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S " Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr., Governor Department of Natural Resources Robert E. Carter, Jr., Director Division of Water Aquifer Systems Map 46-B BEDROCK AQUIFER SYSTEMS OF KOSCIUSKO COUNTY, INDIANA
R. 7 E. R. 8 E. R. 6 E. R. 7 E. T. 35 N. R. 5 E. R. 6 E. R. 4 E. R. 5 E. T. 34 N.
T. 35 N. 5 T. 34 N. Gravelton Boner 2 Nappanee Lak4 e 3 1 5 4 1 6 6 2 1 3 3 2 2 4 Milford Syracuse Lake 3 1 6 5 Syracuse Jct.
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Diamond o Creek Lake C Lake County Road 900 S Kinsey 33 35 33 34 36 32 31 32 33 35 36 35 36 31 34 Beaver Dam 34 36 31 32 T. 31 N. 34 Lake County Road 1000 S 35 C T. 30 N. ra County Road 1000 S zy
T. 31 N. d C
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The occurrence of bedrock aquifers depends on the original composition of the rocks and Devonian and Mississippian -- Coldwater, Ellsworth and Silurian and Devonian Carbonates Aquifer System subsequent changes which influence the hydraulic properties. Post-depositional Antrim Shales Aquifer System processes which promote jointing, fracturing, and solution activity of exposed bedrock generally increase the hydraulic conductivity (permeability) of the upper portion of bedrock aquifer systems. Because permeability in many places is greatest near the In Kosciusko County only the Antrim Shale and Ellsworth Shale subcrop in the The Silurian and Devonian Carbonates Aquifer System subcrops throughout most of the bedrock surface, bedrock units within the upper 100 feet are commonly the most Coldwater, Ellsworth and Antrim Shales Aquifer System. The Antrim Shale in Indiana is southern half of Kosciusko County. The aquifer system in this county consists primarily productive aquifers. typically described as brownish-black shale and the Ellsworth is described as greenish- of Silurian age carbonates of the Wabash Group and middle Devonian age carbonates of gray shale. These shales are commonly considered an aquitard: therefore, the system is the Muscatatuck Group. Total thickness of this aquifer system exceeds 900 feet in The bedrock aquifer systems in Kosciusko County are overlain by unconsolidated an extremely limited ground-water resource. However, in some places the lower portion places. deposits of varying thickness, ranging from 150 to more than 350 feet. Most of the of the aquifer unit may contain some limestone. bedrock aquifers, therefore, are under confined conditions. In other words, the Due to the availability of the overlying unconsolidated resources very few wells have potentiometric surface (water level) in most wells completed in bedrock rises above the The subcrop area for this system is present primarily in the northern half of Kosciusko been completed in the Silurian and Devonian Carbonates Aquifer System. Reported top of the water-bearing formation. County and is generally less than 125 feet thick. Depth to bedrock ranges from around domestic wells utilizing this system in Kosciusko County have depths ranging from 277 180 to more than 300 feet. to 504 feet deep. The amount of rock penetrated in this system varies from 3 to 127 feet. The yield of a bedrock aquifer depends on its hydraulic characteristics and the nature of Domestic well yields range from 12 to 60 gpm. Static water levels are between 22 to 80 the overlying deposits. Shale and glacial till act as aquitards, restricting recharge to Due to the availability of ground water in the overlying unconsolidated aquifers very few feet below the land surface. There are 2 registered significant ground-water withdrawal underlying bedrock aquifers. However, fracturing and/or jointing may occur in aquitards, wells have been completed in the Coldwater, Ellsworth and Antrim Shales Aquifer facilities (4 wells). Reported yields from the individual wells are 50 to 70 gpm. Refer to which can increase recharge to the underlying aquifers. Hydraulic properties of the System in Kosciusko County. However, a few domestic wells have been reported. Total the table for details on the wells and to the map for facility locations. In Kosciusko bedrock aquifers are highly variable. depths of domestic wells completed in this system range from 240 to 315 feet with County the Silurian and Devonian Carbonates Aquifer System has a low susceptibility to penetration into bedrock generally less than 100 feet. Reported yields are less than 10 surface contamination because thick clay deposits overlie the system. The susceptibility of bedrock aquifer systems to surface contamination is largely gallons per minute (gpm). dependent on the type and thickness of the overlying sediments. Because the bedrock aquifer systems have complex fracturing systems, once a contaminant has been Because the permeability of shale materials is considered low and the overlying introduced into a bedrock aquifer system, it will be difficult to track and remediate. unconsolidated deposits are thick, susceptibility to contamination introduced at or near the surface is low. Two bedrock aquifer systems are identified for Kosciusko County. They are, from younger to older: the Devonian and Mississippian Coldwater, Ellsworth and Antrim Shales; and the Silurian and Devonian Carbonates.
