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Hydrogeologic Framework of Bedrock Units and Initial Salinity Distribution for a Simulation of Groundwater Flow for the Lake Michigan Basin

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Hydrogeologic Framework of Bedrock Units and Initial Salinity Distribution for a Simulation of Groundwater Flow for the Lake Michigan Basin National Water Availability and Use Pilot Program Hydrogeologic Framework of Bedrock Units and Initial Salinity Distribution for a Simulation of Groundwater Flow for the Lake Michigan Basin Scientific Investigations Report 2009–5060 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover image: Three-dimensional rendering of surficial topography and hydrogeologic layers beneath the Lake Michigan Basin. (Image by David Lampe, U.S. Geological Survey.) Hydrogeologic Framework of Bedrock Units and Initial Salinity Distribution for a Simulation of Groundwater Flow for the Lake Michigan Basin By David C. Lampe National Water Availability and Use Pilot Program Scientific Investigations Report 2009–5060 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2009 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment, visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1-888-ASK-USGS For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Lampe, D.C., 2009, Hydrogeologic framework of bedrock units and initial salinity distribution for a simulation of ground- water flow for the Lake Michigan Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009–5060, 49 p. iii Contents Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................1 Purpose and Scope ..............................................................................................................................2 Groundwater Model .............................................................................................................................2 Hydrogeologic Setting .........................................................................................................................2 Hydrogeologic Framework of Bedrock Units ............................................................................................4 Correlation of Stratigraphy to Hydrogeologic Units ........................................................................4 Sources of Lithologic Data ..................................................................................................................6 Illinois.... .........................................................................................................................................6 Wisconsin......................................................................................................................................6 Michigan........................................................................................................................................7 Indiana ...........................................................................................................................................7 Ohio.......... ......................................................................................................................................7 Areas Under Lake Michigan ......................................................................................................7 Stratigraphic Framework Interpolation Methods ............................................................................7 Initial Salinity Distribution of Groundwater in Bedrock Hydrogeologic Units ..................................24 Sources of Groundwater Salinity Data ...........................................................................................24 Interpolation Methods Used to Develop Initial Salinity Distribution ..........................................24 Summary .......................................................................................................................................................46 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................................47 References Cited..........................................................................................................................................47 Figures 1. Map showing the location of Lake Michigan Basin, groundwater-model boundary and innermost model domain, structural geologic features, and general bedrock geology of the study area ............................................................................................................3 2. Stratigraphic chart showing time- and rock-stratigraphic framework nomenclature for the Lake Michigan Basin region, the U.S. Geological Survey principal aquifers in the model area, and the hydrogeologic units used in the model. .........................................5 3–17. Maps showing thickness of— 3. Quaternary hydrogeologic unit. .........................................................................................9 4. Jurassic hydrogeologic unit ............................................................................................10 5. Upper Pennsylvanian hydrogeologic unit......................................................................11 6. Lower Pennsylvanian hydrogeologic unit .....................................................................12 7. Michigan hydrogeologic unit. ..........................................................................................13 8. Marshall hydrogeologic unit. ...........................................................................................14 9. Devonian-Mississippian hydrogeologic unit.................................................................15 10. Silurian-Devonian hydrogeologic unit. ...........................................................................16 11. Maquoketa hydrogeologic unit .......................................................................................17 12. Sinnipee hydrogeologic unit ............................................................................................18 13. St. Peter hydrogeologic unit ............................................................................................19 14. Prairie du Chien-Franconia hydrogeologic unit ...........................................................20 iv 15. Ironton-Galesville hydrogeologic unit. ...........................................................................21 16. Eau Claire hydrogeologic unit..........................................................................................22 17. Mount Simon hydrogeologic unit. ...................................................................................23 18. Graph showing groundwater density and total dissolved-solids concentrations for data from Gupta (1993) ....................................................................25 19–38. Maps showing the initial total dissolved-solids concentration of groundwater in— 19. Quaternary hydrogeologic unit, model layer 1. .............................................................26 20. Quaternary hydrogeologic unit, model layer 2..............................................................27 21. Quaternary hydrogeologic unit, model layer 3..............................................................28 22. Jurassic hydrogeologic unit, model layer 4 ..................................................................29 23. Upper Pennsylvanian hydrogeologic unit, model layer 5 ...........................................30 24. Lower Pennsylvanian hydrogeologic unit, model layer 6 ...........................................31 25. Michigan hydrogeologic unit, model layer 7 .................................................................32 26. Marshall hydrogeologic unit, model layer 8 ..................................................................33 27. Devonian-Mississippian hydrogeologic unit, model layer 9 ......................................34 28. Silurian-Devonian hydrogeologic unit, model layer 10 ...............................................35 29. Silurian-Devonian hydrogeologic unit, model layer 11 ...............................................36 30. Silurian-Devonian hydrogeologic unit, model layer 12 ...............................................37 31. Maquoketa hydrogeologic unit, model layer 13 ...........................................................38 32. Sinnipee hydrogeologic unit, model layer 14 ................................................................39 33. St. Peter hydrogeologic unit, model layer 15 ................................................................40 34. Prairie du Chien-Franconia hydrogeologic unit, model layer 16 ...............................41 35. Ironton-Galesville hydrogeologic unit, model layer 17 ................................................42 36. Eau Claire hydrogeologic unit, model layer 18..............................................................43 37. Mount Simon hydrogeologic
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