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Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm slides or 6"x9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Accessing the World's Information since 1938 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106*1346 USA 8804008 ANIMAL RIGHTS AND ANIMAL RESEARCH Ali, Cairo Fatima, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1987 ® 1987 Ali, Cairo Fatima All rights reserved UMI 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Aibor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or _____pages 2. Colored illustrations, paper or ______print 3. Photographs with dark background_____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy j / * 6. 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Ali, B.A., M.A. * w * * * The Ohio State University 19B7 Dissertation Committee; Approved by U.K. Meyer J*C. Bresnahan R. Roth Advisor L. Schmidt Department of Psychology Copyright by Cairo F. Ali 1987 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 express sincere appreciation to Dr. Donald R. Meyer for his guidance and insight throughout the research. Special thanks go Co Dr. Patricia M. Meyer who was an inspiration for me throughout ny studies. 1 would like to thank members of my advisory committee, Drs. Jacqueline ttrensahan, Robert Koth, and Lyle Schmidt, for their assistance and comments. Appreciation is expressed to Jaral Christopher for her technical assistance and friendship. ii VITA April 14, 1 ‘J5 8 ................... Born - Fitchburg, Massachusetts 1980 . ........................ B.A. Thiel College, Greenville, Pennsylvania 1983 ............................ M.A. Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1983 - 1986. ............. Teaching Assistant, Ohio State University PRESENTATIONS Collier, A.C., & Ali, C.F. (Nov. 1983). The influence of the endogenous opiate system on ultrasonic distress vocalization: A developmental study. Presented at the annual meeting for the international Society for Developmental Psychobiology, Hyannis, Mass. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Psychology iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................11 VITA...................................................ill CHAPTER PACE 1. INTRODUCTION................................. 1 11. ANIMALS IN ANCIENT TIMES..................... 8 111. RISE OF THE ANIMAL WELFARE MOVEMENT IN ENGLAND...................................... IS IV. THE ANTIVIVISECTION MOVEMENT IN ENGLAND .... 21 V. RISE OF THE ANIMAL WELFARE MOVEMENT IN AMERICA......................................28 VI. THE ANT1V1V1SECTION MOVEMENT IN AMERICA .... 37 VI1. FROM ANIMAL WEFAKE TO ANIMAL RIGHTS............50 Vlll. ANIMAL RIGHTS ORGANIZATION......................64 IX. FROM ANIMAL RIGHTS TO ANIMAL LIBERATION .... 72 X. MAJOR ISSUES WITHIN THE ANIMAL RIGHTS MOVEMENT........................................78 XI. STRATEGIES AND TECHNIQUES WITHIN THE ANIMAL RIGHTS MOVEMENT......................... 101 X U . ANIMAL WELFARE LEGISLATION.....................118 XUI. BREAK-INS: ACTIONS BY MEMBERS................. 148 XIV. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF THE ANIMAL RIGHTS MOVEMENT .............................. 169 XV. ALTERNATIVES TO THE USE OF ANIMALS IN RESEARCH................................... 188 iv CHAPTER PAGE XVI. STANDARDS FOR THE CARE AND USE OF LABORATORY ANIMALS............................ 201 XVI1. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION ............................. 211 XVIII. THE COST OF ANIMAL RIGHTS.................... 224 XIX. CONCLUSION....................................237 LIST OF REFERENCE....................................242 LIST OF REFERENCE NOTES.............................. 237 APPENDICES A. Letter Sent to Various Animal Welfare/Rights O r g a n i z a t i o n s 297 B. List of Acronyms.............................. 299 C. Individuals Affiliated with Other Organizations..................................303 D. Major Organizations Within the Animal Rights Movement.................. 306 E. Animal Rights Organizations' Financial Information. ............................ 310 F. Letter from Peta ................. 313 v CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION And God bleB&ed then, end God said to then, "Be fruitful and nultiply and fill the ear.th and subdue it, and have dominion over the flah of the sea and aver the birds of the air and over every living thing that moves upon the earth." And God said, "Behold 1 have given you every plant yielding seed which is upon the face of the earth, and every tree with seed in its fruit, you shall have them for food. And to every beast of the earth, and to every bird of the air, and to everything that creeps on the earth, everything that has the breath of life I have given every green plant for food." And it was so. (Genesis, 1:28-30). There are seme individuals who have taken strong exceptionto the foregoing Biblical injunction. Instances have occurred in whichsmall groups have banded together to convince society of their "new” principles of human morality and justice. To enforce their demands for a re-evaluation of the rights of non-human animals, they have broken into laboratories which conduct either medical or psychological research and have wreaked havoc upon both human beings and animals. They have already destroyed equipment and facilities which cost taxpayers millions of dollars, have disrupted the careers and work of scientific researchers, and in the process have sometimes endangered the lives of animals whose rights they profess to uphold and to protect*. These actions were all taken in the name of animal rights. Proponents of this new Ideology are now increasing in number and strength throughout the 1 2 world. The movement has become a force within the United States. At 2 present there are over 55 national animal welfare/rights organizations • One-third of these organizations have been established since 1980. Prior to this time the majority of groups were founded on the principles of animal welfare. As such, their primary interests were oriented towards providing shelter, care, and treatment for animals. These activities are most commonly associated with groups like Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCAs) and the Humane Society of the United States. However, in the last decade there has been a sudden incresse in the number of animal rights organizations. These new groups aim at providing for the physical well-being of animals, like the animal welfare groups, but they also believe that animals are entitled to the same rights, liberty, and freedom that human beings receive. They hsve been remarkably successful thus far, particularly in the area of administrative law. The general trend In the animal rights movement haB been toward increasing use of terroristic tactics. This is amply demonstrated by the number of university laboratory break-in6 that have occurred in 3 recent years . These actions were taken in the name of animals and ware attempts to uphold the civil rights of animals. Over 18 universities in the United States have been subjected to burglary, vandalism, and the removal of animals from their animal research facilities since 1979. A third of these break-ins were into psychology departments. Various organizations within the animal rights movement have accepted responsibility for these break-ins. But in very few instances have any 3 L of these organizations/individuals been penalized for their actions . These activities of the enimal rights movement are increasingi not only in terns of frequency, but also with respect to financial and enotional costs to the experinenter and univeraity. Researchers