sign in sign up
<<
Home , Brigitte Bardot

Brigitte Bardot

This article is about the French actress and home. This gave time for lessons at Madame Bourget’s activist. For the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society dance studio three days a week.[10] Brigitte’s mother also vessel named after her, see MV Brigitte Bardot. enrolled Brigitte’s younger sister, Marie-Jeanne (born 5 May 1938), in dance. Marie-Jeanne eventually gave up dancing lessons and did not tell her mother, whereas Brigitte Anne-Marie Bardot[1][2] (French: [bʁiʒit baʁˈdo]; born 28 September 1934) is a French former Brigitte concentrated on ballet. In 1947, Bardot was ac- cepted to the Conservatoire de . For three years she actress, singer and fashion model, who later became an animal rights activist. She was one of the best known attended ballet classes by Russian choreographer Boris sex symbols of the and and was widely re- Knyazev. One of her classmates was Leslie Caron. The [3] other ballerinas nicknamed Bardot “Bichette” (“Little ferred to by her initials. Starting in 1969, Bardot be- [11] came the official face of (who had previously Doe”). been anonymous) to represent the liberty of France.[4] At the invitation of an acquaintance of her mother, she Bardot was an aspiring ballerina in early life. She started modelled in a fashion show in 1949. In the same year, her acting career in 1952 and after appearing in 16 rou- she modelled for a fashion magazine "Jardin des Modes" managed by journalist Hélène Lazareff. Aged 15, she ap- tine comedy films, with limited international release, be- [12] came world-famous in 1957, with the controversial film peared on an 8 March 1950 cover of Elle and was And God Created Woman. She later starred in Jean-Luc noticed by a young film director, , while Godard's 1963 film Le Mépris. For her role in Louis babysitting. He showed an issue of the magazine to direc- Malle's 1965 film Viva Maria! Bardot was nominated tor and screenwriter Marc Allégret, who offered Bardot for a BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress. Bardot the opportunity to audition for Les lauriers sont coupés. caught the attention of French intellectuals. She was the Although Bardot got the role, the film was cancelled but made her consider becoming an actress. Her acquain- subject of 's 1959 essay, The Lolita Syndrome, which described Bardot as a “locomotive of tance with Vadim, who attended the audition, influenced her further life and career.[13][14] women’s history” and built upon existentialist themes to declare her the first and most liberated woman of post- war France.[5] Bardot retired from the entertainment industry in 1973. 2 Career During her career in show business, she starred in 47 films, performed in several musical shows and recorded Although the European film industry was then in its as- over 60 songs. She was awarded the cendancy, Bardot was one of the few European actresses in 1985 but refused to receive it.[6] After her retirement, to have the mass media’s attention in the United States, she established herself as an animal rights activist. Dur- an interest which she did not reciprocate. She debuted ing the 1990s, she generated controversy by criticizing in a 1952 comedy film, Le Trou Normand (English title: immigration and and has been fined five Crazy for Love). From 1952 to 1956, she appeared in sev- times for inciting racial hatred.[7][8] enteen films; in 1953 she played a role in Jean Anouilh's stageplay L'Invitation au Château (Invitation to the Cas- tle). She received media attention when she attended the in April 1953.[14] 1 Early life Her films of the early and mid 1950s were generally lightweight romantic dramas, some historical, in which Bardot was born in Paris, the daughter of Louis Bardot she was cast as ingénue or siren, often appearing nude or (1896–1975) and Anne-Marie “Toty” Bardot (née Mu- nearly so. She played bit parts in three English-language cel; 1912–1978). Louis had an engineering degree and films, the British comedy Doctor at Sea (1955) with Dirk worked with his father, Charles Bardot, in the family Bogarde, Helen of Troy (1954), in which she was under- business. Louis and Anne-Marie married in 1933. Bar- study for the title role but appears only as Helen’s hand- dot grew up in an upper middle-class Roman Catholic maid and Act of Love (1954) with . Her observant home.[9] When she was seven she was admit- French-language films were dubbed for international re- ted to the Cours Hattemer, a private school. She went lease. Roger Vadim (her husband) was not content with to school three days a week, and otherwise studied at this light fare. The New Wave of French and Italian art di-

