A IMA WE A E I S I U E
22 EAS th S EE , EW YO K, . Y. 000
a ua y e ua y 64 o . o.
SE A O WI AWS IG A SE S A EME S Y ME ICA ESEA C SC OO C UE Y I SOCIE IES Apparently irritated by requests to stop In 1955 Dr. Robert Bay was awarded the Albert Schweitzer Medal of cruel experiments in high school science the Animal Welfare Institute in recognition of his outstanding humane classes, the New York State Department of care and management of a large colony of experimental beagles at the Education tried, unsuccessfully, to slip Radiobiology Laboratory, College of Medicine, University of Utah. Short- through an amendment to the state anti- ly before he flew east to receive the medal, Dr. Bay resigned his position cruelty law which would have allowed un- when he was denied the right to put a severely suffering dog out of its limited pain infliction on animals in high misery. This dog had 2 different fractures and severe ulceration of the school biology classes. mouth resulting from the radioactive materials with which it had been A shocked public, when it learned the injected. There was no valid scientific reason for prolonging its agony, facts, protested so strongly to the Senate and the arbitrary cruelty of those in charge of the Radiobiology Labora- Codes Committee where the bill was pend- tory was reported to the thousands of readers of the I O MA IO E ing, that its sponsor, Senator George R. O (Vol. 4, No. 5). Metcalf, withdrew it, stating that the De- What was our surprise, then, to find that this same institution is now partment of Education had given him a claiming that it, rather than Dr. Bay, was awarded the Schweitzer Medal "misleading memorandum." The Senator and that "Bob Bay was never denied permission to euthanize an animal." said, "I got what is known in the trade as This outrageous falsification is published in the current issue of the New a Brodie." (Rochester Democrat and York State Society for Medical Research Bulletin under the heading, "A Chronicle, February 13, 1964) Minister Investigates the Investigators," and though it is only one of the Miss Beeson of the Department's legal many untrue statements contained in this Bulletin, it is the one which division, stated that she wrote the bill and the AWI could not honorably leave uncorrected since it deals with the volunteered emphatically that it does apply Schweitzer Medal and with a truly humane scientist, the first winner of to high schools, though the phrase used to the medal, Dr. Bay. describe places which she proposed to A second example of brazen falsification of past happenings is included exempt from New York State Law, Section in the current "Events" of another medical research society, the National 185 ("Overdriving, torturing, and injuring Society for Medical Research, which undertakes to distort the facts of the animals: failing to provide proper susten- Zoologicals Worldwide case, actually going so far as to call this case of ance") hardly was calculated to inform the gross cruelty "a dishonest anti-vivisectionist gimmick"! reader of this fact. The proposed amend- ment read: "Nothing herein contained shall e SM E AC S be construed to prohibit or interfere with e sio oo ogica s Wo wi e was a im o e a any scientific experiment or investigation in C . . . a e ea e w o ea e a i g a ki s o e e ime a a i any accredited or degree granting institution a ie o ac as a ma s om ams e s o go i as as s ow i e is i gs o e a io a Aca emy o Sci su ie o a o a o y of the university of the state of New York." e ces a io a esea c Cou ci u ica io The bill is dead for this year, but the a ima s a a ai e o. 0 o e sou ces o a o a o y a i i a cia y ki e is u callous disregard both for animals and for ma s. I a a oa o i ec o s o we so s ock o a ima s. es a is e usi essme . .W. s ai u e came the developing characters of young people uma e Socie y age s a e o age u ici y o e a a i g throughout the huge New York State school o og a e e o ies eg ige ce a c ue y. ews a e e o e s system remains in the Education Depart- yi g i u ia e c es o og a e e a a e c es u o a o ai e a io wi e ea a ima s. A eig o ca e e o ice. ment. e Was i g o a e s ca ie e a missio u ici y o e e ec y a io a I s i u es o ea s okesme . .A. G ou s a uma e a is ug y s ec ac e a I a i s ec e a a o e e i us a e e ee o W a , us c ea y emo s a i g I s Socie ies S ou e A e e e a egis a io egu i ca aci y o o se e o e e e e e In the event that other promoters of un- a i g a ima e e ime mos o ious a e eme a use o a ima s. a io . e u ici y i I was a goo cus ome o W s, ge i g limited animal experiments should attempt o me io e ac egu a s i me s o ogs om em, e as similar tampering with anti-cruelty laws in a o egis a io o g ou us e ays e o e e u ici y e o a s u ow o e emises. Mos me ica ose o iscusse wou other states, Parent Teachers Associations esea c is o e i ou cou y usi g MI and humane societies are urged to be alert. a ec suc si ua io s. money a I a o a o aci i ies a o " owe e , e e ice ce u es. e e a egu a io o a ima e e i Mr. C. Raymond Naramore, Executive wo ke . e . As ey o me a io , emo i g co o om I , is c ea Director of the Humane Society of Roches- O io ci e e i gi ia y ca e o i e ig o is e o ma ce. ter and Monroe County, and an experienced i ci e i i o uci g W s c ue y was a s ame u ac , o a high' school teacher himself, issued a state- is i o es ic a i " e ice." e . As ey w o a e e ee i ma esea c . e W h ouc wi g ou s s o so i g uma e egis a ment on behalf of the New York State n t n t e i o ia i e io ea e ews a e e o a i o uce Humane Association which gives back- o e e ec a e a i e e ay. e . As ey se ec e e ess es ic i e o e wo ouse i s o w ic a k u a ima dealer ground on the problem. ea i gs a ee e i e e ious yea . "Two years ago, a high school biology a s ow e ee for e W h n t n t u is e a e i o ia Co g ess o a o e w ic is as sou o ay as i was e . ( o e teacher of fourteen-year-olds in Monroe C a k eu e ge You g e o e e i o ia a a i io a e ai s o County became very much disturbed when i ." e case see Inf r t n p rt, o . 2, o. 2 . I protested his using white mice in a cancer transplanting experiment in his classroom. Rochester phy- hamster had been caged several weeks with a six foot boa- sicians and the administrators of the University of Roches- constrictor waiting to be devoured so that 'the pupils could ter Medical School backed my protest wholeheartedly. . . observe the digestive process of a snake.' I threatened to In the same high school classroom in which this so-called arrest the teacher if he did not remove the trembling cancer research was to have been made, a terrified little (Continued on page 2) hamster from the cage. I could stop this unnecessary cruel- truth. At the present time, when the force and impact of ty because Section 8 of the Penal Law prohibits it. . . . modern civilization fall so heavily upon all natural things, As President of the New York State Humane Association, there can, too readily, be forgetfulness of the values that I went to Albany last spring to meet with Dr. Warren W. exist in the lives of other creatures whose welfare depends Knox, Assistant Commissioner of Education for Instruc- totally upon man and his consideration of their welfare. tional Services, and Mr. Hugh Templeton, Supervisor of Ann Free is not one of those who forget. Through her Science Teachers in New York State, to protest a cancer work and her writings, through her sense of reverence of transplant experiment on white mice in Schenectady Junior the rights of living creatures, through her actions in pro- High School and asked for a statement of policy from the tecting them, she has brought to the consciousness of many, Department of Education on the use of animals in high many people the meaning of humanity in its broadest sense. school biology class experiments that involved suffering or AI IE OS O cruelty. Dr. Knox asked me how I could prove that an In her response, Mrs. Free spoke of the work for labora- animal ever suffered pain. Mr. Templeton said he thought tory animals and emphasized the unfairness of opponents some children should be allowed to watch animal experi- who had classified the series of articles she wrote this sum- ments in high school so that they would overcome any mer for the North American Newspaper Alliance as "neo- squeamishness they might have." anti-vivisectionist." She spoke glowingly of the change in No policy statement was issued. Instead the "sneak" accommodations now made for the test beagles of the Food attempt to exempt high schools from the anti-cruelty laws and Drug Administration — from small, dark cages in a was pressed by the Department. windowless sub-basement to comfortable kennels with out- We suggest that it is time for a thorough reform in the side runways. New York State Department of Education and that reason- Mr. eo Miller, Deputy Commissioner of the U.S. Food able standards of humaneness and honesty be required. The and Drug Administration, spoke of the many obstacles people who shape policy for the education of children of which were finally overcome to obtain the comfortable quar- populous New York State should at least have an elemen- ters for the beagles in the new Beltsville buildings. It took tary grasp of the meaning of the word "education." four years from the time Mrs. Free's article reporting o AMBASSADOR PATTERSON PRESENTS the dogs' plight appeared in the W h n t n St r till prop- erly designed kennels were built. Commissioner Miller em- MEDAL AND SCROLL phasized the important scientific gain in the accuracy of Ambassador Richard C. Patterson, Jr., Commissioner of tests conducted on the dogs which will be achieved through Public Events of the City of New York, presented the 1963 use of the improved quarters. He pointed, too, o the eco- Schweitzer Award of the Animal Welfare Institute to Ann nomic value of a dog which has been under test for a long Cottrell Free* at the annual meeting of the Institute, De- period. Thus the humane treatment of the animals increases cember 16th. He made a second, unexpected presentation scientific accuracy and prevents waste. The F.D.A. kennels of one of the highest honors offered by the City of New are expected to serve as a model for other similar instal- York, a scroll in which Mayor Robert F. Wagner made the lations. following proclamation: Mrs. Ludwig Bemehnans, President of the Society for Animal Protective Legislation, spoke on the urgent need for CI Y O EW YO K enactment of the Clark-Neuberger (S. 533) and Ashley K ow ye y ese ese s a I (H.R. 5430) bills to require humane treatment of experi- O E . WAG E mental animals. The bills have been pending in the Senate Mayo o e Ci y o ew Yo k Committee on Labor and Public Welfare and the House o e e y ese is Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce through- CE I ICA E O A ECIA IO out the first half of the Eighty-eighth Congress and Mrs. o Bemelmans emphasized that despite the obvious need for A CO E EE the legislation and the reasonableness of its provisions the Au o ess w o as e o e e s e i a e s opposition is fierce and increased public demand is needed o u e e we a e o a ima s, a icu a y to obtain favorable action in 1964. ose i a o a o ies a o e c usa e o eg is a io o e su e greater care and protection of O SE E O SCIE CE A animals in a more sympathetic and humane socie y. ECE CY" I wi ess w e eo , I a e e eu o se my a a cause e Sea o An excellent summary of the need for legislation to re- e Ci y o ew Yo k o e a i e quire humane treatment of experimental animals appears is Si ee ay o ecem e , 6 in a comprehensive book about cats, Wh ll C t by Faith O E . WAG E McNulty and Elizabeth Keiffer, illustrated by Peggy Bacon, Ambassador Patterson, who has long been active in op- (Bobbs Merrill paperback edition, pages 182-189.) With posing cruelty to animals, is a staunch conservationist and the kind permission of the authors, the following extracts a trustee of the New York Zoological Society whose Presi- are republished. dent, Dr. Fairfield Osborn, was unavoidably prevented from taking part as planned in the meeting. Ambassador "The question of how animals are used in the laboratory Patterson read the statement which Dr. Osborn had writ- has a long history of bitter controversy, accusation and de- ten for the occasion as follows: nial, so that the smoke of battle makes it very difficult to r d t l n Mr . r h v nt , find out what it is actually all about. Extremists on both Inf r t n p rt, l. 2, v. sides, particularly those who have exploited so-called atroc- S a eme Co ce i g ities in the laboratory without hesitating to distort the truth, have so confused and disgusted the public that many peo- ESE A IO O SC WEI E ple don't want to hear anything about it at all. I confess ME A O A EE I wasn't anxious to myself, but I felt that I ought to y I is a keen personal disappointment that I am unavoid- and find out whether under all that smoke there was any ably prevented from taking part in the occasion of the fire. I've come to the conclusion that there is. presentation to Ann Free of the Schweitzer Medal. "The battle began in England about a hundred years ago. Almost as soon as laboratory science was born, it It is good to realize that people like Ann Free exist. was obvious that experiments on animals must of necessity Fortunately, there are at all times a few such people who involve inflicting considerable pain. In the minds of some inspire others to be considerate and kind to what we con- people this became a matter of ethical—or even Christian— sider the "l r r t r " on this earth. For my part, I concern, while to others it seemed of trifling importance do not care to classify any kind of living thing as higher, as long as the ends justified the means. The first efforts to lower, medium or otherwise. The essential truth is that all do something about animal suffering in the laboratory came i e o this earth represents an interwoven and interrelated from two quarters. One was a group dedicated to the unity. Men like St. Francis of Assisi in olden times and total abolition of any scientific use of animals. They called Albert Schweitzer today give inspiring evidence of this themselves anti-vivisectionists and continue to fight for that end today. The other group concerned included the most give but one example, regulation has been needed to ensure ,eminent scientists of the day: Huxley, Darwin, Jenner, and that ethical standards are always met. prominent members of the medical profession. In 1870 the "The extent of suffering and the necessity for it are, of British Association for the Advancement of Science and course, key points in the debate. The moderate group does the British Medical Association appointed a committee to not claim that all laboratory animals suffer needlessly, but study 'means to reduce to a minimum the suffering en- that many do. It charges that some suffering is of the ab- tailed by legitimate physiological enquiries or any which solute extreme, and can substantiate its charge by quoting will have the effect of employing the influence of this from current medical literature. Technical journals do in- Association in the discouragement of experiments which deed describe procedures that strike the layman as absolute- are not clearly legitimate on live animals.' ly hair-raising. Those favoring control claim that some "A year later the committee reported as follows: of this misery could be abated or avoided. Some painful "1) No experiment which can be performed under an- methods are employed, they say, simply because they are esthetic ought to be done without it. the cheapest and easiest, or because no one has troubled to "2) No painful experiment is justifiable for the mere find another way of accomplishing the same end. purpose of illustrating a fact already demonstrated. "One of the spokesmen for the moderate group urging "3) Whenever, for the investigation of new truth, it is federal control is the Animal Welfare Institute of New necessary to make a painful experiment, every effort should York. It charges that, for reasons of economy, large ani- •be made to ensure success, in order that the suffering i mals are kept in small cages and remain in them for years, -flicted may not be wasted. For this reason, no painful ex- that for the same reason cats, dogs and even monkeys are periment ought to be performed by an unskilled person ... sometimes kept in extreme discomfort, with nothing to lie or in places not suitable to the purpose. on but metal mesh, even after surgery. Student surgeons "4) Operations ought not to be performed upon living may practice operations on the same animals over and over, animals for the mere purpose of obtaining greater oper- until after six or seven operations the dog or cat is used up. ative dexterity. Animals that have been operated on often receive no post- operative care. In some cases experimenters prefer to re- "From this report there grew Britain's Act of 1876 strain animals instead of using anesthetics: that is, encase which gave to the Home Secretary authority to regulate the them in a holder or tie them down. Sometimes a drug use of animals for scientific purposes. The law remains in is used to paralyze the muscles but not the effect to this day. It provides that experimenters must be e es. e e is carte blanche in pain infliction so that laboratories answer licensed, must keep complete records, must have Home no one for the necessity of such violent procedures as Office approval for specific experiments, and must cooperate o rolling animals in drums, breaking teeth and bones, in- with government inspectors charged with seeing to it that flicting burns and so on. Experiments may be duplicated laboratory animals are in all respects treated as humanely needlessly in a number of institutions. Finally, for reasons as is practically possible. A proposed experiment that of economy or simply because of poor administration, the doesn't meet legal criteria can be forbidden by the Home routine handling of animals may be brutal, or they may be Office. Similar laws are in force in Denmark, Sweden, starved or infested with vermin. Switzerland and Belgium. "Even this control did not, however, satisfy the ex- "For several years now, the Animal Welfare Institute tremists among the anti-vivisectionists who damned it as an and other groups have proposed legislation, modeled on unholy compromise. Their agitation as ee coupled with the i is Act o 1876, requiring that all laboratories a such immoderate and abusive attacks on science that scien- use tax filnds be licensed and inspected by the federal gov- tific leaders who had favored control, and in fact worked ernment . In joining to defeat the bill, the scientific groups to bring it about, became resentful of any lay interference. reply that such control would hamper their work, cost a This is perhaps one of the prime reasons why in the United great deal of money, increase bureaucratic interference in States today a large number of scientists are not only wary education and in free enterprise, and in any case is not of any mention of the subject, but are inclined in turn to necessary as they do the best they can to be humane. This clamn as crackpots any group urging legal regulation of rebuttal is, of course, not stated so briefly, but a conscien- laboratory work. tious search of the arguments turns up very few points that couldn't be thus tidily summed up. Meanwhile the anti- "In England the Act of 1876 ended the battle, although vivisectionists also oppose such legislation on the same the shooting continued. In the United States warfare goes ground they have always held: namely, that it doesn't go on, and so far the anti-control groups seem to have the far enough. upper hand. They have lobbied extensively and successfully against any proposed legislation that would open labora- "To people who are sensitive about what happens to tories to humane workers or government control, and have animals of any kind, the whole subject is a grim one. Fur- succeeded in getting new state laws recognizing their right thermore, people mindful of what science has done to to obtain and use animals without interference. diminish human suffering have no wish to interfere with its progress. These two feelings—that the subject is too "The problem is not a trivial one. Live animals are vital horrid to think about and that research deserves all possible to the work that goes on in our hospitals, universities and support—combine to make many people avoid the question commercial laboratories. Exact figures are unobtainable but entirely. undoubtedly many millions of vertebrate animals are used in laboratories yearly. This is not only a colossal number "But su e y e ma e is o ea y as complicated as of living creatures, it