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AWI SCIE I IC COMMI EE A S U Y O OCU EME E AMI ES U.S. .A. EGU A IO S O ESEA C OGS A CA S The newly formed AWI Scientific Committee on Hu- A concise, well-documented report has been issued by mane Standards for Research Animals is studying the regu- the Senate Fact Finding Committee on Public Health and lations issued February 24th by the United States Depart- Safety of the State of California on the supply of dogs and ment of Agriculture under the authority of P.L. 89-544, cats used in laboratories for teaching and research. Under the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act. the chairmanship of Senator Walter B. Stiern, a veterin- The Committee is made up of physicians, veterinar- arian, the Committee made a study which was far more ians and research workers who have been interested in the complete than any undertaken in similar circumstances by advancement of laboratory animal welfare. They are: Mar- other states, The result was a well-considered and objec- jorie Anchel, Ph.D.; Bennett Derby, M.D.; Nicholas Gim- tive series of conclusions, which, for the benefit of scien- bel, M. D.; Paul Kiernan, M. D.; Samuel Peacock, M. D.; tists and persons associated with animal welfare organi- Richard Pearce, D. V. M.; and John Walsh, M.D. zations, are summarized below. The Committee is studying regulations, which become I. Intr d t n. A hearing was held in Los Angeles compulsory for animal dealers on May 24th and for scien- September 6, 1966, and the 'report is based upon it, upon tific institutions on August 24th; and it is seeking infor- replies to questionnaires, interviews, correspondence, and mation bearing on the statement of considerations by U.S.- published literature. D.A., with which the regulations are conduded. II. U nd U r f b r t r nd C t . The The Department has taken the position that in order to use of animals for improvement of human and animal make a final decision on the question of providing exercise health is summarized and their medical and biological uses for research dogs — a question on which it received thous- are described under the headings of: Teaching, Research, ands of strongly worded expressions after the proposed Diagnosis, and Production of Biologicals. A survey is noted regulations were published December 15, 1966, in the which found that approximately per cent of laboratory d r l t r— t would have to conduct studies to de- dogs and cats are used for research and 2 per cent for termine whether exercise is essential to the welfare of dogs. teaching. The Committee is unanimous in considering that exercise In California 56 laboratories are licensed to use dogs is necessary for humane housing of dogs and believes that or cats or both, and these are classified in the report. well designed and conducted research on the subject will III. b r f nd C t n U d nd t demonstrate this. b U d n 0 b C l f rn b r t r . Figures are In less controversial areas, U.S.D.A. regulations will given in response to a questionnaire submitted to all bring about major changes that will become effective on the state-licensed laboratories. Replies from 47 of the 56 the effective dates of the legislation this year. Primates, showed a total of 8,88 dogs and 9,373 cats in a recent cats, and rabbit4 must be provided with sufficient space one-year period. These same laboratories estimated that in to make normal postural adjustments. Large numbers of the year 1970 they would be using 49,181 dogs and ,48 these animals are currently kept in cages too small to stretch cats. The large increase in projected numbers is in two Out fully, to stand on their hind legs, or, in the case of categories: Medical and veterinary schools (quadrupled New World monkeys, which adopt this posture, to hang demand for dogs and doubled demand for cats) and Hos- by their tails. pitals (doubled demand for dogs), and geographically it The animals covered by the Act will have to be kept falls mainly in the southern part of the state. in clean, dry enclosures, provided with palatable food and I . S r f S ppl nd th C t f b r t r An water, and given veterinary care to prevent or treat disease l . About two-thirds of the dogs and cats now used or injury. They will have to be observed by the animal care- come from pounds, and most of the rest come from Cali- taker in charge, and sick animals must be kept separate fornia animal dealers. The average price for dogs from a from healthy ones. pound was $4.19 and for cats $1.82. Dogs purchased from In the dealers' trucks, animals will, after May 24th, dealers averaged $8.64 and cats $4.40. A table showing have to be given space to stand and lie comfortably, watered animals impounded, destroyed, or transferred to labora- every twelve hours, and fed every 24 hours (except for tories by a number of pounds is given. Under the subhead pups and kittens, which must be fed every six hours) ; of "Breeding," it is noted that the University of California and they cannot continue longer than 36 hours without at Davis estimates the cost of breeding a laboratory dog being removed from the truck. Thus the worst abuses of the at $73.50. dog dealers' trucks will be brought to an end. V. , Ord n n , l t n , nd G v rn nt l Theft of dogs or cats for sale to scientific institutions rd n th r n f r, C r nd U f b r t r will likewise become hazardous in the extreme after May nd C t .. P. L. 8 44, the Laboratory Animal Wel- 24th, except in cases which cannot be covered by Federal fare Act, is summarized. The California Animal Care Law law. The Laboratory Animal Welfare Act covers all dogs is summarized. It is noted that the California State Health and cats that move in interstate commerce for this purpose Department has never suspended or revoked a license of or that are sold to institutions receiving Federal funds. A a laboratory; however, twelve institutions have been threat- small commercial laboratory or hospital could buy from a ened with suspension. In all cases, the institutions have small, local dealer who would not have to have a Federal responded to the Department's warning. A brief compari- license. Here state law would have to be invoked; and son of the Federal and state legislation indicates that both state laws similar to those in Michigan, Pennsylvania, and are needed. Illinois should be enacted in order to complete the job Three types of local ordinances are then detailed: (1) of eradicating dishonest profit from this trade. All sizable those which require the poundmaster to transfer animals dealers will have to be licensed and identify all dogs and to laboratories, (2) those which prohibit the poundmaster (C nt. n 3) (C nt. n 2
< A S u y o ocu eme temper infection, caused a two-year delay in the marketing o esea c ogs a Ca s of a now widely used product; this incident led Eaton (C nt. fr 1) Laboratories, a division of Norwich Pharmacal Company, from transferring animals to laboratories, and (3) those in 1955 to begin a dog breeding program to improve the which authorize the poundmaster to dispose of animals in reliability of its experimental animals. Dr. Joshua Leder- any manner and are silent on whether he may transfer berg, Nobel Prize-winning biologist of Stanford University, animals to laboratories. After summarizing a series of these has written, 'Scavenging animals with unknown histories ordinances, the report quotes from replies from Illinois, from the streets . . . seems an incongruous way to get Iowa, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, and Wisconsin con- experimental material which must later be subject to the cerning their laws on the subject. They were asked: (1) most scrupulous observation and, for the most useful find- whether laboratories have made use of the state law to ings, ideal care.' acquire dogs and cats from pounds; (2) what factors, if The report emphasizes that "the disadvantages of using any, prevent laboratories from making use of the law; pound animals for laboratory use apply most strongly to (3) whether enactment of the law caused humane societies their' use in chronic experiments, and scientists agree that to discontinue operating pounds; and (4) if so, whether animals acquired from pounds must undergo a three- to cities and counties had to build new pound facilities. It is six-week conditioning period before being used in a chronic not easy to summarize the replies; however, they show experiment." that, except for Iowa, laboratories have made more or less The second question relates to the numbers of animals use of the law, though only eight laboratories in Illinois available and offers tables from city-operated and humane have done so, and less than a quarter of the dogs and cats society-operated pounds. used by the 42 licensed laboratories in upstate New York The third question concerns possible disruption of animal were requisitioned from pounds. Minnesota, Ohio, and control work in municipalities contracting with humane Wisconsin give no figures, though they indicate extensive societies. A listing of those which so contract is given. A use of pound animals, Minnesota stating: "About the only table giving public and private funds both for construction difficulty that exists is that public pounds are not able to and operation is presented. fulfill the demand, thereby making it necessary for research Fourth, the question is raised as to whether it is possible institutions to purchase animals from some private indi- to write a pound law in such a way that the anxieties of viduals (dog dealers)." No case was given in which the pet owners can be eliminated. The arguments advanced by legislation eliminated the use of dog dealers. laboratories and feelings expressed by pet owners are de- Laws in Great Britain are mentioned with specific ref- tailed. erence to the Littlewood Committee and its findings. It is Question five asks: "Would the enactment of a state- noted that, though the Act of 8 6 does not regulate the wide pound release law be intrinsically good or bad?" The supply of animals for experiments, Section 3 (5) of the moral purposes of medical research and the moral purposes Dogs Act of 1906 prohibits the sale of impounded dogs of animal protective organizations are summarized. to laboratories. The Committee concluded that this pro- vision should be retained. Under question 6, "Considering all of the economic con- I. pr nt t n t th Ex t n f r bl sequences of enacting a statewide pound release law, would n th r nt nd t r S ppl f b r t r nd the result be a saving?," some interesting facts appear. C t . The five points made by laboratories requesting trans- After reminding the reader of pound- and dealer-purchased fer of animals from pounds to laboratories were detailed dogs and cats and of dogs bred for the purpose, the report under the following: First, in the northern part of the notes, "The cost of making pound and dealer animals state, the supply of laboratory dogs and cats is inadequate. available for laboratory use is greater than the initial cost Second, that the demand for dogs and cats will increase of acquisition shown above. Transportation is a, significant at a very fast rate in California. Third, that in all parts of item of cost, especially for those laboratories collecting large the state, the increased demand for laboratory dogs and numbers of animals from pounds. One laboratory in the cats and the new federal statute regulating dealers will Los Angeles area reports an annual expenditure of $16,260 cause the cost of dogs and, cats purchased from dealers to for a full-time driver, a relief driver, and a truck. Another increase. Fourth, that in the southern part of the state, such laboratory reports an annual expenditure of $10,000 for although present supplies of laboratory dogs and cats are a full-time driver and a truck. Laboratories using relatively adequate, increasing demand will require laboratories to few dogs and cats (130 to 0 annually) report that the travel to more distant pounds to obtain laboratory animals, cost of transportation makes the acquisition of animals thus the increased cost of transportation will increase the from pounds excessive and give that as a reason for pur- cost of the animals. Fifth, that present inadequacies and chasing animals from dealers." Conditioning costs are noted, increasing costs will handicap teaching and slow research. together with the fact that animals used in acute experi- ments do not necessarily need to be conditioned. Further, it was noted: "A subsidiary benefit will flow from the enactment of a state law, according to the labora- The difference in cost between using a $25 conditioned tories. If dealers acquire animals from thieves, and if lab- animal or a $ bred animal is noted. "The alternatives, oratories, as a consequence of the enactment of a state stat- however, are not simply between using animals purchased ute, can stop buying animals from dealers, theft of animals from a pound or using animals bred for laboratory use. for laboratories will be ended." Even if the state does not enact a statewide pound release law, the laboratories will still be able to get animals from II. A St t d nd l r p d b pounds, as they do now, and the cost of animals purchased b r t r . An analysis of the seven chief features of the from dealers may go up without equaling or even approach- proposed law is given, including repeal of local option ing the cost of breeding an animal." The possibility of a on disposal of unclaimed animals by cities and counties, rise in the