Location Map
EXPLANATION Registered Significant Ground- Water Withdrawal Facility
Stream Royal Center Fault County Road
1 0.5 0 1 Mile State Road & US Highway
Municipal Boundary
1 0.5 0 1 Kilometer State Managed Property
Lake & River
This map was created from several existing shapefiles. Township and Range Lines of Map Use and Disclaimer Statement Indiana (line shapefile, 20020621), Land Survey Lines of Indiana (polygon shapefile, 20020621) and County Boundaries of Indiana (polygon shapefile, 20020621), were all Bedrock Aquifer Systems of Kosciusko County, Indiana We request that the following agency be acknowledged in products derived from the Indiana Geological Survey and based on a 1:24,000 scale, except the Bedrock from this map: Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water. Geology of Indiana (polygon shapefile, 20020318), which was at a 1:500,000 scale. Map generated by Scott H. Dean and Glenn E. Grove Draft road shapefiles, System1 and System2 (line shapefiles, 2003), were from the by IDNR, Division of Water, Resource Assessment Section This map was compiled by staff of the Indiana Department of Natural Indiana Department of Transportation and based on a 1:24,000 scale. Populated Areas in Resources, Division of Water using data believed to be reasonably accurate. Indiana 2000 (polygon shapefile, 20021000) was from the U.S. Census Bureau and based Glenn E. Grove However, a degree of error is inherent in all maps. This product is distributed on a 1:100,000 scale. Streams27 (line shapefile, 20000420 was from the Center for Division of Water, Resource Assessment Section “as is” without warranties of any kind, either expressed or implied. This map Advanced Applications in GIS at Purdue University. Structural Features of Indiana (line is intended for use only at the published scale. shapefile, 20020718) was from the Indiana Geological Survey and based on various April 2008 scales. Managed Areas 96 (polygon shapefile, various dates) was from IDNR.
Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr., Governor Department of Natural Resources Division of Water Robert E. Carter Jr., Director Aquifer Systems Map 46-A
UNCONSOLIDATED AQUIFER SYSTEMS OF KOSCIUSKO COUNTY, INDIANA
R. 7 E. R. 8 E. R. 6 E. R. 7 E. T. 35 N. R. 5 E. R. 6 E. T. 34 N. R. 4 E. R. 5 E. 43-02684-IR 43-01389-IR T. 35 N. Gravelton 43-01751-IR 5 Boner T. 34 N. 43-00816-IR 43-04242-IR Nappanee 43-03820-IR Lak4 e 3 2 1 6 43-01059-IN 4 1 6 5 3 2 43-00199-PS 3 2 1 Syracuse Lake 4 2 5 4 43-01577-IR Milford 3 1 43-01237-IR 43-03900-IR 43-03862-IR 43-00816-IR Jct. Syracuse
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Six unconsolidated aquifer systems have been mapped in Kosciusko County: the Auburn/Bluffton/Warsaw Till; the Nappanee; the Auburn/Bluffton/Warsaw Complex; the Auburn/Bluffton/Warsaw Till Aquifer System Natural Lakes and Moraines Aquifer System Auburn/Bluffton/Warsaw Complex Aquifer System Natural Lakes and Moraines; the Natural Lakes and Moraines Subsystem and the St. Joseph and Tributary Valleys/Wabash River and Tributaries Outwash. The northern portion of the county has been described and mapped in two previously published The Auburn/Bluffton/Warsaw Till Aquifer System is mapped in the southeastern corner The Natural Lakes and Moraines Aquifer System in Kosciusko County is mapped over The Auburn/Bluffton/Warsaw Complex Aquifer System is mapped along the regional basin study reports (Water Resource Availability in the St. Joseph River Basin, of the county along the Whitley County line and primarily consists of thick clay with much of the county and is a complex aquifer system typically with multiple intratill sand southeastern and southwestern portions of Kosciusko County. This aquifer system is Indiana, 1987 and Water Resource Availability in the Kankakee River Basin, Indiana, intratill sand and gravel layers. In Kosciusko County, this system ranges in thicknes s and gravel seams. Unconsolidated deposits range in thickness from about 150 feet to characterized by deposits that are quite variable in materials and thickness. A thick till 1990). from about 150 feet to more than 250 feet. Saturated