is a colossal investment in equipment, the hue and cry make it appear. The need for regulation in food, housing and attendant personnel. It means that a is clearly as elementary as was the need for child labor tremendous amount of money is involved. Wherever such laws, or the ordinary laws that prevent cruelty to animals huge sums can be affected by legislation, there is bound to in the community outside the laboratory. be bitter and determined resistance from those currently in "I believe it is possible to serve both science and decency, charge of spending them. Among the groups dedicated o as has been done in Britain. A British scientist, Professor repelling any invasion of the laboratory by government F. A. E. Crew, F.R.S., commented on the controversy with regulation are the American Medical Association, the Phar- brilliant simplicity by saying, 'I do not think that just any- maceutical Manufacturers Association, the National Society body should be allowed to do just anything with a living for Medical Research and trade organizations representing creature.' Dr. Albert Schweitzer has written, 'What does the laboratory animal industry—those who breed laboratory reverence for life say about the relations between men and animals and manufacture equipment. the animal world? Whenever I injure any kind of life I "Ranged against them are, on the one hand, the anti- must be quite certain that it is necessary. I must never go vivisectionists, and on the other, middle-of-the-road humane beyond the unavoidable.' groups who do not want to stop the use of animals but do "It is hard to believe that conditions in the laboratories feel that federal regulation like that in Great Britain would of the United States always meet that standard. It is even prevent unnecessary suffering. These last do not charge that harder to see how the doctrine of 'never going beyond the scientists are necessarily willfully cruel, but point out that unavoidable' asks too much of anyone, nor how it can be wherever economics and ethics conflict, as in child labor to beyond the power and right of our society to enforce." E I IS C UE Y O "c) If an animal appears to an Inspector to be suffering A IMA S AC O 8 6 considerable pain, and if such Inspector directs such animal to be destroyed, it shall forthwith be painlessly killed." ow i Wo ks a W y i o ec s A ima s The inspectorate is headed by a Chief Inspector who Wi ou am e i g Scie ce may be called upon by any of the inspectors in a difficult The British Act of 1876 has incurred the hatred of case. When a particular decision is too difficult even for anti-vivisectionists and of their opposite numbers, the ex- him, the Advisory Committee, composed of experienced tremists among scientists. Since extremists are often in- and distinguished scientists and medical men and a high clined to make their views known more emphatically and court judge, can be consulted. They may rule for or against widely than their more level-headed fellows, far too much an experiment, or, like the inspectors, they may decide to has been said against this sound, moderate, and thoroughly limit the number of animals which may be used. tested law and far too little for it. It is the purpose of Sir Francis Walshe, a member of the Advisory Com- this article to provide a brief description of its most im- mittee, has stated: "I regard the British practice as being portant provisions and its method of administration so that in the best interests both of the experimentalists and of readers of the I O MA IO E O can check allega- the animals they use." He has said, too, "A wide famil- tions they may hear against it. iarity with the literature of experimental neuro-physiology Every individual who uses animals has a license to do leads me to think that in other countries where no such so and may expect an unannounced visit at any time from rational mode of control is used, not a few futile and un- an experienced inspector who spends his full time in carry- necessarily painful animal experiments are carried out, by ing out his duties under the Act. Inspections under the persons not always qualified to do them." British Act are not the matter of casual whitewashing about Under the British Act students are not allowed to do which animal welfare workers have become justly cynical experiments on animals which could cause pain. Graduate under some of our state dog procurement laws. AWI students may be licensed under the Act to do research. representatives have seen a New York State Health De- The places where animal experiments may be carried partment inspector approve (and even eulogize) the con- Out are registered under the Act and, through registration dition of a roomful of dogs, one of which had ripped of premises, the inspectors can require decent housing for open his abdominal incision so that vital organs emerged. the animals. Such "inspections" are worse than useless. The British Act is a criminal statute, but only one per- In direct contrast was the response observed by an AWI son has ever been prosecuted under it: an individual who representative to the arrival of an inspector in a British advertised a demonstration to the public of a painful ex- laboratory whose animal care was irreproachable. The Ani- periment. This was in 1876, the year the Act was passed. mal Technician, a woman who had held this position for Since that time, the licensing provisions of the Act have 2 years, was instantly concerned to be sure all was in been found to be adequate to obtain compliance. order—which it obviously was. A system of certificates is used under the Act to dis- What makes the difference? Most importantly, the tinguish between different kinds of experiments, the chief British Act is a genuine piece of humane legislation. Un- categories being: 1) Under anesthesia without recovery like the procurement laws (such as New York State's (requiring no certificate), 2 Under anesthesia with re- Hatch-Metcalf Act) which were passed to get a cheap covery, 3) No anesthesia employed, 4) Lectures and dem- supply of laboratory dogs and cats, the British Act was onstrations under anesthesia without recovery. A certificate passed for the purpose of protecting animals from needless is also required for the use of dogs, cats or horses. suffering. For that reason it has the respect of scientists and Typical statements describing planned experimental work laboratory personnel. Of equal importance is the calibre and under the second of the above mentioned categories (Cer- training of the inspectors. All have medical qualifications tificate B) are: and devote themselves fully to the difficult and demanding "Obstruction of blood supply to limb bone by insertion task of obtaining the most humane possible treatment of of bone plugs or metal pins. Object: Study of the effects the animals in the laboratories assigned to their jurisdic- of curtailing the blood supply to the shaft of a long bone tion. They must read scientific papers, compare methods in stimulating epiphysial growth is expected to provide a as they go from one institution to another, judge the char- suitable means of treatment in bone shortening due to acter of their licensees in order to know where the most congenital defects or following disease." careful scrutiny is called for and where their work has, A second example: "Administration of pre-medication in effect, already been done for them. How different from drugs and/or muscle relaxants to animals undergoing gen- the harried State Health Department veterinarian who has eral anaesthesia. Object: Discovery of appropriate balance a whole roster of other duties that have priority in his of anaesthetics and other drugs in creating optimum con- schedule so that he never gives serious or concentrated at- ditions for general anaesthesia in veterinary practice." tention to his inspections of laboratory animals. About ten days usually elapses between the receipt of Further, inspectors under the British Act carry out the such statements by the Home Office and receipt of its ap- requirements of a carefully drawn law which empowers proval by the scientist. In the case of foreign scientists, the Home Secretary (for whom they act) to suspend or they must have sponsorship, and it appears that failure to revoke the license of any person who contravenes the hu- arrange for such official sponsorship has occasionally caused mane requirements of the Act. Further, an inspector is unusual delay and a correspondingly angry reaction. empowered to require the destruction of any animal which Painless experiments, including all which are done on a he finds to be suffering severely. This is part of the Pain non-survival basis under full anesthesia, may be done under Rule which states: license alone. Surgical operations are never done without "a) If an animal at any time during the said experi- anesthesia. ments is found to be suffering pain which is either severe The British Act encourages scientists to plan experiments or is likely to endure, and if the main result of the ex- in the most humane manner possible. As Professor David periment has been attained, the animal shall forthwith be Keilin, F.R.S., of the Molteno Institute, Cambridge, replied painlessly killed; to a question whether the British system frustrates legit- "b) If an animal at any time during any of the said imate research: "Just the opposite, it compels the worker experiments is found to be suffering severe pain which is to plan and to carry out his experiments with more care. likely to endure, such animal shall forthwith be painlessly This greatly improves the quality of the research and is of killed; benefit to the research worker himself."
A IMA WE A E I S I U E
A ISO Y COMMI EE
. ee . ice ac e . Ca so . ose Woo K a c a i ica o
O ICE S C is i e S e e s, A e . G a cy, . oge . S e e s, Es e a a e , r d nt r d nt r r r Ex t v S r t r II A IMA WE A E I S I U E
22 EAS th S EE , EW YO K, . Y. 000
March-April 1964 Vol. 13 No. 2
EDITORIAL COMMENT ON BILLS TO END OF MASS MONKEY SHIPMENTS PROTECT LABORATORY ANIMALS IN SIGHT Bills to require humane treatment of laboratory animals Humanitarians have been hoping for years that a new are still awaiting action in both the U.S. Senate and the method of producing polio vaccine would be developed— U.S. House of Representatives. The bills supported by the one which would eliminate the need to import the tens of AWI are: the Clark-Neuberger bill (S. 533) in the Senate thousands of monkeys whose kidneys are used for grow- and the Ashley bill (H.R. 5430) and the Rhodes bill ing the virus used in current vaccine manufacture. The (H.R. 10138) in the House; these three bills are iden- capture and transport of these animals is subject to grave tical. Some recent editorial comment on this proposed abuse and has caused incalculable amounts of suffering. legislation is reprinted below: The use of a method which would bring an end to this h Y r , M r h 8, 64 traffic would be a major humane advance. EE ESS O U E O A IMA S When newspaper reports appeared on the work of Dr. I Was i g o a i A a y se e a i s o e u i commi ees a e esig e o o ec a ima s om e c ue y Leonard Hayflick and his colleagues at the Wistar Institute o ma s a o eg ec . A ima s a a e o b s aug e e , in Philadelphia, indicating that an improved method is o use i me ica e e ime s, o i scie ce a o a o ies o now available which 1) is safer for people and 2) sub- i c ass ooms ca e sa e om u s eaka e ai a o u e oug o ose e e a a s a e aw. stitutes a human diploid cell strain for monkey kidneys, e C a k eu e ge i e i g i e U i e S a es we wrote to Dr. Hayflick for detailed information, which Se a e a a com a io i i e ouse wou i su e ece ea me o a o a o y a ima s, i c u i g a equa e es a he very kindly supplied. In sending voluminous reprints e e cise a eas, o e ee i g a sa i a io . W e e su ec e from scientific journals, he commented on the transport of o ai u es s, a ima s wou e a es e i e — ow o a monkeys as follows: "We are very much aware of the ways e case. e e is i g e e a uma e S aug e Ac co e s a ou terrible conditions of transport used with these animals. I 80 e ce o e a ima s s aug e e i is cou y u can assure you that one of our major objectives is the e es ca e co e e o y y s a e aws. e McEwe ultimate utilization of human diploid cell strains for the ei e g i i A a y wou ou aw c ue ac ices suc as s ack i g a ois i g o co scious a ima s. A o e s a e purpose of preparing all human virus vaccine. This possi- i wou a i isc imi a e e e ime s wi a ima s i bility is gathering increased interest and it is our view that, ig sc oo c ass ooms. A e o em o ome ess a within a few years, all vaccine manufacturers will utilize s a i g ogs a ca s — osi g a ea a a i ma y commu i ies, es ecia y i ew Yo k Ci y — wou e co this cell system for vaccine production. This, of course, e e y a aw e cou agi g e s ayi g o omes ic a ima s. will mean the cessation of the needless slaughter of these o e o ese i s is a i i isec io egis a io . Me ica a scie i ic esea c mus co i ue o ma s ea a animals." e e i . u uma ca e ess ess a c ue y o a ima s a e Dr. Hayflick has written the following article especially a ways ese — a a ways u ecessa y. for readers of the AWI Inf r t n p rt. h Chr t n S n M n t r, M r h 2 , 64 ME CY IS O I ISI E e seco sessio o e 88 Co g ess is we u e way, USE OF HUMAN DIPLOID CELL STRAINS a s i o ea i gs a e ee e o e se e a egu a o y i s esig e o o ec e e ime a a o a o y a ima s om FOR VACCINE PREPARATION a use, eg ec a u ecessa y su e i g — i s w ic we e i o uce ea y i e i s sessio . Simi a i s a e ee b LEONARD HAYFLIcK, Ph.D. i o uce i o me sessio s o Co g ess, a a e a a o g is o y o e ay. Since no virus can multiply in the absence of living Mem e s o Co g ess a ei co s i ue s may e host cell, the commercial production of human virus vac- em e o i k a , i e ace o g o a u ea a s a cines necessitates the use of large quantities of living animal se ious omes ic c ises, i s e a i g o e ea me o a i ma s a e u im o a . cells. Although virus vaccines are still produced by grow- I is a a se emise. o ma e i o i g e u ic co ing the viruses directly in the intact animal, for example, scie ce is e e e a i e y u im o a , a e ea me o a ima s i e e ime a a o a o ies is a ma e o u ic vaccinia virus in calves, influenza and yellow fever viruses co scie ce. Ma s i uma i y o ma is o so se a a e om in embryonated chicken the renaissance of tissue cul- is i uma i y o a ima s a e ca a o o ig o e e ture methodology in the early 1950's and the recognition a e . Me cy is o i isi e. O e 0 i s so a i o uce o y ou a e a equa e i of the usefulness of this technique to virologists has re- ei o isio s. ey a e e a a i ( . . 48 6 , sulted in incredible advances in the discipline of Virology. e C a k eu e ge i (S. , e As ey i (S. 4 0 , By utilizing cell culture techniques, it is possible to grow a e ece y i o uce o es i ( . . 0 8 . A a e egu a o y, o o i i o y. e ee as ame a e almost all human viruses in glass vessels containing bits of i e ica a a e ase o egis a io w ic as ee i o ce living tissue, nourished by a fluid medium. i i ai o yea s. e ee o suc egis a io i Ame ica as a ea y ecome a ma e o au e ica e u ic eco . With this development, it became possible to produce o e s, ma y o w ose a o a s a e c a e e o a ima vaccines against a number of diseases. Chief among these e e ime a io , s ou ema o Co g ess a ea i gs ge was poliomyelitis. Since the polio virus will only grow u e way wi ou e ay a a a a equa e i e a o n a y e o e a e ac e . primate tissue cultures, the source of tissue for almost all poliomyelitis vaccine production is now the kidneys of n rd G z tt , (Ed rt n, M . , M r h 2 , 64 rhesus, cynomologous, or cercopithecus monkeys. Annual- E QUA I Y O ME CY o mo e sa e y wise a e suasi e wo s cou e w i e ly, tens of thousands of these animals are killed for this o e su ec o a ima e e ime a io a ose o a ew purpose. The kidneys are removed and enzymatically Yo k imes e i o ia o Oc . 26, 62: "Ma y o e g ea ac ie eme s o mo e me ica e treated in order to separate the cells which are then placed sea c wou o a e ee ossi e wi ou e e ime a io in glass vessels and fed with a nutrient medium. These o a ima s. esea c e s mus emai ee o a ai emse es "primary cultures" are then utilized for the production of o is i a ua e ec ique u a ee oms ea i e e es o si i i ies . . . poliovirus and other kinds of human vaccines. " es o si e esea c e s k ow a goo ca e o a ima s is esse ia o a i e e ime a io . e e e ess e i s o Although it had been known for decades that cells first scie i ic k ow e ge com i e wi uma ca e ess ess may placed into tissue culture vessels and called primary cul- some imes esu i a o a o y co i io s a oce u es tures were capable of continued division necessitating sub- w ic o o mee e ig es s a a s o me ica esea c ." (C nt n d n cultivation to more and more vessels, it was felt that cells
c> S allowed to grow for a number of generations in culture a ima s live out their wretched existences without ever soon acquired properties similar to malignant cells. This feeling the earth beneath their feet, without knowing sun- information, derived by those workers experienced only light or experiencing the simple pleasures of grazing for with mouse issue cultures, was extrapolated to include natural food—indeed, so confined or so intolerably crowded cells grown in tissue culture and derived from all other that movement of any kind is scarcely possible. animal species. Of course, no one wants to prepare a vac- "As a biologist whose special interests lie in the field cine in cells known to have malignant properties, thus the of ecology, or the relation between living things and their decision made 10 years ago that primary tissue cultures environment, I find it inconceivable that healthy animals must be used for human virus vaccine production is still can be produced under the artificial and damaging condi- required by law. tions that prevail in these modern factorylike installations, It is now recognized that mouse tissue is peculiar in this where animals are grown and turned out like so many in- regard and that although most mouse cells acquire malig- animate objects." Miss Carson concludes: "I am glad to nant properties after some time in culture, this is certainly see Ruth Harrison raises the question of how far man has not true of the cells of other animal species, particularly a moral right to go in his domination of other life. Has human. he the right, as in these examples, to reduce life to a bare Techniques and theoretical concepts originally devel- existence that is scarcely life at all? Has he the further oped in our laboratory have shown that a small piece of right to terminate these wretched lives by means that are human embryonic lung obtained from an aborted fetus wantonly cruel? My own answer is an unqualified no. It can be grown in tissue culture continuously for approxi- is my e ie a ma wi e e e at peace with his own mately one year without acquiring properties of malignant kind until he has recognized the Schweitzerian ethic that cells. Such a "Human Diploid Cell Strain" derived from embraces decent consideration for all living creatures — a only one embryo three years ago and preserved in liquid true reverence for life. nitrogen at —190°C can be reconstituted and used to grow "Although Ruth Harrison's book describes in detail only almost every known human virus. the conditions prevailing in Great Britain, it deserves to be It has been calculated that cells derived from this single widely read also in those European countries where these human diploid cell strain called WI-38 can be used to methods are practiced, and in the United States where some grow sufficient virus to immunize the entire population of of them arose. Wherever it is read, it will certainly pro- the world against many virus diseases including polio. In voke feelings of dismay, revulsion and outrage. I hope it fact, WI-38 has been shown to support the g ow of will spark a consumer's revolt of such proportions that this more human viruses than any other tissue culture system vast new agricultural industry will be forced to mend its known. Indeed, by utilizing our strain WI-38, over ways." new human common cold viruses have been discovered, most of which do not grow in monkey kidney cells. Of particular concern to American readers are the de- tailed accounts of "battery" hens, that is, hens confined to At a recent Symposium in Opatija, Yugoslavia at which the smallest possible space, permanently caged in window- 90 delegates from 8 countries discussed progress made less structures, producing eggs as rapidly as they can until with human diploid cell strains, it was reported that about they are killed or (as some of them do) drop dead from ,000 persons have received vaccines prepared in human exhaustion. Mrs. Harrison quotes often from trade jour- diploid cell strains with results similar to or better than nals: "The sudden death of apparently healthy, strong those obtained with vaccines prepared in monkey kidney. pullets in battery cages is presenting research workers with In addition to the humanitarian value of stopping the a problem', stated a Farming Express reporter 14th De- slaughter of monkeys for vaccine purposes, other consid- cember, 1961. 