price of pound animals if the municipalities release of such animals after holding from o 20 days, de- so decide or if they must hold them as long as 20 days struction of animal at owner's request, payment of fees, is also noted. keepilig of records, enforcement and application. Question , "Would a statewide pound release law be VIII. n f th I C n rn n th W d f En t n St t d nd l . Several ques- constitutional?" is answered by citing the case in which held. tions are raised: " . Are any pound animals, from a scien- e os A ge es o i a ce is so tific point of view, suitable for use in laboratories ?" The Question 8 asks, "Would the enactment of a statewide answer in part states: "Scientists readily agree that using pound release law decrease or prevent dog and cat thefts animals whose history is unknown can cause misleading in California?" After pointing out that theft of dogs and results, lost time, and expense. An experiment may be cats is a crime according to California state law, the report frustrated when a disease, not apparent at the beginning indicates that both humane organizations and medical re- of an experiment, appears during the course of the experi- search groups in California testified that theft of dogs and ment, perhaps killing the animal. For example, an erroneous cats for sale to laboratories does not appear to exist to any pathologist's report, based on tests in dogs having a dis- detectable extent in California at the present time. The report notes factors which will work against such theft "Nor is the issue of cost decisive. While it is easily beginning. demonstrated that the cost of animals purchased from Question 9, "If the state fails to enact a statewide pound pounds is less than the cost of animals purchased from release law, will teaching be handicapped and research dealers and still less than the cost of animals bred for slowed down?," elicited three responses from witnesses, laboratory use, the demonstration does not show what the including the following: "The cost of laboratory dogs and actual economic consequences would be of state preemption cats is a very small part of the total teaching and research of this field. What would be the cost of reorganizing the budget; it is unlikely that these government programs will administration of the pounds in cities and counties that now contract with humane societies? What would be the be curtailed by small increments in. cost." A table showing the increase in available Federal research funds which rose cos of maintaining dogs and cats for a longer holding about one hundred million dollars each year in the past period than a city or county might now require? What three years for California institutions is given. would be the cost of building more facilities to take care of the animals required to be held longer? If a state statute IX. Alt rn t v , Op n t th b r t r , t th En required a longer holding period than five days (and it t nt f St t d nd l . The first would surely do so), would not the cost of animals that t n is that laboratories persuade more cities and counties e laboratories now purchase from pounds increase? These to permit the transfer of impounded, unclaimed, and un- questions are unanswerable and it cannot be assumed that sold dogs and cats to them. Emphasis is placed on the the total economic effect of state preemption would be a possibility of transfer of these animal for painless acute saving. studies, referring to AWI testimony at Congressional hear- ings. "For these reasons, we have concluded that the state should retain i s present policy of local control over the The second suggestion is that dealers act as middlemen disposition of animals from pounds and that the state in bringing animals from pounds which now make them should not preempt this field and force all cities and available to laboratories. counties to transfer to laboratories dogs and cats that other- The third suggestion states: "The laboratories may use wise would be destroyed." dogs and cats bred for laboratory use for chronic experi- ments, thereby increasing the supply of animals available for acute experiments. Scientists are in agreement that it is advisable to use dogs and cats bred for laboratory use in chronic experiments. Such animals enable the researcher to reduce variables in age, weight, and genetic background AWI Scie i ic Commi ee and to obtain greater reliability in results. Psychological E ami es U.S. .A. egu a io s investigations are freed from the hazard that an animal has 1) been mistreated; investigations of infectious diseases are (C nt. fr freed from the hazard that an animal has been exposed or cats they buy and sell, and all institutions purchasing them immunized to disease. When the economic advantages of will have to be registered by August 24th and also keep a dogs and cats bred for laboratory use are counted up, such record with identification of the dogs and cats purchased. animals may prove to be no more costly than animals ac- quired from a pound or a dealer and conditioned for three This should help also in tracing a lost dog or cat, and if to six weeks. By using these animals, the laboratory never the owner acts promptly, in recovering it before it leaves has to pay personnel while waiting for suitable animals to be the dealer's premises, since the animals must be held five obtained. Because of the reduction in variables, a smaller days in accordance with the new law. number of animals may be required for an experiment. Few, if any, animals will be found unsuitable or will be- Those who wish to read the regulations in full may come ill or die during the course of an experiment." obtain a copy by writing to the AWI at the address on Further, the report notes: "The President's Commission the masthead. The Laboratory Animal Welfare Act was on Heart Disease, Cancer and Stroke, for example, recom- published in full in Information Report Vol. 15, No. 3. mended appropriations of 20 million dollars a year to im- prove the supply and quality of laboratory animals. This money would be used for, among other things, the develop- ment of animal farms connected with medical and veterin- ary schools. The commission suggested, `. . . larger farms could be used profitably not only by affiliated schools but A MO E A I U IG AW also by nearby research institutions and community hos- Bullfighting is illegal in the United States. State anti- pitals.' cruelty laws prohibit the baiting of animals; and whether "If laboratories undertook to use in chronic experiments or not the bull is killed, he is baited in all types of bull- animals bred for laboratory use, the animals now being fighting, including the so-called "bloodless" variety which used in chronic experiments would be available for use in promoters have sought to introduce into several states. acute experiments, and to that extent the supply of dogs In some states the fight to keep the bullfights out has been and cats would be increased. In reply to this committee's time-consuming and costly. Therefore, a law specifically questionnaire, California laboratories using, in an annual prohibiting bloodless and mock bullfights may be useful period, a total of 16,126 dogs and, 8,2 cats said that 0 in putting promoters on notice in advance that their shows percent of the dogs and percent of the cats were used are illegal. in experiments in which the animal was given a general On May 13, 1966, the State of Rhode Island enacted anesthetic before the experiment and was destroyed before an amendment to the law on Shows and Exhibitions as regaining consciousness." follows: The fourth, and final, suggestion notes the use of ani- "5-22-25. Bullfights prohibited. It shall be unlawful for mals other than dogs and cats, in particular, farm animals. any person to promote, advertise, stage, hold, manage, e Co c usio s a Recommendations of the Committee conduct, participate in, engage in, or carry on any bullfight end with the following: exhibition, any bloodless bullfight, contest or exhibition "The issue of theft is not decisive. First, no evidence or any mock bullfight or similar contest or exhibition, exists that dogs and cats are being stolen in California for whether for amusement or gain or otherwise. Any person laboratory use. Second, the new federal law will make the violating the provisions of this section shall, upon con- theft of dogs and cats for laboratory use virtually impos- viction, be imprisoned not exceeding one year or fined sible. Third, to enact the proposed statute out of thieves' not exceeding five hundred ($500.00) dollars or shall be threats would be cowardly and immoral. punished by both such fine and imprisonment."
a iiiiiiiisaisma • o EU O YSIO OGIS , OG EE E muzzle and even breaking off teeth. This does not happen COMME S O OG OUSI G to a good breeder more than once. I have had similar things happen, however, when my dogs have been confined Dr. Samuel Peacock, who, as a neurophysiologist doing for hospitalization or with a professional handler. I should experiments on animals and as a breeder of show dogs, emphasize that these dogs are completely adapted to stalls brings a dual experience to bear on the subject of exercise 4' x 4' for periods of 2 hours at a stretch, although for dogs, wrote a brief summary of his observations on the basically they are house dogs with access to a fenced area subject. This statement does not offer evidence of a nature for running. which a controlled experiment provides. However, scientific as well as lay readers will recognize its accuracy of observa- "I have also known other breeder's dogs who tear their tion and reporting by a trained scientific observer and its hair out when confined in cages and others that developed conclusions based on personal use of experimental animals. a real stress syndrome as al result of it. It is published to encourage voluntary action on the "Now, were these research dogs, no one would really part of scientific institutions to provide experimental dogs know or care what they were going through but it can hardly with opportunity for exercise and companionship with other be considered humane to subject an animal to this kind of compatible dogs whenever possible while awaiting the s ess and then subject them further to the stress of sur- results of scientific studies. gery, etc. It appears that at least some opponents of mandatory "This bill is in fact a reform bill and as such it will be exercise requirements for research dogs expect experimental opposed by those at whom it is directed as all reform bills studies to show the need for it, since they fear the day when are opposed. I am sure that adequate exercise areas will the research is concluded and want it to be put off as long require the expenditure of some money on the part of as possible. The AWI has received a report that they hope research facilities but this is something that should have the research may last five, six, or even ten years before been done years ago. The money is there. This is quite U.S.D.A. reaches a conclusion. Meanwhile, inadequate dog evident if one looks at the new laboratories being built by quarters could continue business as usual. almost every research facility in the country. Dr. Peacock writes: "It is distressing to read the comments of those opposing "This question of exercise is a tough one. There are these regulations and especially an exercise provision. How- several things that must be considered when discussing ever, it must be remembered that some of these people exercise in dogs as it pertains to the research animal. have never been exposed to animals in any other way than "I don't think it requires a research program to establish the research laboratory. Perhaps mine is a sentimental out- the fact that the dog is happier, less neurotic, and in better look, but I really feel as a scientist that we inflict all physical condition if it can have several periods of exercise manner of suffering and misery on these research animals per day. One has only to let a caged dog out to observe and that the least we can do is provide them with com- this. As a matter of fact I have seen caged dogs released fortable, biologically and behaviorally sound living con- and have been amazed at the volume of feces eliminated ditions while they are in our laboratories." in the first few minutes of freedom. Obviously this has been retained for some days since it is entirely unnatural for ak dog to soil in the area in which it sleeps. The close caging is completely in violation and conflict with very S I ES S OWI G WE ESIG E basic instinctive behavior in the dog. A IMA OUSI G A AI A E "The confinement and isolation also can contribute to breakdown of normal behavior patterns. Some dogs will OM AWI tear at the cage and even at themselves in their frustration A series of 28 slides showing a variety of good housing to get out. I have observed this in my own breeding-show practices for the common laboratory animals was prepared kennel and the kennels of other breeders. for use by a state health department veterinarian in pre- "During crate training for showing, if the exposure to senting information on laboratory animal care and manage- confinement has not been handled properly, I have had a ment. These slides are now available for loan to scientists dog bend the bars of the crate door, tear off the aluminum and administrators and may be obtained by writing to the strips and chew into the wood producing cuts about the Animal Welfare Institute at the address on the masthead.