1 2 2 CAREER

Brigitte Bardot and the young Billy Mumy in Dear Brigitte, 1965. Bardot in 1968. rectors and their stars were riding high internationally and he felt Bardot was being undersold. Looking for some- nery (Shalako); (Royal Affairs in Versailles; thing more like an art film to push her as a serious actress, School for Love); (Rum Runners); Annie he showcased her in And God Created Woman (1956) Girardot (The Novices); (The Legend opposite Jean-Louis Trintignant. The film, about an im- of Frenchie King); (Viva Maria!); Jane moral teenager in a respectable small-town setting, was Birkin (Don Juan, or If Don Juan Were a Woman). Her a huge success and turned Bardot into an international career had traversed epochs where it was possible to say, [14] star. “In the Sixties and early Seventies, there was no better During her early career, professional photographer Sam known - or more scandalous - movie star on earth. — Lévin’s photos contributed to her image of Bardot’s sen- Not since the death of Valentino had a star aroused such suality. One showed Bardot from behind, dressed in a insane devotion in their fans.”[16] In 1973, Bardot an- white corset. British photographer Cornel Lucas made nounced she was retiring from acting as “a way to get images of Bardot in the 1950s and 1960s, that have be- out elegantly”.[17] A decade later she was diagnosed with come representative of her public persona. breast cancer, which she survived.[18][19] She divorced Vadim in 1957. In 1959, she married actor She participated in several musical shows and recorded Jacques Charrier, with whom she starred in Babette Goes many popular songs in the 1960s and 1970s, mostly to War. The press took great interest in her marriage, in collaboration with , Bob Zagury while she and her husband clashed over the direction of and Sacha Distel, including “Harley Davidson"; “Je Me her career. Bardot’s only child, Nicolas-Jacques Charrier, Donne À Qui Me Plaît"; “Bubble gum"; “Contact"; “Je was a product of her marriage to Jacques Charrier. Reviendrai Toujours Vers Toi"; “L'Appareil À Sous"; “La Madrague"; “On Déménage"; “Sidonie"; “Tu Veux, Bardot was awarded a David di Donatello Award for Best Ou Tu Veux Pas?"; “Le Soleil De Ma Vie” (the cover Foreign actress for her role in A Very Private Affair (Vie [15] of 's "You Are the Sunshine of My Life"); privée, 1962), directed by . and the notorious “Je t'aime... moi non-plus”. Bardot In May 1958, Bardot withdrew to the seclusion of pleaded with Gainsbourg not to release this duet and he Southern France, where she had bought the house La complied with her wishes; the following year, he rere- Madrague in Saint-Tropez. In 1963, she starred in corded a version with British-born model and actress Jane Jean-Luc Godard's film Le Mépris. Bardot was fea- Birkin that became a massive hit all over Europe. The tured in many other films along with notable actors such version with Bardot was issued in 1986 and became a as (Famous Love Affairs; Spirits of the popular download hit in 2006 when Universal Records Dead); (In Case of Adversity); Sean Con- made its back catalogue available to purchase online, with 3.1 activism 3

this version of the song ranking as the third most popular rier divorced in 1962, Nicolas was raised in the Charrier download.[20] family and did not maintain close contact with Bardot un- til his adulthood.[13] Bardot’s third marriage was to German millionaire play- 3 Personal life boy from 14 July 1966 to 1 October 1969.[13][14] In the 1970s, Bardot lived with sculptor On 21 December 1952, aged 18, Bardot married director Miroslav Brozek and posed for some of his sculptures. In Roger Vadim, seven years her senior. To receive permis- 1974, Bardot appeared in a nude photo shoot in sion from Bardot’s parents to marry her, Vadim, origi- magazine, which celebrated her 40th birthday. nally a Russian Orthodox Christian, was urged to convert to Catholicism, although it is not clear if he ever did so. They divorced five years later, but remained friends and collaborated in later work.

Brigitte Bardot in a scene of A very Private Affair, 1961.

Bardot’s fourth and current husband is Bernard d'Ormale, former adviser of Jean-Marie Le Pen, former leader of the far right party Front National; they have been married since 16 August 1992.[22] Bardot and in St. Tropez, 1963

Bardot had an affair with her And God Created Woman 3.1 Animal welfare activism co-star Jean-Louis Trintignant (married at the time to actress Stéphane Audran) before her divorce from In 1973, before her 39th birthday, Bardot announced her Vadim.[13][14] The two lived together for about two years. retirement. After appearing in more than forty motion Their relationship was complicated by Trintignant’s fre- pictures and recording several music albums, most no- quent absence due to military service and Bardot’s af- tably with Serge Gainsbourg, she chose to use her fame fair with musician Gilbert Bécaud, and they eventually to promote animal rights. [13] separated. In 1986, she established the Brigitte Bardot Foundation In early 1958, Bardot recovered from a reported ner- for the Welfare and Protection of Animals.[23] She be- vous breakdown in Italy, according to newspaper reports. came a vegetarian[24] and raised three million francs to A suicide attempt with sleeping pills two days earlier fund the foundation by auctioning off jewellery and per- was also noted, but was denied by her public relations sonal belongings.[23] [21] manager. She is a strong animal rights activist and a major opponent On 18 June 1959, she married actor Jacques Charrier, of the consumption of . In support of animal by whom she had her only child, a son, Nicolas-Jacques protection, she condemned seal in Canada during Charrier (born 11 January 1960). After she and Char- a visit to that country with of the Sea Shep- 4 4 POLITICS AND LEGAL ISSUES