'The birds die of heart failure, but neither erations are perhaps even more pertinent. Monkey kidney the cause nor the cure has been found.' Dr. W. G. Siller cells used for vaccine production have been found to con- of the Poultry Research Centre, Edinburgh, thought that tain 20 different hidden viruses which contaminate the the birds were suffering from 'cage layer fatigue.' In the vaccine product. Most of these contaminating viruses are peracute form, he said (Farmer and Stockbreeder, 19th killed during the usual manufacturing procedures. How- December, 1961) 'the birds drop dead.' In the acute form, ever, one such virus called S.V.4o was recently found not 'there is prostration . . . the birds will die if neglected, to be killed but to survive even in the formaldehyde used but if hand-fed or nursed they may recover after several to make the Salk-type polio vaccine. S.V.40 was shortly weeks or even months,' and this, the article points out, 'is, thereafter found to produce tumors in baby hamsters and, of course, uneconomical on a farm scale.'" last year, found to convert normal human cells in tissue culture to cells having properties of cancer cells. WI-38 In the same chapter, we read: "A. C. Moore in Poultry which has been tested in many laboratories throughout World, 22 November, 1962, was consulted to see if he the world does not contain any contaminating or hidden could explain why flocks of pullets suddenly and for no viruses — least of all S.V.40. It is, in our opinion, inex- apparent reason dropped from 0 o 20 percent produc- cusable that cells from monkey kidneys possessing these tion, and he commented that: 'pullets . . . geared to break- inherent dangers should still be required by United States' ing point, become victims of stress factors. The more flocks laws to be the only acceptable system in which poliomy- of pullets I examine the more convinced I become that elitis vaccine may be made. These dangers might be over- productivity is outpacing vitality. . . It is difficult to avoid looked if no alternative were available but the utilization the view that poultry stocks today are suffering from ner- of human diploid cell strains can now offer an economical- vous tension, due to our attempts to convert them into ly, scientifically, and ethically superior substitute for the egg machines.' monkey kidney tissue now used for human virus vaccine "Automatic feeding has another hazard for the bird: in production. his book, Hen Batteries, Dr. Blount warns that even with automatic feeding devices a careful watch must be kept to see that they are working properly and the troughs kept "A IMA MAC I ES" well filled. Otherwise, he says, 'it is possible for the birds to develop a frustration complex by which they fail to Animal Machines, Stuart, y u a iso ( i ce lower their heads to the trough, and semi-panic when they Ltd., London, 1964) is a shocking and thoroughly docu- do not get any food. They paw at the cage front, and mented report on "factory farming" in England with em- instead of lowering their heads to the feed they raise them phasis on intensive methods of rearing chickens, calves and higher and higher.'" Further, "All forms of cancer form hogs, and of production of eggs by the "battery system." a large proportion of mortality cases and Dr. Blount Rachel Carson has written the preface. In it she notes: records that in one year alone an experimental unit record- "Modern animal husbandry has been swept by a passion ed 'cancer of the heart, lungs, ovary, oviduct, kidney, leg for 'intensivism% on this tide everything that resembles the muscles, liver and abdomen. — methods of an earlier day has been carried away. Gone are the pastoral scenes in which animals wandered through It is good to know that at least one country, Denmark, green fields or flocks of chickens scratched contentedly for has outlawed battery cages. An R.S.P.C.A. leaflet reports: their food. In their place are factorylike buildings in which "According to a letter from the Danish S.P.C.A. in Co-
2 C4 penhagen, the reasons which led their Government to pass E I O IA COMME S such legislation were 'the many complaints from animal (C nt n d fr lovers in the country; hens were sitting penned up, shelved ocume a io o a uses ue o eg ige ce, ee ess c ue and never allowed out; their feet were damaged by wires y a i es o si i i y as ee accumu a e i s ocki g o ume y e Socie y o A ima o ec i e egis a io a in the bottom of the cages and they could not wear down o e g ou s a i i i ua s. their nails. The veterinary police and veterinary health e C a k eu e ge , As ey a o es i s, ow e i g, a s i wai i g—i e cusa y o e o g— o ea i gs, a e authorities recommended the legislation proposal sent by mo e a e o osa s simi a o i is egis a io w ic , i the different societies (for the protection of animals) to e ec o ma y yea s, as o am e e esea c i E g a the Ministry of Justice. . .' It might be apposite to stress i a y way w a e e . ey a e o a i i isec io measu es, o a e ey se ime a o u ea is ic. that Denmark is one of the largest egg producers in the O e co a y, ey wi o es a e emis a a a ic world and has made a system of free range or deep litter egis a io , a ey em o y e uma i y a es o si i i y with access to free range in good weather, an economic and o a eo e w o e ie e i uma e a ima e e ime a io a o ose i ic i g u ecessa y ai o a ima s. flourishing industry." e me ica o essio oes i se a isse ice i e e i g i s o y agai s suc mo e a e a uma e o osa s, a Animal Machines may be purchased in the United States i mis e ese i g ei c a ac e a ei e ec a e from Samuel Weiser, 845 Broadway, New York, N. Y., or Su geo Ge e a o e U i e S a es as muc o a swe o i e i g is i ue ce o e ay. uma i y wi e ai , a National Book Service, Ferndale, Washington. Price $3.75. i egu a io o a ima e e ime a io oes o come easo a y a sa e y i wi come i a su ge o emo io . E e y ci i e ca ake a i is a a ceme o ci i i a io sim y y w i i g o is co g essma a se a o s u gi g E IGGES ES ICI ES ISAS E ei su o o e C a k eu e ge (S. a As ey ( . . 4 0 a o es ( . . 0 8 i s. reprinted from Audubon Leader's h r n nd S r nt (C l f. , M r h , 64 Conservation Guide, April 1, 1964 E G OSS C UE Y I sim y is a as ic a co g ess as aw e so o g The biggest pesticides disaster to date was revealed o egis a io esig e o equi e a equa e y uma e ea me i e e ime a io o a ima s. March 19 in a cautiously worded press release issued in Yea a e yea s o so s a e i o uce i s i e wo Washington by the U.S. Public Health Service. The re- ouses a yea a e yea e e a e ee e g y ea i gs lease said "water pollution involving synthetic organic ma- u i e mo e. ow e co g ess is co si e i g i e ica measu es, e terials appears to be the cause of massive and continuing C a k eu e ge i ( i e se a e a e As ey fish kills in the lower Mississippi drainage basin and its i ( 4 0 i e ouse, a i e awmake s cou estuarine water in the Gulf." u se se e g owi g i ig a io i e u ic mi ey wou ac . O e way o u ge is ac io is o w i e, su o i g e The killer chemicals were identified as endrin and diel- egis a io . drin, two of the more toxic and persistent of the chlorin- e c ass u co ce o e a ima s u e e e ime a ated hydrocarbons. These insecticides have been widely io i some a o a o ies is ocume e , u ques io e . I is used on Midwest farm crops, pastures and forests with the o e a we use a ima s o e e ime a io . uma approval, and ea a me ica og ess a e i o e . u oes o so in accordance with the directions, of the cie y owe e a ima s a eas e sim e uma e o ec io s U.S. Department of Agriculture and its county extension S i o e mo e a ea o ack o co ce is oi e ou i agents. a o e uma e measu e i o uce y Co g essma Geo ge M. o es o e sy a ia w o wa s o e e o ucks e 28 ou imi a io im ose ow o ai oa s i e ee Residues of DDT and DDE also were found in the i g a wa e i g o s ock. bodies of the dead and dying fish, along with two "uniden- is measu e oo is im o a . Ye ucki g i e es s, tified substances" believed to be partially degraded forms of co ce e mo e wi mi eage a uma e ess, a e e ea e e o m o osa s. o a ima s ou a e o u e go a s the insecticides. Because they knew their findings probably o wi ou oo a wa e o mo e a 28 ou s, w e e would be challenged promptly by U.S.D.A. officials, the s i e y ai o uck o go ca . A co g ess s ou so Public Health Service investigators had separate analyses s a e. d n (C l f. St r , br r 2 , 64 made independently by five research teams, including one UMA E EA ME I S private team of scientists. We a e ec a e ou su o o e e a egis a io gua a eei g uma e ea me o a ima s o mo e a o e Fish started dying by the millions in the lower Missis- occasio i e as , a e ec o co i ue o o so u i some i g e ec i e as ee accom is e i is ie . sippi water in 1960 following the first heavy use of endrin I e ica i s s o so e y Se a o s ose S. C a k, on sugar cane crops. The die-off increased each winter since Mau i e eu e ge a S e e You g, a y e . omas 1960, but it was not until this winter that scientific methods . As ey a e ow e i g i o ouses o Co g ess. e assage o suc egis a io as ee im e e o ecause o were perfected to identify and measure the chemicals held a y esi e o i ic o e e c ue y o a ima s u ecause responsible. Aquatic biologists demonstrated years ago that o esis a ce o co o s o a y ki . e e a e eo e w o a e o ose o e use o a ima s endrin would kill fish if present in water in proportions i esea c a oge e , u is is a e eme iew. We e of less than 1 part per billion. ga is wo k as i is e sa e. A e same ime, e e ie ce i E g a o e as u e yea s as s ow a Biologists of the Fish and Wildlife Service, cooperating i ca e ca ie o uma e y i e e y i s a ce. e eas me ca o o e a ima s a a e sac i ice in the study, ruled out disease, drastic temperature changes, o e cu e e i s o uma ki is o see a ey a e shortage of dissolved oxygen, or the presence of pollutants mai ai e com o a y a a e s a e o e ai a other than pesticides, as possible causes of the fish deaths. e iscom o a ca e e e e . Y n t n (O io nd t r, M r h , 64 Food-chain poisoning apparently has hit other species. A IMA O EC I E I S Me ica a a s a e u o a ima e oes w ic a e su Louisiana ornithologists have been alarmed for several s i u e o uma ei gs i esse ia e e ime s e eme y years by the decline of the brown pelican. A writer for a ge ous o i e. ei co i ue use i ecessa y e e i the Franklin (La.) Banner-Tribune told of white cranes me s is ee e o i su e me ica og ess. A imes, owe e , e e ica e a a ce e wee equi e (egrets) dying by "countless thousands." A reporter for e e ime a io a ee ess c ue y a ai o e a ima s the New York Times, following up on the press release, i o e , is os . Ca ous ess a u a i y i e a i g o a ima s is o k ow o e wi es ea u a y a a is interviewed commercial fishermen and trappers who told i o e a e. of seeing dead mink, otters, turtles, geese, cranes, crabs, Cu e y, e e is o ega way o e e mis ea me shrimp and small birds, in addition to great drifts of dead o ese a ima s. e omissio cou e co ec e y i s e o e Co g ess, e C a k eu e ge i e o e e Se a e fish, it the Louisiana bayous. a e i e ica As ey a o es i s e i g e o e e ouse o e ese a i es. Connecticut Senator Abraham Ribicoff, who has been e Socie y o A ima o ec i e egis a io oi s ou conducting hearings in Washington on the pesticides prob- a a ese i s a e ase o e i is Ac w ic as ee i e ec 88 yea s a as e a o a o scie is s 2 lem, told the Senate March that his Subcommittee would wo ki g u e i s o isio s. soon start looking into the Mississippi disaster. asica y, e i s e o e Co g ess wou o i e o i s ec o s wo ki g i ec y om e o ice o e Sec e a y o The New York Times said editorially: "The questions ea , E uca io a We a e, o su e ise a a ima e posed are of such magnitude that they deserve investigation e ime s i a i s i u io s a ecei e a y e e a u s. e e wou e u a ou ce i s ec io o a o a o ies a and resolution with maximum dispatch. . . . Meanwhile, ei eco s, ice si g o scie is s usi g i e e e a e a i the Department of Agriculture, most reluctant of all fed- ma s i e e ime s, e equi eme o ai ess ea o a ima s su e i g se e e a e u i g ai uma e ca e a eral agencies to move vigorously against potentially danger- ea me a o i i io o s u e s usi g a ima s i ai ous pesticides, owes it to the public to put into full effect u e e ime s. the recommendations of the Science Advisory Committee's e e is o e cuse o ee ess c ue y i a ima e e i me s. Co g ess s ou ac as quick y as ossi e o see a report of last year." i is o i i e . The AWI has been asked for examples of experiments Legislation to prevent abuses in the care and treatment and tests in which invertebrates, single-celled animals, tis- of experimental animals is even longer overdue. The bill sues, or organs are used in place of living, vertebrate ani- introduced by Congressman Rhodes is based on the time- mals. The following excerpt from a paper, "The Use of tested principles of the British Act of 1876 which has the Laboratory Animals for Drug Testing" by Charles G. support of British scientists and non-antivivisectionist hu- Durbin, V.M.D. and Jane F. Robens, D.V.M., Division of manitarians because it prevents cruelty without hampering Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, gives research. three such ideas. "I am pleased to join with Senator Clark and Senator "Spiders were used by Christiansen (1962) to learn Neuberger and my colleague in the House who have in- specific actions of psychotropic and hallucinogenic drugs troduced an eminently sane and reasonable humane treat- more easily than in man where situations contribute so ment measure," Congressman Rhodes said. "My bill, H.R. highly to results. By measuring both the web-size and 10138, is identical to Senator Clark's proposal, S. 533. regularity of angles of the spider's webs, he was able to Far from placing obstacles in the path of trained medical differentiate between mescaline and psilocybin. researchers, this legislation, by safeguarding against un- regulated performance and needless cruelty and neglect, "Protozoa could be effectively utilized in studies of will aid scientific research. enzyme function. In protozoa, the primary functions of the hormones may not be obscured as they are in metazoa "My other bill, . . 0026, would extend existing 28 where the tasks of coordinating cells and organs have been ou law safeguards to the interstate transportation of super-imposed on the original intra-cellular function (S. animals by motor vehicles." Hutner, 1955). "Use of isolated cell and organ systems from laboratory O ICIA I EC I E AGAI S animals may help to eliminate complicating factors from C UE Y I SCIE CE EAC I G experimental results. For example, isolated eyeballs may A recent bulletin issued by the State Superintendent of be used for the quantitative evaluation of autonomic drugs Public Instruction of the State of Washington draws atten- complica- and blocking compounds. The usual in vivo tion to the problem of cruelty to animals in high school cation producing undesired pharmacologic and physiologic science classes and directs superintendents and principals effects modifying pupil diameter and drug distribution are throughout the state to prevent it. The bulletin states: avoided (W. Beaver, 1962). The eye of the squid has many similarities to man and could well be utilized in the S a e o Was i g o SU E I E E O U IC I S UC IO study of ophthalmic drugs." O ym ia ecem e , 6 E E E CES U E I O. 2 6 C is ia se , A., . aum & . . Wi 62. C a ges i O: Su e i e e s a i ci a s s i e we s oug a ou y mesca i e, si ocy i a a i OM: ouis u o, S a e Su e i e e o u ic c ease i o y weig . . a maco ogy a E e ime a I s uc io e a eu ics 6 ( : . E: uma e ea me o e e ime a a ima s u e , S. . & A. wo . G ow ac o s o o Mo e scie ce e uca io o i es e s u e wi ume o oa a Me a oa o mo es, o . II. Aca emic ess, I c., ous i es iga i e e e ie ces, some o w ic may i o e e ew Yo k. use o e e ime a a ima s. eac e s oug ou e S a e o Was i g o a e equi e o make e e y e o o a oi ac ea e , W. . & W. . ike 62. e qua i a i e e a u i i ies w ic may e i e e e y s u e s as c ue o a io o au o omic ugs o e iso a e eye, . a maco ogy i uma e ea me o suc a ima s. A i s uc o s a e u ge a E e ime a e a eu ics 8 ( : 48 6. o e e cise ge ui e isc e io i e e mi i g ow i i g a i ma s ca e use mos co s uc i e y i e cou se o a o a o y i es iga io s. Ma y se si i e you gs e s ca e y WO MA O A IMA O EC I E I S ea i y o m as i g im essio s a e u ices w ic a e o a a esi a e i ei scie ce c asses i c u e ca ous ea I O UCE Y E . O ES me o eg ec o i i g i gs. Recognizing two glaring omissions in federal law pro- e e is a Was i g o S a e aw w ic s a es a " o ess a e mi u es eac week mus e e o e o e sys tecting animals, Congressman George M. Rhodes ( . Pa.) ema ic eac i g o ki ess o o o y ou omes ic a ima s has introduced two major humane bills in the United u o a i i g c ea u es." I is o su icie o e o e a iso a e e mi u es e week o is e . A ge e a i os States House of Representatives. They are H.R. 0 8, to o y o oug u ess a co si e a io o i i g i gs require humane treatment of animals used in experiments s ou e i co o a e a e ea e y em asi e i a and tests, and . . 0026, to require humane treatment of scie ce eac i g. livestock transported by truck from one state to another. Sa is ic ac ices a e o ace i e c ass oom a a e u is a e y aw as mis emea o s. e i s uc o s ou Livestock travelling by train are protected by a federal make e e y e o o make e ec y c ea o is s u e s e ecessi y o o i i g a equa e qua e s a o e ca e o law passed in 1906 which provides for feeding and a i e a ima s use i e u ic sc oo s. Scie i ic i sig watering after 28 hours en route. Crippling and death of a a ecia io o e ig es o e ca e cu i a e livestock moving by truck is much greater than by rail, oug e es ec u a co si e a e ea me o e ma y i e es i g i i g o ga isms w ic a e suc a im o a but an attempt to extend the 28-hour law to trucks, which ace i e mo e scie ce a o a o y. now carry the vast majority of livestock in interstate com- ease i g is u e i o e a e io o a mem e s o merce, was defeated by trucking interests a decade ago. you eac i g s a . As a consequence, there are no humane controls on the I ISIO O CU ICU UM shipment of most lambs, calves, cattle and swine, and a A I S UC IO large proportion are abused. jA ES M. GA E Su e iso o Scie ce og ams