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A IMA E ESSIO S AWI OO E I I A E A ew u ica io o e A ima We a e I s i u e CO E IO O E AME ICA When Charles Darwin wrote Expr n f th E t n E E I A Y ME ICA ASSOCIA IO n M n nd An l , he tried to obtain illustrations for it Veterinarians attending the 104th annual convention of by having people act out a feeling and pose before a cam- the American Veterinary Medical Association in Dallas, Tex- era or by having sketches made of an animal expression. as, July 9-13, demonstrated a strong interest in the wel- But the actors and artists he relied on were so far from able fare of research animals and in the implementation of the to equal the brilliant and original thinking detailed in the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act, P. L. 89-544, as illustrated text that their efforts throw a deceptively old-fashioned air at the AWI exhibit. Two panels contrasted the best and over the book—a book which is, in many ways, so much the worst in care and housing of research animals, On the ahead of its time that modern thought has not yet caught good side photographs of chimpanzees at Holloman Air up with it. Force Base were featured in the charge of veterinarians. An l Expr n , a collection of 106 photographs Dr. Jerry Fineg, who was present at the convention, was published by the Animal Welfare Institute, brings the pow- shown giving cough medicine to Billy, a young animal ers of modern photography in the hands of gifted observers whose features were immediately recognized by other Hollo- to bear on Darwin's thought. man veterinarians visiting the booth. Published with a Foreword by Dr. F. J. Mulhern, Dep- Other primate care and housing featured the Oregon uty Administrator of the Agricultural Research Service, Regional Primate Center, the outdoor quarters at the Uni- United States Department of Agriculture, it has a practical versity of Florida at Gainesville, the Delta Regional Pri- as well as a scientific and humane purpose: to acquaint mate Center, and Parke, Davis. Good care and housing for persons who have responsibility for maintaining animals research dogs included photographs from Bowman-Gray with some basic animal expressions and to encourage fur- School of Medicine, the Veterans Administration Hospital ther observation and study of such expressions and the ef- in Minneapolis, Brooklyn Jewish Hospital, and the Veter- fects on the animals of the emotions they communicate. inary Virus Research Center at Cornell University in Ith- Leading photographers who contributed their work in- aca. Outstanding cat quarters at Purina Research Center and clude Erica Anderson, known internationally for her photo- Ontario Veterinary College and guinea pig cages at Dart- graphs of Dr Albert Schweitzer and Lambaren6 and who mouth Medical School were featured. Loose housing for has now founded the Schweitzer Friendship House in Great guinea pigs, rabbits, and cats at Thudichum Research Cen- Barrington, Massachusetts; Stan Wayman, whose work is ter, Galesburg State Hospital, were shown, and for livestock known to all readers of f magazine and whose prize- at the National Institutes of Health, Poolesville facility. winning animal picture stories have brought understanding In the panel showing bad conditions for research animals, of animals to millions; Baron Hugo van Lawick, foremost photographer of wild chimpanzees, whose wife, Baroness the premises of animal dealers were emphasized, though some photographs from research institutions were also Jane van Lawick Goodall, has acquired an unsurpassed shown. The photographs were selected to point up abuses knowledge of these remarkable animals in their African which must end when P. L. 89-544 is fully enforced. Cap- homes; and Ernest Walker, author of the classic three-vol- tions included: Lack of Veterinary Care, Lack of Shelter ume M l f th W rld, whose skill in capturing ex- from the Elements, Lack of Light, Dead Animals and pression is the result of a lifetime of sympathetic study of Disease Hazards, No Food except Offal, Lack of Space, the animals for whom he has such great respect and ad- Feet through the Mesh, Animals Hosed along with Cages, miration. In appraising the photographs, Darwin's system Overcrowding, and Debris and Filth. With each such head- of showing them to others to obtain their reactions was fol- ing the relevant section of the regulations promulgated Feb- lowed, with particular reliance on three outstandingly well- ruary 24th by the United States Department of Agriculture qualified individuals. was mounted, and the issue of the d r l t r in which Dr. Michael Fox's experimental work in animal behavior it appeared displayed. and psychology made his comments on the photographs of In the center panel of the exhibit was the Albert Schweit- especial interest from the standpoint of these disciplines. zer Medal. A leaflet listing the medallists was available to The evaluation of Ernest Belanger, originator of the "Ot- all who wished this information; and the first annual tawa System," shown in the AWI film, "Laboratory Dogs," Schweitzer award, which went to a veterinarian, Dr. Rob- brought a more personal but similarly keen observation to ert Bay, in 1955 for outstandingl34, humane care and man- bear, based on his experience in handling large numbers of agement of research dogs, was featured. individual animals under laboratory conditions. Dr. Mul- The new AWI publication, An l Expr n , was hern, from a broad experience in regulatory veterinary med- completed just in time for the convention; and its popu- icine, added an American directness to the analytical French larity was such that an extra emergency air shipment sent and the scientific British views. There was surprising unan- the first time all copies ran out was also completely used imity of appraisal of expressive gesture and facial delinea- up. is described in the adjoining ar- tion, ,chief differences being in the form rather than the (An l Expr n , ticle.) Also available on the basis of one free copy to each content of verbal description. C f rt bl Q rt r Subsequent comments by persons looking through the veterinarian was the AWI manual, the 103-page illustrated publication published photographs indicate that there is broad under- f r b r t r An l , showing a variety of well-designed animal quarters for dif- standing of animal expressions by people of the most di- ferent species of research animals. Hundreds of copies were verse experience and education. It would seem that industry examined by veterinarians at the booth and taken. is the main requirement to build as large a body of photo- graphic evidence of Darwin's early observations as may be Film releases on the AWI film, "Laboratory Dogs," (see page 3 of this Information Report) were available. The desired for any purpose. only publication for which a charge was made was St d n One copy of the 54-page publication will be sent free by Ernest P. Walker (published by on request to veterinarians and persons employed by re- O r ll M l , the AWI, 174 pages, illustrated, $1.00). Here, too, the ex- search institutions in the management of animal colonies or tent of the demand was much underestimated, since this care of animals. Others may purchase it at 'cost price, 75c, by writing to the AWI at the address above. (C nt. n 2
30 CO SO IUM O C IM A EES A O OMA AI O CE ASE, A AMAGO O, EW ME ICO E e ime a c im a ees a e a ee ac e a ea a ei is osa a may e e a ai co i io e ui i g a wi , w e e oo , wa e , a es i g s e es a e a ai a e. e Co so ium was esig e y . e y i eg, a ieu e a Co o e i e Ai o ce e e i a y Co s, as a mea s o gi i g e c im a ees g ea e ee om o mo eme a s i mai ai i g co o o esea c su ec s.
AWI oo a e Co e io o e Ame ica Michigan Pound for 9 days, and the owners notified by a e e i a y Me ica Associa io postal card during the time that their dog was impounded." These statements are not corroborated by the sworn affi- (C nt. fr 1) davits of any of the persons involved in this case. was the first time the AWI had exhibited at an AVMA It is unlikely that it will ever be known where the dog, Convention. Children were offered free copies of "Good Thunder, was during the three months that his owners Kind Lion," written and illustrated by one-time n h were seeking for him. They repeatedly searched for him editor and cartoonist, Fougasse, and "You and Your Dog." at the pound. They received no notification from the pound at any time that he was there and would have reclaimed I e a io a e e i a y Co g ess i Paris him immediately had they been so notified. The pound has Dr. James Steele, Chief, Veterinary Public Health Sec- no record of his ever having been there.* tion, Epidemiology Program of the National Communicable Disease Center, United States Public Health Service, made These facts are noted to keep the record straight, since the summation at the Seminar on the Laboratory Animal it seems to be the desire of the NSMR to suggest that the Welfare Act on the last day of the AVMA Convention. AWI was somehow responsible for misrepresenting facts. He took a keen interest in the AWI exhibit; and since he There ha been no such misrepresentation. was flying directly to Paris for the International Veterinary A most interesting fact was brought to light by the in- Congress, which is held once every four years, he requested vestigation of the United States Department of Agriculture that the AWI ship to him by air express for distribution inspector working under the Laboratory Animal Welfare
there one hundred copies of each of the following: C Act, P. L. 89 544, which had gone into effect for dog deal- f rt bl Q rt r f r b r t r An l , An l Expr ers only the day before Thunder was returned to his own- n , Film releases on "Laboratory Dogs," AWI Informa- ers. The dealer, Edward Radzilowsky, alias Rogers, had ob- tion Reports Vol. 15, No. 5, and Vol. 16, No. 1, the Lab- tained a license on the basis of his own affidavit. When he oratory Animal Welfare Act, P. L. 89-544, the regulations returned to the hospital delivering more dogs and learned promulgated by the Secretary of Agriculture February 24th, that Mrs. Dyce had observed the license tag hanging from and listings of materials available to veterinarians free or Thunder's neck, he r v d the tag and, according to his at cost price from the AWI. These were immediately dis- own sworn testimony, discarded it! This is the usual patched to Paris. system followed by dog dealers, and the piles of collars Dr. Steele emphasized the importance of raising stand- and tags found on dog farms have long caused great con- ards in research animal care and housing, particularly in cern to animal protective workers seeking to prevent the those places where research results are being neutralized sale of owned pets to scientific institutions. Fortunately, and made unprofitable by poor conditions for the animals. Mrs. Dyce had already taken the tag number and notified He estimates that about 10% of current research involving the Oakland County authorities, who located the owners. experimental animals is so neutralized and that the approxi- Mr. Radzilowsky made no similar effort to locate owners mate loss in mOney is $300,000,000 per year. after he removed the tag; and had Mrs. Dyce not taken the number, it would have been impossible ever to have brought about the happy reunion between the seven Shorter chil- U E A E dren and their pet. A IO A SOCIE Y The Veterans Administration Hospital treated Thunder O ME ICA ESEA C kindly and released him promptly to his owners. He was examined by a member of the Scientific Committee of the The National Society for Medical Research reacted typ- AWI, Richard Pearce, D.V.M., and found to be recover- ically when a dog wearing its license tags was noted in a ing well from the experimental surgery he had undergone. hospital animal room by the Laboratory Animal Consultant He is now in good health at the home of his owners. of the Animal Welfare Institute, Mrs. Robert Dyce. In its July Bulletin the NSMR alleged, "It is a matter of record, however, that he [the dog] was impounded as a stray, held for the required time by pound officials, released to an I . . 8 44 a ee i effect at the time the dog was animal dealer, and sold by the dealer on May 12 to the acquired by the dealer, he would have had to identify the dog Veterans Hospital in Ann Arbor." It further claimed, "One with a United States Department of Agriculture tag and would report states that the dog had been held in the Pontiac, have had to record his identity on a U.S.D.A. form.
0 U IC EA SE ICE I O S O AU IO ISUA ACI I Y WA KI G O SE C UE Y IS I U ES AWI I M A bill to prevent "soreing" of Tennessee Walking Horses "Laboratory Dogs" is now available for free, short-term was introduced for the second time in the United States loan from the Public Health Service Audiovisual Facility in Senate on May eleventh by Senator Joseph D. Tydings Atlanta, Georgia. Following is the text of the film release (D., Md.). Co-sponsors are Senators E. L. Bartlett (D., which it has issued: Alaska), Clifford Case (R., NJ.), Gaylord Nelson (D., "U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Wis.), Claiborne Pell (D., R.I.), Jennings Randolph (D., Public Health Service, Bureau of Disease Prevention and W. Va.) and Stephen Young (D., Ohio). Environmental Control, National Communicable Disease In introducing the bill, Senator Tydings said, "Mr. Pres, Center, Atlanta, Ga. ident, last year the Congress acted, with my full support, to "Public Health Service Audiovisual Facility Film Re- end unnecessary pain and mistreatment of animals used lease. TITLE: LABORATORY DOGS, M-1446-X 16mm, in scientific research. In so doing, we recognized our re- black and white, sound, 17 minutes, 1966. Cleared for tele- sponsibility to protect from unnecessary and cruel suffering vision. those creatures which cannot speak for themselves. I am "PURPOSE: To demonstrate a practical method of hous- proud that we took this action. It was long overdue. ing and caring for research dogs without the use of cages "But there is another widespread problem of cruelty to ani- and to show the value of careful, individual attention to mals which also requires corrective legislation. I refer to experimental dogs; to encourage provision of the best hous- the widespread injury of the beautiful Tennessee walking ing by administrators of research institutions. horse in order to alter its natural gait. "CONTENT: The film contrasts the life of a caged re- "Most of us at some time in our lives have attended a horse search dog with that of a group of compatible dogs that show and were thrilled to see these magnificent animals have undergone different types of experimental surgery at proudly prancing around a show ring. The Tennessee walk- the modern animal lab at the University of Ottawa Faculty ing horse's back stride is long; its front feet barely touch of Medicine. Useful advice on animal care includes stress the ground. on the importance of a clean, large room for the dogs to "However, unscrupulous owners and trainers of horses, live in, daily exercise on a long roof runway, and the avail- particularly Tennessee walking horses, have discovered that ability of enough food and water. Postoperative care of a if the horse's front feet are sore he will lift them quickly dog whose leg has been severed and replanted is shown; from the ground and take a long striding step. This soreing immediate postoperative care includes the administration of is accomplished by use of chains or tacks on the feet, or by pain-relieving drugs and fluids throughout the night. Later applying a burning agent to the pastern, the area just above treatment and special feeding emphasize the importance of the hoof. These burning agents vary, but the most common humanitarianism in research and experimentation with are an oxide of mercury salve known as 'creeping cream,' dogs. and an oil of mustard mixture called 'scooting juice.' Other "AUDIENCE: Animal technicians, all schools of the cruel techniques recently developed involve driving nails health sciences, research foundations, hospital administra- into the feet, or injecting irritants into the sole area near tors and veterinarians. the heel. These are more difficult to detect, especially as "PRODUCTION: Produced by Crawley Films, Ottawa, the trainers often then cover the wound with a pad and Canada, for the Animal Welfare Institute. place an artificial foot over that. The horse moves in ex- "AVAILABILITY: Free short-term loan from: treme agony, crouching on his hind feet with his head Public Health Service Audiovisual Facility drawn back and the ears back. Often the pain is so severe Atlanta, Georgia 30333 that the horse will try to lie down in the ring. Attn.: Distribution Unit "The exhibitors and trainers who practice this cruelty "Purchase from: claim that they have to follow the practice of inducing the Animal Welfare Institute 'sore lick' to win a blue ribbon, asserting that many judges Post Office Box 3492 prefer the sore gait. However, these despicable practices are •Grand Central Station condemned by responsible organizations and by some State New York, New York 10017" legislatures. The Tennessee Walking Horse Breeders' and Exhibitors' Association of America officially prohibits the E ESSEE AW O O EC OGS soreing of Tennessee walkers for show 'purposes, and pub- A CA S SO O ESEA C lished a notice, effective September 15, 1964, announcing Tennessee is the fourth state to pass legislation regulat- that 'due to flagrant violations by exhibitors' it will take ing the sale, transportation and handling of research dogs disciplinary action. The American Horse Show Association and cats. The bill passed the Tennessee Senate by a vote of also prohibits the showing of horses 'equipped with arti- 28-0 on May 18th and went into effect July first. r ficial appliances, such as leg chains, wires or tacks, blister- S t r staff writer, Kay Pittman Black, whose reports on ing or any other cruel and inhumane devices.' But some of dog dealers shocked thousands of readers, Senator Joe Pip- the biggest shows do not belong to the American Horse kin and Representative Elbert Gill, sponsors of the legisla- Show Association, and judges do not always follow the tion, and the Memphis Humane Society which worked show rules. . . . actively for its passage, combined to achieve this rapid suc- "Last year, when I introduced my bill on this subject, the cess. The Hargrove case, initiated by Laboratory Animal Department of Agriculture reported unfavorably on it, be- Consultant Dorothy Dyce of the Animal Welfare Institute lieving that these abuses were limited and capable of being (see Information Report Vol. 15, No. 5, November-De- handled by the horse associations. Subsequent to that re- cember, 1966) showed the need for the new Tennessee port, however, veterinarians from the Department visited law as it did for the Federal Laboratory Animal Welfare some of our large horse shows, and what they saw changed Act, the major provisions of which are similar. their minds about the need for this bill. The Tennessee law contains several additional provis- "The bill I introduce today, for myself and Senators Bart- ions, however, among which is the requirement that to be lett, Case, Nelson, Pell, Proxmire, Randolph, and Young licensed a dealer must never have been "convicted of cru- of Ohio, would prohibit the interstate shipment of horses elty to animals or of a violation of this Act." Action by the that have been injured for the purpose of altering their State with respect to the Hargrove dog farm in Medina, natural gait. This cruelty has been observed at nearly every Tennessee is expected, since William and Roy Hargrove Tennessee Walking Horse Show held in the United States. were convicted of cruelty to animals September 2, 1966, My bill would effectively curb this cruelty by giving the were fined and served jail sentences. Secretary of Agriculture authority to inspect Tennessee Because of the destructive amendment to the regulations walking horses shipped in interstate commerce. Because forced on the United States Department of Agriculture un- sored horses could not be taken to competitions outside their der the Federal Laboratory Animal Welfare Act by Agri- State, this vicious practice would be effectively curtailed, cultural Appropriations Subcommittee Chairman, Jamie L. and hopefully, even eliminated altogether." Whitten of Mississippi, the Hargroves have thumbed their The American Horse Protection Association, founded by noses at federal law and have obtained a license under the Mrs. Paul M. Twyne, is leading the campaign for enact- name of William Hargrove, Jr. The license was granted ment of S. 1765, and inquiries may be addressed to her at on Hargrove's n affidavit. 1830 North Ode Street, Arlington, Virginia 22209.