aquifer materials include sand over 325 feet. Thick surficial clays predominate and are generally 80 to 150 feet thick. commonly overlies the sand and gravel aquifer deposits. This system generally has and/or gravel layers that commonly range from 5 to 10 feet thick and are typically A few localized surficial sand and gravel deposits are reported and range from 20 to 50 multiple layers of intratill sand and/or gravel of various thickness and lateral extent. The Kosciusko County has a very complex glacial history as it was subjected to multiple overlain by 80 to 120 feet of till. feet thick; however, the static water levels are commonly deep and these deposits are main aquifer deposits are typically deeper, thicker, and more continuous than the glacial advances from the north, northeast and east. The county lies in an interlobate area seldom used. shallower sand and gravel layers in this system. In Kosciusko County, this system is that was affected by the Saginaw lobe and Huron-Erie lobes. The dynamic interaction of This system is generally capable of meeting the needs of most domestic and some high - more than 300 feet thick in places. Saturated aquifer materials in this system are the lobes resulted in a complex overlap and cross-cutting of glacial terrains. The capacity users. Wells producing from the Auburn/ Bluffton/Warsaw Till Aquifer System This system is capable of meetin g the needs of domestic and most high -capacity users in commonly 10 to 25 feet thick and are overlain by a till cap that is generally 60 to 130 feet resulting glacial landscape includes moraines, ground moraines, outwash channels, tunnel range from 68 to 225 feet deep. Domestic well capacities are commonly 15 to 60 gallons Kosciusko County. Wells completed in this aquifer system range in depth from 35 to 305 thick. valleys (subglacial drainage channels) and outwash plains. In southeastern Kosciusko per minute (gpm) and static water levels range from flowing to 92 feet below the surface . feet deep. However, the wells are typically 70 to 150 feet deep. The primary aquifer is County a well developed moraine exists around the town of Packerton. The Packerton generally between 15 and 30 feet thick. In addition, many areas have several shallower This system is capable of meeting the needs of domestic and some high-capacity users in Moraine reaches an elevation of over 960 feet mean sea level (msl) and rises over 175 The Auburn/Bluffton/Warsaw Till Aquifer System has a low susceptibility to surface aquifers that range in thickness from 5 to 15 feet. Domestic well yields are commonly 10 Kosciusko County. Wells in this system are typically completed at depths of 70 to 170 feet above adjacent valleys of the Tippecanoe River and the Eel River. Outwash contamination because intratill sand and gravel units are commonly separated from the to 50 gpm and static water levels are typic ally 10 to 45 feet below the surface. There are feet. Domestic well yields are commonly 15 to 50 gpm and static water levels are channels and/or tunnel valleys trend to the northwest off the flank of the Packerton surface by thick till layers. 36 registered significant ground -water withdrawal facilities ( 64 wells) utilizing this generally 15 to 65 feet below the surface. There is only one registered significant Moraine where they intersect a broad outwash plain. This broad valley is currently system with reported yields up to 1450 gpm for individual wells. ground-water withdrawal facility (2 wells) utilizing this system. The individual wells occupied by the Tippecanoe River which trends west to southwest across the center of have a reported capacity of 70 gpm. The Auburn/Bluffton/Warsaw Complex Aquifer Kosciusko County. This outwash plain broadens to more than five miles wide, where it Nappanee Aquifer System The Natural Lakes and Moraines Aquifer System is generally not very susceptible to System is not very susceptible to contamination because thick clay deposits overlie the is intersected by a north-south trending outwash plain in the north-central part of the surface contamination because thick clay deposits overlie intratill sand