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The New Scientist, May 28, 64, published the fol- RACHEL CARSON lowing interesting article correcting the untrue statements on the British Act which were recently circulated to Amer- One of the few great writers and humanitarians of this ican scientists by the National Society for Medical Re- century, Rachel Carson has left a vast vacant space by her search. For comments by Major Hume of UFAW, see death. Even casual readers of the daily press are aware of page 3. the country's loss, and to the Animal Welfare Institute which she served as a wise advisor for the past four years, U.S. vivisection battle: her departure leaves an irreparable void. Her calm, un- a British denial swerving courage, characterized by the light laugh with "VIVISECTION" is one of the most emotive words in which she greeted the outrageous and sometimes ridiculous the English language. In Britain it generates periodic waves dishonesty of opponents, her stoicism in the face of illness of protest from those who believe that the present Home and suffering, and, most of all, the constancy of her hu- Office regulations are insufficiently strict. In America it maneness should never be forgotten. provokes outbursts from societies who allege that research Though she is known for an all-embracing effort to is hampered if not hamstrung by the generally-accepted protect millions of living creatures, she could take equally method of British control over experiments on live ani- intense interest in one ailing person who wrote to her mals. The latest propaganda from the U.S. National So- about the pesticide-caused death of a much loved cat—and ciety for Medical Research, an organization with headquar- received sympathy and good advice from her. By the same ters in Rochester, Minnesota, seems to give a very mislead- token, a high school boy, wanting to test pesticides on ing picture. Almost everything it says about the situation living mice as a science project, received her firm discour- in Britain can be challenged. agement accompanied by well-marshalled facts and reasons Under the bold headline, "British Re-Evaluate Act of why untrained youths should never inflict suffering on ani- 8 6", the society has published a statement which begins: mals, no matter how worthy the intended aim might be. "A committee recruited by the British Home Office She never left the individual cases that came to her atten- to re-evaluate the Cruelty to Animals Act of 8 6 has tion to take care of themselves, but devoted to them the proposed sweeping alterations to facilitate 'smoother ad- same careful thought and genuine feeling that made her ministration and the avoidance of delays which are formal writing famous. sometimes irritating'. The departmental committee was She was a staunch supporter of th Clark-Neuberger bill comprised of representatives of the Royal Society, the to require humane treatment of experimental animals. Her Royal College of Surgeons, the Physiological Society, testimony, read into the record of the 62 Congressional the Pharmacological Society and the Nutrition Society. hearings by the Chairman, was direct and simple: "When Also represented were Fellows or Members of the Royal animals are maintained under conditions of poor housing, College of Physicians, the Pathological Society, the So- lack of exercise, exposed to prolonged suffering and shock, ciety for Experimental Biology, the Society for General the results of experiments can only be misleading. In the Microbiology and the British Veterinary Association. interest of scientifically accurate results, it is necessary that The Anatomical Society supported these views as well." test animals be maintained in a state of general well-being. Among many changes attributed to this body, it is said I support this bill also for moral and humanitarian that the new proposals "would allow students to conduct reasons." experiments without licence under supervision from li- The Hon. Stuart Udall, Secretary of the Interior, has cence holders, and would allow advanced students to ap- written an unusually fine appreciation as a friend and ad- ply for full licenses of their own. It would allow fuller mirer of her work. It was first published in The Saturday use of animals for demonstrations in teaching; abolish Review. With his kind permission, it is reproduced below. (some) requirements for anaesthetisation . . . and refer all matters of controversy to the Departmental Committee THE LEGACY OF RACHEL CARSON which would gain permanent status." by S EWA U A , U.S. Secretary of the Interior The facts of the situation are that the Littlewood Com- mittee appointed by the Home Office is now considering "Hurt not the earth, neither the sea, nor the trees. . ." the present control over experiments on animals and also —The Book of Revelation. "whether, and if so what, changes are desirable in the law There were, or so I would like to suppose, intima- and its administration." It has not proposed "sweeping tions of a new American maturity in the life and death alterations" or anything else. It is still taking evidence of Rachel Carson. and the Home Office confirms that it has not issued any In the success of Silent Spring was the hope that report whatsoever and is unlikely to do so until at least those who truly care about the land have a fighting chance the end of the year. Moreover, the committee is not com- to "inherit" the earth. That the pen of one so unassuming prged of representatives of various societies. The mem- should have such an impact on national events was re- bers sit in their private capacities. In short, the terms of markable, and a heartening sign to conservationists every- reference and composition of the committee, as described where. in the American statement, and the recommendations it is An admirable sense of proportion fittingly marked alleged to have made appear to be fictitious. the reporting of her passing: front-page obituaries, warm In the United States, where there are no controls over tributes, editorials like that of the New York Times, which experiments on live animals, even a schoolchild can per- called her "one of the most influential women of her time." form drastic operations in the classroom. Bills based on Those of us privileged to know Rachel sensed the British experience and designed to limit cruelty and en- strength concealed within her Emily Dickinson gentleness. sure that nobody without experience can conduct experi- She did not seek controversy, but when her research turned ments are now before Congress, but they are running into up unpleasant truths she took them into the market place, heavy weather largely as the result of propaganda of this oblivious to the scorn of her critics. We who were some- kind. times in the fray with her marveled at the quiet way she held her own against the amassed experts of industry, as Rachel must have taken secret satisfaction in the she presented her brief against the contaminators effectively, thought that the response to S l nt Spr n demonstrated with modesty and graceful indignation. that once the bird-watchers and wildlife lovers of the world Why, one might ask, did Rachel Carson—who won united, they could prevail in many of the "thousand little no great prizes and led no crusades—attract such atten- battles" for conservation across the land. tion? Why did the influence of this gentle woman ripple We were all diminished by the premature passing of so far? this woman. A new book she had planned to call lp I suggest two answers. The qualities of mind and Y r Ch ld W nd r will go unwritten; but the spirit of spirit, revealed in her books about the sea, caught and S l nt Spr n is itself a large legacy. held us. She introduced us to the mysterious world of Rachel Carson quoted poetry to make her points. Our water, combining the scientist's eye and the poet's sense. epitaph for one who gracefully blended a scientist's dedi- Ao s Who can forget this passage from Und r th S W nd? cation to truth with a poet's feel for nature would be these lines from Keats: "To stand at the edge of the sea, to sense the ebb Beauty is truth, and the flow of the tides, to feel the breath of a mist Truth beauty,— over a great salt marsh, to watch the flight of shore That is all ye know on earth, birds that have swept up and down the surf lines of and all ye need to know. the continents for untold thousands of years, to see the running of the old eels and the young shad to the sea, is to have knowledge of things that are as nearly EMU SI IE CA E E O eternal as any earthly life can be." O U IO O E SEA Y OI And the lyric tone of her prose, the insights she drew from her research, her clear commitment to nature's Three major oil companies have reported their adoption scheme of things made her a memorable teacher. There of a method which can eliminate 95% of sea water oil was always, there to admire in her work, the effortless way pollution from ocean going tankers, according to the with which she bridged the gap between science and the Standard Oil Company. Shell International Marine Ltd. humanities. and British Petroleum Tanker Co., Ltd. announced their The other answer must relate to the creed that caused plans in London at the same time as the announcement Rachel Carson to write S l nt Spr n . During her Con- was made in New York. gressional appearance a year ago she stated her basic con- According to the Y r , June 17, 1964, "The viction: "I deeply believe that we in this generation must measures call for a ban on discharging oily wastes over- come to terms with nature." board by any of the company's American or foreign flag S l nt Spr n was called a one-sided book. And so it tankers, and treatment of wastes aboard ship with a special was. She did not pause to state the case for the use of demulsifier—a chemical that separates the oil from salt poisons on pests, for her antagonists were riding rough- water." shod over the landscape. h had not bothered to state The article further pointed out that the seawater ballast the case for nature. The engines of industry were in ac- in the cargo tanks has ordinarily been pumped overboard tion; the benefits of pest control were known—and the at sea before taking on a new cargo, thus causing oil pollu- case for caution needed dramatic statement if alternatives tion. "Now that ballast water is treated with the demul- to misuse were to be pursued. sifier, the oily residue, about 60 to 70 tons on an average Was it not understandable that one who was trained voyage, is then retained on board, and either disposed of by science to respect the frailness of the fabric of life and ashore or later mixed with succeeding cargo." was infused with a naturalist's concern for all living things Adoption of the new procedure by all oil transport should view the most poisonous of the pesticides with vessels should be urged by humanitarians throughout the more alarm than a farmer? world. Oil pollution of the sea brings about a cruel, slow death by starvation of uncounted thousands of sea birds, S l nt Spr n was a "popular" book because it crystal- and now that a method is available and easy to put into ized the concern of so many. Researchers who were nurs- effect (it requires no special or additional shipboard equip- ing doubts, conservationists who were alarmed by fish and ment), it should be adopted at once throughout the in- wildlife losses, and concerned Congressmen found a catalyst dustry. "The twentieth century Black Death" as oil pol- for conviction in Miss Carson's book. Connecticut's Abe lution has been called should be brought to an end im- Ribicoff emerged as the S l nt Spr n Senator, and he con- vened his hearings by saying: "Miss Carson, on behalf of mediately.• the Committee we certainly welcome you here. You are the lady who started all this." EW I S I U E A ISO A steady stream of mail descended on the nation's cap- ital, and a year ago Dr. Jerome B. Wiesner, President Ken- The advice of humane experimental biologists is essen- nedy's Science Advisor, vindicated her when he spoke for tial to the conduct of the Institute's work for laboratory a panel of scientists and stated that the indiscriminate use animals, and we are pleased to announce that Dr. F. Bar- of the worst poisonous chemicals was "potentially a much bara Orlans who holds a B.Sc. degree from Birmingham greater hazard than radioactive fallout." University, and M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in physiology What, then, is the legacy of Rachel Carson? from the University of London, England, has joined the She alerted us to the subtle dangers of "An Age of Advisory Committee of the Animal Welfare Institute. Dr. Poisons." She made us realize that we had allowed our Orlans spent four years doing research in the Laboratory fascination with chemicals to override our wisdom in their of Chemical Pharmacology, National Heart Institute, Na- use. If serious doubts existed about the harmful side effects tional Institutes of Health at Bethesda. She has published of a pesticide, to her the only prudent answer was in favor a number of papers in both the American and British Jour- of the web of life. nals of Physiology, the Journal of Pharmacology and Ex- perimental Therapeutics and others. To those already embroiled in the conservation cru- Dr. Orlans' experience in scientific work under the sade, the reception accorded S l nt Spr n was a sign of British Act of 1876 and later in the United States gives sanity. It revealed an unsuspected sensitivity in America to her a broad understanding of how legislation affects the values that have been neglected in the unthinking on- welfare of experimental animals and the attitude of la- rush of "progress." boratory personnel. As the mother of two young sons, Whatever her immediate impact on conservation con- she has a personal interest, too, in science teaching in troversies of the Sixties, it is already clear that she has grade school and high school, and, elsewhere in this IN- helped us develop a land ethic suitable to a civilization FORMATION REPORT, is Dr. Orlans' account of improper that aspires to greatness. experiments recently shown at the National Science Fair. She also believed that those who put short-term profits In a letter to the editor of S n , published April 24, above the long-term needs of other generations had to 1964, Dr. Orlans wrote: "If the British experience affords be resisted, and her eloquence made her a formidable a guide, the provision in the Clark-Neuberger bill for un- foe cf the short-sighted and the careless. announced inspection of animal quarters should help con- siderably to establish reasonable standards of housing. lation based on British experience under the Act of 1876,
Under the British system, institutions are vi sited by in- has published a statement ("Events Affecting Research Ad- spectors (all of whom are M.D.'s,) an average of three ministration", April, 1964) to the effect that a Govern- times a year, although, in fact, reputable laboratories may ment committee composed of representatives of specified be visited infrequently while borderline ones are inspected scientific bodies "has proposed sweeping alterations" in many times each year. The inspector, of course, must have our law. As your readers will know, the Littlewood Com- authority to ensure that his recommendations are carried mittee of the Home Office comprises individuals, not rep- out, and this is where voluntary accreditation and similar resentatives, has issued no recommendation, and is unlikely schemes fall down. Admirable though voluntary schemes to report before the end of the year. may be for responsible institutions, they leave untouched I have been allowed to read a good deal of the evidence precisely those places where improved standards are most tendered to the Littlewood Committee by various organi- needed. zations, including the Research Defence Society, and it is "In the hope of stemming effective legislation, many clear that there is a considerable amount of unanimity groups have recently advocated voluntary codes for hu- among scientists, including the scientific advisory commit- mane treatment of animals. This rush of activity suggests tee of UFAW, as to the basic soundness of our law and the need for such codes. Unfortunately, many scientists as to a number of minor details in respect of which it seem to regard a college degree as a certificate not only needs tidying up in the light of so many years of expe- of professional standing but of moral integrity, the holder rience. The N.S.M.R. statement affords yet one more of which is henceforth beholden to no man for his actions. example of the reckless unreliability of the propaganda The infliction of pain on animals, like the infliction of of which it forms part. pain on humans, involves moral and social standards which C. W. UME cannot be left solely to individual judgment but should, in Secretary General a civilized society, also be governed by law. Universities Federation for "Individual licensing of scientists, another provision of Animal Welfare the Clark-Neuberger bill, has proved most successful in England for over 80 yea s. In my own experience as a Ph.D. student in physiology at London University I found U WA A E AI I IC IO that the licensing laws had a beneficial effect upon re- search, particularly among young scientists. Like good re- A A IO A SCIE CE AI search technique, good standards of animal care must be learned, and they cannot be learned unless they are first b . A A A ° A S, Ph.D. defined and, where necessary, enforced. The cordial re- lations between the Home Office and the British scientific The 15th National Science Fair held on May 7th and community are founded on a mutual interest in maintain- 8th at Baltimore exhibited work of high school children ing humane standards for laboratory animals, standards aged 8 from all parts of the country. Of the ninety- under which fruitful scientific work has not been impaired eight entrants in the medical section about half were ob- and under which, indeed scientists are protected from criti- jectionable on the ground that vertebrate animals were cism or prosecution by uninformed or mischievous persons." subjected to painful procedures. Producing cancer in mice, rats and birds is a common practice in high schools today and there were many such exhibits. One group of rats New York Times Editorial, Apr l 8, 64 which had been given cancer then had their adrenals or E CESSI E CO O O E A O S ovaries removed. Some mice were centrifuged, in one case Sec e a y of the Interior Udall's advisory committee on until they were paralysed. A project on "The Crippling wildlife management has sounded a long-needed warning Effects of Caffeine Alkaloid" described how injected mice about the excesses and errors of the Government's branch became stunted and produced malformed offspring. In of Predator and Rodent Control. Among the errors cited order to keep rats awake for extended periods they were by the committee is the dangerous aerial broadcasting of revolved for over three months in a drum. Also on show grain treated with sodium fluoroacetate, a deadly poison were mice with skin grafts on their backs and no spleens. known in the trade as "compound 1080." This practice A boy of sixteen inserted brain electrodes without aseptic was held responsible for the death last year of two birds technique and the rats that survived two weeks post-oper- from the tiny flock of California condors that is the last atively were then electrically stimulated. survivor of its kind on earth. Many other valuable animals, including rare grizzly bears and mountain lions, have been This work represents a needless infliction of pain. Sci- killed inadvertently. entific knowledge is not advanced in any way and at best Wolves and other wild beasts are no longer the threat the student gains only a certain technical practice which to domestic herds they once may have been. Indeed, the could be acquired just as well on lower forms of life. true wolf is almost gone in the United States outside of Many such projects performed on invertebrates or plants Alaska. The coyote still harasses sheepmen in some places, are shown at science fairs and they lack neither skill nor but this is a problem that could be handled effectively and inventiveness. When the student is well along in his at far less cost by concentration of efforts in local areas. scientific studies and can produce genuinely useful results, Secretary Udall's committee pointed out that "control" op- then it may at times be necessary for him to inflict pain erations now extend into areas where there are no sheep on higher forms of life. A moral code for high school or other valid justification. biology work should provide that no vertebrate animal is Congress must share the blame for the outsize growth subjected to any procedure which interferes with its nor- of the predator control agency, which now employs more mal health or causes it pain. than 600 trappers and poisoners in the Western states. For It is regrettable that Science Service which administers the most part, Congress has closed its eyes while its appro- these fairs and e medical associations which present the priation committees annually doled out larger funds at the prizes should sanction inhumane work. Biology teachers request of the wool growers' association and as a result of can lead the way by encouraging their students in work indirect lobbying by the predator control agents themselves. such as that suggested in "Humane Biology Projects." Certainly the problem does not require the present army of State laws are required to prohibit the use of vertebrate Government hunters. Here is a fine chance for some of animals for painful experiments by high school children. that governmental economy the President has been talking A es case will be heard this month in a New Jersey court about. in which a humane society has brought action against the © 1964 by The New York Times Company. Board of Education charging the Board that chickens were Reprinted by permission. illegally mutilated by a high school student who injected them with cancer virus for exhibition in a science fair. In ME ICA ESEA C I E U.S.A. adopting more humane standards in high schools, the stu- (reprinted from The Lancet, June 20, 64 dent as well as the future scientific community would Sir,—The National Society for Medical Research, which benefit by justifying more critically every experiment in is leading the campaign in the United States against legis- which pain is inflicted.