FIGHT FOR FUNDS TO ENFORCE THE LABORATORY ANIMAL WELFARE ACT The Congressional battle for funds necessary to imple- editorial in h Chr t n S n M n t r, July 26th. The ment the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act, P. L. 89-544, has situation is well summed up in the cartoon, which appeared been the subject of editorials in newspapers throughout the in the July 16th issue of h S n M r r . Fi- country. The story is told in h Y r June nal action still hangs in the balance as the Information Re- 27th, and the sequel, after favorable Senate action, in the port goes to press. Ed t r l fr Ed t r l fr E EW YO K IMES, UES AY, U E 2 , 6 E C IS IA SCIE CE MO I O , U Y 26, 1967 Curbing Animal Abuse When Congress last year passed the Laboratory Animal Repair the Cruelty Loophole Welfare Act, it reflected the nation's determination to es- Tho House of Representatives now has an opportunity to tablish minimum standards for the care of dogs and other repair the damage done to the Laboratory Animal Welfare animals used in medical research. But what/ Congress did, Act (P.L. 89-544) when Congressman Jamie Whitten suc- one man has now undone. ceeded in slashing to $300,000 the requested appropriation Providing animals for laboratories has become a thriving of $1,500,000 for implementation. Subsequent creditable interstate business. Many dealers trim costs by keeping ani- action by the Senate has readjusted the figure to $1,200,- mals in crowded, unsanitary conditions, transporting them 000. Next in the order of procedure will be a conference in pens too small for them to stand or turn around in and between the Senate and the House, to resolve differ- failing to provide sufficient food, water and exercise. The ences. new law was intended to curb such abuses. However, Mississippi's Representative Whitten, chair- The vital point is inspection of laboratories and dealers' man of the House Agricultural Appropriations subcommit- premises, for the purpose of controlling registrations and tee, has succeeded in cutting the funds requested to enforce licenses according to compliance or non-compliance with the law in the fiscal year beginning July 1 from $1.5 mil- the law. The Department of Agriculture, whose responsi- lion to a mere $300,000. This makes proper inspection of bility it is to see that P.L. 89-544 is implemented, is well animal dealers impossible. organized and equipped to do an efficient job of inspec- Even before the present stash, insufficient funds and tion and certification. But without sufficient funds, inspec- personal pressure from Representative Whitten prompted tion cannot be carried out. Without inspection, dealers will the Agriculture Department to revise downward in April the continue to certify themselves as complying with the law—a licensing standards it had promulgated only two months practice which will severely hamper the department in its ef- earlier. Instead of granting a license to a dealer only after forts to prevent a recurrence of the hideously cruel condi- inspecting his premises, the department has now agreed to tions which made the public demand a law for the protec- permit the dealers to license themselves by certifying that tion of laboratory animals. they are in compliance with the Federal standards. P.L. 89-544 was passed by an overwhelming majority in The inspection will follow when and if the funds ever both House and Senate. Neither body should allow its pur- become available. Since it is more difficult to withdraw a pose to be thwarted by hostile influences. The Senate-House license once granted than it is to withhold it in the first conference should be called promptly, and the House con- place, this shift in position has already complicated enforce- ferees should take this opportunity to remedy Congressman ment of the law. Whitten's action by agreeing to the Senate figure of The members of the House as usual feebly deferred to $1,200,000. the whim of one of their Appropriations subcommittee chairmen. The Senate has an obligation to repair Mr. Whit- ten's sabotage. (C)- 6 y e ew Yo k imes Com a y. e i e y e missio . S , It rf t t
C rt n fr THE SA OSE ME CU Y EI S, U Y 16, 1967
A IMA WE A E I S I U E A ISO Y COMMI EE
. eo . ice . ose Woo K u c a i ica o . . a a a O a s O ICE S C is i e S e e s A e . G a cy, . Ma e ei e eme a s oge . S e e s r d nt r d nt S r t r easu e SCIE I IC COMMI EE O UMA E S A A S O ESEA C A IMA S . Ma o ie A c e . e e e y . ic o as Gim e . au Kie a . Samue eacock . ic a G. ea ce . o Wa s I O MA IO A IMA WE A E I S I U E
P. 0. Box 3492, Grand Central Station, New York, N. Y. 10017
July, August, September, 1967 Vol. 16, No. 3
A.W.I. SUPPORTS P.L. 89-544, THE The prevention of needless animal suffering on a tre- LABORATORY ANIMAL WELFARE ACT; mendous scale has been accomplished by the Animal Health OPPOSES JAVITS - ROGERS REPEAL BILL Division of the United States Department of Agriculture. The Division's achievements in animal welfare, affecting In an atmosphere of secrecy, two identical bills were in- millions of domesticated animals, are not nearly so well troduced in the United States Senate and House of Rep- known as they should be, both by those primarily inter- resentatves to repeal approximately 7/8 of the coverage of ested in the protection of animals and by biologists with P.L. 89-544, the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act, which a stake in ensuring that experimental animals are free of passed the Senate by a roll-cal/ vote of 85-0 last year. Sen- diseases which adversely affect accuracy in experimentation. ator Jacob K. Javits and Congressman Paul Rogers both Dr. E. E. Saulmon, who became Director of the Division represented their bills as "an extension of P.L. 89-544" earlier this year, very kindly prepared the following article and few Congressional offices realized that repeal of exist- for publication in the Information Report. It provides the ing law is the principal objective of the exercise. reader with a brief summary of some of the scientific achieve- It has been widely stated by members of the scientific ments in disease control and eradication and the way in community that P.L. 89-544 is "legislation we can live which they were put into practical effect through the reg- with." It was passed as the result of overwhelming public ulatory work of the United States Department of Agri- demand after four sets of hearings, two in the House and culture. two in the Senate. A very thorough study was made by The Animal Health Division, numbering 788 veterin- the Senate Commerce Committee to meet all reasonable ob- arians and 838 lay inspectors, was assigned the task of en- jections to provisions or wording of any of the many bills forcing P. L. 89-544, the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act, introduced on the subject. It is a sound piece of legislation which authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to set stand- and is being ably enforced by the Animal Health Division ards for care and housing of research animals in dealers' of the United States Department of Agriculture (see the premises, in transit, and in scientific institutions. Exper- article by Dr. Saulmon, Director of the Division, in this ience in animal disease control and in enforcing other ani- issue of the Information Report.) mal welfare legislation makes U. S. D. A. the ideal agency The Animal Welfare Institute does not believe that the for carrying out the will of Congress in providing humane best interests of experimental animals or of those who use ca e of research animals. experimental animals would be served by seeking, as the Javits-Rogers bill does, to make changes in the straight- ANIMALS AND ANIMAL HEALTH forward provisions of P.L. 89-544, the Laboratory Animal by E. E. Saulmon, D.V.M. Welfare Act, which has just barely gone into operation Director, Animal Health Division (May 25th for animal dealers, August 24th for scientific The Animal Health Division of the U.S. Department institutions). of Agriculture operates under the philosophy that the best economic approach to livestock or poultry diseases is to SENATE - HOUSE eradicate them. Preventing the introduction of foreign ani- mal diseases and eradicating those domestic diseases which AO CONFERENCE COMMITTEE AGREES ON are of major economic significance eliminate the need for NEED FOR $1,200,000 FOR a continuous control program and the annual costs associ- LABORATORY ANIMAL WELFARE ACT ated with it. This must be done efficiently through close On October ninth the conference report on Department cooperation with the States, with the livestock and poultry of Agriculture and Related Agencies Appropriation, 1968, industries and with modern methods and a minimum of was issued. Concerning the Laboratory Animal Welfare trade interference. Act, P.L. 89-544, the report states: "The appropriation In the explosive expansion of the United States 100 years provides for enforcement of the Laboratory Animal Wel- ago, there was neither time nor patience for the refine- fare Act at a cost not to exceed $1,200,000. Enforcement ments of civilization or humanity. Livestock was a source work in the field is to be handled by existing trained per- of food. Their ties to the market place put them beyond sonnel as far as possible and additional funds required are humanitarianism. to be provided by transfer from lower priority work con- When trail drives yielded to railroads, cruelty in handl- sidered to be less essential." ing animals in transit increased. Cattle, calves, sheep, and swine were crushed into cars. They traveled great distances in open cars, unprotected from winter winds or summer HELP NEEDED FOR HUMANE heat. Unable to lie down, and without feed or water for PRE-SLAUGHTER HANDLING DEVICE long periods, many livestock would arrive at destination in 'FOR LAMBS, SHEEP AND CALVES extremely poor condition, with many of the smaller animals A Philadelphia inventor has developed a device for kosh- trampled or dead underfoot. er slaughtering of small animals that has been sought by At the same time, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia humane organizations for many years. A satisfactory pen was ravaging the livestock of the nation, anthrax, blackleg, for large animals has been in use for some time, but there brucellosis, and tuberculosis crept unchecked across the land. has been no device for handling smaller animals that could Increasing numbers of cattle were dying from a mysterious 1) be built at a reasonable price, 2) be operated economic- wasting "fever." Cattle and sheep scabies infested animals ally and faster or at least at the same speed as existing in more than half of the country. Millions of hogs were methods, and 3) involve no added labor costs. Lack of dying yearly from strange causes. Trichinosis had closed such a device has been a real stumbling block in efforts the principal European markets to American pork. Cattle to secure legislation calling for kosher slaughtering under and sheep forbidden entry into Great Britain were slaugh- humane conditions. tered on the docks. (C nt. n 3) (Cont. on Page 2) Animals & Animal Health of spines encircling the body which in its characteristic, head-down feeding position gives it the appearance of a (C n , fr 1) screw. The adult fly lays its at the edges of all types In this setting of disease and unwholesome meat foisted of wounds, cuts, and scratches. The raw navel of newborn, on an unprotected public, the predecessor of the Animal and other natural body openings that are injured or dis- Health Division was created. eased may also be infested. With a staff initially limited by law to 20, under the In their feeding and growth, larvae tear at the living leadership of Dr. Daniel Elmer Salmon, the new organiza- flesh with their mouth hooks creating deep and painful tion attacked contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. Entrench- wounds. Neglected wounds often mean death within two ed in the United States for 41 years, contagious bovine weeks for the helpless host. Thus, has the screwworm earn- pleuropneumonia was "extirpated" within 5 years, estab- ed its reputation as the scourge of the livestock industry. lishing the United States as the first major country to erad- icate this disease. Screwworms were eradicated from the United States by artificially rearing and sterilizing flies with atomic energy The mysterious wasting "fever" of cattle was found to from Cobalt-60. Airplane dispersal of tens of billions of be caused by a protozoan parasite in the red cells which sterile flies ultimately overwhelmed the native fly popula- was transmitted by bloodsucking ticks. This discovery, ac- tion accomplishing the equivalent of race suicide. claimed/ as the scientific achievement of the period, opened the door to new lines of investigation for other animal and The mishandling of livestock moving to market, which human diseases. Knowledge that the ph l tick was a in 1873 was called an "outrage on the first principles of biological vector of cattle fever and that the tick completed humanity," has been controlled since that time by admin- its development on a single host pointed to the weak link istration and enforcement of numerous laws. These pro- in the disease cycle. The disease was eliminated when sys- vide that rail shipments of animals be unloaded in a hu- tematic dipping of cattle in an arsenic solution eradicated mane manner into properly equipped pens every 28 hours the tick that served as vector. for feed, water, and at least 5 consecutive hours of rest. Humane standards have also been extended to animals in The Congress soon showed its confidence in the new transit by boat or airplane, and most recently to laboratory Bureau of Animal Industry by increasing the number of animals used in research. employees and enlarging its sphere of work. Within a few years and from the humblest origin, the Bureau grew into Inspection of livestock at markets and along lines of one of •the foremost veterinary science and animal health transportation has been an essential part of animal health organizatons in the world. and disease eradication. Each year approximately 50 million With some diseases, program emphasis is upon treat- animals are subjected to a health inspection at stockyards ment of animals to eliminate the causative agent of disease. throughout the country. Several hundred thousand dis- For example, dipping to destroy ticks that cause cattle fever eased cattle, sheep, and swine are found annually. Their and mites that cause scab, and artficial rearing of sterile removal from interstate commerce limits the spread of dis- flies to bring about self -destruction of screwworms. eases, and supports eradication programs in tuberculosis, brucellosis, hog cholera, scabies, and scrapie. Inspection Animals suffer pain, and while not always obvious or also directly protects human/ health against diseases trans- measurable, the greatest stimulus to pain is animal disease. missible to man. Health programs that attempt to eradicate disease, regard- less of accompanying motivations and considerations, are Through inspection and identification of animals, dis- also reducing pain and suffering. eases are rapidly traced to herds of origin, thereby provid- ing a vital link in the reduction of further spread of dis- Some examples of Animal Health Division programs eases. Daily inspection of livestock at public markets like- will illustrate the point. wise provides a vital barrier against foreign diseases.