herd Conservation Society.[25] On 25 May 2011 the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society renamed its fast intercep- tor vessel, MV Gojira, as MV Brigitte Bardot in appreci- ation of her support.[26] She once had a neighbour’s donkey castrated while look- ing after it, on the grounds of its “sexual harassment” of her own donkey and mare, for which she was taken to court by the donkey’s owner in 1989.[27][28] Bardot wrote a 1999 letter to Chinese President Jiang Zemin, published in French magazine VSD, in which she accused the Chi- nese of “torturing bears and killing the world’s last tigers and rhinos to make aphrodisiacs". Brigitte Bardot in Nice in 2002. She has donated more than $140,000 over two years for a mass sterilization and adoption program for Bucharest's stray dogs, estimated to number 300,000.[29] Over the last twenty years, we have given in to a subterranean, dangerous, and uncon- In August 2010, Bardot addressed a letter to the Queen trolled infiltration, which not only resists adjust- of Denmark, Margrethe II of Denmark, appealing for the ing to our laws and customs but which will, as sovereign to halt the killing of dolphins in the Faroe Is- the years pass, attempt to impose its own.[37] lands. In the letter, Bardot describes the activity as a “macabre spectacle” that “is a shame for Denmark and the ... This is not a hunt but a mass slaughter ... In the book, she contrasted her close gay friends with to- an outmoded tradition that has no acceptable justification day’s homosexuals, who “jiggle their bottoms, put their in today’s world”.[30] little fingers in the air and with their little castrato voices moan about what those ghastly heteros put them through” On 22 April 2011, French culture minister Frédéric Mit- and that some contemporary homosexuals behave like terrand officially included bullfighting in the country’s “fairground freaks”.[38] In her own defence, Bardot wrote cultural heritage. Bardot wrote him a highly critical letter in a letter to a French gay magazine: “Apart from my hus- [31] of protest. band — who maybe will cross over one day as well — I From 2013 onwards the Brigitte Bardot Foundation in am entirely surrounded by homos. For years, they have collaboration with Kagyupa International Monlam Trust been my support, my friends, my adopted children, my [39] of India has operated annual Veterinary Care . She confidants.” has committed to the cause of animal welfare in Bod- In her book she wrote about issues such as racial mix- [32] hgaya year after year. ing, immigration, the role of women in politics and Is- lam. The book also contained a section attacking what she called the mixing of genes and praised previous gen- 4 Politics and legal issues erations who, she said, had given their lives to push out invaders.[40] Bardot expressed support for President On 10 June 2004, Bardot was convicted for a fourth time in the 1960s.[13][33] Her husband Bernard d'Ormale is a by a French court for “inciting racial hatred” and fined former adviser of the Front National, the main far right €5,000.[41] Bardot denied the racial hatred charge and party in France, known for its nationalist and conservative apologized in court, saying: “I never knowingly wanted beliefs.[5][14][33] to hurt anybody. It is not in my character.”[42] In her 1999 book Le Carré de Pluton ("Pluto’s Square"), In 2008, Bardot was convicted of inciting racial/religious Bardot criticizes the procedure used in the ritual slaugh- hatred in relation to a letter she wrote, a copy of which ter of sheep during the Muslim festival of Eid al-Adha. she sent to when he was Interior Minis- Additionally, in a section in the book entitled, “Open Let- ter of France. The letter stated her objections to Mus- ter to My Lost France”, Bardot writes that “my coun- lims in France ritually slaughtering sheep by slitting their try, France, my homeland, my land is again invaded by throats without anesthetizing them first. She also said, in an overpopulation of foreigners, especially Muslims”. For reference to Muslims, that she was “fed up with being this comment, a French court fined her 30,000 francs in under the thumb of this population which is destroying June 2000. She had been fined in 1997 for the original us, destroying our country and imposing its habits”. The publication of this open letter in and again in trial[43] concluded on 3 June 2008, with a conviction and 1998 for making similar remarks.[34][35][36] fine of €15,000, the largest of her fines to date. The pros- ecutor stated that she was tired of charging Bardot with In her 2003 book, Un cri dans le silence ("A Scream in the [7] Silence"), she warned of an "Islamicization of France”, offences related to racial hatred. and said of Muslim immigration: During the 2008 United States presidential election, she 5

branded the Republican Party vice-presidential candidate in a respectable small-town setting. The film was an inter- as “stupid” and a “disgrace to women”. She national success.[14] The was in the 1950s relatively criticized the former governor of Alaska for her stance on well accepted in France but was still considered risqué in global warming and gun control. She was also offended the United States. As late as 1959, Anne Cole, one of by Palin’s support for Arctic oil exploration and for her the United State’s largest swimsuit designers, said, “It’s lack of consideration in protecting polar bears.[44] nothing more than a G-string. It’s at the razor’s edge of [47] On 13 August 2010, Bardot lashed out at director Kyle decency.” Newman regarding his plan to make a biographical film She also brought into fashion the choucroute on her life. She told him, “Wait until I'm dead before (“Sauerkraut”) hairstyle (a sort of beehive hair style) you make a movie about my life!" otherwise “sparks will and gingham clothes after wearing a checkered pink fly”.[45] dress, designed by Jacques Esterel, at her wedding to Charrier.[48] She was the subject for an painting. 5 Influence in pop culture

Bardot’s fashion in 1961.