and gravel seams. aquifer materials. county (around Leesburg). Due to the area’s complex glacial history, the boundaries Wells producing from shallow aquifers are moderately to highly susceptible to contamination. between the systems are gradational and individual aquifers may extend across aquifer In Kosciusko County, the Nappanee Aquifer System is mapped along the northwestern system boundaries. St. Joseph and Tributary Valleys/Wabash and southwestern portions of the county. This system typically consists of thick clay River and Tributaries Outwash Aquifer System with intratill sand and gravel deposits. In places the system can be 250 feet in total The thickness of unconsolidated sediments in Kosciusko County is quite variable, thickness. Aquifer sand and gravel layers are commonly less than 10 feet but isolated Natural Lakes and Moraines Aquifer Subsystem ranging from around 150 feet in small areas along the north-central border, western thicknesses up to 20 feet have been reported. The St. Joseph and Tributary Valleys/Wabash River and Tributaries Outwash Aquifer border and southeastern border of the county, to in excess of 350 feet in the central part System is mapped primarily along the Tippecanoe River and some tributaries of the St. of the county. Elsewhere in Kosciusko County, unconsolidated deposits are commonly Well depths commonly range from 50 to 200 feet below the surface. Potential aquifer The Natural Lakes and Moraines Aquifer Subsystem in Kosciusko County is primarily Joseph River along the central, north -central and northeast portions of Kosciusko County . 200 to 300 feet thick. Almost all the domestic wells are completed in unconsolidated layers include sand and/or gravel that typically range from 5 to 15 feet thick. Aquifer mapped in the central and north-central part of the county where a relatively thin layer of This system is also mapped along former outwash channels and/or tunnel valleys on the deposits in the county. materials are generally overlain by 40 to 80 feet of clay and can include intratill sand and outwash overlaps morainic topography. This subsystem is typically transitional between flanks of the Packerton Moraine that are occupied by present day streams. Large gravel deposits ranging from 3 to 9 feet thick. the large outwash areas in the central portion of the county and the Natural Lakes and amounts of outwash sand and gravel from the melting glaciers were deposited in the Regional estimates of aquifer susceptibility to contamination from the surface can differ Moraines Aquifer System. The subsystem is a complex sequence of glacial deposits stream valleys making this the most productive aquifer system in the county. The coarser considerably from local reality. Variations within geologic environments can cause The Nappanee Aquifer System is capable of meeting the needs of domestic and some ranging in thickness from around 200 feet to over 300 feet. It generally consists of sediments tend to be deeper while the finer sands were generally deposited higher in the variation in susceptibility to surface contamination. In addition, man-made structures high-capacity users. Domestic well capacities commonly range from 12 to 30 gpm. continuous surficial sand and gravel deposits that vary in thickness from 20 to over 60 sequence as the ice front receded. In some areas this system exceeds 150 feet in such as poorly constructed water wells, unplugged or improperly abandoned wells, and Static water levels range from 10 to 30 feet below the surface. There are seven registered feet thick but are commonly 30 to 50 feet thick. Below the surficial sand and gravel thickness with over 100 feet of continuous sand and gravel. However, the outwash is open excavations can provide contaminant pathways that bypass the naturally protective significant ground-water withdrawal facilities (9 wells) in the Nappanee Aquifer System deposits, thick clays predominate. The clay layers are typically 50 to 110 feet thick. typically 35 to 75 feet thick with the thickness of saturated sands and g ravels commonly clays. in Kosciusko County. Reported yields for high -capacity wells in this