Tuberculosis probably entered the United States in the Animal health is basically herd health. Mass dipping, first cattle imported, a century prior to the discovery of the mass vaccinations, mass inspections, mass quarantines—all tubercle bacillus by Koch. Attempts to control tuberculosis of these techniques for the mass treatment of animal dis- in dairy cattle started in 1891. eases, plus vigilance and perseverance are largely responsi- During 1917, approximately 50,000 carcasses intended ble for the enviable health of our domestic animals. for human food were condemned because of generalized tuberculosis. Tuberculosis was causing more losses among farm animals than any other infectious disease. BELANGER TOUR WITH "LABORATORY DOGS" We cannot gauge what scabby sheep and cattle endure. Ernest Belanger recently spent two weeks in the United Intense itching, loss of wool or hair, inflammation, exu- States. The chief purpose of his trip was to answer ques- dation, and emaciation certainly indicate discomfort and tions following showings of the AWI film, "Laboratory pain. Obviously meat and wool production are decreased. Dogs," at a series of institutions where groups of interested Young animals fail to develop normally. Infected animals medical, veterinary medical, scientific, and technical peo- are predisposed to other diseases. Treating infected sheep ple had an opportunity to consider the Ottawa System of and cattle with certain pesticides harmless to the host de- housing research dogs—loose housing of compatible dogs stroys the scab mite. Scabies eradication has been long and in rooms where they are bedded on wood shavings with costly, but the end is in sight. free access to food and water and daily access to a long — Scrapie is aniaeritable,-incurable virus disease-44 sheep roof runway. Mr. _Belanger has recently retired as Animal known in Europe for 200 years, but reported in the United House Superintendent at the Faculty of Medicine, Univer- States only since 1947. Infected animals continuously rub sity of Ottawa. and bite their skin. They are nervous and excitable. Move- The showings included the University of Michigan, the ment is exaggerated. After excitement animals may go into University of Tennessee, Wayne State University, the Na- convulsive seizure or coma. Animals lose weight, become tional Capital Area Branch of the American Association weak and dull, stagger, and stumble. These signs may last for Laboratory Animal Science, Pontiac State Hospital, De- for days, weeks, or more than a year before death inter- troit Memorial Hospital, and the United States Department venes. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. When man domesticated animals, scavenging flies were Mr. Belanger made visits to The College of Physicians provided with a more reliable means of perpetuating their and Surgeons, Columbia University, Manhattan Veterans kind. Certain species acquired the habit of attacking living Administration Hospital, George Washington University animals when conditions approximated those of familiarity Medical School, the College of Veterinary Medicine at on the carcass. Screwworms were among those flies that Michigan State University, and the Michigan Department evolved from scavengers to parasites, and in the case of of Health during his stay. screwworms, evolution had progressed to the stage that these flies could no longer exist except in living flesh. The The film is available on free, short-term loan from the screwworm is the larval form of the blowfly, C hl United States Public Health Service Audiovisual Facility, h n r x. It derives its common name from the rows Atlanta, Georgia, 30333. Help Needed for Humane Pre-Slaughter HUMANE EDUCATION Handling Device for Lambs, Sheep and Calves AT THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BIOLOGY TEACHERS CONVENTION (C nt. fr An invitation to make a presentation on humane care of animals in classrooms was extended by the National As- The new method embodies these three prerequisites. It sociation of Biology Teachers to the Animal Welfare In- is a patented process different from anything previously stitute. An exhibit will also be prepared; and the AWI developed. The portion of the device that deals with the manuals, which are available free to teachers, will be of- handling of the animal has been built and tested with live fered during the course of the national NABT con- sheep and proven satisfactory. vention, February 28 to/ March 2 at Anaheim, California. n l r j t , particularly suitable for high It consists of an overhead circular, oval, or egg-shaped school teachers, r t A d nd C r f S ll An l , es- conveyor chain that has suspended from it several clamping pecially prepared for elementary school teachers, and St d assemblies for grasping and holding the animal prior to n O r ll M l (see reviews below) will be and during the actual slaughtering. This conveying system shipped in quantity to California for the convention. is pivoted on a horizontal axis with the pivot being at the point approximately where the schochet positions himself. Development of humane attitudes and understanding The object of pivoting is to allow the end of the conveyor of animals by teachers and students of all ages is a major away from the schochet, to be lowered under direction of aim of the AWI. Its manuals are in constant demand and the man who handles the live animals in order for him to are used in school rooms throughout the nation, the usual apply the grasping mechanism. The clamping or grasping means of distribution being direct requests by teachers who assemblies consist of a spring releasing clamp that has two have read of their availability in such reference publications grasping sides that hold the animal in the same manner as as r nd In xp n v rn n M t r l . The Institute a person may use to pick up a small pet animal by grasping welcomes the opportunity to bring AWI publications o his sides between two hands. These large grasping clamps educators attending the NABT Convention. are form shaped to conform; to the general shape of the animal's body and rib cage so that when they are put on an animal they exert a small uniform painless pressure over REVIEWS OF the entire rib cage. The sides of these grasping clamps are S U YI G OU E OW MAMMA S lined with sponge rubber-like material to further remove Since publication of Ernest . Walker's St d n O r the possibility of exerting painful pressure on any part of ll M l in 1965, a second edition has been pub- the animal. lished to meet the demand from libraries, teachers, a The procedure in operating the device is as follows: A biologists. ,Reviews have been interesting in e a ie y o clamping assembly, having been automatically brought to their favorable responses; and some are reprinted below in the handler, is lowered by him to the height required for their entirety. Persons wishing to order a copy may do so grasping the animal. He places the clamp on the animal's by sending one dollar o, e AWI at the address on the body and pulls it tight against the tension of the spring masthead. that is used later to release the animal after it is slaugh- r Afr n W ld f , M r h tered. Having applied the clamp he pushes a button to 6 S U YI G OU E OW MAMMA S raise the conveyor and hence the animal off the floor to a e A ima We a e I s i u e o e U.S.A. as ece y convenient level, at which level he rotates the animal ver- u is e i is ook o e o e mos i e es i g a com tically so that it is either head down or on its back which- e e si e wo ks o mamma s ye o uce . e au o , E es . Wa ke , is e i ci a I es iga o o e o ec ever position is desired by the schochet. At the same time "Ge e a o ece Mamma s o e Wo ", a e i o he attaches to its hind leg a shackle that, until the animal ma io co ai e i is ook was ga e e y im i e cou se o a i e o g s u y o mamma s o igi a y i e e has been slaughtered, carries none of the animal's weight, o "Mamma s o e Wo ", u omi e ecause ce ai o and which offers no pain and which is attached at its e s a eme s o o ag ee wi w a e au o co si e s other end to a roller that rolls along a pivoted section of o u a misco ce io s a e ie s. e e com ises some 2 0 com a a i e y s o a ag a s eac ea i g wi some the meat rail parallel to the conveyor path. a icu a as ec o a ima i e, a is i i e i o e se a a e c a e s. e i s ea s wi a ge e a s u y o mam The attached animal and clamp are then further elevated ma s i ei e a io o uma s, e o ows mea s o co by raising the pivoted conveyor and pivoted section of the se i g i e e s ecies, ei e a iou u e a yi g co i io s, i s a ces o e a iou , mea s o commu ica io a meat rail to its normal conveying level. When it reaches e am es o i e ige ce, a a omy a ysio ogy a a this level the conveyor automatically starts and conveys the ces y, wi u e c a e s o e ca e o ca i e a ima s, c assi ica io a is i u io o s ecies, a e e ow o clamped animal and attached shackle which rolls along o og a em a y e o equi me es sui e o e the meat rail to the schochet (provided he is ready for it.) wo k. O ai a e om e u is e s a 0 ce s e , is The conveyor brings the suspended animal to and auto- ook wi o e i a ua e o e s u e o mamma ia, a icu a y as i co ai s a um e o e ce e o og a s. matically stops at the schochet's station. The schochet per- forms his task while concurrently the handler is loading r AA A l tt r (A r n A t n the next animal, one of the other clamping assemblies hav- f l l r nd A r l , 6 ew i ee a e e oo me w o a e o ami ia wi E ing been brought by the conveyor chain to, and automatic- es . Wa ke s ee o ume wo k M l f th W rld. ally stopped at the handler's position. After the animal has ecause a wo k is so a e com assi g e a u a eac io is o sus ec a St d n O r ll M l is a wa e e been slaughtered, the schochet releases a catch so that the ow e sio o M l f th W rld. e e is some o e spring pulls the two clamps apart and the animal now be- a i g o cou se u su isi g y i e. e a s e es is comes suspended, by the shackle, from the pivoted portion e c a e o o og a i g a ima s. Wa ke s e u a io i is ie is we k ow a is o i io s a ec iques a e of the meat rail where ib rolls by gravity to the end of the es ecia y sig i ica o oo me . O e c a e s a e co pivoting section of rail, and then rolls off this section and ce e wi co se a io , e a io , i e ige ce, o m, a a omy a ysio ogy, ca e i ca i i y, c assi ica io a is i u onto the main meat rail thence through the normal pro- io . e cos o is 4 age, o use y i us a e , a e cess of an abattoir. Simultaneously with his releasing the ack is o y o e o a , a g ea a gai . clapp, the conveyor carries this clamp away from him and r rn l f th A r n t r n r brings the next loaded clamp up to his position and takes M d l A t n, M r h, 6 still another clamp to the handler's position. S U YI G OU E OW MAMMA S ea y a e ma e ia i is ook was i e e o igi a y When the roller that supports the shackled animal rolls o e a a o a e ious y u is e a ge wo k y e au onto the stationary meat rail it trips a switch that permits o e i e M l f th W rld. e ma e ia i is ook a a e y was o use ecause o i s ig y s ecu a i e a the lowering of the pivoted conveyor to the starting posi- u e, w ic is ea i y a a e i e sec io s o i e ige ce tion for the next loading by the handler. a e a io . e e e ess, e ook co ai s muc i e es i g i o ma io , a e i us a io s a e es ecia y e ea i g. e It is expected that the device will meet all of the re- ages o i us a io s o mamma ia ske e o s co s i u e a co cise esso i com a a i e ske e a a a omy. e i o ma quirements of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the io is ese e as 2 separate s o o ics co sis i g i rabbinical authorities. It is not being produced yet because mos cases o o 2 a ag a s. of lack of funds to purchase the patent. Persons interested I a i io o e sec io s e ious y me io e , e e a e o e s o co se a io , a a omy a ysio ogy, a ces y, in helping to bring about production and use of this hu- ca e o ca i e a ima s, o og a y, c assi ica io , a a i mane preslaughter handling device for lambs, sheep and ma is i u io . calves are invited to write to the Animal Welfare Institute. (C nt. n 4) At the annual convention of the Michigan Veterinary Medical Association in August, the Animal Welfare Institute had a booth similar to the one exhibited at the American Veterinary Medical Association meeting in Dallas in ply. Pictured above are two panels of the booth, the right showing good condtions for research animals, the left showing bad ones. Examples illustrating changes required under Laboratory Animal Welfare Act regulations are emphasized in photographs from dealers' premises and labor- atories. The central panel (not shown above) displayed the Albert Schweitzer Medal of the Institute.