In addition to popularizing the bikini swimming suit, Bar- dot has been credited with popularizing the city of St. Statue of Brigitte Bardot in Buzios, Brazil Tropez and the town of Armação dos Búzios in Brazil, which she visited in 1964 with her boyfriend at the time, In fashion, the Bardot neckline (a wide open neck that Brazilian musician Bob Zagury. The place where she exposes both shoulders) is named after her. Bardot pop- stayed in Búzios is today a small hotel, Pousada do Sol, ularized this style which is especially used for knitted and also a French restaurant, Cigalon.[49] sweaters or jumpers although it is also used for other tops [50] and dresses. Bardot popularized the bikini in her early A statue by Christina Motta honours Brigitte Bardot films such as Manina (1952) (released in France as Man- in Armação dos Búzios. ina, la fille sans voiles). The following year she was also Bardot was idolized by the young and Paul photographed in a bikini on every beach in the south of McCartney.[51][52] They made plans to shoot a film fea- France during the Cannes Film Festival.[46] She gained turing and Bardot, similar to A Hard Day’s additional attention when she filmed ...And God Created Night, but the plans were never fulfilled.[14] Lennon’s first Woman (1956) with Jean-Louis Trintignant (released in wife Cynthia Powell lightened her hair color to more France as Et Dieu Créa La Femme). Bardot portrayed an closely resemble Bardot, while made immoral teenager cavorting in a bikini who seduces men comparisons between Bardot and his first wife Pattie 6 9 REFERENCES

Boyd, as Cynthia wrote later in A Twist of Lennon. • Single Duet with Serge Gainsbourg “Bonnie and Lennon and Bardot met in person once, in 1968 at the Clyde” (Fontana) Mayfair Hotel, introduced by Beatles press agent Derek • Taylor; a nervous Lennon took LSD before arriving, and “La Fille de paille"/"Je voudrais perdre la mémoire” neither star impressed the other. (Lennon recalled in a (1969, Philips), collaboration with Gérard Lenor- memoir, “I was on acid, and she was on her way out.”)[53] man According to the liner notes of his first (self-titled) al- • Tu veux ou tu veux pas (1970, Barclay) with the hit bum, musician dedicated the first song he ever “Tu veux ou tu veux pas” (the French version of the wrote to Bardot. He also mentioned her by name in “I Brazilian “Nem Vem Que Não Tem”), directed by Shall Be Free”, which appeared on his second album, The François Bernheim; “John and Michael”, hymn to Freewheelin' Bob Dylan. The first-ever official exhibition the collective love; “Mon léopard et moi”, a collab- spotlighting Bardot’s influence and legacy opened in Paris oration with , and “Depuis que tu m'as [54] on 29 September 2009 – a day after her 75th birthday. quitté" A type of Czechoslovak diesel-electric locomotives • “Nue au soleil"/"C'est une bossa nova” (1970, Bar- (Classes 751 and 749) manufactured in the 1960s/70s clay) was nicknamed “Bardotka”, reportedly because of the fact that the locomotive has a distinctively shaped front, • “Chacun son homme”, duet with in resembling a woman’s bosom. Les Novices (1970, Barclay) • “Boulevard du rhum” and “Plaisir d'amour”, duet with , in Boulevard du rhum (1971, 6 Filmography Barclay) • “Vous ma lady”, duet with Laurent Vergez, and “Tu 7 Discography es venu mon amour” (1973, Barclay) • Bardot released several albums and singles during the “Le Soleil de ma vie”, duet with Sacha Distel [55] 1960s and 1970s • “Toutes les bêtes sont à aimer” (1982, Polydor)

• “Sidonie” (1961, Barclay), lyrics by Charles Cros, music by Jean-Max Rivière and Yanis Spanos, guitar 8 Books by Brigitte – first song, from the film Vie privée • Brigitte Bardot Sings (1963, Philips) – collaborations Bardot has also written five books: by Serge Gainsbourg (“L'Appareil à sous”, “Je me donne à qui me plaît”), Jean-Max Rivière as writer • Noonoah: Le petit phoque blanc (Grasset, 1978) ("La Madrague") and singer (“Tiens ! C'est toi!"), • and Gérard Bourgeois Initales B.B. (autobiography, Grasset & Fasquelle, 1996) • B.B. (1964, Philips) with Claude Bolling, Alain • Goraguer, Gérard Bourgeois Le Carré de Pluton (Grasset & Fasquelle, 1999) • • “Ah ! Les p'tites femmes de Paris”, duet with Jeanne Un Cri Dans Le Silence (Editions Du Rocher, 2003) Moreau in Viva Maria (1965, Philips), directed by • Pourquoi? (Editions Du Rocher, 2006) • Brigitte Bardot Show 67 (1967, Mercury) with Serge Gainsbourg (writes “Harley Davidson”, “Comic 9 References Strip”, “Contact” and ""), Sacha Distel, Manitas de Plata, and David [1] “Films and Music by Brigitte Bardot”. Rate Your Music. Bailey Retrieved 13 March 2010. • "Je t'aime... moi non plus", duet with Serge Gains- [2] “Daily Celebrations ~ Brigitte Bardot, Cat Transformed”. bourg (1967, published by Philips in 1986) Dailycelebrations.com. Retrieved 13 March 2010. [3] Institut Francais Royaume-Uni, And Bardot Became BB • Brigitte Bardot Show (1968, Mercury), themes by [4] Anne-Marie Sohn (teacher at the ENS-Lyon), Marianne ou l'histoire de l'idée républicaine aux XIXe et XXe siè- • [Burlington Cameo Brings You] Special Bardot cles à la lumière de ses représentations (résumé of Maurice (1968. RCA) with “The Good Life” by Sacha Distel Agulhon’s three books, Marianne au combat, Marianne au and “Comic Strip (with Gainsbourg) in English pouvoir and Les métamorphoses de Marianne) (French) 7

[5] Happy birthday, Brigitte Bardot, . 22 [26] “Sea Shepherd Conservation Society”. Seashepherd.org. September 2009. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2012.