aquifer system Most areas have two or more intratill sand and gravel aquifers. The deeper sand and ranging from 30 to 60 feet. In some areas 10 to 45 feet of sandy clay or silt lies at the range from 200 to 1200 gpm. This aquifer system is generally not very susceptible to gravel deposits tend to be thicker and more continuous and are commonly between 15 surface or below the surficial sand and gravels. surface contamination because intratill sand and gravel units are overlain by thick till and 25 feet thick. Most wells are completed in the deeper aquifers. However, some deposits. wells use the surficial sand and gravel deposits. These sand and gravel deposits have adequate potential for domestic and most high- capacity users. Well depths are typically 60 to 130 feet. Domestic well yields are This subsystem is capable of meeting the needs of domestic and most high-capacity users commonly 15 to 60 gpm and static water levels are generally 3 to 30 feet below the in Kosciusko County. Wells completed in this aquifer system range in depth from 27 to surface. Seventy-nine registered significant ground-water withdrawal facilities (133 Location Map 260 feet deep. However, the wells are generally 60 to 150 feet deep. Domestic well wells) are in the St. Joseph and Tributary Valleys/Wabash River and Tributaries Outwash yields are commonly 10 to 50 gpm and static water levels are typically 5 to 30 feet below Aquifer System in Kosciusko County. Reported yields for high-capacity wells in this the surface. There are 16 registered significant ground-water withdrawal facilities (21 aquifer system range from 75 to 2250 gpm. wells) utilizing the Natural Lakes and Moraines Aquifer Subsystem with reported well yields of 68 to 1250 gpm. This aquifer system is highly susceptible to contamination from surface sources in areas that lack overlying clay layers. The system is only moderately susceptible where it is Wells that utilize the surficial sand and gravels in this subsystem are highly susceptible to overlain by relatively thick clay or silt deposits. contamination. However, wells that produce from the deeper aquifers in the Natural Lakes and Moraines Aquifer Subsystem are generally not very susceptible to surface contamination because thick clay deposits overlie intratill sand and gravel seams.
EXPLANATION Registered Significant Ground- Water Withdrawal Facility
Stream County Road
State Road & US Highway 1 0.5 0 1 Mile Basin Boundary
Municipal Boundary
1 0.5 0 1 Kilometer State Managed Property
Lake & River
Map Use and Disclaimer Statement This map was created from several existing shapefiles. Township and Range Lines of Indiana (line shapefile, 20020621), Land Survey Lines of Indiana (polygon shapefile, Unconsolidated Aquifer Systems of Kosciusko County, Indiana 20020621), and County Boundaries of Indiana (polygon shapefile, 20020621), were all We request that the following agency be acknowledged in products derived from the Indiana Geological Survey and based on a 1:24,000 scale. Draft road shapefiles, from this map: Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water. Map generated by Scott H. Dean and Glenn E. Grove System1 and System2 (line shapefiles, 2003), were from the Indiana Department of Transportation and based on a 1:24,000 scale. Populated Areas in Indiana 2000 (polygon by IDNR, Division of Water, Resource Assessment Section This map was compiled by staff of the Indiana Department of Natural shapefile, 20021000) was from the U.S. Census Bureau and based on a 1:100,000 scale. Resources, Division of Water using data believed to be reasonably accurate. Glenn E. Grove Streams27 (line shapefile, 20000420) was from the Center for Advanced Applications in However, a degree of error is inherent in all maps. This product is distributed Division of Water, Resource Assessment Section GIS at Purdue University. Managed Areas 96 (polygon shape file, various dates) was “as is” without warranties of any kind, either expressed or implied. This map from IDNR. Unconsolidated aquifer systems coverage (Grove, 2008) was based on a April 2008 is intended for use only at the published scale. 1:24,000 scale.