S U YI G OU E OW MAMMA S (C nt. fr e ook is o e a e e i a ia s ca ecomme o you g i i e i o se e a sec io s: S u yi g ou e ow Mamma s, e so s i e es e i a ima s a i e scie ces i ge e a .— Co se a io , I e ige ce, o m, A a omy a ysio ogy, [St d n O r ll M l . Ern t . W l r. 4 A ces y, Ca e o Ca i e A ima s, o og a i g A ima s, p ll tr t d. bl h d b th An l W lf r In t t t , C assi ica io , a A ima is i u io . As i e mo og a ic .O. x 4 2, Gr nd C ntr l St t n, Y r , .Y. 00 . se , muc a goes i o is ook e is ase o E es Wa k r $ .00] A. EEMA . e s g ea e e ie ces wi i i g a ima s. r h S n h r, Apr l, 6 . I asmuc as is ook e ea s a e i i e e a io s i o M l f th W rld, a wo o is se is i o e . O e oug e ma e ia is oose y o ga i e , M . Wa ke as asis o se e a yea s o e e ie ce wi i ow, I a e ou ma age o ese a a u a ce o ac s a e so a o i o e a i a ua e e e e ce se w ic u y as i e e se a io s o mamma s w ic s ou o e a ua e o s u ee e o ma y yea s. e s a eac e s a ike. e e a e e e si e sec io s ea i g wi a a omy, ysio ogy, a ces y, co se a io , e a io , I su eyi g e e ai s o St d n O r ll M l , a i e ige ce. A co si e a e um e o e o se a io s, we a e s uck y se e a i gs. i s , e acce is e i e y o es ecia y i e a e wo sec io s, e ese su ec i e u g o se i g e i i g mamma s. is is co o mi y wi ma y me s, a ue cau io mus e ake i i e e i g e es s u ies ei g o uce ece y, a is a i ica io o e e a io . e e e ess, ey s ou , as e au o sugges s, u a e sou ces o i o ma io om is y e o s u y. e s imu a e u e oug a i es iga io i o e ia y seco ema ka e i g a ou is o ume is a i as a ui u a eas. u ique sys em o some 2 co secu i e y Um e e su ec s w ic e e oug a o e oa c assi ica io s me e a s e wo mos a ua e sec io s o sc oo use wi io e a o e. Eac o ese um e e su ec s a ges om a e ose o e ca e o ca i e a ima s a e o og a i g ew se e ces o se e a a ag a s a e su ec ma e o a ima s. o co ai muc ma e ia o ac ica a ue. may e ac ua o eo i i g o e asis o M . Wa ke s yea s e ow ice a e ages o o og a ic ske e a com o e e ie ce. I i is a mos e es i g ook e a emi a iso s a ig y use u me ic sca es a co e sio a es e y sui a e o ea i g y e so s o a age g ou s a make is wo k a mus o a y sc oo i a y, u e e eme ma y y es o e uca io a ackg ou s. a y oug co ege. I ca comme is ook e o a y e so s i e es e i r h M rr l t, S pt. . 66, l. 4 , . , . 6, . i i g mamma s a a so o s ecia is s i mamma ogy. is is a 4 age ook e co ai i g some ma e ia s w ic Mu ay . o so , M. . a a e y we e o u ge sui a e o E es Wa ke s mo u Cu a o o Mamma s me a wo o ume se o M l f th W rld. is is U i e si y o uge Sou
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. QUI S EAKS O A IMA WE A E SC WEI E ME A S ESE E . o . Qui , esi e o e Mic iga e O . MU E A . O ES e i a y Me ica Associa io a e U i e S a es Y SE A O O A i es ock Sa i a y Associa io , as oi e e way o ma o i c ease o e e i a y a ici a io i a e a ua Sc wei e Awa a mee i g o mem io a a ima we a e wo k. I is esi e ia a ess e s a ie s o e AWI ook ace o em e 2 . a oe i , A i o a, Oc o e 8, , . Qui sai : Se a o S essa . o a o o i a ese e Sc wei e Me a s o . . . Mu e a . Ea "As ime goes o , as c a ges come a ou i e M. o es o e U i e S a es e a me o Ag icu a ima o u a io o ou cou y a we, as e e i u e i ecog i io o ei co i u io o e we a e a ia s, a e i ec y i o e , o y o essio a o esea c a ima s i im eme i g . . 8 44, e es o si i i y, ecause o ou osi io s i ou es ec a o a o y A ima We a e Ac , w ic was sig e y i e s a es. esi e y o . o so o Augus 2 , 66, a " e e is a ge e a a a a mi g ec i e i e um e o ei wo k o e a e io o yea s i e e i g o a ms i e U i e S a es. I as ee es ima e g ea amou s o a ima su e i g oug e a ica io ece y a i e e ee yea s o e mi io a ms o a ima iseases. wi go ou o e is e ce i is cou y. e ami y omi a e sma a m is o i s way ou a ei g e Se a o o a s ema ks ace y ewe a muc a ge a mi g o e a io s. is es ecia y o s ue i e o uc io o i es ock. I awa i g e Me a s, Se a o o a sai : ese c a gi g co i io s o o e ec a a o e "I am a y o e e e is e e i g a o occu y es o si i i y we a e i e co o o a ima is is a icu a y es o si e os i co ec io wi eases. I o y c a ges somew a e ma e i w ic e e i e y o e A e Sc wei e Me a s, ese e we go a ou ou egu a o y ac i i ies. is yea w e e e a e wo o em. I ci e a y " owe e , om a egu a o y s a oi , mo e s e ese me a s o e A ima We a e I s i u e a e ee cies o a ima s e e o o e gi e i e a e io y s a e awa e egi i g wi e o igi a me a o . Sc egu a o y age cies a e come o e o e o . Mo e wei e imse i 4, w ic was ese e i Os o, a mo e a e io y a co ce e is ei g ace o w e e e a go e o ecei e a o e im o a awa . e ca e a we a e o so ca e sma a ima s. I e I i k i is use u a i may e o i e es , a icu a y as yea , we a e see a io a egis a io asse , o ose w o ge e awa s, o ea e comme s w ic wi egu a e e ca e a ea me o ogs, ma e y . Sc wei e o a occasio . e a go e ca s, ima es a o e a ima s ei g mo e a e e e om am a e e a I o a e o e a y o c a ge o u i i a io i ou a o a o ies a i s i u you a ou is eme ous e o s a a emo e s o io s o ea i g o esea c . o se e ma ki a o e i i g c ea u es as we "Some s a es a e a so asse simi a y e egis a . . . I am o ou y mo e a you s ou wis o io o e co o o ese a ima s wi i ei o gi e my ame o e me a . I gi e you is ig wi e s. W i e e assage o is e e a egis a io oes a my ea . I s ou e e a e oug a my ma k a mi es o e i i c easi g i e es a e ci i e s i oso y, w ic e ica y i co o a es ou com as o e U i e S a es a e aci g i e e is e ce o sio a e a i u e owa s a c ea u es, wou e o ice sma a ima s, I ee i is e i e y i a equa e i o e i g a ecog i e u i g my i e ime. I k ew a is com e e egu a o y su e isio i ega o e ca e u wou im ose i se o e ay o oug , u i is a we a e o ese sma a ima s. e g ea a mo i g su ise o my i e a I s ou "I e e e a egis a io a i e egis a io w ic s i e e wi ess o e og ess o e ics. You me a was ece y asse i Mic iga , e a eas w e e e ce e a es is og ess : i oso y o ige o i e e e mos a e io a io s i e o e ca e a ea me o a ima s w e u u i ow i as s ow so i e o sma a ima s occu a e e em e om e o i i e es i em. So s oke . A e Sc wei e i sio s o is egis a io . I ega o is, I s eak i ecei i g e i s me a i 4. ma i y o og ou s, a ima s e e s a e s o s. "I wis I a e ime a o o u i y o comme I Mic iga is a y c i e io o e co i io s a e is o eac o e g ea o me eci ie s o is me a oug ou e U i e S a es, e e is a c yi g ee u I ca o o a . I us wa o say a as yea o go e me a i e e io i ese a eas. I my a is yea , i a icu a , e awa as ee keye s a e, a eas , og ou s a e u e e oca su e o e assage a e egi i g o e o ceme o isio o mu ici a i ies, o cou ies o ow s i go e a o a o y A ima We a e Ac , me io e y M s. e me a u i s. e e is a com e e ack o u i o mi y S e e s, w ic was a o e y e esi e as i e way ese u i s a e a e . Augus , 66, a imme ia e y u i o o e a io , as "Some oca a eas a e o i e ema ka e aci i ies e esu o a Su eme a A o ia io s Ac , a w ic is ow ge i g i u e ge o e a io u e o , ei u c io s w i e o e s a e o a y i a equa e o o aci i ies o e ca e a is osa o ogs a ca s. e i ec io o wo ou s a i g o icia s o e U. S. ikewise, e s o s a e ag a io a o s as o e co e a me o Ag icu u e w o a e o ecei e as Me a o o iseases a uma e a i g o a ima s wi i is s is awa , w ic is o g ea i e o em a ei emises. o o e s i e e a me o Ag icu u e, w ic is "I wou ecomme a ou ese e is i g a ies c a ge wi ima y es o si i i ies. commi ee e gi e e es o si i i y o ecomi g i "I mig say a I am a icu a y a y, oo, a o e i a as ec s o isease e a ica io i ega o is yea , i a i io o keyi g ese awa s o is sma a ima s. We a e 2 mi io ogs i is g ea Ac a i s im eme a io , eac o e Me a is s is U i e S a es a Go o y k ows ow ma y ca s. I, ci e o is g ea se ices o a ima s i co ec io e e o e, ee a i is e es o si i i y o is asso wi is wo k o e e yea s i e e a me o cia io o ake a ac i e i e es i e isease o Ag icu u e i e e i g as amou s o a ima su (Cont. on Page 4) e i g oug ski u a scie i ic e a ica io o ma o a ima iseases a es s a a icu a y i k ow e ge o ma y o e scie ces as, o i s a ce, e co ec io wi wo im o a e a ica io cam aig s use o co a o e sc ew wo m y a e e ease o o w ic I k ow a i e a w ic I am goi g o me i io s o s e i i e ies so a u ima e y e sc ew io a e . ose o us w o a e i e es e so ee y i wo m y was e imi a e . uma e o ec i es owa a ima s o ei ow sake . ou a eo e ge e a y ea i e e eme ous ea i e ow eque y ese o ec i es a e cou e wi k ow e ge a mus e mas e e y ese eo e w o eco omic easo s o ei ega e o ceme . As o accom is e a ica io . Suc a eme ous oo o ou wo me — me a a e e o me ou s a i g ou cou y i was w e o o e e a ica io cam se ices i e wo cam aig s w ic I s a me io — aig s we e success u . o e e e a ica io o a e i e isease o a ima s, a " ow, c a ge wi e im o a es o si i i y o e o e , e a ica io o a es scou