[6] “The Big Question: How does the French honours sys- [27] “PHOTOICON ONLINE FEATURES: Andy Martin: tem work, and why has Kylie been decorated?", indepen- Brigitte Bardot”. Photoicon.com. Retrieved 13 March dent.co.uk, 8 May 2008. 2010.

[7] “Bardot fine for stoking race hate”. London, UK: BBC [28] “Mr Pop History”. Mr Pop History. Retrieved 13 March News. 3 June 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2008. 2010.

[8] “Bardot fined for racist remarks”. London, UK: BBC [29] “Bardot 'saves’ Bucharest’s dogs”. BBC News. 2 March News. 16 June 2000. Retrieved 4 June 2008. 2001. Retrieved 13 March 2010.

[9] Shanley, Valerie (27 September 2009). “Profile: Brigitte [30] Brigitte Bardot pleads to Denmark in dolphin 'slaughter', Bardot – And God created Bardot”. Sunday Tribune. Re- AFP, 19 August 2010. trieved 19 September 2010. [31] Victoria Ward, Devorah Lauter (4 January 2013). [10] Singer, Barnett (2006-07-06). Brigitte Bardot: A Biogra- “Brigitte Bardot’s sick elephants add to circus over French phy. McFarland. pp. 10–11. ISBN 978-0-7864-8426-3. wealth tax protests”, telegraph.co.uk; accessed 4 August Retrieved 2015-07-01. 2015.

[11] Caron, Leslie. Thank Heaven, Plume Publishing (2009) [32] Bardot commits to animal welfare in Bodhgaya, phayul.com; accessed 4 August 2015. [12] “Brigitte Bardot Biography”. The Biography Channel. Retrieved 13 March 2010. [33] “Drinking champagne with: Brigitte Bardot; And God Created An Animal Lover By Alan Riding, published: 30 [13] Bardot, Brigitte (1996). Initiales B.B. Grasset & March 1994”. The New York Times. 14 January 2008. Fasquelle. ISBN 2-246-52601-9. Retrieved 14 January 2008.

[14] Robinson, Jeffrey (1994). Bardot — Two Lives (First [34] “Bardot fined for racist remarks”. London: BBC News. British ed.). Simon & Schuster (London). ASIN: 16 June 2000. Retrieved 13 March 2010. B000KK1LBM. [35] “BBC News Bardot racism conviction upheld”. London: [15] Awards for Brigitte Bardot info, IMDb.com; retrieved 21 BBC News. 11 May 2001. Retrieved 17 January 2008. August 2010 [36] “Bardot anti-Muslim comments draw fire”. London: BBC [16] Brigitte Bardot celebrates her 75th birthday, daily- News. 14 May 2003. Retrieved 17 January 2008. mail.co.uk; accessed 4 August 2015. [37] “Brigitte Bardot’s Cry in the Silence”. By David Orland. [17] “Brigitte Bardot Gives Up Films at Age of 39”. The 2 September 2003. Retrieved 14 January 2008. Modesto Bee (Modesto, California). UPI. 7 June 1973. p. A-8. Retrieved 17 August 2010. [38] Webster, Paul; Hearst, David (5 May 2003). “Anti-gay, anti-Islam Bardot to be sued”. The Guardian (UK). Re- [18] Famous breast cancer survivors, trieved 3 October 2009. ecoglamazine.blogspot.com; accessed 4 August 2015. [39] “Brigitte a Political Animal by David Usborne”. The In- [19] Famous proof that breast cancer is survivable, be- dependent. 24 March 2006. Archived from the original liefnet.com; accessed 4 August 2015. on 24 April 2008. Retrieved 9 January 2008.

[20] “Bardot revived as download star”. BBC News. 17 Octo- [40] “Bardot fined for 'race hate' book”. BBC News. 10 June ber 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2010. 2004. Retrieved 3 June 2008.

[21] “LA times 1958”. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 [41] Larent, Shermy (12 May 2003). “Brigitte Bardot un- August 2010. leashes colourful diatribe against Muslims and modern France”. Indybay. Retrieved 13 March 2010. [22] “Gunter Sachs”. The Daily Telegraph (London). 9 May 2011. [42] “Bardot denies 'race hate' charge”. BBC News. 7 May 2003. Retrieved 17 January 2008. [23] “Brigitte Bardot foundation for the welfare and protection of animals”. fondationbrigittebardot.fr. Retrieved 21 Au- [43] “Brigitte Bardot: Heroine of Free Speech”. Brusselsjour- gust 2010. nal.com. Retrieved 13 March 2010.

[24] Follain, John (9 April 2006) Brigitte Bardot profile, The [44] “Brigitte Bardot calls Sarah Palin a 'disgrace to women'" Times Online: Life & Style; retrieved 2 April 2009. The Telegraph, 8 October 2008.

