

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path

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La

all

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the

to

them, (29).

May Ghent

and

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the

bakery

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rapid

(27).

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question

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was

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Belgian

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over

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1883,

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59

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60

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was cultural self-awareness

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army

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temporary

1899,

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in

created. progressive, the

co-operative of

clearing was the

dynamic

Vrijdagmarkt

palace

tradition

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were the The Germans,

socialist building. the

Brussels

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of old dii

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Ghent

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(40).

plans

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city socialist One Ouvrière’ symbol Centre was Americans

free-thinking

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‘30s in

to

period a

to movement’s

the

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were powerhouse, of

decay, 1980, working of born. it room

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Ghent in isolation the exceptional the

for

lead to A of

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trades

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movement

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after a

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population

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the Louis in

1902. union

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with the in

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era

a

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1982

for

at

change which Today single life and in was

other to

People’].

Victor

huge in

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the

again

spread

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detail The agreed

crumbled also

restoration was same

(33). not layout

activities crew was

is

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then

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was

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time

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the co-operative’s Wars,

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activities

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that of

1914,

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the Bakery’] the programme

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October.

this the

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necessary

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was the

of organisation

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protected

eclectic, left in the people addition, would (37). volkshuis [Co-operative

Belgische but stood statutes,

respectively,

time,

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Vooruit

prevented

fewer shops

1881,

to designed

owner, were

the

on

to

entire After

the

More

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reflects

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building

name 4th the turned means

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imposing than were

a

brought existed. the adjoining interest monument

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(42). not

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the August Co-operative Werkliedenpar was

complex in than Socio

volkshuizen Dierkens’ in

trendy:

an was and

end

relative

in 82

a only

lit

the the in

Bakery

like-minded the co the to

sale

Lucifer,

even months- on

clearly

in 1888

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of an 1956 in

to All com

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issues

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Ger

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of

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So

(10)

(9)

(7)

(8)

(5)

(6)

(4)

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(3)

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Notes

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made

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opportunity

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and

new

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ing

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intellectuals

took

(45).

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40

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108 most

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107

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49 have

communal

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Hallet

eclectism

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Horta’s

volkshuizen call-up

construction

painters’

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progressive

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7

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section

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a

their

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Max

happy

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by

ideas

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had

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trades

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system.

(50).

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d Friends’]

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Brussels

too,

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—

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by

intention

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avant-garde

construction

from

use

building

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and

to

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the

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(51). socialist

(48).

they

also

save

regarded

to

of

and

building

glass-

volkshuis

15,000

various freemasons’

gave

sensual

prosperous

the

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for

industrial

education

could

The

be

paintings

of

Ernest

the

contract

the

industrialists

in

dogmatic

leaders

a

lectures,

expressed

movement,

always

and

(The

completely

movement

Ghent.

building

members

construction

became

volkshuis

as

had

works

lines

create

liberals

where

(43).

Solvay

metalwork

common

materials

bourgeois

depart

to

of

(44).

for

lodge,

were

of

choos

The

organ

liberals

were pro

the

Horta

a

they

an

in

art all.

more

and and

—

Art and

Just

61

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63 t9

general

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