ge o e g ea es e o ceme o is ew aw, w ic is e mai u ose es uc i e im o a ce, I am g a a we a e cou i g o is awa o ig , e Me a is s a e e i em ou i e es i uma e ess o i s ow sake wi e yea s o se ice a a e e e g ea y o accom is me ous eco omic a ues a come om uma e ess a eas ee o e mos im o a e a ica io cam i e ea me o a ima s w ic se e ma ki . aig s i ou a io ." "I e e oes a y a m o quo e a a e e so w o as s oke e o e i is ie , M . us ice o as, ema ks o . . . Mu e , a I quo e im wi a icu a i e es . As a you g e u y A mi is a o o egu a o y a Co o awye , I squa e o agai s im a o e ime, a we Ag icu u a esea c Se ice a e ee mo e a me e acquai a ces si ce a ime. My wi e says I a ways i some occasio o I acce i g e me a , . Mu e sai : me io I am a awye ecause I wa eo e o k ow "A yo e, es ecia y someo e om e me ica ie , a I o ce a a egi ima e o essio . acce i g a y awa associa e wi e ame A e " is is w a A e o as a o say a ou e mea Sc wei e , mus o so wi e g ea es umi i y. i g o Sc wei e a w y e was c ose o is ame a u a y is e u a io s a s as e e i ome ega o e gi e o is awa , a c oice w ic oug im i g e e e e ce o i e , a i we e e ee e a so muc easu e : is is Sc wei e s message — e e a ua io o o e o ou uma c a ac e is ics i is a i e, i a o i s o ms a as ec s, as mea i g is o e. is awa sig i ies o me e ee o e co a im o a ce. We k ow a o u a i e i e i o e sis e : a we ca o a e i e e s a a s o o i s o ms is o i i e u a i y ge e a y. We k ow e e e ce o i e e s ecies o a ima s. ey mus a so ici u e a es ai owa s i e i a o i s e equa o e owe s a a o o e s ecies wi o ms i uce e a i u es o ca e, com assio , a a e i s e ime a e ec o e o e s ecies. Em a y ki ess w ic a e e make s o ci i i a io . o a s ecies is esse ia i we a e i e es e u y i " A so i is a e s o so s i a e ac me o maki g is a e e wo . a aw o e imi a e some o e u ess a ee ess "I a a e e ie ce i Me ico a o g ese i es a use o a ima s is a esse ac —a ac w ic e o es a ma e qui e a im essio o me. I was i c a ge e oe a aises ou ci i i a io o a ig e a o a 0 o se a mu e eam a was c ossi g e e e e e . mou ai s i sou e Oa aca. We we e e ea o i g "I o e a my quo a io s o . Sc wei e a o i ou ow a sou i o Me ico e e i emic M . us ice o as may e a sou ce o easu e a o oo a mou isease a s ea . Eac ay a i s i a io o e Me a is s a o ei wi es a we mo e u e i o e mou ai s e ice e ei c i e . ei wi es a e e e wi em, a o se a mu e go ig e . I mus a mi a as we ey ea i e a ey a e ecei i g a awa w ic is mo e i o e mou ai s ey go ig e , e e ai e y mea i g u , as s ow y e quo a io s I a e mo e eac e ous a a u a y, e s ai o ese us gi e . o o y is i a awa ecause o ei a ima s a we e ca yi g e oa , muc g ea e . im eme a io a ei agg essi e e o ceme o "I eca a u i g ose c ays mos o my a y e a o a o y A ima We a Ac u a so o ei was e y im a ie wi e o ses a we e ca yi g wo k i e wo ie s w ic I am goi g o me io , us a e mu es a we e au i g ou gea . . . ame y e e a ica io o oo a mou isease i " e o se a mu e ow e s go mo e co ce e Me ico a , e o e , e e a ica io o e sc ew ai y a e esse i w e e e e o o u i y a ose wo m i e Sou eas e o io o e U i e S a es. . . . eac ay e ai y a e e a ima ose esos I a e o k ow a i e a ou o o ese se ices. u i i eac e 2 esos e ay, a w ic oi I As a mem e o e Se a e Su comi ee w ic su e ma e a i m s a a o em a I wou o ise e a ica io i Me ico, I isi e Me ico a I i c ease is a e e ay o e es o e i . e e may a e see ou Me a is w o aye so im o a was o o ec io o e a o e a ima ow e s, so a a i 2. I s a e e o ge some o e i gs I e u e o my e a com a es wi a ee i g o a we saw e e i ica i g e eme ous a ue o i e . . s o i e , owe e , ecause u o a isi g we ose eo e, a , i ci e a y, o ou eo e w o ou a e o ses a mu es a ei ow e s we e aise i es ock, i e e a ica io o oo a mou go e. ey a e us u i g e ig , s a e a isease. e o em a a as mea i g o e eco omy wi ou a o e o se o mu e i sig . o ou e i e Wes a ou e i e a io a a ec e "Se e a oi s ook o a ew e s ec i e. i s o o o y omes ic a ima s u wi a ima s, a a i a we ea i e a we i ee a e equi me cu a y e ee . I i k e e a ica io om a g ea a we s a e ou wi —equi me a was a o e a oug cou y ike a o a es so e i is a e ime co si e e esse ia . A so, e mou ai s imme o ma ce o w ic e e y e so w o a a a i i ia e y ecame ig e , ca yo s ee e , ai s mo e ca e us y ou . I i k a o e o ou Me a is s a ow, ma y mo e s a ocks i e oa a e o ig ca e us y ou o i . s eams w e e o e cou ge a i k o i a ca ee " e o e g ea accom is me w ic I me io muc u e a a . is e e a ica io o e sc ew wo m i e Sou eas "We wa ke o i e ays e o e we oca e o ses U i e S a es. We i o i a su e e mos om a a we cou i e. I e e o ge o e o e ays ecause o ou mi c ima e. a es cou i e a w e i ai e e e i e ay a e mou ai ai s wi e wi us w e e e cou i a y o e a ecame sma s eams . . . O e ays w e i was o e U i e S a es. e ecame a mu i mi io o a y e io ica y we sa ow o es , u i was scou ge o e i us y o o i a, w ic s ea o o g e o e we we e co e e y a s, a is s a e ea y a eas e e y yea . e ai , e su e i g i us mo i g quick y. I ca assu e you a we a i ic e u o a ima s y e sc ew wo m om w ic so a o o me i a i g u i g ose o g e u i g ou s. ma y ie a e sim y i esc i a e. e e is o e ic "O e s iki g i e e ce i ou a i u e w e we u e o e wa i e a oi i g oom o ow es uc we e a e o o ai o ses was a a e eas ou i e e wo ms we e w ic e sc ew wo m im a e wa sig o s ai , e i e wou imme ia e y is i o e oo s eam o e a ima a was e os . mou a wa k u i e e ai ecame mo e a o a e. o e a ica io cam aig s we e success u . ey e I i see o e e so o e es o e i s ow qui e e y g ea k ow e ge a ou io ogy wi as a y im a ie ce owa s is o se. I e ie e e a s aug ei • esso a so, a w e you e i e a mus o a wi i ou owe o e e a a is e wea y, a i io a ai a mi is e e o y makes e e ec io . . . si ua io mo e i o e a e. I I may a a ase e " . A e Sc wei e mus a e e e ie ce ma y o I ia o e : o c i iciie a o e I ia u us a io s i is a em s o aise u s o co s uc ess you a e wa ke a mi e i is moccasi s. io o is os i a i e A ica wi e ess. u e " is is ow we ee ow i a mi is e i g a ew succee e , a is ee s as a uma i a ia wi i e aw. We mus ea o wa k i e s oes o ose w o i e mi s o ma ki o e e . is e o io o u y o ose e aw, e ac e e aw, a ose w o wi e em i ie y is e e e ce o i e i es o as a ea e egu a e y i , a is i c u es e a ima s i co o e es o us o o ow. We i US A, w o o e . We mus o i o see a i is im eme e to a e es o si e o a mi is e i g e uma e as ec s e u es i e a e e a wi e eas a m o P. L. 89-544, shall co i ue striving for the best a ca e o e o ose w o a e wi i g o com y. ossi e o ec io , com o , a sa e y o e esea c I em asi e, h h r ll n t pl . . . . a ima s co e e y e aw s o isio s." "I uma e ac ices i e a i g o ese a ima s mus s o . E e yo e seems o co o e is i oso y, h r n h u is e wo a ic es y so we ca o see w e e e o em ies i a yi g ames ee, its Was i g o Co es o e , co ce e Ac si ce i was esig e o a u ose . . . i g e me a is s a e o owi g e i o ia a ea e "As a e ese a i e o e Ag icu u a esea c o em e 0 : Se ice, w ic is o e o e ma o esea c o ga i a " d f C p n" io s o is cou y, we u y a ecia e e ee o "Ea o es sai e a wa e o e a e e i a ia im eme e Ac a ye , e u y cog i a o e e e si ce is oy oo ays i i mi g am w e e g ea es o si i i y a we a e o ge i accom is e ou a c i ica y i u y a is a e s e im wi ou a i g u ecessa y a m u e ec s o esea c . u se i ack o ea . I ou a oac is o ec i e, a a is ou o icy, e "Mo ay i Was i g o , Au u g a ua e Dr. Earl I ee e esea c commu i y wi co i ue o eac M. o es a a o e Au u a um us, . a cis . a o a y owa s is aw. We a e sa is ie wi w a Mu e , oi y ecei e e 6 A e Sc wei e as ee o e o a e, u e e is a g ea ea mo e Me a o ou s a i g co i u io s o a ima we a e. to o. " ey we e o o e o ei ea e s i in, au c "As a e e i a ia w o oug e yea s as a i g e a mi is a io o e ew a o a o y A ima o wo k wi a mos a ace s o is g ea y i e si ie Ac — i ci a aim o w ic is o i su e uma e ea o essio , I wis o e ess my a ecia io o is me o a ima s es i e o a o a o y esea c —a o o ei g es owe u o o o us. I ee ou o o ei wo k oug e yea s i e e a ica io o essio wi co i ue o u y su o is aw ecause a ima iseases. i is esig e o ca y ou a i ci e w ic we as "Me o ei ee i g o a ima s o a s ecia e e i a ia s a e e ica e o u i . We a e sa is ie ace o es eem i e eyes o a yo e w o as see a wi e coo e a io we a e ecei e , u we as a e a age y isease, o w o as ea e s ocki g o essio ca o i e muc mo e ea e s i a we e o s o mis ea me o a ima s y some o ose a e o a e i is a ea. w o su y em o esea c . "As a e e a A ima ea o icia , w o o a "We ag ee wi Ag icu u e Sec e a y eema a eas e as yea s as wo ke i c ose e a io e awa i g o e 6 me a is i ea i e e y respect s i s wi e S a e o icia s w o I m su e wi ecome a ce ai y we ese e . mo e a mo e i o e i e im eme a io o simi ema ks