›. S UMA E S AUG E EC EE EW E G A SU O O S. 533 I A CE At their recent annual meetings the Massachusetts Fed- On the sixteenth of April a decree was issued by eration of Humane Societies and the New England Feder- the Prime Minister together with the Minister of Agricul- ation of Humane Societies both reaffirmed their support ture, the Minister of Justice and the Minister of the In- of the Clark-Neuberger (S. 533) bill and the Identical terior which requires that livestock be rendered unconscious bills in the U.S. House of Representatives, the Ashley prior to shackling, hoisting and bleeding. The law applies (H.R. 5430) and Rhodes (H.R. 10138) bills, to require to cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, donkeys and mules. humane treatment of experimental animals. An exemption from prior stunning is made for ritual slaughter with the proviso that, within one year, appropriate Our Dumb Animals, the monthly magazine of the means to avoid bruising of the animal just before the cut Massachusetts SPCA and the American Humane Educa- must be provided. tion Society editorialized: The decree also prohibits the use of goads or other brutal methods. Specifically prohibited is the crossing and uma e ea me o E e ime a A ima s tying of animals' back legs to suspend them before they There are, at this writing, at least ten bills before Con- are unconscious. gress which seek to regulate, supervise, and control the Humane stunning and anesthetizing devices will be use of live, vertebrate animals. This Society supports the approved by a committee made up of professors of veter- Clark-Neuberger Bill (S. 533) simply because we believe inary medicine, veterinary inspectors, an engineer and a it is the best one offered. representative of animal protective organizations. Members and friends of our Society should express their According to Mme. Jacqueline Gilardoni, President of views on this legislation by writing to their respective the Oeuvre d'Assistance aux Betes d'Abattoirs, the decree Representatives and Senators in Washington, D.C. goes into effect immediately but some months will be re- The first step in obtaining this important and much quired before all slaughterhouses will be organized to needed legislation is for public hearings to be held in carry out the requirements. Washington, and this matter is being worked on by many Associated with Mme. Gilardoni's group is the Club groups interested in the legislation. du Jeune Ami des Animaux which enlisted the active as- Our friends, however, should understand that with so sistance of Brigitte Bardot in 1962. Jean-Paul, the teen- many bills before Congress, what ultimately is voted on age president of the group, went to work in a slaughter- may well be a composite bill. We hope it will be a strong house in order to acquaint himself fully with all that the bill, and to be considered a strong bill, any legislation animals underwent. His letter to Miss Bardot led to her proposed must contain the following basic six points: appearance on television in behalf of the animals of the abattoir which was followed by tens of thousands of let- 1) Unannounced inspection by qualified, full-time in- ters calling for an end to needless cruelty in French spectors with access to animal quarters, laboratories, slaughterhouses. The April decree marks the successful and records of animal use. result of public demand. 2) Individual licensing by governmental authority of all scientists desiring to use live, vertebrate animals, EW YO K U IC I A Y E I I S with the right to remove said licenses from persons responsible for inhumane treatment. A ICA UMA E OS E S 3) Pain-curbing provision that animals suffering severe, From July sixth to August 28th, the Little Gallery of the enduring pain must be painlessly killed instead of Hudson Park Branch of the New York Public Library will being allowed to linger in agony or being used over display posters painted by African school children and en- again. Failure to comply with the above automati- tered in the contest sponsored by the Humane Education cally gives the inspector the right to destroy the ani- Institute of Africa, whose headquarters are in Dar es Sa- mals painlessly himself. laam, Tanganyika. Kindness is the theme, and it is por- Humane care and housing, including normal exer- trayed in a large variety of ways towards animals and 4) cise, comfortable resting places and adequate food towards people who, by reason of age or infirmity, are in and water for all animals. need of help. Ten African countries are represented in the exhibition which has been viewed in Dar, in Toronto, 5) Student work, as distinct from research conducted Canada, and in Boston, Massachusetts prior to its New by qualified scientists, must be painless. York showing. 6) Records that include a brief statement of what is to The Little Gallery is located at 10 Seventh Avenue, be done to the animals and why, identification of South, and summer hours are: Monday and Wednesday, animals and eventual disposition, and a brief annual 12:30 - 9:00 P.M., Tuesday 9:00 A.M. - 6:00 P.M., Thurs- report. day and Friday 12:30 - 6:00 P.M. Closed Saturday and Sunday. No less a person than Dr. Albert Schweitzer has said, "If you pass such a law in the United States, it will have important meaning for the world." S A A OI ME S Our friend Henry Hough, editor and publisher of the Vineyard Gazette, stated the case exactly as we feel about Early in the year, Mrs. Robert Dyce joined the staff of it. "It is urgently needed, reasonable legislation without the Animal Welfare Institute as Assistant to the A.W.I. which the United States can hardly consider itself a civil- Laboratory Animal Consultant. Recently Miss Estella ized nation." E.H.H. Draper retired from the position of Executive Secretary which has now been filled by Miss Alexandra Peschka. Editorial by Dr. Eric H. Hansen, President Mrs. Paul Lewis has been appointed Technical Secretary. and Director of M.S.P.C.A. and A.H.E.S.
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. ee . ice . . a a a O a s . ose Woo K u c a i ica o O ICE S C is i e S e e s A e . G a cy, . Ma e ei e eme ma s oge . S e e s r d nt r d nt S r t r r r r A IMA WE A E I S I U E 22 EAS th S EE , EW YO K, . Y. 000 S pt b r O t b r, 64 Vol. 13 No. 4 , MIC IGA S A E AW E O CE ANIMAL WELFARE IN INDIA The Albert Schweitzer Award for 1964 will be made to The following are excerpts from an article by Dr. H. E. Patrolman John Mobley of the Detroit Police Force. Mr. Bywater, M.R.C.V.S., F.R.S.H. which appeared in "Animal Mobley has told his experience in a concise statement: Citizen", Vol. 1, No. 2, the official organ of the National "At about 9:30 P.M., on Thursday, July 9, 1964 while Animal Welfare Board. Dr. Bywater is the liaison officer working Sct. 1-1 with Patrolman Bloomfield, we received between the R.S.P.C.A. and the British Veterinary Associ- a radio run to the Memorial Hospital about a complaint. ation, of which he is an Honorary Member, one of only Upon arriving, the ea u se a e information desk eight in the world. He was Honorary Treasurer of the stated a dog in the Wayne University Laboratory was latter for nearly twenty years. moaning and crying for three hours. It was disturbing the "It is apparently not generally known that in March, patients at the hospital. We went to the laboratory, and 1963, the provisions of the Prevention of Cruelty to Ani- the night watchman took us to the basement, where we mals Act, 1960, came into operation throughout India. found two dogs in steel cribs. One looked dead but the "This Act is based to a large extent on the British laws other was crying as if in great pain. Blood and foreign for the protection of animals, but, in some respects, it matter was pouring from the mouth. Some of the blood goes farther and in general, it is the most comprehensive was dry indicating the dog was left to suffer some time. legislation in the whole world for the amelioration of The dog seemed paralyzed, and the tongue was gagging animal suffering. India, with its historically glorious re- the dog to the point it could not get sufficient air. I asked ligions and ethical principles of respect for all life is to the night watchman what doctor was in attendance of the be congratulated on giving a lead to the civilized world in dogs if they were in a post-operative state, and he merely respect of such legislation. stated that no one watches them, and everyone had gone "All living creatures, save men, are given the means of home. He said they are only interested in the time it takes protection and legal rights under this law and it is the before they die. If this is called for, in the advancement duty of 'every person having care or charge of any animal of science, then God help us all." to take all reasonable measures to ensure the well being Patrolman Mobley called the Anti-Cruelty Society to take of such animals and to prevent the infliction upon such action. A report of the Society's findings was sent to Dr. animals of unnecessary pain or suffering.' Albert Heustis, Commissioner of Health of the State of "In addition to the general rule, fifteen forms of com- Michigan, and after a •Health Department investigation, mon cruelties are listed, some of which, such as overload- Dr. Heustis issued a report in which he stated: "The ing or working whilst unfit, not only render the person Michigan Department of Health has placed the animal actually in charge of e a ima ia e to prosecution, but quarters O Way e State University on probation for thirty also the persons causi g the offence to be committed and days and we will seek compliance with the following pro- the owner of the animal for permitting it to be done or by cedures: failing to give reasonable supervision. 1. The improvement of the dog recovery quarters. "In addition to the more obvious forms of cruelty, it is 2. e o isio of adequate medicines to provide for an offence to carry an animal in a manner which causes humane care both in the post-surgical procedures unnecessary suffering—such as carrying fowls by their legs and otherwise. downwards, or confining birds in small cages, or failing to 3. The availability of a person properly trained and in- allow animals reasonable liberty and exercise, or abandon- structed in the care of the sick animals, who will ing animals, or failing to give adequate food, drink and make rounds during the hours that scientific person- shelter, or shooting birds after releasing them from cap- nel are not on duty, and who will administer first tivity. aid and call a responsible physician to aid any ani- "Under the Act an Animal Welfare Board has been set mals in pain or difficulty. up under the chairmanship of Shrimati Rukmini Devi 4. The assurance of the availability of a responsible Arundale (who was primarily responsible for getting this doctor at all times. legislation passed) to advise the Government on all mat- 5. The establishment of a procedure for the better ters connected with animal welfare and to make rules with identification of surgical cases, including a record of regard to certain aspects of animal protection. The Animal the physician responsible for medications, the anes- Welfare Board invited me through the R.S.P.C.A., Lon- thesia used, and other pertinent information. don, to visit your country in order to advise the Board on 6. The replacement of the smaller cages (found in a certain aspects of its functions and to assess the plight and few instances) with those of adequate size. condition of the animal citizens of this great country. 7. The provision of more adequate exercise for post- "You may ask what are the impressions that I have operative dogs. formed so far with regard to the treatment of animals in 8. The movement of dogs on long-term experiments to this country, a country which gives breathing space to outside boarding kennels with outdoor runways so nearly one-sixth of the world's human population and that the animals can live a more normal life. one-fourth of the bovine animals of the world, besides This is an outstanding series of conscientious actions by many millions of other animals? I regret to say that this police, Anti-Cruelty Society, and Health Department to nation, holding a vital and important position in world curb abuse and needless suffering in laboratories. It should affairs and to which many other nations are increasingly serve as an example to the rest of the country. looking for guidance is sadly lacking in the practical appli- It is particularly urged that directors of laboratories, cation of animal welfare amongst the masses. This is no medical school deans, and heads of departments read the fault of your Central Government which, in addition to required procedures listed above with care, and if the this progressive legislation, has established veterinary hospi- treatment, supervision and housing of experimental ani- tals and encouraged better and more extensive research and mals in their institutions fails to come up to these stand- education in the animal husbandry field—thereby laying the ards, take vigorous action to remedy the situation. A great foundation of animal welfare through veterinary treatment, deal of needless suffering would be prevented in labora- through the breeding of animals of greater economic value tories throughout the nation by adoption of the sound re- and through better feeding and management. . • . quirements listed by Dr. Heustis. It would be encouraging "There is no doubt that poverty, ignorance, fatalism and to humanitarians if one or more large scientific institutions man's indifference to his own fellow-beings has been would adopt them voluntarily without compulsion of law. (Continued on page 4 E YEA O E GO I A pounded and kicked — all means of reducing tension. The Year of the Gorilla, by George Schaller (University Sporting events, where man is excited and emotionally off of Chicago Press, 1964). guard, provide the ideal location for people-watching. A No one knows more about gorillas than George Schaller. spectator at a sporting event perceives behavior that excites His knowledge came through persistent observation under him. Yet he cannot participate directly in the action, nor the most trying conditions in the mountains of Africa, and does he want to cease observing it. The tension thus pro- his thoughts are worthy of consideration by conservationist duced finds release in chanting, clapping hands, stamping and research worker alike. feet, jumping up and down, and throwing objects into "Monkeys and apes," he writes, "because of their the air. This behavior may be guided into a pattern by close relationship to man, are also highly useful in the the efforts of cheer leaders who, by repeating similar study of human diseases. For example, each year some sounds over and over again with increasing frequency, """\ 200,000 o 300,000 monkeys are imported into the United channel the display into a violent and synchronized climax. States at a cost of twenty million dollars for use in the Two of the functions of this display are communication production of polio vaccines and research in various med- with and intimidation of the opponent. Wherein lies the ical fields. As always, man is harvesting ruthlessly with- difference between gorilla and man? out thinking about future supply. Once it was generally "What indeed are the differences between gorilla and assumed that the number of rhesus monkeys in India was man? unlimited. Yet in spite of the fact that thousands of rhesus Am I satyr or man ? monkeys were trapped yearly for shipment to the United Pray tell me w o can States, their status and behavior was completely unknown And settle my place in the scale; until Dr. C. Southwick studied them in 1960. He came A man in ape's shape, to the conclusion that the supply of wild rhesus monkeys An anthropoid ape, was diminishing rapidly and that critical shortages were apt Or a monkey deprived of a tail? to develop. The chimpanzee is more closely related to man "When I began to study gorillas, I was at first tremen- in its blood types and susceptibility to certain diseases than dously impressed by their human appearance — they gave any other animal. More and more of these apes are being the superficial impression of slightly retarded persons with shot and trapped in the wild for use in medical research. rather short legs, wrapped in fur coats. The gestures and No one knows how many there are left and how many may body positions of gorillas, and for that matter also those be taken from an area without exterminating the popula- of other apes, resemble those of man rather than the mon- tion. No primate can long survive sustained and uncon- keys. They stretch their arms to the side and yawn in the trolled persecution. Unless rhesus monkeys and others are morning when they wake up, they sit on a branch with bred in sufficient quantity in captivity or taken on a sus- legs dangling down, and they rest on their back with their tained yield basis in the wild, medical research will sud- arms under the head. The great structural similarity be- denly find itself deprived of animals for future years. To tween man and apes has been noted repeatedly since the manage a species intelligently in the wild or in captivity, time of Linnaeus and Darwin, and it is for this reason a knowledge of its life history and social behavior is es- that all have been placed taxonomically into the super- sential." family Hominoidea. In their emotional expressions too Mr. Schaller has spared no pains to learn about the so- the gorillas resemble man: they frown when annoyed, bite cial behavior of the great apes, and many of his experiences their lips when uncertain, and youngsters have temper tan- are remarkable. For example, "My most hair-raising ex- trums when