[25] “Hardline warrior in war to save the whale”. The New [45] “Brigitte Bardot: ‘Wait Until I'M Dead Before You Make Zealand Herald. 11 January 2010. Retrieved 22 Septem- Biopic’". Showbiz Spy. 14 August 2010. Retrieved 21 ber 2011. August 2010. 8 11 EXTERNAL LINKS

[46] “: a brief history”. Telegraph. Retrieved 20 Au- gust 2013.

[47] Johnson, William Oscar (7 February 1989). “In The Swim”. Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on 2013-10-02. Retrieved 18 August 2013.

[48] “Style Icon: Brigitte Bardot”. Femminastyle.com. Re- trieved 13 March 2010.

[49] “TOemBUZIOS.com”. TOemBUZIOS.com. Retrieved 27 December 2012.

[50] “BuziosOnline.com”. BuziosOnline.com. Retrieved 13 March 2010.

[51] Miles, Barry (1998). Many Years From Now. Vintage– Random House. ISBN 0-7493-8658-4. pg. 69

[52] Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Little, Brown and Company (New York). ISBN 1-84513-160-6. pg. 171

[53] Lennon, John (1986). Skywriting by Word of Mouth. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-015656-2. pg. 24

[54] Brigitte Bardot at 75: the exhibition, connexion- france.com, September 2009; accessed 4 August 2015.

[55] “Brigitte Bardot discography”. allmusic. Retrieved 21 August 2010.

10 Literature

• Brigitte Tast, Hans-Jürgen Tast (Hrsg.) Brigitte Bar- dot. Filme 1953–1961. Anfänge des Mythos B.B. (Hildesheim 1982) ISBN 3-88842-109-8. • Singer, Barnett Brigitte Bardot: A Biography (Mc- Farland & Company, 2006) ISBN 0-7864-2515-6, ISBN 978-0-7864-2515-0

11 External links

• Brigitte Bardot Foundation for the welfare and pro- tection of animals • Brigitte Bardot at the Internet Movie Database