o . Me e , a S a e aws, I wis o e ess my a ecia io o is Geo ge . o o ei g es owe u o us. I a o ou A ima Assis a Sec e a y o Ag icu u e ea og ams, e S a es a e asse simi a aws "I s eak o a o you o ig wi a ee a o es o e e e a o e e e y su eme i g ou Ac s g a i u e. I is a ee a o es g a i u e o w o a usi g ei au o i y o ake ac io i a eas a you a e, w a you a e, a w a you a e o e. o we ca eac . e S a e e e a eamwo k a e is s e Sec e a y, e e a me a a ge, a o myse , i ou og ams, we e ie e, as ee e y success u . I a k you o e e you a e gi e us i a i e e oo, some S a es a e a ea y ake ac io a icu u mos im o a ask. A o a o us, I asse simi a aws. We a e us ge i g s a e . Yes, a k you o e o o w ic you a e given to my we ca e o og ess u we a e a o g way o ie s a co eagues. go. . . . "I a so s eak wi a ee a o es i e i w a " i a y, I wou ike o o ecas a e e wi ese wo ie s a co eagues w o ecei e is o o come a ime i e o oo is a u u e w e a a e, o w a ey a e o e. I a e i e i e e e so s i o e i is og am wi u y a ecia e ey a e a om so ma y eo e i e e a e e e i s o e e i e y is Ac . I e ic a me . some wi wo e w y is egis a io was o asse "I is es ecia y g a i yi g a is o o comes o soo e . I a i io o e og ess ma e o a e, we ou ie s i e ame o a g ea a goo ma — wi see e i uma e ac ices e imi a e , im o e A e Sc wei e . e was a ma o me ici e — u aci i ies o a i g esea c a ima s, a a so a e e e was a so a ma o a s a e e s, a ma wi oy. esea c mo e om w ic o aw e e co c usio s e was a ma o ge i i y a wis om a ki ess, a esu s. I we ca us kee i mi e e am e wi ee y sea e es ec o ma ki a o i e se y . Sc wei e . . . is is ow we mus e a a a ge. e was a sc o a , a scie is , a ec ec ic, a ua e ou og ess. I is w a we say we e ie e i u i e sa is o a ki a e y see in this twentieth a cou s—i s w a we o a ou i ." ce u y. "I is o a o e es ec o a ima i e a is i ema ks o . Ea M. o es, o e i assu i g ece a ig i ie ea me o Se io S a e e i a ia a ima i e. o o so is o i se a goo i g o o. I as ee a is ow a i icu i g o o. I is i C a ge o a o a o y A ima s s i a u com e e ask. e e is muc ahead of us. . o es sai , i a : "Ye we o mo e a se e a ima i e i es ec C . . . e ee i g I a e a is mome is muc i g e ig i y o suc i e. W a ou e ecesso s e same as a w ic I e e ie ce w e o a a e o e a w a we a e o e a a e oi g as I was a oi e o my ese osi io . . . ee o e a is ei g o e i se ice o ou se es as " a i g o e a e a e e i a y c i ic a isi e i uma ei gs. We o is i sim e e e e ce o, a ma y o e s, I ca eca ma y ouc i g si ua io s wi sim e es ec o , e s a a s o uma ig i y i o i g e o e o ma o e c ea u es a us a a e ecomi g o ose o us o u a e e oug o i im a e e u o im o su i a . Ma s e o as uma ei gs. es o si i i ies o e a ima ki g om a e asic o ou " is es ec o ece cy a ig i y a is e way o i e, a e way ese es o si i i ies a e is e e ce o uma i y i e ea me o a ima i e wi c a ge y eac o us e ec s u o ou socie y. We a so im o e e qua i y o scie ce—a us u e se e e ee s a e a ues o ma ki . i e ec ua i g e u oses o e Ac a a y S a e, "I a e s ecia i e i , a s ecia g a i u e o, oca , o mu ici a egis a io o o i a ce o e o . o es a . Mu e —I a e sai ey a e same su ec , ie s as we as co eagues. OW E E O E, E I ESO E a e "Ye o ig I i k I k ow, e e i e os i US SA go o eco as s o g y a o i g e i e w ic I wo k, a e e is as muc o o i is e a u oses o . . 8 44, a yea , e eca e, e ce u y as as ee o e i e E I U E ESO E a is o ga i a as yea , eca e a ce u y. io ecomme a e se e a S a es co si e e "I i k I k ow you a ues a you u oses, a o em s a e e ei a ake suc ac io as eeme ey a e ou u oses. I e wo k a you a e oi g, ecessa y a a o ia e i acco a ce wi . . 8 we a e wi you wi ou ese a io , wi ou equi o 44 ow a ica e o i e s a e comme ce, a ca io , a wi ou qua i ica io . e wo k a you E I U E ESO E a e Co g ess a e oi g mus e o e. Scie ce wi e e e e o e eques e o o i e suc u s o e e o ce i . Mo e im o a , e qua i y o uma i e wi a so me o e Ac as a e eques e om ime o ime e e e e . y e Sec e a y o Ag icu u e. " "We wi e wi you i e yea s a ea as we a e ee wi you i e as . " o e A ima We a e I s i ue we a e g a e u . A e i i e a e y US A s owe o og a s O o my ie s— . o es a . Mu e —we o se e a a ima ea e s emises e o e a a e a e ou , ee y ou ." . . 8 44 we i o e ec . Ma o co s uc io o com o a e a ima qua e s was s ow co as i g ema ks o M s. o e yce, wi ams ack e ke e s use io o e omu ga io A.W.I. a o a o y A ima Co su a o e ew egu a io s. M s. o e yce, a o a o y A ima Co su a A seco a e e ic e e a ages o oo a o e A ima We a e I s i u e, e o e o cases mou isease, esicu a e a ema, a e sc ew s owi g e esu s o . . 8 44. Mos ece i wo m y, e o ec s o e ee ma o e a ica io s a ce co ce e a og ace ac oss s a e i es. M s. og ams i w ic e Me a is s a e aye a i a yce sai : a . e su e i g cause was g a ica y s ow , a 4 e im o a ce o e wo k o e A ima ea i i . . e o e e assage o . . 8 44, i was o sio o e Ag icu u a esea c Se ice was em a u commo o a ima s o e ake i ec y o a e si e oug is i u io o e i s om " e e i a y sea c aci i y o e same ay ey we e ocu e y Ac i i ies o Age cies o e U i e S a es Go e me e ea e . Suc swi e c a ge ma e i i ua y im i e a io s i o u c io s e o me y S a e a ossi e o a ow e o ace o e ie e a missi g e . oca Go e me s, i a e G ou s, a I e go e "U e . . 8 44, e ea e is equi e o o me a O ga i a io s," e a e o e Commi ee a ima s o i e ays e o e se i g em. ecause o o Go e me O e a io s, U. S. Se a e, i 6 . is o isio , i , a eau i u a a o e ie e , is ack wi is ow e . e a wa e e om is ome o Mo ay, Se em e 2 , a was ake o e . Qui S eaks o A ima We a e Muskego ou y e oca og wa e . A oug (C nt. fr a sig i e ou s eci ies a a ima s mus e e e e o 2 ou s, i , w o is a ue a $ 0.00, ems o e sma a ima g ou suc as ey ow o was so o $ . 0 o a ou o s a e a ima ea e o ou a ge a ima s ecies. A ima ea s ou i wi i 48 ou s a e e a i e a e ou . I sea c c u e ca e a a i g. i g o is og, M . Mu y a ee o y ou "I o e ese ew sugges io s wi e si ce e o e e so e a is og was o e e. O e o owi g a a o you as mem e s o US A wi gi e se ious i ay, a co scie ce s icke em oyee e e o e a oug o em." a ise M . Mu y a is og a ee so o e e o o e Commi ee o e e a S a e & a a ima ea e . ecause o e ay o i g e io , a io co ai e e o owi g s a eme s: as equi e y . . 8 44, i was oca e a e " l Y r 68. e Commi ee was i o me a a ima ea e s ke e i eca u , I ia a. e is ow e e a me is eques i g a i c ease o $ ,200,000 ack wi e Mu y s i Muskego , Mic iga 20 o e u ose o a mi is e i g . . 8 44 i e ou s ig e , u e y a y o e ome. isca yea 68. "I Mic iga we a e a s a e aw w ic is a mos "I is o e a is amou is equi e o assu e i e ica o . . 8 44. e si ua io i o i g i com ia ce wi e s a a s owe e , i is o c ea is u e i es iga io y o e e e a a S a e w e e is a o ia io is a so i e e o o i e e a me s o Ag icu u e. e e a me s a e i o esea c o e i o me a a e a io a ac o s i eg a e —s a e e same o ice ui i g—a wo k ue ci g e ea , com o , a sa e y o a ima s oge e coo e a i e y o see a o aws a e e ei g a s o e a mai ai e o esea c . u o ce ." oses. M s. yce e o e o im o eme s ei g ma e y " e Commi ee wis es o oi ou a e s a e a ima ea e s a scie i ic i s i u io s si ce e o e a o o i i g e o imum i a o a o y a i a o a o y A ima We a e Ac as go e i o e ec . ma we a e is o u y e e o e . I s ou e ecog I c osi g, s e sai : "I wou e ess e o e a i e a ma y o e a ues co ai e i e s a a s o e s a es wi o ow Mic iga s e am e i e ac i g mus ecessa i y e u gme es ima es a a e o , i com eme a y s a e aws a a me o e ca i e ac , scie i ica y e i e . o . o Qui , S a e e e i a ia o e Mic iga "We u ge a e e a me u e ake a com e e a me o Ag icu u e, wi e i c a ge o ei e si e og am o esea c o e e mi e e e ec s e o ceme . As esi e o e Mic iga e e i a y o ese a ima s o i e i g e i o me a co i io s Me ica Associa io a e U i e S a es i es ock a a u s e o i e o suc s u ies Sa i a y Associa io , . Qui as ake e ea i " l Y r 6 . I is ecog i e a e e a me em asi i g a ima we a e. I wou ike o ea e as o ase i e o e e ie ce u o w ic o aw o eso u io asse y e a e o ga i a io is yea : u ge es ima es o 6 , si ce is is a ew a u W E EAS e Co g ess o e U i e S a es e ece e e og am. Si ce e a ues co ai e i e ac e . . 8 44, e a o a o y A ima We a e Ac , s a a s as i a y omu ga e mus e su ec e o sig e y esi e y o . o so Augus 24, co s a c i ica e iew a ei a i i y i m y es a 66, egu a i g e ac i i ies o a o a o y a ima is e oug esea c a e e ie ce, we wou u ge ea e s a esea c aci i ies usi g ce ai s ecies o a e e a me , i i s summa io o eques o a ima s, a 6 , oi ou a i is qui e ossi e a eques s W E EAS Sec io ( o e Ac au o i es e o a i io a a o ia io s wi e o comi g as e Sec e a y o Ag icu u e o coo e a e wi e o icia s e ie ce ic a es, u i g e ea y a o e a mi is o e a ious s a es o o i ica su i isio s e eo a io o e aw."