thwarted." perience in Africa was an encounter with a group of dis- Schaller's views on the way in which to get the most playing chimpanzees in the Budongo Forest of Uganda. out of observation of animals are interesting. Writing of With Richard Clark, an anthropology student from Cam- a particular group of gorillas, he states: "Day after day I bridge, I visited this forest for several days in early July, visited these animals until I felt that I knew and under- 1960, to observe chimpanzees. At dawn we crawled through stood them, much as I would a human child before it is the wet undergrowth in the direction of some hooting, able to talk. Many scientists frown on the tendency to barking, and gibbering chimpanzees that sounded like a interpret the actions of animals in anthropomorphic terms, conclave of maniacs. It had been light for half an hour to read one's own feelings into the behavior of creatures, when we reached the apes. Most of them were still in bed, even if they are as closely related to man as the gorilla. squatting in their nests of branches anywhere from fifteen But animals frequently do resemble man in their emotional to ninety feet above ground. One juvenile left its nest and and instinctive behavior, although, unlike man, they are fed nearby on the olive-sized fruits of the Maesopsis tree. perhaps not consciously aware of their own thought pro- A female walked leisurely along a branch, but when she cesses. I feel that something vital in our understanding of saw us she raced away through the tree and jumped twenty animals is lost if we fail to interpret their behavior in feet down into the leafy crown of a sapling, and from human terms, although it must be done cautiously. If a there to the ground. The others left their nests, hooting as person thinks he understands a creature, he must be able they fled, and soon they were spread out in the distant to predict its behavior in any given situation, and with trees, and on the ground where we could not see them. gorillas I was able to do this only if I followed the bare We followed the retreating animals, of which there were outline of my own feelings and mental processes. Only about thirty. Suddenly, as if by signal, all hooting ceased. by looking at gorillas as living, feeling beings was I able The chimpanzees disappeared from sight, and we waited to enter into the life of the group with comprehension, in the silent forest, scanning the tree tops and listening. instead of remaining an ignorant spectator. Sir Julian Minutes passed. Without warning the hooting began Huxley expressed it in the following way in the Journal again, this time all around us in the obscurity of the un- of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh: dergrowth, drawing closer and closer until the sounds It is also both scientifically legitimate and operation- seemed to come out of the earth itself. Not a single animal ally necessary to ascribe mind, in the sense of subjective revealed itself, and this, coupled with the high-pitched awareness, to higher animals. This is obvious as regards screeches that appeared to erupt from the throats of a the anthropoid a es: ey o o y ossess e y similar thousand furious demons, brought fear to our hearts. It bodies and sense-organs to ours, but also manifest sim- was fear of the unknown, of being unable to do anything ilar behaviour, with a quite similar range of emotional except wait. When the hoots reached their screaming cli- expression, as anybody can see in the zoo; a range of max, strange and new sounds reverberated through the curiosity, anger, alertness, affection, jealousy, fear, pain forests — rolling, hollow, bum-bum-bum. Later we were and pleasure. It is equally legitimate and necessary for to discover that the chimpanzees pound the hollow but- other mammals, although the similarities are not so tresses of ironwood trees much like an African beats a close. We just cannot really understand or properly drum. The pandemonium subsided, and the chimpanzees interpret the behaviour of elephants or dogs or cats or retreated, leaving us thoroughly intimidated by their fas- porpoises unless we do so to some extent in mental cinating display. terms. This is not anthropomorphism: it is merely an "Man behaves remarkably like a gorilla in conflicting extension of the principles of comparative study that situations. A marital squabble, for example, in which have been so fruitful in comparative anatomy, compara- neither person cares to attack or retreat, may end with tive physiology, comparative cytology and other biolog- shouting, thrown objects, slamming doors, furniture ical fields.'" Dr. Hiram Essex, President of the National Society for Medical Research, requested that we publish in this INFOR- MATION REPORT his letter to THE NEW SCIENTIST. We are happy to comply with his request and to comment on his letter. For the text of THE NEW SCIENTIST article, see AWI I O MA IO E O , Vol. 13, No. 3. SM e e AWI Comme a Co ec io Augus 20, 64 E i o , e ew Scie is Si : E c ose is a o o o se e o uce co y o e memo a um we ecei e om e esea c e e se Socie y o G ea i ai . O y e sma o s am e o e ack age, s a i g a ou o ga i a io e i e a is i u e i i is cou y, as ee a e . e e o i ou ews e e accou is e esu o a mis u e s a i g. We we e u awa e a e e was mo e a o e o ma y es a is e g ou s u yi g e C ue y o A i ma s Ac o 8 6, a us a o easo o sus ec a is ocume , " e a e o e e a me a Commi ee o I qui y i o E e ime s o A ima s," was a y i g o e a e co c usio s o e i ewoo g ou . us ou e o was i e e " ec ui e y" i e i s se e ce—a e o co ec e i e issue o ou ews e e , a so e c ose , a ea i g a e is was ma e c ea o us. You editorial gives the impression that you were unaware e SM s a eme c ea e e im essio a e o e memo a um e a e y e d h tt , com o icia go e me a commi ee w ic as ma e ise o e ese a i es o scie i ic o ga i a io s co ce e n ecom me a io s a i s ea o ose "swee i g c a ges." I ac , wi is egis a io . o i is g ou as o ose a y ma o c a ges i e Ac . As you wi o e, ou sy o sis, a e ea i e " i is e E a ua e Ac o 8 6" a e a y is o io s. e oya Socie y a o e o ga i a io s, we a e ee e o e ie e, a e i ee i is e su missio s e ai e wi i e ocu me a e i ee e e a ua io s. ey mig we , i iew o e um e o c a ges o ose , e ca e "swee i g." You u e s a e: "I e U i e S a es, w e e e e a e o co o s o e e e ime s o i e a ima s, e e a sc oo c i ca e o m as ic o e a io s i e c ass oom. i s ase o i is e e ie ce a esig e o imi c ue y a e su e a o o y wi ou e e ie ce ca co uc e e i me s a e ow e o e Co g ess, u ey a e u i g i o ea y wea e a ge y as a esu o o aga a o is ki ." is s a eme , i s ou e s o g y em asi e , is g oss is s a eme , a om ei g "g oss y i e o " is e y i e o , as e o owi g wi make c ea . ec y ue — as s ow e ow. i s , e e y si g e o e o ou 0 s a es as a a i c ue y e c aim a e e em io s a e me e y o a oi o s a u e a a ies o scie is s as i oes o o e ci i e s. i i io o a ima e e ime a io is a se. o e am e, e e o ese s a e s a u es a e a a i a i i isec io c ause Wisco si e em io s a es a y, "As use i is sec io s eci yi g a e a i c ue y s a u es s a o e i e e e o u e oes o i c u e o a i e e e ime s ca ie o o o pr h b t o e y co uc e scie i ic s u y o a ima s. scie i ic esea c o o ma a acce e e e i a y ac ices." e commo aw, as i as e o e , as e e mi e a oug ou e is o y o uma e wo k a i uma i a ia s e i i e , o ai a o e, mus e ese i c ue y is o a e soug o i se wo s ike "i e io a y" a "wi u y" e is , o e wise ma y a ac o me cy wou e u is a e i o e a i c ue y s a u es. I e ma o i y o s a es, ey y aw. owe e , a y u us i ia e e e ime o oce u e have o succee e . I i ai a so i e is imma e ia (see is c ue y ega e i i io i e U i e S a es. a ic e "A ima s a e aw" i is I O MA IO REPORT). I emai s so i . Esse s ome s a e es i e e e o as yea o i se e wo "i e io a y" i o e a i c ue y s a u e o Mi eso a. . Esse us akes e uge i ge e a e e e ces o e o u io o commo aw. i ee o e s a es egu a e scie i ic s u y o a ima s e Mi eso a aw o w ic . Esse e e s oes not mo e c ose y a a y o e use o a ima s. o i s a ce, even contain the wo " uma e" muc ess oes i equi e Mi eso a as a aw a o e i 4 a assig s o e S a e uma e ea me o e e ime a a ima s. i es ock Sa i a y oa e u y o egu a e a ima s u ies. e AS CA o ew Yo k as n ega owe o su e ise is aw is i a i io o e egu a a i c ue y s a u e a a ima use i a o a o ies, ecause o e e em io om e a ies o scie is s as muc as o a y o e ci i e . I ew a i c ue y aws i ew Yo k S a e. A y ega ac io o e Yo k, e Ame ica Socie y o e e e io o C ue y o o ec io o a o a o y a ima s mus e ake u e e A ima s as ega owe o su e ise a ima use i a o a a c Me ca Ac , a mi is e e y e S a e ea Com o ies. missio e . e AS CA was gi e o owe s u e is Ac . A AS CA e ese a i e oes isi a o a o ies o a ie y e e e a Go e me as a i io a owe s a e i e asis, u as o au o i y. om i s i a cia su o o esea c i me ici e a ag icu u e. o e am e, e e a me o e e se i c u es i ec e e e a Go e me u is es as qua i ies o e u io s o uma e ca e a ea me o e e ime a a ima s ca io a ma e ia s o u e s o i e e su ec s. I a y i a o i s esea c co ac s i o i g use o a ima s. e seems ecessa y o oi ou e is i c io e wee "gui e a me o ea , E uca io a We a e as u is e a ce" a ma a o y aw. s a a s o a o a o y a ima ca e e a e o e e a me y e A ima Ca e a e . e e e a s A mi is a io as es a is e a s ecia i isio o a o a o y a ima e egis a io we su o wou gi e e e e a Go e ca e a is o uci g e uca io a ma e ia s o e gui a ce me owe s o e e a use o a o a o y a ima s. o esea c wo ke s i A os i a s. I a i io o ese e e a ega o ces, e e a e a um e o o e s go e i g a ima e e ime a io i e U i e . Esse s comme s o " ee u gme " come s a ge y S a es, as i i ai . Scie is s a e es o si e ima i y o om a ma w o i so muc o quas e e o ma e y ei ee s, a o ei em oye s a c ie s. ese a e e . o e Gese , wi i e scie i ic commu i y a a mee mos owe u sanctions o a . A ma s o essio a e u a i g o e Ame ica ysio ogica Socie y w e e ce ai y o io is is i e, a a u gme —i a y a ea— oes o i g a i i isec io is was o e ou . . Esse s c ie a mo i o a o a e u a io . I o ica y, i wou e muc easie io s w e . Gese sugges e e i is Ac o 8 6 as a o e e cise is ee u geme o e y i scie is s i o sou mo e , we e " a ie ce" a " o i g i is ." a e o ea a e e y c i ica wo wou e is o e , mis e ese e , o quo e ou o co e y e a i i isec io is , e o e emo io a , a e misi o me . e you e i o ia im ies a Ame ica sc oo c i e I is i e es i g o see a . Esse seems o a o e o a e e mi e o u e ake a y so o as ic e e ime ey use o e a i c ue y s a u es o e e w a e ca s wis o u e ake. is, a so, is u ue. i e s a es a y " as ic e e ime " y sc oo c i e . Ye i a ece ews o i i " i isec io " i u ic sc oo s. I o e s a es, u i s a e i e iew, e s o g y o ose is e y use o e ew a eac e s a u e ose same a i c ue y aws me io e e sey a i c ue y s a u e o a sc oo oy s ca ce i uc io above. Enclosed are the gui i g i ci es ai ow y e e e ime . "I i k i wou e e y sa " . Esse s a e a io a Socie y o Me ica esea c , e A ima Ca e a e o e Associa e ess "i e S CA s ou wi a case a e I s i u e o a o a o y A ima esou ces o e o is ki ." (A b r r Ev n n r , Se . , 64. Scie ce C u s o Ame ica. You a ic e s a e : " i s ase o i is e e ie ce a esig e o imi c ue y a e su e a o o y wi ou e ee i e ica i s ase o i is e e ie ce we e e ie ce ca co uc e e ime s" a e e o e Co g ess. e e i g i Co g ess a e ime E EW SCIE IS i s e o e e Co g ess o e U i e S a es a y eme a ic e was w i e . e e is o o e ge e a i a io i e ous y i esig a i e —a i e eg ee i w ic ey s a eme . a e " ase o i is e e ie ce." O ce mo e, you a e o e ge e a i e . e ac ua i s a e e c ose . s s SM e e (continued) AWI Comment and Correction (continued) You a e a so a e i o a sy ogis ic a . E e i e i s we e " esig e o imi c ue y," is oes o gua a ee a ey wou o so. As i a io s o sai oo o o ec u e emo ic ossessio . We a e ce ai y a o e ia e e i e i is Ac was esig e o imi c ue y a as e ce o e e ec a Ame ica s ea a o a o y a ima s success u y o e so. e C a k eu e ge , As ey, a wi ess ca e a ess es ec a E g is me . a o a o y o es i s a e e same u ose a e same asic i a ima qua e s i is cou y, o i s a ce, a ack ai ci es. I is a su o sugges a a y o ese s o so s ei e co i io i g, umi i y co o , a i e i emic measu es, a as i e o sai oo o a e su e i g om " emo ic ossessio ." as ica y com e ai i e i g ec iques a e ike a e e e ce io a e a e u e. S e s o im o e a o a o y a ima ec icia ai i g, a o a o y a ima ca e i o ma io e c a ge, a a o a o y a ima ca e ec o ogy a e co " a as ica y com e ai i e i g ec iques" o wi s a y ee ake —a a e ee ake y scie is s, o y s a i g, AWI e ese a i es a e ee so c oke y umes e c i ic om e ou si e w o is eque y u acquai e i a ima ooms i ee i e e ma o scie i ic i s i u io s wi e e e sim es ec ica as ec s o a ima ygie e. i e U i e S a s a ey a o ea e em, a e e e su e e om oa i i a io o owi g e isi s. o e e a e simi a i ies e wee ou cou ies. u you mus i g ike is as e e come o ou a e io e so a y o ecog i e a e e a e a so im o a i e e ces. O e o o e wise i a y i is a o a o y. ei e a e we e e e mos sig i ica i e e ces wi es ec o e su ec u ou i i is a o a o ies ogs ea i ei cages, a ima s e iscussio is a e iome ica o essio s i i ai wi ou wa e , massi e i es a io s o oac es a icks, a i seem o a e ecome accommo a e o e a i e y s eci ic a ma s ke i wi ow ess ooms wi ig s o e ce o e e a o a e a io a go e me a co o o a ima e e ime ie c ea i g ime, sick a ima s ose i ei cages, a ima s a io . I co as , e e is ac ica y u a imous o osi io wi u ea e , es e i g so es, a ima s a a u e go e y U.S. iome ica scie is s o suc ce a i e a u eau a se ies o s u e ac ice su ge y o e a io s, weak a c a ic co o . I e U i e S a es, o y g ou s u ame a emacia e — o ee o co i ue e is . e i is Ac y a ago is ic o e use o a ima s i esea c a oca e as e e e as amou s o ee ess su e i g. I as o a i io a com ica io s a o s uc io s i e scie i ic am e e ge ui e esea c . I s cou e a s ou e e ac e s u y o a ima s. i ou cou y. Si ce e y, I AM E. ESSE , . . u ose. e i icu y, owe e , is a a co si e a e um A IMA WE A E I I IA e o ese a ima s a e o e ou i wi a i y o u (Continued from page 1) a e cou ies w e e e a mi is a i e mac i e y may o e e y s o g a w e e o ie s a e i icu o ma a largely the cause of the neglect of animal welfare in India. o co o . Ac io o egu a e e a ic i wi a ima s i e Jesus Christ has said, 'Blessed are the merciful for they cei i g cou ies wou imi e ma ke a emo e muc shall obtain mercy.' A love for animals would automati- o e i ce i e o i ega u i g. O ious y, i e a io a ac io is equi e ." cally induce a love for fellow men and vice-versa. In fact, the animal welfare movement in the United Kingdom and A IMA S A E AW America has led to the establishment of societies for the Animals and the Law, by T. G. Field-Fisher, M.A. protection of children. Kindness to animals leads towards (Barrister-at-Law) published by the Universities Federation the brotherhood of man." for Animal Welfare, 1964, (available from the Animal Dr. Bywater praised improvements in the treatment of Welfare Institute, $1.50). monkeys exported from India, brought about through pub- British law for the prevention of cruelty to animals is lic protests and the resulting regulations. He strongly criti- far more advanced than the corresponding American law. cized slaughter house conditions and methods used by dog Humanitarians will do well to review this concise and catchers in India. He said that the control and supervision readable volume, and it will stand them in good stead of experiments on animals is a matter of urgency. He when confronted with legislative problems. urged that the subject of kindness to animals be included For example, it states clearly, ". . . the intention or in the instruction given in schools. "What is needed," he otherwise to commit an act of cruelty is immaterial." Those said, "is a drastic alteration in public consciousness and a who seek to weaken the American anti-cruelty statutes by return to the ideals of Asoka and Gandhi, or Christ and adding words such as "wilfully" or "intentionally" can Mohammed, all of whom enjoined a love and respect for thus be shown that the laws upon which Henry Bergh animals." based his work do not include such qualifying phrases. Retrogression in animal protective laws cannot be coun- WI A IMA A E ES IC E tenanced. Y E G IS AW Last year in Minnesota, those in charge of revising the On July 16, 1964, the Animals (Restriction of Importa- Criminal Code and Penal Laws sought to put the word tion) Act 1964 was enacted in Great Britain: it will come "intentionally" into the anti-cruelty laws. In the battle into operation in January, 1965. This Act provides that: which ensued, humanitarians won out, and the anti-cruelty laws were exempted from the revision. "The importation, save under the authority, and in ac- This year, a similar attempt is being made in New York cordance with the terms, of a licence granted by the State. In addition to the addition of qualifying words, Board of Trade, of a live animal of any of the kinds many parts of the law would be eliminated altogether if for the time being specified in the Schedule to this the revisers have their way. New York State humanitarians Act is hereby prohibited." are unanimous in their opposition to the proposed revision. Kinds of animals listed on the schedule are: Callithricidae, Animals and the Law will stand humane organizations Cebidae, Cercopithecidae, Dasyuridae, Daubentoniidae, in good stead wherever revisions are proposed, and they Iguanidae, Indridae, Lemuridae, Macropodidae, Perameli- are likely to keep coming up since the proposed model dae, Phalangeridae, Phascolomidae, Pongidae, Rhinocero- revison published by the American Law Institute. This tidae, Sphenodontidae, Tarsiidae, and Testudinidae. In body consulted no animal protective organization