• Brigitte Bardot at the TCM Movie Database • Brigitte Bardot at AllMovie 9

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text • Brigitte Bardot Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot?oldid=693493372 Contributors: Kpjas, Tarquin, Koyaanis Qatsi, Danny, Vaganyik, Unukorno, Deb, Ortolan88, Zoe, Olivier, Ericd, Stevertigo, Frecklefoot, Jtdirl, Jahsonic, Gabbe, Sannse, Minesweeper, Tregoweth, NuclearWinner, Stw, Ijon, Александър, GCarty, HolIgor, RodC, Jihg, Dcoetzee, Wik, Tpbradbury, Maximus Rex, Nv8200pa, VeryVerily, David.Monniaux, Dimadick, MK~enwiki, Gentgeen, Marleau, Palnu, Altenmann, Postdlf, Meelar, Caknuck, Catbar, Hadal, Xyzzyva, Matt Gies, Smjg, DocWatson42, Rossrs, Mintleaf~enwiki, Philwelch, Everyking, Ezhiki, Bobblewik, Btphelps, Quadell, Minem- inemine, MisfitToys, Kevin B12, DMM9999, Sam Hocevar, Klemen Kocjancic, Kasreyn, Mike Rosoft, D6, Freakofnurture, Econrad, Dis- cospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Zoso Jade, Cnwb, FiP, EliasAlucard, Bender235, RJHall, Kwamikagami, Vanished user kjij32ro9j4tkse, Art LaPella, Orlady, Migozared, Pablo X, TMC1982, Smalljim, Irrawaddy, HasharBot~enwiki, Jumbuck, Hektor, Cammoore, A.M.~enwiki, SlimVirgin, DreamGuy, Knowledge Seeker, Docboat, Grenavitar, Jg325, Embryomystic, Dismas, Angr, Woohookitty, Morning star, Ro- castelo, BillC, Benbest, Pol098, SP-KP, Trödel, Kelisi, Isnow, Hovea, Volatile, Mandarax, Graham87, Kbdank71, Ted Wilkes, Taber- cil, Rjwilmsi, ErikJanVens, Nightscream, Robotwisdom, OneWeirdDude, Himasaram, XLerate, Tomtheman5, The wub, Cfortunato, FlaBot, Hazey Jane, Who, Bcsurvivor, Leslie Mateus, Phatcat68, BMF81, Chobot, Jared Preston, Bgwhite, Dj Capricorn, EamonnPKeane, YurikBot, Sceptre, FrenchIsAwesome, Gaius Cornelius, ENeville, Irk, Msoos, Aeusoes1, Astorknlam, ExRat, 7121989, Jpbowen, Py- roclastic, Zwobot, Lockesdonkey, BOT-Superzerocool, BraneJ, Black Falcon, TransUtopian, Fallout boy, Cursive, Calaschysm, Asnatu wiki, Outsidethewall, Saranghae honey, Arthur Rubin, [email protected], Kyla, Lil Flip246, Silverhelm, VodkaJazz, T. Anthony, Pred, Garion96, RunOrDie, NeilN, John Broughton, Gaudio, Vulturell, BomBom, CarmelitaCharm, SmackBot, ShadowRanger, McGed- don, D C McJonathan, Kerryseed, AtilimGunesBaydin, Arniep, Ck4829, PeeJay2K3, Rune X2, Hmains, The Gnome, Kitrus, Izehar, Pecher, Persian Poet Gal, MK8, MalafayaBot, DHN-bot~enwiki, Zephyrad, Narco, Daddy Kindsoul, Mike hayes, Shalom Yechiel, Cobain, AussieLegend, Sumahoy, Pushit, Fuhghettaboutit, Nakon, Caniago, Jiddisch~enwiki, JJstroker, MichaelBillington, KoopaTroopa, RolandR, BullRangifer, Adrigon, Wybot, Salamurai, Tuning Spork, Andrew Dalby, Ohconfucius, Tweety21, SashatoBot, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, BrownHairedGirl, T-dot, Kuru, John, Mathiasrex, Tazmaniacs, Willy99, Kipala, Gobonobo, Surfsupusa, MonsieurET, BillFlis, Timmeh, Grandpafootsoldier, Jstupple7, Jkaharper, Vincent Simar, Hu12, Keith-264, Iridescent, WillyK99, Clarityfiend, Twas Now, Pimlottc, Lui- gibob, Charleenmerced, Malickfan86, JForget, RCS, Makeemlighter, Jerry Jones, Rwflammang, Drinibot, MrFizyx, Logical2u, Location, Chicheley, JettaMann, Themightyquill, Cydebot, Treybien, Younsmere, Dadofsam, Mato, Vanished user vjhsduheuiui4t5hjri, Otto4711, Jeremy68, Lugnuts, Ss112, B, DumbBOT, Woland37, Algabal, The Honorable, Moviefan~enwiki, Mtijn, RandomOrca2, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Politicallyincorrectliberal, Akuru, Miss Dark, StarGeek, Jtres21, Chrism583, Eastmain, CharlotteWebb, MachoCarioca, RobotG, WinBot, Dr. Blofeld, DarkAudit, Nemobius, Tjmayerinsf, Killbill74, Glennwells, Donwithnoname, Pemilligan, Ingolfson, Bigjimr, JAnD- bot, Deflective, MER-C, Sitethief, Luv2Edit, Wildhartlivie, Magioladitis, ZPM, No substitute for you, Hullaballoo Wolfowitz, Mbc362, GlynJames7, Singularity, J.B., Not a dog, Animum, EagleFan, Paris By Night, SlamDiego, Chris G, Philg88, Lu33, Seba5618, Mart- inBot, EyeSerene, BetBot~enwiki, Icenine378, CommonsDelinker, Johnpacklambert, KTo288, Nono64, Zurhale, JBC3, BigrTex, Mer- curyBlue, Ginsengbomb, Russell McBride, Acalamari, Jamesmcardle, McSly, L'Aquatique, Stymphal, Vanished user 39948282, Simy- nazareth, Paularblaster, Jvcdude, Ad43, Inwind, CA387, Bwalshjr, Idioma-bot, Peterengels, Deor, VolkovBot, Jmrowland, Wcrosbie, Teatreez, Diesel1718, TXiKiBoT, Hawkeye tibor, Oshwah, Art PR, Tovojolo, Zrb, Planetary Chaos, ElinorD, CoJaBo, BlueLint, Ay- matth2, Lambdoid, Steven J. Anderson, Wordsmith, Broadbot, James Blond, Raymondwinn, Katimawan2005, Billinghurst, Darlingbella18, Cantiorix, PeterHuntington, Ana570, Synthebot, Townlake, Oldwes, EmxBot, SieBot, Tomasboij, Portalian, WereSpielChequers, Lemon- flash, Gerakibot, Viskonsas, Aurorainthesky, Inglis, Wedg~enwiki, Monegasque, Yerpo, Dhb101, Aspects, RW Marloe, Ufinne, Tombomp, Svengali46, Emperor Kahless II, BenoniBot~enwiki, Coppertop Guy, OKBot, Videmus Omnia, A21sauce, Tkreuz, Feecher, PuercoPop, Martarius, Captain-Scooby-Doo, ClueBot, Trojancowboy, Dashanna, Ndgp, GorillaWarfare, Timeineurope, Askedoffer, Wikievil666, The Thing That Should Not Be, All Hallow’s Wraith, Newzild, Dedachan, Plastikspork, Enthusiast01, Lane, Savacek, Paul Abrahams, Dr- mies, Soulsonic Bambaataa, Joao Xavier, Ewin, Boing! said Zebedee, The great albean, Eversman, Paul5121, Les woodland, DragonBot, Jeanenawhitney, Nymf, Asmaybe, Retne, Jotterbot, IamNotU, Gennarous, Light show, RenamedUser jaskldjslak901, Sandri, Thingg, Lord Cornwallis, Qu1et, Papa’sHeir, Teleomatic, V i P, Egmontaz, Betty kerner, DumZiBoT, Olybrius, LHMike, Mcstoopid8, Gor- donUS, MaxPride, Werdnawerdna, Rror, Dthomsen8, Doc9871, Stooge1970, Subversive.sound, MystBot, Addbot, Dan56, Nottooangelic1, Jeanne boleyn, Ironholds, GD 6041, Leszek Jańczuk, Cst17, AndersBot, Favonian, Quiksilversurfteam1, LinkFA-Bot, Blaylockjam10, Catuskoti, 20yearoldboyfromNY, Tassedethe, Prowikia, Numbo3-bot, Anas1712, Lightbot, Алый Король, Gail, AussieLegend2, Her- culeBot, Legobot, Pointer1, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Cherylene, Themfromspace, Woutvisser, Arjoccolenty, AnomieBOT, DemocraticLuntz, Stormedelf, 1exec1, Jim1138, Redhed84, JackieBot, Rex Momo, Ulric1313, Faquinteros, Materialscientist, Citation bot, SpacerPower, Scandalist, Xqbot, Hohenzollern2, Betty Logan, J0D825, GrouchoBot, Jandkay, Dextrovix, Svengali48, RibotBOT, SassoBot, Pereant antiburchius, Rodrigogomesonetwo, GhalyBot, Nietzsche 2, Shadowjams, AlickaV, George Pelltier, Cgersten, Celuici, FrescoBot, Big- weeboy, Naitken74, Jun Nijo, Czlowiek Nietoperz, Grammarspellchecker, Rogriv, Degen Earthfast, DANE YOUSSEF, Tinton5, Oftess, Moonraker, RedBot, Thinking of England, Wikiain, B2project, CeeKatzRun, Na zdravy, Kgrad, Anthony Winward, Betty Kerner, An- tipastor, President Bosch, Updatehelper, RjwilmsiBot, COG-528, EmausBot, And we drown, Bunykises, Dewritech, GoingBatty, Josh Rumage, Yinzland, Skyeerocketss, Jim Michael, Tommy2010, Pediacaps, John Cline, Bongoramsey, Alpha Quadrant, Esc2003, Betterart, H3llBot, Unreal7, SporkBot, L Kensington, Prikytera, Willthacheerleader18, Flight714, FurrySings, Towncrier77, BryanGatwood, Ebehn, Gunbirddriver, ClueBot NG, GroupieFoxe, Lauraburlington, CactusBot, NordhornerII, Justlettersandnumbers, Frietjes, Masssly, Help- ful Pixie Bot, Curb Chain, BG19bot, Manxwoman, Bradforce28, Metricopolus, Pinkmlover, Dutchy85, Observateurdelamode, Carlstak, NotWith, MisterMorton, Pedro gabriel viero, Jason from nyc, EricEnfermero, BattyBot, 99appleseed, Andomedium, Rí Lughaid, Mdann52, DemirBajraktarevic, Khazar2, Bromarcon, Marine LP, Dexbot, Hmainsbot1, Lugia2453, VIAFbot, Praticien, TOemBUZIOS, Existskiss, Robert4565, Joao viero, Laurencebeck, Trouveur de faits, Valetude, Antonyj0403, Xenxax, IPadPerson, Wikiuser2803, Filedelinkerbot, Doris Kami, TheQ Editor, Watcbru, 115ash, João Marcelo Fasbinder, UhfjdjJ, Gyhvhy, PedroCampoBom, PedroGabrielCB, KasparBot, MaxamillionSmart and Anonymous: 577