but ar- other words, a license is now required to import monkeys, bitrarily cut the animal protective laws in its so-called marmosets, lemurs, gorillas, orang-utans, chimpanzees, "model" to a single page one half of which is taken up rhinoceroses, certain reptiles, and most of the fauna of in exempting laboratories from the small scrap of protec- Australia. This Schedule may be modified by the Secretary tion left for animals. Adoption of the American Law In- of State, after consulting the Advisory Committee estab- stitute ideas would put the United States back in a class lished under the Act. There are criminal penalties, and with the underdeveloped countries of the world which animals brought in in violation may be impounded. have not yet risen to the point of enacting adequate anti- Speaking in Parliament during the debate on the bill, cruelty legislation. the Minister of State for Education and Science, Sir Ed- It is fortunate that Animals and the Law should have ward Boyle, said: been published just at a time when a clear and ready ref- "I am u y awa e o e us i ia e co ce o suc o ga i erence to civilized animal protective laws is so much need- a io s as e I e a io a U io o e Co se a io o a u e a e au a ese a io Socie y a ou e e e ed. It was warmly received in England, too, as evidenced a im o a ce o e i e a io a a e i a e s ecies o by the reviews. The Law Times said, "For the general a ima s e su i a o some o w ic is se ious y ea e e y is a ic. . . As a ge e a i ci e, i seems o me a reader it could hardly be improved." The Veterinary e mos e ec i e mea s o co o i g is a ic mus e i Record stated, "This little book is wholly admirable and e cou ies o o igi . I am g a o ea a mos o ese readable. It is a masterly condensation of the law relating cou ies a e e y muc a i e o e si ua io a a a um e o em a e e ac e egis a io ecise y o is to animals and is completely up-to-date." A IMA WE A E I S I U E 22 EAS th S EE , EW YO K, . Y. 000 v b r b r, 64 l. . E A IMA I G EECE Dr. Harry Lillie is the leading humane authority on the animals of the sea—in particular seals and whales. In the b ANTHONY CARDING, M.R.C.V.S., B.V.Sc. following article, he sums up the pitiful situation of the A.W.I. Laboratory Animal Consultant Hood and Harp seals in Canadian waters. It appears that the Before one can understand the Greeks' attitude to their indignation on an international scale animals one must understand a little about the Greeks. expression of public is beginning to have an effect, and word has been received Occupation by the Turks, two world wars and civil war from the Ontario uma e Society that new regulations re- plus the infertile nature of their land have made hardship cently enacted by the Canadian government will be going a way of life for many of them. Adults in the poorer villages eat meat perhaps once a into effect in the coming season and will be under scrutiny by representatives of Canadian humane societies. Three month, while the children eat it seldom, if ever. 'Warm humane officials will visit the sealing grounds this coming clothes are a luxury even in the hard winters when many quote from the Ontario Hu- people from the poor villages go barefoot. Wounds and spring and report back. To afflictions which would drive us to hospital will often not mane Society release: "The new regulations which the Min- even spur them to seek the medical aid which is now ister stressed are only a beginning and can and will be reviewed, included a firm stipulation that no seal must un- available to them. My wife and I lived on Euboea, one of the larger Greek der any circumstance be skinned or attempted to be skinned islands, for five months. Our purpose was to develop a whilst alive. When the investigation of the sealing prac- pioneer veterinary service for an area including nearly tices is completed the Society will publish for the informa- forty villages and small towns. We ate, slept and worked tion of its members a complete report on the sealing prob- th with people living at subsistance level in poor mountain lem." The importance of these points is underlined by villages and came to feel affection and respect for them. fact that the Government of Canada has enacted legislation The donkey, horse and mule are the means by which which claims for Canada the waters off the coast of Canada old 3 mile many villagers earn their living. Despite their dependence up to a distance of 2 miles instead of the on these creatures their neglect and maltreatment of them limit. This new 2 mile territorial fishing limit will enclose was often considerable. When gross overloading resulted large areas of water which were formerly international considerable amount of sealing is in lameness there was little chance of the animal being waters, and in which rested and allowed to recover. On the contrary, the work carried on. still had to be done and while the animal could walk it would be goaded into work. The most surprising fact was E SEA S O E ACK ICE (C nt n d n p 2 b DR. HARRY LILLIE In the Northwest Atlantic in an area from Baffin Island U I E SI Y O CA I O IA A and Greenland, the Harp seals and some Hood seals mi- grate south ir a yearly cycle to the nursery breeding grounds OS A GE ES CE E O in the pack ice of southern Labrador and around New- E EA SCIE CES foundland. This ice is steadily drifting with the south- l Co ce i g e Co uc o bound Arctic current down the coast of Labrador and ex- A ima E e ime s U e e tending up to a hundred miles or more from land. I ue ce o Cu a i i g Age s Almost continuously for the past 200 years man has at- 1. In preparing animals for acute experiments under tacked particularly the Harp seals during the March-April curarizing agents, all surgical maneuvers shall be performed breeding in the Newfoundland area. The young pups and under general anesthesia. No curarizing agents are to be adult seals have been taken for their fat, for the manufac- administered until the entire surgical preparation is com- ture of margarine, soap, and oil for lubricants as in whal- pleted. ing. While the skins of the adults go mainly to the leather 2. All wound edges, and particularly the tissues anterior trad., the babies with their 'woolly' white coats, have also and posterior to the ear bars, shall be infiltrated with local been killed for the fur trade. anesthetic. Similar infiltrations shall be made in the vicin- 1-r-re behind all the romantic stories is an industry which ity of the supra-orbital and infra-orbital nerves. The local for the cruelty and waste of its methods has been surpassed anesthesia shall be repeated every two hours. No attempt at sea only by whaling. is to be made to substitute surgical blocks for these pro- The :,aby seals, helpless on the ice, are knocked on the cedures (as by section of the upper three cervical nerves or head with gaffs, rough cut wooden staffs. This properly section of the gasserian ganglion), since important branches done involves no suffering and there is no other satisfac- of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves innervating the tory humane method, but sometimes men will just daze the tympanic membrane are inaccessible to surgical procedures. young seals with a kick before cutting the bodies out of 3. In stimulating peripheral nerves in curarized prepa- the fat and skin. rations, no pulses longer than 1.0 msec. in duration, nor in Later in the season when the babies have taken to the excess of .0 volts amplitude are to be used. In this way, water at three weeks to a month, the adult seals gather on no fibres will be excited and stimulation of delta fibres the ice to moult. They are then shot from a distance with will be minimal., rifles, involving great cruelty and waste, many escaping 4. At the conclusion of acute experiments under curare, badly wounded to die under the ice. Losses have been as animals shall not be killed by merely withdrawing artificial high as two lost for every one secured and I have seen as respiration. All animals shall be killed by administration many as five blood trails leading off one single ice floe with of intravenous barbiturate, or by similar methods producing not one seal recovered. immediate painless extinction of consciousness. After a brief rest during the last World War the Seals 5. At the termination of every acute experiment, in have been killed by ever more destructive ships and now which the brain is not removed, the entire thoracic cavity aircraft; the numbers slaughtered estimated by the Canadian should be opened in order to prevent any possible revival Federal Government as rising to 300,000 annually. But in of the animal. my opinion from what I have seen of the added losses 6. All personnel working with curarized preparations through callous shooting and careless handling of the pelts, shall sign a copy of this notice indicating that they have the destruction must in some years have been nearer read and understand its contents. 400,000. Biological survey, partly by aerial photography, revealed an estimated total number of 3 million seals in c ,S the year 1950. By 1960, survey showed the seal stocks had steady destruction of the seal stocks, instead of a total seal been nearly two thirds wiped out, while sealing companies kill of 300,000 to 400,000 as in past years this will have objected to protective control that would reduce the profits. to be drastically cut down by two-thirds to 100,000 seals, The biologists were now really concerned that politics, with which is still a heavy slaughter. big business money making, were being allowed to bedevil I have seen mother seals, after the sealers had passed, the moral obligations involved. clamber back on to the ice and wonder why little bleeding In June 1961 at a meeting of the International Commis- carcasses could not suck milk from them. sion for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries (ICNAF) in Far out from the nearest sealing ship, I have lain down Washington, D.C., attended by representatives of 12 na- beside a Harp seal stricken with a bullet through the lungs. tions, a Canadian report on the state of the sealing was As its surroundings began to dim perhaps it wondered followed by ICNAF adopting a resolution to take over what it had done to deserve it. As I gently stroked the care of the seals by bringing the sealing under its Conven- beautiful head there seemed no longer to be any fear. Then tion provisions, and for a separate Panel to be formed to as my arm went round it, it pushed its nose into my wind- deal with the conservation. — This apparently encouraging proof jacket and died. sign of better things has been followed by sad selfishness THE ANIMAL IN GREECE (Cont. from page 1) and apathy. the amount of punishing maltreatment the mules could At the Moscow meeting of 1962 it was reported that it withstand. was not possible to establish the special Panel as a few of Donkeys are the cheapest means of transport but they the member nations had not signed a necessary protocol. have to be reared for four years before they can carry a In 1963 the ICNAF meeting was in Halifax, Nova Scotia worthwhile load. Few poor people have the fodder to and was now of 13 nations, when it was again declared keep an unproductive animal for four winters. The re- not possible to do anything for the Seals as some nations sult is that baby donkeys, like old donkeys and severely had still not completed the paper work. lame horses and mules, are turned out to die of starvation Now this year 1964, news came of the unprecedented or to be killed on the roads. This is partly because the attack on the Seals, with the ships and over 70 aircraft, Greeks do not care to kill an animal and prefer to let fixed wing and helicopters, involved in the slaughter. And nature do it for them, and, as far as equines are concerned, this time under the stimulus of Press reporters who saw it because of a restrictive law. This law requires a veterinary first hand, the Canadians expressed their vehement disap- certificate to be produced to the local policeman who must proval against both the methods and the extent of the come (sometimes from a neighboring town) to shoot the killing. The Minister of Fisheries in Ottawa then made the animal. In an area where the nearest vet lives a day's statement that the sealing was under serious consideration journey away. You can guess the effect of this law. and it was expected that before the 1965 season restrictive Most families keep a guard dog and some have hunting regulations would be introduced by the Canadian Federal dogs, most of whose pups are unwanted. They are gener- Government. ally thrown away to die or kept for a few months and This 1964 meeting of ICNAF was in Hamburg at the then eventually stoned out of the village. The only food beginning of June. A documentary film of the sealing had provided for guard dogs is occasional pieces of stale bread, been made by the writer while surgeon to the ships of the for the rest they must scavenge. fleets in 1949, and this film "NEWFOUNDLAND and The Ministry of Health has conducted a relatively suc- the INVESTIGATION OF THE HARP AND HOOD cessful policy of informing the public of the evils for SEAL FISHERY" was taken to show to the delegates. which dogs are responsible, principally rabies and echino- When the Canadian delegation brought up the Seal ques- coccus. Both are active killers. Rabies is being controlled tion, under the Norwegian Chairman and the Canadian in certain areas by vaccination, but people still suffer the ICNAF Secretary, action was apparently emphatically agonies of hydrophobia and slow death. Echinococcus is shelved once more with no discussion permitted. a tapeworm whose eggs are picked up by humans who Neither was the showing of the film to be allowed; touch infected animals. When swallowed, the eggs develop until shortly after, with the request and fine co-operation into hydatid cysts mainly in the chest, abdomen or brain. of the West German Department of Fisheries, and under Often they cause severe mechanical damage which may the auspices of the Government in Bonn, the film was given become inoperable due to large numbers of cysts develop- two showings independently of ICNAF. Fifty of the mem- ing throughout the body before medical treatment is bers of the delegations saw it and were shocked at what sought. In one general hospital in Athens two out of it showed, completely unstaged as it had been taken beside every three operations performed in 1963 were for the the men as they worked on the ice. Some of the delegations removal of hydatid cysts. This goes some way to explain were upset that they had been, as they said, kept in ignor- why many dogs are seldom touched by any other part of ance of what actually happened in sealing, and concerned humans than their feet. that the paper regulations of the Convention in such an Because of the menace of stray dogs it is a well recog- urgent matter could not have been cut to let action to save nized fact that the dog population must be controlled. the Seals be taken at once. Outside the official sessions of Police feed dogs who are at liberty with meat balls con- the conference nearly all the countries including France, taining strychnine. For many dogs the tastiest meal of West Germany, Iceland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and their lives is their last and heralds a ghastly death. * Russia promised they would now do all they could to Shortly before the end of our stay on the island we remedy matters. met and came to respect Mrs. Eleanor Close, wife of the With the present set-up and administration in ICNAF, Director of the British Council in Athens. She asked us the hope that anything will be done even at next year's to work with the Greek Animal Welfare Fund she founded meeting cannot be very bright. Yet the disgust of the and which owes its success to her redoubtable energies delegates at Hamburg about the situation was undoubtedly annd good sense. We were pleased to accept and subse- since re. And the German Press with the powerful Euro- quently moved to Athens. pean 'Hamburger Abendblatt' reported the sealing situation We learned that Greece has had animal protection laws well, following an independent conference at which they for thirty years. Some of them practically equal those of also saw the film. Britain. Unfortunately these laws are not applied. Over At a meeting of the Survival Service Commission of the four years Mrs. Close has fought to have them brought Inteinational Union for the Conservation of Nature, in into use but to no avail. London, England, also in June last, there was a proposal The stray dogs of Athens have a good chance of es- that the St. Lawrence, west of Newfoundland be made a caping strychnine poisoning. The late Queen of Greece sanctuary for the Harp seals. Canada's new sea fisheries in founding the Greek S.P.C.A. some thirty years ago zone could then be of considerable protection to the Harps ensured that this society should take over from the police in the ice of the open Atlantic, while the Hoods could be the responsibility of ninning the city dog pound and hu- given complete sanctuary by agreement. manely destroying the stray dogs. The S.P.C.A. receives North America could ensure considerable protection for a grant from the government towards the running costs the seals against the excessive slaughter without ICNAF. and other dues are received from rabies vaccinations sup- First priority will have to be for an end to shooting of the plied free to the society by the government. adult and immature seals. If the use of rifles was stopped When Mrs. Close first visited the pound she was sick- and the date of termination of the season advanced to mid ened by what she saw. Many dogs died from the trapping April, the actual breeding stock would be largely protected and a considerable proportion of the young seals saved. In *Have just heard from Mrs. Close that the G.A.W.F. is ex- ploring the possibilities of persuading the Police to destroy conformity with the biological survey findings, to stop the dogs with Nembutal in place of strychnine. c::›2 activities and were suffocated on their way to the pound. that anesthetic could be given to the donor dogs used for The overcrowding in the pens was horrific. Cats were bleeding. They thought it would interfere with the al- packed into cages so tightly that often only the top layer ready anesthetised subject of the experiment. survived. There was no drainage system and the dogs lay Eventually we gained their confidence sufficiently to in mud and filth during the winter. The machine used for persuade them to keep the dogs in the fresh air during destruction was an unreliable electrothanater. She has re- the day. Bedding, and food-bowls were brought from the organized the pound, installed drainage, a modern electro- pound. We dressed the wounds and treated the sick dogs. thaner, built a hospital ward, obtained an ambulance and We went into the hospital kitchens to try to arrange for a trailer to collect abandoned horses and donkeys from the better food than the decaying slime of napkins, lemons city environs. and yoghourt pots from the waste bins, that we had found When we first arrived Mrs. Close and two capable on our first visit. members of the working committee were beginning to We had to be content at first with local anesthetic for penetrate the hospitals to see how the animals used for the donor dogs but as the doctors' confidence grew they experiments were treated. From the first it was obvious agreed to allow me to give a general anesthetic. I was that much suffering was involved. In a country where even more relieved than they when it did not interfere there is much human need and little appreciation that ani- with the recipient dog! If it had, I would have lost my mals can suffer pain, and the idea of experimenting on influence with them. animals is new, one can imagine acute suffering will result. Step by step things were improved in the hospitals, If only the investigators would first make sure that they but as they did so, new experiments began and we had to have basic facilities before experimenting, so much time start all over again with another group of experimenters. and suffering would be spared. The doctors say that if Mrs. Close worked tirelessly and ingeniously. The Ani- they were to wait, their work would never start. Better to mal Welfare Fund hired a man to visit five hospitals and begin now, they argue, because something might be dis- the University every day to clean out the dog quarters. It covered. After all, Pavlov did his classical work without provided him with a motor bike and trailer to take nu- modern facilities. In this pioneering spirit the work tritious food for the dogs. Large cages were made for the proceeds. dogs in the basement I spoke of, and the whole place was As in other countries money is sometimes available for deaned out and white-washed. the most expensive apparatus before a proper dog kennel Before leaving Athens we hoped to find someone to has been built. continue the work that I had started. We were delighted One hospital had just completed a modern wing with to meet Dr. Veltsos, the most progressive vet in Athens a superb lecture theatre and staff rooms. After under- who, apart from being skilled, has an attitude to animals going major abdominal operations the dogs would be left which coincides largely with my own. Dr. Veltsos agreed in the rain or snow to regain consciousness. Their only to continue the work, to our pleasure and relief. His in- shelter was a few upturned plywood boxes. We found fluence, I hope, will be greater than my own as his views the dogs in the heat of summer with upturned drinking cannot be dismissed as those of a 'foreigner who does not bowls which were rusty cans. Their 'food' was decaying understand the problems facing the Greek.' garbage. One dead dog covered with flies lay unnoticed Mrs. Close continues her work, raising money to supply among the others whose own wounds were suppurating and the animals with necessities that should be provided by beginning to break open. The surgeon let me take away a the experimenters. This is a hazardous and obviously un- pitiful puppy which was severely jaundiced and emaciated satisfactory arrangement. No one should undertake an to destroy her. This did not seem to affect his experiment. experiment on an animal without first having: Money to buy stolen pet or stray dogs must be paid by a) Adequate accommodation for animals kept for ex- the experimenter. He must also pay for bread, when this periments is given. One doctor who uses seven or eight dogs a week b) A healthy animal as a subject. refused to give his dogs any food. They were all used c) Adequate facilities to perform the operation/exper- in acute experiments and none recovered. "What is the iment in scientific conditions. point of feeding them, I only have them a few days be- d) Assistants capable of tending to the needs of the fore I use them?" he asked. animal and administering after care if necessary. At the University a doctor had been conducting ex- It is unrealistic to hope for these conditions in every periments for years on dogs with gastric fistulae. He kept establishment working on animals in Athens at the mo- dogs crammed into cages so tightly that they could not ment. It might be possible to offer every investigator and raise their heads even though lying down. They were in every experimental animal good conditions in the foresee- a dark basement with filth and rubbish all round them. able future if one centre were made for animal experi- The stench was overpowering. The doctor advised us not ments. If it were properly equipped and staffed with to go down, it was too dirty! people with knowedge of animals and regularly attended Other hospitals had a race to develop the use of heart- by a veterinarian this would solve many of the problems lung machines so that intricate heart operations, standard facing investigators and welfare workers alike. in some countries, might become so in Athens. One hos- This idea was put to many of the leading professors pital organised an experimental dog surgery unit and and investigators. A gratifying amount of enthusiasm was thousands of dollars worth of equipment was provided. A shown and several meetings were held. But funds are not dozen or so dogs were kept in darkness in a filthy shed available. This could be an insoluble problem. outside. My wife caused consternation by opening the I hope that these incidents and ideas have given you an door to examine the dogs. The men shouted, "Keep back, insight into the work that has been done, is being done they will attack you." The dogs were frightened but re- and still has to be done in Greece. sponded to gentleness. Many were sick but none were vicious. The following article from the Conservation Guide of The doctors agreed to allow us to watch one of their the National Audubon Society announces the significant experiments and to meet them afterwards to suggest im- rules recently issued by the Secretary of the Interior, provements. The dogs were carried in by their legs with Stewart L. Udall, in order to place more strict regulations wire wound around their muzzles very tightly. Most of on the use of pesticides on public lands. them were unable to breathe properly through their noses UDALL'S PESTICIDE RULES because of a respiratory infection. Two porters would Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall has issued throw a dog on its back and stretch out its limbs with all stringent rules regarding use of pesticides on the more their force and tie them to the corners of the table. The than 550 million acres of public lands administered by nurses had to shout over the dogs' cries as the surgeon his Department. cut deeply into the thigh and separated the muscles to The rules were developed after an earlier secretarial di- locate the blood vessels. This was without any form of rective that the Department's standards should set an ex- anesthesia. ample for all others to follow. Six dogs were bled to death. The seventh was partially The new guidelines, which apply to all Interior pro- bled as they had enough blood to prime the machine. The grams for the control of pest plants and animals, were de- porter carried the dog out by its hind legs and threw it veloped by Frank P. Briggs, Assistant Secretary for Fish among the other dogs in the filthy shed. Its wound was and Wildlife. not stitched. The order directs that first priority be given to non- We went back every day of the following week. Con- chemical methods in pest control. When chemicals are ferences were held. The doctors could not accept at first (Continued on page 4) A UA MEE I G E A UA MEE I G O E The annual meeting of the Animal Welfare Institute • CA A IA SOCIE Y O was held November 21st in New York. Dr. Eric H. A IMA CA E Hansen, President of the Massachusetts S.P.C.A., made Representatives of the Animal Welfare Institute attended the presentation of the Schweitzer Medal to Patrolman the third annual meeting of the Canadian Society for Ani- John Mobley of the Detroit Police Force, formerly of the mal Care, held October 23rd and 24th in Montreal. This U.S. Air Force, whose determined actions brought major organization was formed in March, 1962: its aims are the improvements for hundreds of experimental dogs (see creation of a coherent program for the training and cer- INFORMATION REPORT, Vol. 13, No. 4). tification of technicians working directly with experimental animals, and the dissemination and exchange of informa- Dr. Hansen is one of only three presidents of the tion on animal care. The Society publishes a periodic Massachusetts S.P.C.A., founded by George T. Angell, in newsletter. the latter half of the nineteenth century. Mr. Angell, the Dr. Harry C. Rowse11, Professor and Head of the Di- most popular speaker the humane movement has ever had, vision of Pathophysiology of the Ontario Veterinary Col- drew such big crowds that hundreds of people were lege at Guelph, was in the chair, presiding over all the sometimes left standing outside the halls where he was sessions and leading the discussions. Several excellent pa- lecturing. An attorney, he laid a solid foundation carried pers were presented; of particular interest were the films on first by the humane clergyman, Dr. Francis Rowley, and shown in conjunction with a paper on insulin assays on now by Dr. Hansen, who has led the M.S.P.C.A. through mice, which were taken at the animal quarters of the Food the stormiest period the humane movement has weathered and Drug Laboratories at Ottawa. These laboratories are since its founding. While other large and old societies under the supervision of Mr. E. R. Gregory, the Secretary- wavered and gave up their principles, the M.S.P.C.A. has Treasurer and one of the founders of the CSAC. The stood firm. Those who have preached expediency in the mice were housed in exemplary solid-bottomed cages with humane movement for fear of losing support are con- sawdust bedding, and their healthy condition did credit to founded by the fact that the M.S.P.C.A. is by far the Mr. Gregory's management. Other speakers stressed the best endowed humane organization in the country. necessity of maintaining a sanitary environment for labora- Dr. Hansen's wide experience of humane work and his tory animals. It was said that animals are known to prefer knowledge of the history of the movement made his a clean environment to an unsanitary one, and that in speech in presenting the medal noteworthy. He spoke of properly clean animal quarters, stress and other uncontrolled the great influence of individual cases in advancing the factors do not interfere with experimental results. anti-cruelty cause: Mary Ellen, the beaten and tortured The President of the AWI spoke on the importance of child rescued by Henry Bergh and protected under the law the animal technician. She emphasized the analogy between he had gotten passed to protect animals from cruelty, is the technician and the hospital nurse both of whom are a classic case. Turning to the effort to get decent treatment concerned with the comfort of their animal or human pa- for laboratory animals, he spoke of the Overholt Clinic tient. The difference is that in the case of the human patient, case, prosecuted by the M.S.P.C.A. in which both the the preservation of life must be the first consideration, doctor conducting the heart-lung experiments, and his ani- while in the case of the experimental animal, the allevia- mal caretaker were found guilty of cruelty. In presenting tion of pain and distress is the primary aim, and this often the medal to him, Dr. Hansen praised Patrolman Mobley's means a decision to sacrifice the animal by painless means. courage and determination. He urged all humanitarians Mr. W. C. Wallace and Mr. J. van Schyndel, both of to work for the enactment of the Clark-Neuberger bill to the Defence Research Laboratory at Shirley's Bay, Ottawa, require humane treatment of laboratory animals through- gave a demonstration of a method of hypnotic restraint of out the nation. the rabbit. Mr. Wallace told us they had had considerable success with rabbits to date, but had not much information Other speakers were Dr. Anthony Carding, whose re- on other species. "By placing the rabbit on its back and gent- port on animals in Greece appears on the first page of this ly stroking its belly while speaking reassuring words, re- INFORMATION REPORT, Alexandra Peschka, Executive peated slowly and monotonously, the rabbit attains a hyp- Secretary, who brought home to the meeting the despera- notic state to a degree where subcutaneous, intravenous or tion of dogs caged for long periods in windowless rooms, intramuscular injections, as well as more complex procedures and Dorothy Dyce, Assistant to Dr. Carding, who told the can be made. Both the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and group about the work on the A.W.I. film, "Proper Care Cancer Research Institute in the United States are support- and Housing of Laboratory Animals", and reported on the ing further study of this method." Mr. Wallace reports that 47 laboratories visited since the A.W.I. Laboratory Animal in the case of guinea pigs, "it has become routine for us to Consultant service was instituted. Giving some specific anaesthetize with carbon dioxide for normal laboratory pro- examples, she said, "Large rabbits, weighing six to eight cedures. A cylinder of CO, connected to a clear plastic pounds, are crowded into antiquated cages which measure container works well, although dry ice in water in a desic- 12"W x 18"L x 10"H. The size of the cage is made cator or similar jar can be used. This method is humane, more uncomfortable by the addition of a feed bowl and fast and effective. The pigs are unconscious in 20-30 sec- water bowl, each approximately 5" in diameter. The rab- onds and remain so for 2-3 minutes, which is long enough bits are unable to move in any direction. The man who for a heart puncture." takes care of the rabbits told me he had been employed AWI representatives were well impressed by the quality there for 35 years 'and wasn't proud of it.' He also told of the meeting, and were happy to be able to make contact me that the same miserably small cages were there when with members of the CSAC, as well as to be able to dis- he started at the hospital in 1929. While I was in this tribute AWI publications from the AWI exhibition booth laboratory, an investigator was removing a kidney from a at the meeting. large mongrel clod. I asked the Animal Supervisor what type of sedation would be given this dog and other ani- UDALL'S PESTICIDE RULES (C nt. fr p 3) mals for post-operative pain. Her answer was shocking. deemed necessary, safety will be the main consideration. She said, 'We don't give them anything. When I took "Prior to the use of pesticides," Secretary Udall said, my training as a technician, I was taught that animals "there must be a determination of anticipated results and possible harmful effects. Only chemicals registered for use don't:, feel pain the way humans do." on a particular pest may be employed, and instructions for Mrs. Dyce also gave examples of successful activity by use must be carefully followed." the A.W.I. service: "At Wayne County General Hospital Secretary Udall directed Interior agencies to inform in Eloise, Michigan, post-operative dogs were chained to State and local authorities, if their interests are involved, posts in the dirt behind the hospital. They had no shelter. when proposed Interior pest-control activities are to be Over the years the dogs had dug deep holes in the ground. conducted. He directed that State and local laws be com- This served as a recovery area. The head animal caretaker plied with in such programs. here is a mental patient. His salary is $20 a month. As a The guidelines require the use of the most selective result of a complaint by the Animal Welfare Institute, chemicals available, minimum dosages with the safest car- this animal facility has been completely renovated. The riers, and application under conditions that leave no reason- post-operative dogs have new quarters and a spacious ex- able doubt that harmful effects will be minimized. ercise area. Footage of the new interior and of the run- Interior agencies were told to avoid using compounds ways has been taken for our film on the 'Proper Care and which are known to concentrate in living organisms, such Housing of Laboratory Animals. — as DDT, chlordane, dieldrin, and endrin.