12.2 Images • File:Bb_buzios.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Statue_of_Brigitte_Bardot_in_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Chistina Motta (São Paulo, 1944) • File:BrigitteBardot.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/BrigitteBardot.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Con- tributors: Own work Original artist: Cdrik b06 10 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Brigitte_Bardot.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Brigitte_Bardot.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Michel Bernanau (grand père de Oolong06400 ref) • File:Brigitte_Bardot_-_1965.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Brigitte_Bardot_-_1965.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ebay Original artist: Movie studio • File:Brigitte_Bardot_-_Sami_Frey_-_Saint-Tropez_-_1963.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/ Brigitte_Bardot_-_Sami_Frey_-_Saint-Tropez_-_1963.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Self-photographed Original artist: If you use this image outside of the Wikimedia projects, I would be happy to hear from you par courriel (mail royonx At char.svg gmail.com). Thanks ! • File:Brigitte_Bardot_in_A_Very_Private_Affair,_1962..jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/ Brigitte_Bardot_in_A_Very_Private_Affair%2C_1962..jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.gettyimages.pt/detail/ fotografia-de-not%C3%ADcias/the-french-actress-brigitte-bardot-and-another-fotografia-de-not%C3%ADcias/141567885 Original artist: Unknown (Mondadori) • File:Brigitte_Bardot_in_Spoleto,_Italy_on_August_11,_1961..png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/ Brigitte_Bardot_in_Spoleto%2C_Italy_on_August_11%2C_1961..png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.gettyimages.pt/ detail/fotografia-de-not%C3%ADcias/french-actress-brigitte-bardot-in-italy-for-the-fotografia-de-not%C3%ADcias/472146174 Orig- inal artist: Photo by Pierluigi Praturlon\Reporters Associati & Archivi\Mondadori Portfolio via • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Paw_(Animal_Rights_symbol).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Paw_%28Animal_Rights_ symbol%29.svg License: GFDL Contributors: Paw (Animal Rights symbol).png: Paw (Animal Rights symbol).png Original artist: Fred the Oyster

12.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0